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Rapid changes in the life of society and an individual person, information exchange between them - contribute to the development of cognitive activity, and in practical terms reflect the ability of education seekers to learn. With the cognitive approach, all processes are considered as components of the general information exchange between a person and the environment. In the conditions of an increase in the speedof information growth, it is necessary to create new cognitive learning technologies - ways, techniques and methods that will allow education seekers to ensure an effective understanding of the real world, intellectual development and successful adaptation to life in an information-saturated environment. The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristic features of cognitive teaching methods and de- termine their role in the perception and assimilation of educational material by students of higher medical education. Methods used include analysis, synthesis and systematisation of scientific and methodological work. Students must adequately perceive information presented in written or oral form. The cognitive aspect of learning involves the development of cognitive activity through the ability to iden- tify keywords, draw logical conclusions, write notes and abstracts, comment on speeches, ask clarifying questions, participate in discussions, etc. Search skills play an important role in the selection of information in terminological dictionaries, atlases, educational and scientific literature, mass media and social networks. To develop practical skills in higher medical institutions of education, virtual stimulators, models, simulators, dummies and other technical teaching aids are used, which allow to simulate clinical situations, processes and various aspects of the future professional activity of medical students. Cognitive approaches aimed at the formation of clinical thinking in students play an important role in resolving various situational tas

Rapid changes in the life of society and an individual person, information exchange between them - contribute to the development of cognitive activity, and in practical terms reflect the ability of education seekers to learn. With the cognitive approach, all processes are considered as components of the general information exchange between a person and the environment. In the conditions of an increase in the speedof information growth, it is necessary to create new cognitive learning technologies - ways, techniques and methods that will allow education seekers to ensure an effective understanding of the real world, intellectual development and successful adaptation to life in an information-saturated environment. The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristic features of cognitive teaching methods and de- termine their role in the perception and assimilation of educational material by students of higher medical education. Methods used include analysis, synthesis and systematisation of scientific and methodological work. Students must adequately perceive information presented in written or oral form. The cognitive aspect of learning involves the development of cognitive activity through the ability to iden- tify keywords, draw logical conclusions, write notes and abstracts, comment on speeches, ask clarifying questions, participate in discussions, etc. Search skills play an important role in the selection of information in terminological dictionaries, atlases, educational and scientific literature, mass media and social networks. To develop practical skills in higher medical institutions of education, virtual stimulators, models, simulators, dummies and other technical teaching aids are used, which allow to simulate clinical situations, processes and various aspects of the future professional activity of medical students. Cognitive approaches aimed at the formation of clinical thinking in students play an important role in resolving various situational tas

Rapid changes in the life of society and an individual person, information exchange between them - contribute to the development of cognitive activity, and in practical terms reflect the ability of education seekers to learn. With the cognitive approach, all processes are considered as components of the general information exchange between a person and the environment. In the conditions of an increase in the speedof information growth, it is necessary to create new cognitive learning technologies - ways, techniques and methods that will allow education seekers to ensure an effective understanding of the real world, intellectual development and successful adaptation to life in an information-saturated environment. The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristic features of cognitive teaching methods and de- termine their role in the perception and assimilation of educational material by students of higher medical education. Methods used include analysis, synthesis and systematisation of scientific and methodological work. Students must adequately perceive information presented in written or oral form. The cognitive aspect of learning involves the development of cognitive activity through the ability to iden- tify keywords, draw logical conclusions, write notes and abstracts, comment on speeches, ask clarifying questions, participate in discussions, etc. Search skills play an important role in the selection of information in terminological dictionaries, atlases, educational and scientific literature, mass media and social networks. To develop practical skills in higher medical institutions of education, virtual stimulators, models, simulators, dummies and other technical teaching aids are used, which allow to simulate clinical situations, processes and various aspects of the future professional activity of medical students. Cognitive approaches aimed at the formation of clinical thinking in students play an important role in resolving various situational tas

Rapid changes in the life of society and an individual person, information exchange between them - contribute to the development of cognitive activity, and in practical terms reflect the ability of education seekers to learn. With the cognitive approach, all processes are considered as components of the general information exchange between a person and the environment. In the conditions of an increase in the speedof information growth, it is necessary to create new cognitive learning technologies - ways, techniques and methods that will allow education seekers to ensure an effective understanding of the real world, intellectual development and successful adaptation to life in an information-saturated environment. The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristic features of cognitive teaching methods and de- termine their role in the perception and assimilation of educational material by students of higher medical education. Methods used include analysis, synthesis and systematisation of scientific and methodological work. Students must adequately perceive information presented in written or oral form. The cognitive aspect of learning involves the development of cognitive activity through the ability to iden- tify keywords, draw logical conclusions, write notes and abstracts, comment on speeches, ask clarifying questions, participate in discussions, etc. Search skills play an important role in the selection of information in terminological dictionaries, atlases, educational and scientific literature, mass media and social networks. To develop practical skills in higher medical institutions of education, virtual stimulators, models, simulators, dummies and other technical teaching aids are used, which allow to simulate clinical situations, processes and various aspects of the future professional activity of medical students. Cognitive approaches aimed at the formation of clinical thinking in students play an important role in resolving various situational tas

Rapid changes in the life of society and an individual person, information exchange between them - contribute to the development of cognitive activity, and in practical terms reflect the ability of education seekers to learn. With the cognitive approach, all processes are considered as components of the general information exchange between a person and the environment. In the conditions of an increase in the speedof information growth, it is necessary to create new cognitive learning technologies - ways, techniques and methods that will allow education seekers to ensure an effective understanding of the real world, intellectual development and successful adaptation to life in an information-saturated environment. The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristic features of cognitive teaching methods and de- termine their role in the perception and assimilation of educational material by students of higher medical education. Methods used include analysis, synthesis and systematisation of scientific and methodological work. Students must adequately perceive information presented in written or oral form. The cognitive aspect of learning involves the development of cognitive activity through the ability to iden- tify keywords, draw logical conclusions, write notes and abstracts, comment on speeches, ask clarifying questions, participate in discussions, etc. Search skills play an important role in the selection of information in terminological dictionaries, atlases, educational and scientific literature, mass media and social networks. To develop practical skills in higher medical institutions of education, virtual stimulators, models, simulators, dummies and other technical teaching aids are used, which allow to simulate clinical situations, processes and various aspects of the future professional activity of medical students. Cognitive approaches aimed at the formation of clinical thinking in students play an important role in resolving various situational tas

Rapid changes in the life of society and an individual person, information exchange between them - contribute to the development of cognitive activity, and in practical terms reflect the ability of education seekers to learn. With the cognitive approach, all processes are considered as components of the general information exchange between a person and the environment. In the conditions of an increase in the speedof information growth, it is necessary to create new cognitive learning technologies - ways, techniques and methods that will allow education seekers to ensure an effective understanding of the real world, intellectual development and successful adaptation to life in an information-saturated environment. The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristic features of cognitive teaching methods and de- termine their role in the perception and assimilation of educational material by students of higher medical education. Methods used include analysis, synthesis and systematisation of scientific and methodological work. Students must adequately perceive information presented in written or oral form. The cognitive aspect of learning involves the development of cognitive activity through the ability to iden- tify keywords, draw logical conclusions, write notes and abstracts, comment on speeches, ask clarifying questions, participate in discussions, etc. Search skills play an important role in the selection of information in terminological dictionaries, atlases, educational and scientific literature, mass media and social networks. To develop practical skills in higher medical institutions of education, virtual stimulators, models, simulators, dummies and other technical teaching aids are used, which allow to simulate clinical situations, processes and various aspects of the future professional activity of medical students. Cognitive approaches aimed at the formation of clinical thinking in students play an important role in resolving various situational tas

Rapid changes in the life of society and an individual person, information exchange between them - contribute to the development of cognitive activity, and in practical terms reflect the ability of education seekers to learn. With the cognitive approach, all processes are considered as components of the general information exchange between a person and the environment. In the conditions of an increase in the speedof information growth, it is necessary to create new cognitive learning technologies - ways, techniques and methods that will allow education seekers to ensure an effective understanding of the real world, intellectual development and successful adaptation to life in an information-saturated environment. The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristic features of cognitive teaching methods and de- termine their role in the perception and assimilation of educational material by students of higher medical education. Methods used include analysis, synthesis and systematisation of scientific and methodological work. Students must adequately perceive information presented in written or oral form. The cognitive aspect of learning involves the development of cognitive activity through the ability to iden- tify keywords, draw logical conclusions, write notes and abstracts, comment on speeches, ask clarifying questions, participate in discussions, etc. Search skills play an important role in the selection of information in terminological dictionaries, atlases, educational and scientific literature, mass media and social networks. To develop practical skills in higher medical institutions of education, virtual stimulators, models, simulators, dummies and other technical teaching aids are used, which allow to simulate clinical situations, processes and various aspects of the future professional activity of medical students. Cognitive approaches aimed at the formation of clinical thinking in students play an important role in resolving various situational tas

A very rare case is presented, when anxious sexual failure expectation syndrome in a male patient was manifested mostly in the form of a fear of libido decrease, the above fear being the real cause for that decrease. The fear appeared after one moment, when the patient noticed libido reduction. Some time later after that decrease he developed thoughts about a possible disturbance of erection, but the latter remained normal though it was not «swelling» like before the libido decrease (preclinical level). The author describes treatment of this patient with help of some psychotherapeutic methods: different cognitive techniques including the author’s method of «comparison by analogy», hypnosuggestive therapy in the variant of programming (using in particular the author’s formula of suggestions for increasing libido), the author’s modification of the «sway» technique that belongs to neurolinguistics programming. Pharmaceutical treatment (Hydazepamum, Trittico) was used too. During the treatment the patient developed a fear of becoming a homosexual, because his desire for women was reduced. It served as the cause for using cognitive manipulations and hypnosuggestive therapy as well as the above pharmacotherapy. The given treatment resulted in recovery. The above clinical observation demonstrates that in extraordinarily rare cases the libido decrease, which has already happened, can later lead to development of a fear of this decrease, this fear causing reduction of libido due to functioning of the semantic mechanism: what the patient is afraid of is realized.

В статье представлен анализ данных, полученных при проведении опытно-экспериментальной работы по определению уровня конфликтогенности среди молодежи. В статье отдельно отмечается, что социальные практики современности диктуют необходимость создания новых конструктов, ориентированных на снижение рисков конфликтности в молодежной среде с учетом когнитивного подхода, опирающихся на опыт прошлых лет и на современные тенденции в развитии политики государства, направленной на их минимизацию., An analysis of data obtained during experimental work aimed at the defining the level of conflict among youth is presented in the article. It is also noted that modern social practices make it necessary to create new constructs aimed at reducing the risks of conflict in the youth environment, taking into account the cognitive approach, based on the experience of the past years and current trends in the development of state policy aimed at their minimization.

The article presents the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as it is understood by the particular therapeutic approach – the cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). The disorder involves the appearance of recurring, persistent thoughts and acts (physical and mental ones) performed in response, with an aim of minimizing the anxiety triggered by these thoughts. The first part of the article presents the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for the OCD. The second part introduces the general model of cognitive-behavioural therapy. The third part explains the disorder and its development using the CBT models. After the commentary on the effectiveness of the OCD treatment using the CBT, some specific techniques and the model of clinical practice are introduced. The article briefly deals with the topic of pharmacotherapy. It focuses on the CBT techniques based on the exposure to aversive triggers and holding back of reactions (E/RP), the gradual desensitization, behavioural experiments as well as the cognitive techniques focused on changing the dysfunctional interpretation. Artykuł przedstawia problem zaburzenia obsesyjno-kompulsyjnego (OCD) w kontekście terapii poznawczo-behawioralnej (TPB). Zaburzenie to polega na występowaniu nawracających, uporczywych myśli i wykonywanych w reakcji na nie czynnościach (fizycznych lub mentalnych) minimalizujących niepokój związany z tymi myślami. W pierwszej części artykułu zaprezentowane są kryteria diagnostyczne zaburzenia według klasyfikacji DSM 5. Druga część wprowadza w model terapii poznawczo-behawioralnej. Kolejna zaś ujmuje zaburzenie i jego rozwój w modelach poznawczo-behawioralnych. Po odniesieniu się do skuteczności leczenia zaburzenia obsesyjno-kompulsyjnego w opisywanym nurcie, przedstawione są specyficzne techniki terapeutyczne i model postępowania klinicznego. Artykuł sygnalizacyjnie ujmuje zagadnienie farmakoterapii, nie rozwijając go jednak. Skupia się na technikach TPB opartych na ekspozycji na bodźce awersyjne i powstrzymywaniu reakcji (E/PR), stopniowej desensytyzacji, eksperymentach behawioralnych oraz technikach poznawczych skupionych na zmianie dysfunkcyjnych interpretacji.

OBJECTIVE: Our study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy and stability of the “Pie Technique”, “Cumulative Probability” and “Inverted Pyramid”, cognitive techniques applied in a clinical context to reduce overestimation of the probability of threatening events. METHOD: 319 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of 8 groups. Groups differed on the level of trait anxiety (high vs. low), and on the cognitive techniques they were to receive (Pie Technique, Cumulative Probability, Inverted Pyramid, Control task). All groups were exposed to an intervention aimed at reassigning the initial probability estimate. RESULTS: In both high and low trait anxiety individuals, all the techniques successfully produced a statistically significant reduction in the estimation of the perceived probability, while no significant outcome was found in the control task group. This effect was significantly maintained at a 4 week follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the Pie Technique, the Cumulative Probability and the Inverted Pyramid reduce the estimation of the perceived probability of negative events occurring in both high and low trait anxiety individuals. This effect was considerably maintained at a 4 week follow up. The reduction should mainly be attributed to the technique’s power in contrasting the cognitive mechanism of hyper-focalization. The present study takes into account only general threatening events, and not threats specifically related to the different disorders. Moreover, it demonstrates that all the techniques are useful to reduce danger overestimation but in a group of non-clinical individuals. We can’t thus generalize our results to anxious patients.

В статье приведен очень редкий клинический случай, когда синдром тревожного ожидания сексуальной неудачи у больного выражался главным образом боязнью снижения полового влечения, которая и вызывала его ослабление. Эта боязнь возникла после того, как однажды пациент отметил снижение либидо. Через некоторое время после этого снижения у него появились мысли о возможном нарушении эрекции, но она оставалась нормальной, хотя и не была «распирающей», как до ослабления либидо (доклинический уровень). Описано лечение этого пациента с использованием некоторых психотерапевтических методов: различных когнитивных приемов, включая разработанный автором прием «сопоставления по аналогии», гипносуггестивной терапии в варианте программирования (в частности с применением разработанной автором рецептуры внушений для усиления либидо), авторской модификации техники «взмаха», которая относится к нейролингвистическому программированию. Также использовалась медикаментозная терапия (гидазепам, триттико). Во время лечения у больного возник страх стать гомосексуалом из-за того, что влечение к женщинам было снижено. Это послужило причиной применения когнитивных воздействий и гипносуггестивной терапии, а также вышеуказанной фармакотерапии. В результате проведенного лечения наступило выздоровление. Приведенное клиническое наблюдение свидетельствует о том, что в очень редких случаях возникшее снижение полового влечения может в дальнейшем привести к развитию боязни этого снижения, которая и будет вызывать ослабление либидо, обусловленное функционированием семантического (смыслового) механизма: реализуется то, чего боится больной., У статті наведено дуже рідкісний випадок, коли синдром тривожного очікування сексуальної невдачі у хворого виражався головним чином боязню зниження статевого потягу, яка і викликала його ослаблення. Ця боязнь виникла після того, як одного разу пацієнт відзначив зниження лібідо. Через деякий час після цього зниження у нього з’явилися думки про можливе порушення ерекції, але вона залишалася нормальною, хоча і не була «розпираючою», як до зниження лібідо (доклінічний рівень). Описано лікування цього пацієнта з використанням деяких психотерапевтичних методів: різних когнітивних прийомів, включаючи розроблений автором прийом «зіставлення за аналогією», гіпносугестивної терапії у варіанті програмування (зокрема з застосуванням розробленої автором рецептури навіювань для посилення лібідо), авторської модифікації техніки «помаху», яка відноситься до нейролінгвістичного програмування. Також використовувалося медикаментозне лікування (гідазепам, тріттіко). Під час лікування хворого у нього виник страх стати гомосексуалом через те, що потяг до жінок був знижений. Це стало причиною застосування когнітивних впливів і гіпносугестивної терапії, а також зазначеної вище фармакотерапії. У результаті проведенного лікування настало одужання. Наведене клінічне спостереження свідчить про те, що в дуже рідких випадках зниження статевого потягу може в подальшому призвести до розвитку боязні цього зниження, яка і буде викликати ослаблення лібідо, обумовлене функціонуванням семантичного (смислового) механізму: реалізується те, чого боїться хворий., A very rare case is presented, when anxious sexual failure expectation syndrome in a male patient was manifested mostly in the form of a fear of libido decrease, the above fear being the real cause for that decrease. The fear appeared after one moment, when the patient noticed libido reduction. Some time later after that decrease he developed thoughts about a possible disturbance of erection, but the latter remained normal though it was not «swelling» like before the libido decrease (preclinical level). The author describes treatment of this patient with help of some psychotherapeutic methods: different cognitive techniques including the author’s method of «comparison by analogy», hypnosuggestive therapy in the variant of programming (using in particular the author’s formula of suggestions for increasing libido), the author’s modification of the «sway» technique that belongs to neurolinguistics programming. Pharmaceutical treatment (Hydazepamum, Trittico) was used too. During the treatment the patient developed a fear of becoming a homosexual, because his desire for women was reduced. It served as the cause for using cognitive manipulations and hypnosuggestive therapy as well as the above pharmacotherapy. The given treatment resulted in recovery. The above clinical observation demonstrates that in extraordinarily rare cases the libido decrease, which has already happened, can later lead to development of a fear of this decrease, this fear causing reduction of libido due to functioning of the semantic mechanism: what the patient is afraid of is realized.

The present study investigated the thoughts and emotions of swimmers and what techniques they used to manage them before and during their best and worst performances. Twelve male Brazilian swimmers (5 Olympic and 7 Paralympic) took part of the study. They were 22 to 37 years old (M = 26.16, SD = 4.32). Three athletes (25%) were middle distance swimmers in freestyle, and the other nine (75%) were sprinters in all four swimming styles. An in-depth semi-structured interview was designed to explore the internal processes of participants and the techniques they used to manage them in the competitive events. The interview consisted of three sections: the first section examined the thoughts and emotions related to the best performance and the techniques used to manage them. The second section focused on thoughts and emotions in the worst performance and the techniques used. The third section investigated athletes’ awareness about internal processes and the influence on performance. Interview data were inductively and deductively analyzed, based on emerging themes and concepts of cognitive behavior therapy (Beck, 1995). Imagery, breathing, self-talk, music, cognitive restructuring and motivational audios were the techniques used by swimmers to manage their thoughts and emotions. The techniques were mostly used before best performances than before worst performances. There was a great variability in how the techniques were utilized, regarding the purpose and timing before and on the day of the races. Although some of the athletes were already familiar with some of the techniques, they reported improvement in how and why to use them after started a psychological preparation with a sport psychologist. Athletes also mentioned that some techniques were not efficient, because the dysfunctional thoughts were constants in the worst performances. Functional thoughts and pleasant emotions were more common in the best performances, whereas dysfunctional thoughts and unpleasant emotions were more common in the worst ones. The swimmers believed that thoughts generate emotions and they can influence performance. However, only a few of them mentioned to be aware of how to manage this relationship to be more functional. Thus, it seems important to educate athletes to distinguish thoughts from emotions, how to identify and evaluate them, to have a functional behavior.

Background: Student reading challenges have been reported worldwide. In many classrooms around the world, teaching students appropriate strategy-use has been a technique used to improve comprehension and improve reading proficiency. However, strategy-use instruction per se may not produce holistic results. Objectives: This article reports on an extended strategy-use instruction to improve students’ reading proficiency in a particular subject area. The technique of role-play, as well as an integration of affective strategies, was used to improve the cohort of first-year students’ reading of subject-specific texts. Method: The intervention was conducted by way of tutorials. A questionnaire was used to elicit students’ views and opinions after the intervention. The responses were analysed using content analysis of emerging themes. Results: Students reported benefiting from the intervention with respect to reading their assigned texts, as well as increased motivation. Conclusion: It is recommended that strategy-use instruction include other innovative techniques such as role-play to improve students’ reading proficiency in a specific subject.

La implementación de la tecnología de la información ha tenido un gran impacto en las organizaciones ya que implica un cambio en las prácticas de trabajo de las personas; por lo tanto, es importante gestionar este proceso. Una forma de obtener la aprobación de los involucrados es presentar un producto de calidad, tanto en sus funciones como en su usabilidad (por ejemplo, el producto debe ser fácil de aprender y utilizar, ser útil; el producto tiene que ser intuitivo y sencillo). La medición de la usabilidad en las primeras etapas de desarrollo es necesaria para evitar errores de diseño que se podrían llevar a las siguientes etapas. Resolver estos errores una vez terminada la plataforma es costoso en tiempo y recusos; por lo tanto, es aconsejable realizar evaluaciones desde el principio, incluso cuando solo existe un prototipo. Este estudio propone examinar la viabilidadde la utilización de diversas técnicas de evaluación de la usabilidad en base en un mínimo de recursos y su aplicación a un sistema de salud de Cataluña (en España) en su etapa inicial de desarrollo.En este estudio se aplicaron tres técnicas de evaluación de la usabilidad de una interfaz de usuarios que son bien conocidos en el campo de la Ingeniera de usabilidad. Estas técnicas son examinadas en un entorno médico específico: SISBE (Sistema de Información de Salud de Barcelona-Esquerra), una plataforma de integración de registros médicos electrónicos de diferentes proveedores que operan en una gran área urbana de Barcelona. Las técnicas se aplican en el orden siguiente: La evaluación heurística, las personas y pruebas de usuarios. La evaluación heurística se ha adaptado al sistmea a evaluar, y la técnica de las personas se ha elaborado teniendo en cuenta los resultados de la técnica anterior. Del mismo modo, la prueba del usuario también ha sido desarrollada de acuerdo con los errores detectados anteriormente. La razón de utilizar tres técnicas es detectar complementariedades y coincidencias, y determinar los puntos fuertes en la evaluación de los sistemas en las primeras etapas de desarrollo.La aplicación de las técnicas mencionadas para evaluar el sistema seleccionado dio resultados consistentes en la identificación de errores de usabilidad. La evaluación heurística permitió la detección de errores en la interfaz. La técnica de las personas detecta errores encontrados previamente en la evaluación heurística y también fue sensible al contexto de uso del sistema. Por último, las pruebas de usuario detectan algunos de los errores que ya se han encontrado, pero, puesto que implica a los usuarios reales en entornos reales, reforzó los resultados observados desde el punto de vista de la interacción humano-computadora.

As the amount of mobile data continues to grow rapidly, finding frequency bands without incumbent usage for mobile network operators (MNOs) in a harmonized manner becomes increasingly challenging. This motivates the search for new methods to increase the efficiency of current spectrum usage by exploring the new possibilities to allow multiple services to share the same frequency band in a controlled manner. This kind of spectrum sharing should be conducted in a way that requires minimum changes to the functionalities and the architecture of the systems involved and especially to the current holders of the spectrum usage rights, thus, the incumbent spectrum users. In this paper, we concentrate on the emerging Licensed Shared Access (LSA) concept which is currently receiving a lot of attention in European regulation and standardization. We discuss different types of incumbents and the critical factors for allowing spectrum sharing with LSA from their perspective. Finally, we propose an architecture for LSA that takes into account these critical factors while guaranteeing certain quality of service (QoS) conditions for all involved systems.

Anchoíta (Engraulis anchoita) é uma espécie pelágica encontrada no Sudoeste do Oceano Atlântico. Estima-se que 135000 toneladas/ano desse peixe possam ser exploradas ao longo do litoral sul do Brasil. Entretanto, os recursos pesqueiros do país são ainda inexplorados, o que torna esta matéria prima candidata em potencial para a fabricação de novos produtos a base desse pescado. Com o apoio de programas governamentais sociais, a tendência para o Brasil é para o desenvolvimento de produtos de anchoíta alternativos e que sejam capazes de suprir as necessidades específicas de cada grupo de consumo alvo. Dentro desse cenário, um estudo de novos produtos de pescado frente ao mercado se faz necessário, na tentativa de compreender as variáveis influentes do setor. Para tanto, na presente tese teve objetivou-se desenvolver produtos à base de anchoíta e estudar o comportamento do mercado consumidor frente a esses novos produtos de pescado. Um total de seis artigos foi gerado. O primeiro artigo intitulou-se: “Potencial de inserção de empanados de pescado na merenda escolar mediante determinantes individuais”. Neste objetivou-se detectar os determinantes individuais do consumo de pescado com adolescentes em idade de 12 a 17 anos, visando à inserção de empanados de pescado na merenda escolar. Foi verificado que as variáveis que melhor discriminaram a frequência de consumo foram “gosta de pescado” e “grau de escolaridade dos pais”. Os resultados indicaram um potencial de consumo de empanados de pescado por adolescentes, associado à necessidade de educação alimentar. O segundo artigo “Elaboração de hambúrguer a partir de base proteica de anchoíta (Engraulis anchoita)” no qual se objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes combinações de solventes para a obtenção de base proteica de anchoíta visando à elaboração de hambúrguer de pescado. As lavagens com ácido fosfórico e mais dois ciclos de água foram as que apresentaram os melhores valores para a obtenção da base proteica, baseando-se na remoção de nitrogenados e respostas sensoriais. No terceiro artigo “Aceitação de empanados de pescado (Engraulis anchoita) na merenda escolar no extremo sul do Brasil” o objetivo foi avaliar a aceitação de empanados de pescado (Engraulis anchoita) com alunos (n = 830) da rede pública de ensino, em idades entre 5 e 18 anos, de duas cidades do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os resultados indicaram relação inversa entre a aceitação de empanados de pescado e o aumento da idade das crianças. O quarto artigo estudou “Razões subjacentes ao baixo consumo de pescado pelo consumidor brasileiro.” Neste objetivou-se investigar o comportamento referente ao consumo de pescado de uma população com baixo consumo de pescado (Brasil), aplicando a Teoria do Comportamento Planejado (TCP). Os resultados indicaram que tanto a intenção como a atitude provou serem determinantes significativos na frequência de comer pescado, sendo a atitude inversamente correlacionada com o consumo de pescado. Hábito apareceu como uma importante variável discriminante para o consumo de pescado. O quinto artigo intitula-se “Modelagem de equações estruturais e associação de palavras como ferramentas para melhor compreensão do baixo consumo de pescado”. O objetivo foi desenvolver um modelo e explicar o conjunto das relações entre os construtos do consumo de pescado em uma população com baixo consumo de pescado (Brasil) através da aplicação da TCP e pelo Questionário das Escolhas dos Alimentos. Além disso, a percepção cognitiva de produtos de pescado (Engraulis anchoíta) foi avaliada pela mesma população. Os resultados indicaram um bom ajuste para o modelo proposto e mostraram que os construtos “saúde” e “controle de peso” são bons preditores da intenção. A técnica associação de palavras provou ser um método útil para a análise de percepção de um novo produto de pescado, além de ajudar a explicar os resultados obtidos pelas equações estruturais. O sexto e último artigo “Percepção de saudável em produtos de pescado em uma população com alto consumo de pescado. Uma investigação por eye tracking” em que se objetivou explorar o uso do método eye tracking para estudar a percepção de saudável em diferentes produtos de pescado. Dois pontos importantes podem ser salientados como influentes na percepção de saudável: produtos de pescado processados e alimentos fritos. Anchoita (Engraulis anchoita) is a pelagic species found in the South Atlantic Area, It is estimated that 135,000 tons / year of this fish can be explored along the southern coast of Brazil. However, the fishery resources of the country are still unexplored, which makes this raw material a potential candidate of the manufacture of new products based on this fish. With the support of social government programs, the trend is for Brazil to develop alternative anchoita products and that are able to meet the specific needs of each target consumer group. Within this scenario, a new study of fish products in the market is necessary, in an attempt to understand the variables affecting the sector. Therefore, this thesis aimed to develop products based on anchoita and study the behavior of the consumer market against these new fish products. A total of six scientific articles was generated. The first article is entitled: “Potential inclusion of breaded fish products in school meal by individual determinants” The objective was to detect individual determinants of fish consumption in adolescents aged 12-17 years, aiming the inclusion of breaded fish in school meal. It was verified that the variables that best discriminated the frequency of consumption were "likes fish" and "educational level of parents." The results indicated a consumption potential of breaded fish by adolescents, associated with the need for food education. The second article "Development of hamburger from anchoita (Engraulis anchoita) protein bases" aimed to evaluate the effect of different combination of solvents to obtain anchoita basic protein aiming at developing fish burger. The procedures with phosphoric acid and two more cycles of water showed the best values for obtaining the protein base, based on the removal of nitrogen and sensory responses. In the third article "Acceptance of breaded fish (Engraulis anchoita) in school meals in extreme southern Brazil," the goal was to evaluate the acceptance of breaded fish (Engraulis anchoita) by public school students aged 5-18 years (n = 830) from two cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The results showed an inverse relationship between the acceptance of breaded fish and the increasing age of the children. The fourth article was "Reasons underlying low fish consumption by Brazilian consumers." This was aimed at investigating the behavior toward fish in a population with low fish consumption (Brazil), using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The results indicated that both the intention and the attitude proved to be significant determinants in the frequency of fish consumption, with the attitude being inversely correlated with fish consumption. Habit emerged as an important discriminating variable for fish consumption. The fifth article is entitled "Structural Equation Modelling and word association as tools for a better understanding of low fish consumption." The objective was to develop a model and explain all the relationships between the constructs of fish consumption in a population with low fish consumption (Brazil) through the application of TPB and by the Questionnaire of Food Choices. Furthermore, the cognitive perception of fish products (Engraulis anchoita) was evaluated by the same population. The results indicated a good fit for the proposed model and showed that the constructs "health" and "weight control" are good predictors of intention. Word association proved a useful method for gathering perceptions of new fish products and also helped to explain the results obtained with the structural equation model. The sixth and last article "Perceived healthiness of fish products in a population with high fish consumption. An investigation by eye tracking" aimed to explore the use of eye tracking method to study the perception of healthy in different fish products. Two important points can be highlighted as influential in the perception of healthy: processed fish products and fried foods. O pescado é uma fonte importante de proteína animal e, por ser um produto perecível, uma solução estratégica para superar a curta vida útil representada pelo pescado fresco seria a elaboração de empanados a base de pescado, produto com qualidade, conveniente e mais adequado à demanda do consumidor moderno. No Brasil, programas governamentais de merenda escolar vêm trazendo apoio às pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos a base de pescado e que sejam de fácil aceitação para crianças em idade escolar. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi detectar os determinantes individuais do consumo de pescado com adolescentes em idade de 12 a 17 anos, visando à inserção de empanados de pescado na merenda escolar. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de 92 alunos de uma escola localizada no município de Rio Grande - RS, mediante aplicação de um questionário elaborado com perguntas a respeito de suas atitudes e preferências, consciência saudável, conveniência e fatores sociodemográficos. A análise dos resultados foi realizada com base na técnica multivariada da análise de discriminante, em que se buscou discriminar grupos formados em função da frequência de consumo de pescado (nunca consome pescado; uma vez ao mês; duas vezes ao mês; uma vez na semana; e mais de uma vez na semana). Os resultados permitiram concluir as variáveis melhores discriminantes da frequência de consumo de pescado definidas pelo teste de diferença de médias de Lambda Wilks’ Parcial, que foram “gosta de pescado” (0,55) e “grau de escolaridade dos pais” (0,88). Os dois primeiros modelos discriminantes obtidos explicaram juntos 75% da variância para a frequência de consumo de pescado. A maioria dos indivíduos apresentou a ideia de que empanado não é saudável, mas que possuem o hábito de consumi-lo pelo menos de uma a duas vezes ao mês. O grupo que nunca consome pescado disse não gostar de pescado e 50% das observações registradas estão entre consumir empanado de uma vez ao mês a mais de uma vez na semana. Estes resultados indicaram um potencial de consumo de empanado de pescado por adolescentes, associado à necessidade de educação alimentar. Fish products are an important source of animal protein and being perishable product, a strategic solution to overcome the short life represented by the fresh fish is the development of the breaded fish, quality product, convenient and better suited to the modern consumer demand. In Brazil, government programs for school meals have brought support for research to develop new products based on fish and that are easily accepted by school children. In this sense, the objective was to detect individual determinants of fish consumption in adolescents aged 12-17 years, aiming the inclusion of breaded fish in school meal. Data was obtained from 92 students in a school located in Rio Grande - RS, by applying a questionnaire with questions about their attitudes and preferences, health consciousness, convenience and socio-demographic factors. The analysis was performed based on the technique of multivariate discriminant analysis, where one seeks to discriminate groups formed according to the frequency of fish consumption (never consumed fish; once a month, twice a month, once a week and more than once a week). The results led to the best discriminating variables in the frequency of fish consumption defined by the Partial Lambda Wilks’ mean difference test which were “likes fish” (0.55) and “educational level of parents” (0.88). The first two discriminant models obtained explained 75% of the variance for the frequency of fish consumption. Most individuals presented the idea that breaded products are not healthy, but they had the habit of consuming them at least once or twice a month. The group that never consumed fish said to dislike fish and 50% of the observations are recorded between consuming breaded once a month to more than once a week. These results indicate a potential for breaded fish consumption by adolescents, associated with the need for nutrition education. A iniciativa de explorar espécies de peixes subutilizadas e que se encontram em abundância na costa brasileira tem levado ao desenvolvimento de novas alternativas de produtos elaborados a partir de base proteica de pescado. Esses são produtos convenientes, com alto valor agregado e preenchem as necessidades e expectativas dos consumidores modernos. A anchoíta (Engraulis anchoita) é um recurso pesqueiro que vem apontando potencial significativo de aproveitamento comercial no Brasil. Em face disto o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes combinações de solventes para a obtenção de base proteica de anchoíta visando à elaboração de hambúrguer de pescado. A base proteica de anchoíta foi obtida através do tratamento da polpa deste pescado utilizando a diferentes solventes e ciclos de lavagem: (H3PO4 + H2O + H2O); (H3PO4 + NaHCO3 + H2O); (NaHCO3 + H2O + H2O + NaCl). As diferentes lavagens foram avaliadas quanto aos valores de eficiência de extração de compostos nitrogenados como nitrogênio total (NTK), nitrogênio não proteico (NNP) e bases voláteis totais (N-BVT) na polpa de anchoíta, bem como resultados quanto à composição química e dados sensoriais do produto elaborado. De acordo com os resultados as lavagens com ácido fosfórico e mais dois ciclos de água foram as que apresentaram os melhores valores quanto a extração de compostos nitrogenados. Em função dos dados sensoriais não foram registradas diferenças significativas para o produto hambúrguer em relação ao atributo cor, sendo apresentada preferência para o atributo sabor para a lavagem com ácido fosfórico e mais dois ciclos de água. The initiative to explore underutilized fish species and that are found in abundance in the Brazilian coast has led to the development of new alternative products made from fish protein base. These are convenient products with high added value and meet the needs and expectations of modern consumers. Anchoíta (Engraulis anchoita) is a fish that has been showing significant commercial potential in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different combinations of solvents to obtain anchoíta basic protein aiming at developing fish burger. The anchoíta pulp was treated by nitrogen extraction by washing with subsequent solutions and extraction cycles: (H3PO4 + H2O + H2O); (H3PO4 + H2O + NaHCO3); (NaHCO3 + H2O + H2O + NaCl). The different washings were evaluated for values of extraction efficiency of nitrogen compounds such as total nitrogen (N-NTK), non-protein nitrogen (NNP) and total volatile bases (N-BVT) in the anchoíta pulp and results regarding the composition chemical and sensory data of the produced product (hamburger). According to the results, the procedures with phosphoric acid and two cycles of water showed the best values for the extraction of nitrogen compounds. As for the sensory data, no significant differences were registered for the hamburger product in relation to the color attribute, preference being given to the attribute taste for washing with phosphoric acid and two more cycles of water.

Este artigo descreve uma intervenção com economia de fichas numa unidade psiquiátrica de internamentos de longo curso. No documento, referimos detalhadamente sua elaboração e adaptação a 10 sujeitos com múltiplos diagnósticos. A avaliação geral dos participantes da amostra evidencia resultados positivos no aumento de comportamentos adequados e diminuição de comportamentos desadequados. Essa intervenção foi particularmente eficaz na melhoria do comportamento facial e verbal dos participantes. Obtivemos ganhos estatisticamente significativos na redução de comportamentos bizarros, apesar de os índices de deterioração cognitiva serem elevados na maioria dos doentes. Tendo sido a maioria desses estudos implementados já há mais de 40 anos, julgamos importante a comparação de novos estudos com os prévios, dadas as mudanças que se efectuaram entretanto nos recintos hospitalares, bem como nas terapias farmacológicas. This article describes a Token Economy group intervention in a long-term psychiatric inpatients unit. The document offers a detailed account about the intervention conception and methodology adapted to 10 participants with several diagnoses. A general evaluation shows positive results concerning appropriate behaviour and a decrease of inadequate behaviour. This intervention was particularly efficient concerning the improvement in the facial and verbal behavior of the participants. We conclude that, in this study, the Token Economy was efficient towards the bizarre behaviours, even considering the high cognitive deterioration deficits in most participants. The majority of these studies were implemented more than forty years ago. The comparison of new studies with previous ones, however, is important, due to the changes in hospital settings as well as in pharmacological therapies. Cet article décrit une intervention en groupe d'économie de jetons dans une unité psychiatrique d'internement de longue durée, réalisé au centre hospitalier Casa de Saúde do Bom Jesus. Nous présentons brièvement ce type d'interventions et les méthodes appliquées aux 10 patients atteints de maladie chronique. Une évaluation des comportements des sujets de l'échantillon met en évidence des résultats positifs, à savoir, une augmentation des comportements appropriés et une diminution des comportements inadéquats. On en conclut que, dans cette étude, l'économie des fiches a été efficace, en particulier concernant les comportements faciaux et verbaux bizarres des participants, quoique les indices de détérioration cognitive étaient élevés chez la plupart des malades. Ces études ont été implémentées au cours de plus de quarante ans. If faut maintenant comparer les nouvelles études avec les précedentes, une fois qu´il y a eu des modifications des pratiques dans les hôpitaux et aussi des thérapies pharmacologiques. Este artículo se propone describir una intervención mediante economía de fichas en una unidad psiquiátrica de internamiento de larga estancia. Se relatan detalladamente la elaboración y la adaptación del tratamiento en 10 participantes con múltiplos diagnósticos. La evaluación general de los participantes revela resultados positivos en el aumento de comportamientos adecuados y en la reducción de comportamientos inadecuados. La eficacia de la intervención se verifica en la mejoría del comportamiento facial y verbal de los participantes. Se encontraron resultados estadísticamente significativos en la reducción de comportamientos bizarros, aunque la mayoría de los enfermos presenta elevados índices de deterioro cognitivo. A conclusión, teniéndose en cuenta que gran parte de estos estudios se implementaron hace más de cuarenta anos, se ha juzgado importante la comparación de nuevos estudios con los previos, en vista del progreso de los hospitales y de las terapias farmacológicas.