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How to characterize automation failures? From the point of view of complex, multi-agent operations, I argue that their definition and modeling is the most useful when it accounts for the important drivers of operational performance and safety. This calls us beyond a focus on one-human, one-system performing one task, to a team simultaneously executing many activities in which things are always failing. Much of this activity is defined by the dynamics of the work environment, which can be modeled and predicted. Further, having a human legally responsible for the outcome of the automation's actions significantly colors the dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the "lumberjack effect" addresses important concerns regarding the role of automation (and impact of automation failure) in complex engineering systems such as aviation, power plant control rooms, and others. Conflicts between "narrow" and "broad" definitions of automation failures uncover logical inconsistencies regarding human-automation interactions processes in maintaining system performance. However, the "lumberjack effect" debate obscures essential considerations that automation tools exist as components in complex systems with multiple levels of abstraction hierarchies (Rasmussen). A sole focus on automation failure conflates the automation components with the overall system function. Elaborating operating conditions associated with human-automation interaction conflicts and failures supports an improved approach to failure mode and effects analysis techniques for improving system safety. Detecting system failure modes and operating conditions, poorly quantified in other risk priority determinations, are important contributions at the overall system analysis level, not as an isolated emphasis on the automation itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear (CBRN) operations require a significant reduction in the time between decision making and decision execution. This calls for effective decision support to improve situational awareness (SA) at the lowest practical echelon. Applied Research Associates, Inc. conducted a 22-month project to research Avoidance and Protection, the CBRN phase with greatest uncertainty and cognitive work demands, to determine how the Android Tactical Assault Kit (ATAK) could best support operator procedures and decision making. We confirmed U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) CBRN doctrine, created battalion commander, medical officer, CBRN Specialist, and Soldier or Marine use cases, developed a concept video around existing CBRN passive defense workflows and tasking, then reviewed the concept with CBRN Specialists returning from deployment as well as Integrated Early Warning and CBRN Support to Command-and-Control developers. Resulting improvement to decision support can more effectively sustain the operator's observe, orient, decide, and act (OODA) loop while minimizing cognitive load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic management in aviation, shipping, and rail transport shows similarities and dissimilarities in the work process. For example, they share the temporal aspect, but different levels of urgency in the control work set different requirements on monitoring, decisions, and actions. However, few studies have been presented that model and compare the different domains in terms of temporal decision-making. The Joint Control Framework (JCF) is an approach to analyse and temporally model operators' control processes from a cognitive systems engineering perspective. In this study, we have used JCF to map, and compare, cognitive joints, such as perceptions, decisions, and actions, in temporally challenging control situations in air traffic control, maritime vessel traffic service, and train traffic management. Data was collected collaboratively with traffic operators, focusing on (1) identifying challenging traffic situations and (2) jointly modelling the temporal decision-making patterns of these situations using simplified JCF. Post-analysis was done by breaking down the results into different processes and comparing domains to ascertain how operators maintain control. An intermediate level of activity—between general monitoring and work with specific vehicles—was identified: processes-in-focus. A shared problem arises in the shift between general monitoring and the processes-in-focus. All processes-in-focus comprise cognitive joint cycles of perceptions, decisions, and actions. However, depending on the framing of processes-in-focus, the patterns of joints, such as temporal extension and complexity, differ. In the remainder of the article, implications for the interaction design, in particular the potential for human–AI/automation teaming with higher levels of automation and cognitive autonomy, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the evolution of traditional production towards smart manufacturing, humans and machines interact dynamically to handle complex production systems in semi-automated environments when full automation is not possible. To avoid undesirable side effects, and to exploit the full performance potential of experts, it is crucial to consider the human perspective when developing new technologies. Specifically, human sub-tasks during machine operation must be described to gain insights into cognitive processes. This research proposes a cognition-based framework by integrating a number of known psychological concepts. The focus is on the description of cognitive (team) processes in the resolution of anomalies within a manufacturing process with interdisciplinary experts working together. An observational eye tracking study with retrospective think-aloud interviews (N = 3) provides empirical evidence for all cognitive processes proposed in the framework, such as regular process monitoring and—in case of a detected anomaly—diagnosis, problem solving, and resolution. Moreover, the role of situation awareness, individual expertise and (cognitive) team processes is analyzed and described. Further, implications regarding a human-centered development of future production systems are discussed. The present research provides a starting point for understanding and supporting cognitive (team) processes during intelligent manufacturing that will dominate the production landscape within Industry 5.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hospitals work to provide quality, safety, and availability to patients with a wide variety of care needs, which makes efficient prioritisation and resource utilisation essential. Anticipation of each patients' trajectory, while monitoring available resources across the hospital, are major challenges for patient flow management. This study focuses on how hospital patient flow management is realised in situ with the help of concepts from cognitive systems engineering. Five semi-structured interviews with high level managers and shadowing observations of seven full work-shifts with management teams were conducted, to explore how patient flow is coordinated and communicated across the hospital. The data has been analysed using qualitative content analysis. The results describe patient flow management using an adapted Extended Control Model (ECOM) and reveal how authority and information might be better placed closer to clinical work for increased efficiency of patient flow. Practitioner summary: This study describes how a large tertiary paediatric hospital's patient flow management functions. The results offer a new understanding of how patient flow management is communicated and coordinated across organisational levels of the hospital and how authority and information might be better placed closer to clinical work for increased efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the evolution of traditional production towards smart manufacturing, humans and machines interact dynamically to handle complex production systems in semi-automated environments when full automation is not possible. To avoid undesirable side effects, and to exploit the full performance potential of experts, it is crucial to consider the human perspective when developing new technologies. Specifically, human sub-tasks during machine operation must be described to gain insights into cognitive processes. This research proposes a cognition-based framework by integrating a number of known psychological concepts. The focus is on the description of cognitive (team) processes in the resolution of anomalies within a manufacturing process with interdisciplinary experts working together. An observational eye tracking study with retrospective think-aloud interviews (N = 3) provides empirical evidence for all cognitive processes proposed in the framework, such as regular process monitoring and—in case of a detected anomaly—diagnosis, problem solving, and resolution. Moreover, the role of situation awareness, individual expertise and (cognitive) team processes is analyzed and described. Further, implications regarding a human-centered development of future production systems are discussed. The present research provides a starting point for understanding and supporting cognitive (team) processes during intelligent manufacturing that will dominate the production landscape within Industry 5.0.

Commercial deployment of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASSs) is close to becoming a reality. Although MASSs are fully autonomous, the industry will still allow remote operations centre (ROC) operators to intervene if a MASS is facing an emergency the MASS cannot handle by itself. A human-centred design for the associated emergency response systems will require attention to the ROC operator workplace, but also, arguably, to the behaviour-shaping constraints on the engineers building these systems. There is thus a need for an engineer-centred design of engineering organisations, influenced by the current discourse on human factors. To contribute to the discourse, think-aloud protocol interviewing was conducted with well-informed maritime operators to elicit fundamental demands on cognition and collaboration by maritime autonomy emergency response systems. Based on the results, inferences were made regarding both design factors and methodological choices for future, early phase engineering of emergency response systems. Firstly, engineering firms have to improve their informal gathering and sharing of information through gatekeepers and/or organisational liaisons. To avoid a too cautious approach to accountability, this will have to include a closer integration of development and operations. Secondly, associated studies taking the typical approach of exposing relevant operators to new design concepts in scripted scenarios should include significant flexibility and less focus on realism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many cyber-physical systems face the challenge of appropriately integrating domain-specific human expert knowledge into the cyber part to create a shared sphere of knowledge and intelligent interactions between humans and the semi-autonomous technical system. Cognitive engineering contributes methods and insights into higher-order cognition that help to embed human knowledge in an appropriate way. The original research introduces a novel transdisciplinary framework called Human-CoMo, which demonstrates a systematic modelling process, different human perspectives, and the integration of expert knowledge at multiple hierarchical levels. Fundamental principles inspired by human cognition, such as conceptual chunking and knowledge precision, are characterised. Furthermore, it is shown how knowledge hierarchies can be methodically reflected in appropriate data analysis and modelling levels for small and big data applications including artificial intelligence approaches. Combined knowledge- and data-based modelling approaches offer more flexibility to integrate the strengths of humans and technology in a complementary way. The cognitive foundations and their computational reflections are outlined for the technical example process electroplating from the field of materials and surface engineering. The possibilities and limitations of integrating human knowledge through formalisation and implications for future forms of human-machine interaction are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a phenomenon viewed through the conceptual lens of a naturalistic decision making perspective: a loss of system resilience, due to increased difficulty in performing macrocognition functions, associated with the implementation of new information technology. Examples of the phenomenon collected in a targeted literature review are characterized by stakeholder groups, technology, typical changes in workflow before and after implementation, and potential impacts on macrocognition and patient outcomes for four clinical care environments. The loss of system resilience is due to increased difficulty in performing macrocognition functions: 1) sensemaking due to less effective cognitive warm-up and collaborative framing strategies, 2) detecting events due to missing trends in data and changes to orders, and 3) coordinating due to less clinical knowledge during scheduling and updating information, and less effective cross-checks. Potential impacts to patient safety include an increase in unnecessary care, missed care, delays in diagnoses and treatment, redundant care, inaccurate diagnoses, medication errors, and adverse events. We recommended future conceptually-driven research in other complex, sociotechnical settings order to develop useful metrics and reduce the risk of incurring undesirable and unnecessary impacts on cognitive work associated with new technology.

This paper addresses how to describe critical episodes of interaction between human operators and autonomous, automated, and manual control systems. The first part of the paper poses three questions: (1) what levels of cognitive control are important to include in a descriptive framework for joint human-autonomy in process control; (2) how should one describe temporal developments in joint socio-technical systems; and (3) how does one analyse communication and control at the system joints. The paper proceeds by proposing a new framework for description and analysis, the Joint Control Framework (JCF), with a simple notation, the Score (JCF-S). It allows descriptions of the three previously mentioned aspects through three analytical activities: process mapping (PM), analysis of Levels of Autonomy in Cognitive Control (LACC), and temporal descriptions of human–machine interaction (T-HMI) through the Score notation. This facilitates analyses across cases and domains. The framework is discussed based on an analysis of two episodes; one work episode (from an air traffic control tower simulator); and one work procedure (from an unmanned traffic management system design concept). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial deployment of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASSs) is close to becoming a reality. Although MASSs are fully autonomous, the industry will still allow remote operations centre (ROC) operators to intervene if a MASS is facing an emergency the MASS cannot handle by itself. A human-centred design for the associated emergency response systems will require attention to the ROC operator workplace, but also, arguably, to the behaviour-shaping constraints on the engineers building these systems. There is thus a need for an engineer-centred design of engineering organisations, influenced by the current discourse on human factors. To contribute to the discourse, think-aloud protocol interviewing was conducted with well-informed maritime operators to elicit fundamental demands on cognition and collaboration by maritime autonomy emergency response systems. Based on the results, inferences were made regarding both design factors and methodological choices for future, early phase engineering of emergency response systems. Firstly, engineering firms have to improve their informal gathering and sharing of information through gatekeepers and/or organisational liaisons. To avoid a too cautious approach to accountability, this will have to include a closer integration of development and operations. Secondly, associated studies taking the typical approach of exposing relevant operators to new design concepts in scripted scenarios should include significant flexibility and less focus on realism.

To perform as intended, firms are divided into work functions that contribute to the behaviour-shaping constraints under which individuals build their skills, knowledge and networks. These in turn provide a specialized perspective on organisational structure and culture. In a mixed methods study involving interviews and statistical analyses, we investigate whether a work function can thereby affect individuals' innovation foci and efficacy. Safety engineers, central to firms developing Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), are shown to play a significant role in identifying and supporting viable innovation related to organisational aspects. Results indicate that safety engineers could use the firm's collaborative innovation process to facilitate organisational learning, helping different work functions come together to construct working practices aligned with the organisational values of the firm. This is explained by their understanding of safety culture—a specialized understanding of organisational culture and complexity provided by their work function. We conclude that work functions that provide their members with a perspective well aligned with their firm's organisational values can instil the ability to identify and support organisational innovation. This suggests that safety engineers in CPS domains could be effective in a mediatory role, facilitating innovative changes to organisational structures and processes when introducing and operating safety management systems. Stronger aspects of organisational liaising and systems thinking could reinforce this ability—the former by a wider scope and motivation leading to an increased skill in communicating with dissimilar individuals, and the latter by providing the skills and tools needed to analyse the politics of complex organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To provide an insight into the challenges faced by the closest hospital to the Formosa Fun Coast Dust Explosion (FFCDE) disaster scene, and to examine how the hospital staff adapted to cope with the mass burn casualty (MBC) in their overcrowded emergency department (ED) after the disaster.Material and Methods: The critical incident technique was used for the investigation. Data was gathered through in-depth individual interviews with 15 key participants in this event. The interview data was combined with the medical records of the FFCDE patients and admission logs to build a detailed timeline of ED workload. Process tracing analysis was used to evaluate how the ED and other units adapted to deal with actual and potential bottlenecks created by the patient surge.Results: Fifty-eight burn patients were treated and registered in approximately six hours while the ED managed 43 non-FFCDE patients. Forty-four patients with average total body surface area burn 51.3% were admitted. Twenty burn patients were intubated. The overwhelming demand created shortages primarily of clinicians, ED space, stretchers, ICU beds, and critical medical materials for burn care. Adaptive activities for the initial resuscitation are identified and synthesized into three typical adaptation patterns. These adaptations were never previously adopted in ED normal practices for daily surge nor in periodical exercises. The analysis revealed adaptation stemmed from the dynamic re-planning and coordination across roles and units and the anticipation of bottlenecks ahead.Conclusion: In the hospital closest to the FFCDE disaster scene, it caused an overwhelming demand in an already crowded, beyond-nominal-capacity ED. This study describes how the hospital mobilized and reconfigured response capacity to cope with overload, uncertainty, and time pressure. These findings support improving disaster planning and preparedness for all healthcare entities through organizational support for adaptation and routine practice coping with unexpected scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive work analysis (CWA) is a systems‐based framework for analyzing complex sociotechnical systems; however, its ability to directly inform design has been questioned. The Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit (CWA‐DT) was developed to address this gap. This study describes the development, application, and evolution of the CWA‐DT and examines the extent to which it provides a useful approach to design. The evaluation draws upon five case‐study applications. In three applications, involving the design of public transport ticketing systems, railway level crossing environments and road intersections, the toolkit was used in conjunction with CWA. In addition, we present two case studies where the CWA‐DT was used with other systems‐based analysis frameworks (for the design of incident prevention strategies for led outdoor activities and systemic interventions to improve road safety) to illustrate the flexibility of the toolkit. Based on feedback from participants involved in CWA‐DT design processes, it is concluded that it provides a useful approach for translating human factors analyses into design concepts. Additional applications and adaptations of the approach are encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During medical referrals, communication barriers between referring and consulting outpatient clinics delay patients' access to health care. One notable opportunity for reducing these barriers is improved usefulness and usability of electronic medical consultation order forms. The cognitive systems engineering (CSE) design approach focuses on supporting humans in managing cognitive complexity in sociotechnical systems. Cognitive complexity includes communication, decision-making, problem solving, and planning.Objective: The objective of this research was to implement a CSE design approach to develop a template that supports the cognitive needs of referring clinicians and improves referral communication.Methods: We conducted interviews and observations with primary care providers and specialists at two major tertiary, urban medical facilities. Using qualitative analysis, we identified cognitive requirements and design guidelines. Next, we designed user interface (UI) prototypes and compared their usability with that of a currently implemented UI at a major Midwestern medical facility.Results: Physicians' cognitive challenges were summarized in four cognitive requirements and 13 design guidelines. As a result, two UI prototypes were developed to support order template search and completion. To compare UIs, 30 clinicians (referrers) participated in a consultation ordering simulation complemented with the think-aloud elicitation method. Oral comments about the UIs were coded for both content and valence (i.e., positive, neutral, or negative). Across 619 comments, the odds ratio for the UI prototype to elicit higher-valenced comments than the implemented UI was 13.5 (95% CI = [9.2, 19.8]), p < .001.Conclusion: This study reinforced the significance of applying a CSE design approach to inform the design of health information technology. In addition, knowledge elicitation methods enabled identification of physicians' cognitive requirements and challenges when completing electronic medical consultation orders. The resultant knowledge was used to derive design guidelines and UI prototypes that were more useful and usable for referring physicians. Our results support the implementation of a CSE design approach for electronic medical consultation orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to explore whether driver-paced, noncritical transitions of control may counteract some of the aftereffects observed in the contemporary literature, resulting in higher levels of vehicle control.Background: Research into control transitions in highly automated driving has focused on urgent scenarios where drivers are given a relatively short time span to respond to a request to resume manual control, resulting in seemingly scrambled control when manual control is resumed.Method: Twenty-six drivers drove two scenarios with an automated driving feature activated. Drivers were asked to read a newspaper or monitor the system and relinquish or resume control from the automation when prompted by vehicle systems. Driving performance in terms of lane positioning and steering behavior was assessed for 20 seconds post resuming control to capture the resulting level of control.Results: It was found that lane positioning was virtually unaffected for the duration of the 20-second time span in both automated conditions compared to the manual baseline when drivers resumed manual control; however, significant increases in the standard deviation of steering input were found for both automated conditions compared to baseline. No significant differences were found between the two automated conditions.Conclusion: The results indicate that when drivers self-paced the transfer back to manual control they exhibit less of the detrimental effects observed in system-paced conditions.Application: It was shown that self-paced transitions could reduce the risk of accidents near the edge of the operational design domain. Vehicle manufacturers must consider these benefits when designing contemporary systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central thesis of this paper is that Rasmussen framed his approach to Cognitive Systems Engineering from the perspective of a Triadic Semiotic Model. This frame became the context for integrating multiple intellectual threads including Control Theory, Information Theory, Ecological Psychology, and Gestalt Psychology into a coherent theoretical framework. The case is made that the triadic semiotic framework is essential for a complete appreciation of the constructs that were central to Rasmussen's approach: Abstraction Hierarchy, Skill-Rules-Knowledge Model, Ecological Interface Design, and Proactive Risk Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increased importance attributed to distributed improvisation in major crises, few studies investigate how central authorities can promote a harmonic, coordinated national response while allowing for distributed autonomy and improvisation. One idea implicit in the literature is that central authorities could help track and tackle common decision bottlenecks as they emerge across "improvising" local authorities as a result of shared, dynamic external constraints. To explore this idea we map central functions needed to roll-out vaccines to local populations and identify and classify bottlenecks to decision-making by local authorities managing COVID-19 vaccine roll-out in Norway. We found five bottlenecks which emerged as vaccine roll-out progressed, three of which could feasibly have been addressed by changing the local authorities' external constraints as the crisis developed. While the national crisis response strategy clearly allowed for distributed improvisation, our overall findings suggest that there is potential for central authorities to address external constraints in order to ease common bottlenecks as they emerge across local authorities responding to the crisis. More research is to explore alternative centralized response strategies and assess how well they effectively balance centralized and distributed control. The study contributes to the growing literature examining the interaction between local and centralized response in crisis management., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2022, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.)

Background Researchers from diverse theoretical backgrounds have studied workplace interruptions in healthcare, leading to a complex and conflicting body of literature. Understanding pre-existing viewpoints may advance the field more effectively than attempts to remove bias from investigations. Objective To identify research traditions that have motivated and guided interruptions research, and to note research questions posed, gaps in approach, and possible avenues for future research. Methods A critical review was conducted of research on interruptions in healthcare. Two researchers identified core research communities based on the community’s motivations, philosophical outlook, and methods. Among the characteristics used to categorise papers into research communities were the predominant motivation for studying interruptions, the research questions posed, and key contributions to the body of knowledge on interruptions in healthcare. In cases where a paper approached an equal number of characteristics from two traditions, it was placed in a blended research community. Results A total of 141 papers were identified and categorised; all papers identified were published from 1994 onwards. Four principal research communities emerged: epidemiology, quality improvement, cognitive systems engineering (CSE), and applied cognitive psychology. Blends and areas of mutual influence between the research communities were identified that combine the benefits of individual traditions, but there was a notable lack of blends incorporating quality improvement initiatives. The question most commonly posed by researchers across multiple communities was: what is the impact of interruptions? Impact was measured as a function of task time or risk in the epidemiology tradition, situation awareness in the CSE tradition, or resumption lag (time to resume an interrupted task) in the applied cognitive psychology tradition. No single question about interruptions in healthcare was shared by all four of the core communities. Conclusions Much research on workplace interruptions in healthcare can be described in terms of fundamental values of four distinct research traditions and the communities that bring the values and methods: of those research traditions to their investigations. Blends between communities indicate that mutual influence has occurred as interruptions research has progressed. It is clear from this review that there is no single or privileged perspective to study interruptions. Instead, these findings suggest that researchers investigating interruptions in healthcare would benefit from being more aware of different perspectives from their own, especially when they consider workplace interventions to reduce interruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affordances are visual indications for potential actions. The concept of affordances lies at the center of design principles for Interaction Design and forms the basis for understanding, sense making, and actionable representations. The term affordances was coined by the ecological psychologist James J. Gibson in 1977. The cognitive psychologist Ulric Neisser explored the implications of affordances in his book "Cognition and Reality" in 1976. He introduced the perceptual cycle as a new model for perception/action coupling, a model that today can be considered a comprehensive model for interactions. Don Norman introduced the term affordances to the design community in his book "The Design of Everyday Things" in 1986. This paper examines the role of affordances for design in light of the new findings in cognitive science and neuroscience and presents a framework for designing affordance that is directly actionable as a representation that provides the right information for action at the right moment in the right form and in the right place. Design principles for affordances are illustrated with the design of a next generation primary flight display for the commercial flight deck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two sets of design principles for analogical visual displays, based on the concepts of emergent features and perceptual objects, are described. An interpretation of previous empirical findings for three displays (bar graph, polar graphic, alphanumeric) is provided from both perspectives. A fourth display (configural coordinate) was designed using principles of ecological interface design (i.e. direct perception). An experiment was conducted to evaluate performance (accuracy and latency of state identification) with these four displays. Numerous significant effects were obtained and a clear rank ordering of performance emerged (from best to worst): configural coordinate, bar graph, alphanumeric and polar graphic. These findings are consistent with principles of design based on emergent features; they are inconsistent with principles based on perceptual objects. Some limitations of the configural coordinate display are discussed and a redesign is provided. Practitioner Summary: Principles of ecological interface design, which emphasise the quality of very specific mappings between domain, display and observer constraints, are described; these principles are applicable to the design of all analogical graphical displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an essay addressing the nature of the emergent field of applied cognitive science, Hoffman and Deffenbacher [Hoffman, R.R. and Deffenbacher, K.A., 1993. An analysis of the relations of basic and applied science.Ecological Psychology, 5, 315–352] argued that available distinctions between basic and applied science were inadequate for capturing the pertinent comparisons. Their multidimensional scheme extended Brunswik's [Brunswik, E., 1956.Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments. Berkeley: University of California Press] notions of ecological validity and representativeness. It included ‘outward-looking’ dimensions according to which one can judge methods and settings in terms of their relevance to human experience, several ‘inward-looking’ dimensions referring to judgements of the relevance of research designs and hypotheses to theoretical matters and several ‘effectivity’ dimensions to describe research results in terms of ecological and epistemological utility. In this update, examples are taken from newer fields of research: cognitive systems engineering and naturalistic decision making. We conclude that a multidimensional scheme is still useful, to describe the diverse relations of cognitive sciences and applied cognitive/ergonomic sciences, and to capture the value judgements that are based on those relations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]