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Prediction, explanation, and control are basic cognitive abilities. Here we show how they can arise, simultaneously, from underlying mental models built during unstructured, exploration-based learning. Our experimental paradigm, involving interaction with a symbolic "chatbot", allows us to vary the relative difficulty of the tasks, and to measure how participants leverage the Bayesian evidence of their mental models for decision-making. Our experimental manipulation focuses on hidden information and task complexity. With full information, there are significant differences between the three tasks: for example, people are more sensitive to Bayesian evidence in prediction than in control or explanation. When information is hidden, however, performance equalizes. Taken together, our results suggest that, while specific heuristics may lead to different levels of performance in cases with full information, more fundamental forms of reasoning, based on an underlying mental model, and less sensitive to the specific task, come into play when pieces are missing.

A characteristic feature of world linguistics is the emergence and rapid development of linguacultural branch of linguistics. Now cognitive research has become an integral part of modern linguistic science. However, this area of ​​scientific knowledge is in the process of formation, it has not yet fully developed, since the lines of interaction between language and culture have not yet been fully studied, and methods and techniques of linguo-cognitive analysis have not been precisely developed. That is why research in linguo-culturology is so relevant today. One of the main categories of linguistics is the concept of culture. At the same time, the concept in modern science has not yet received a consistent understanding and adequate metalanguage description. The methods and techniques of linguistic-cognitive analysis of concepts are not well-established, they have not found the optimal solution to the problem of combining structural-semantic and cognitive procedures, diachronic and synchronous aspects, the linguistic and verbal existence of concepts, their comparative study in the framework of both one and different ethnic language continuums. This largely determines the choice of the topic of the research.

Granule description is one of the main challenges to realize explainable AI technologies through information granules. Specifically, granule description of incomplete data is still an open, interesting and important topic. In this study, this problem is studied systematically based on extent–intent view. Concretely, at first we define stable concepts and evanescent concepts in an incomplete formal context and propose their acquisition approaches, respectively. And then, we classify granules into two categories, i.e., basic granules and indefinable granules. After that, we present the descriptions of basic granules via stable concepts and evanescent concepts. Finally, we make some discussions on how to describe indefinable granules. The main contribution as well as the significant feature of this study is granule description of incomplete data based on ordinary formal concepts rather than approximate concepts. The analysis shows that the ordinary concept-based granule description is more concise and less complex than the approximate concept-based granule description, and meanwhile, the ordinary concept-based method can also maintain the same recall of granule description as that of the latter method. Our work will provide cognitive research method to the description of incomplete formal context with the help of concept cognition units.

The summary discusses the history, structure, and areas of activity of the Saint Petersburg branch of the Scientific Council on the Methodology of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Research under the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The members of the Saint Petersburg branch are focused on practice, which is due to the predominance of researchers in the engineering and natural sciences. According to the author, the Council stimulates work related to interdisciplinary synthesis and convergence of the humanities and natural sciences in solving the problem of artificial intelligence.

The summary presents the main results of the work of the Samara branch of the RAS Scientific Council for the Methodology of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Research, created in 2007 on the basis of S.P. Korolev Samara National Research University (Samara University). The Samara branch of the Council and the Samara University held international conferences on information technology, information society, science fiction, established Artificial Intelligence Center as well as completed interdisciplinary technical and humanitarian research projects in the field of socio-humanitarian cybernetics, digital models of creative processes, computational aesthetics.

Kemampuan kognitif anak dalam berhitung masih sangat rendah oleh karenaya perlu dilakukan upaya lain dalam meningkatkan kemampuan anak tersebut, dalam hal ini peneliti mencoba dengan kegiatan bermain dadu anak Kelompok Bermain (KB) dalam menyebutkan urutan bilangan 1-10, dengan harapan kemampuan anak akan meningkat. Kognitif yang menjadi fokus penelitian adalah suatu proses berfikir yakni kemampuan individu untuk menghubungkan, menilai dan mempertimbangkan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa. Proses kognitif berhubungan dengan tingkat kecerdasan yang mencirikan seseorang dengan berbagai minat terutama sekali ditujukan kepada ide-ide dan belajar. Penelitian tindakan kelas adalah suatu penelitian yang dilakukan secara sistematis, reflektif terhadap “Aksi” atau tindakan yang dilakukan oleh guru atau pelaku mulai dari perencanaan sampai dengan penilaian terhadap tindakan nyata di dalam kelas yang berupa kegiatan pembelajaran mengajar untuk memperbaiki kondisi pembelajaran yang dilakukan. Subjek penelitian ini adalah anak didik KB Paud Terpadu Qathrun Nada Banjarmasin yang berjumlah 12 orang, dengan rentang usia berkisar antara 3-4 tahun. Data penelitian di peroleh melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi serta analisis data. Berdasarkan kegiatan pembelajaran pada anak melalui permaianan dadu pada siklus I dan Siklus II. Berikut ini perbandingan hasil observasi peningkatan kemampuan kognitif pada anak melalui permainan dadu Kegiatan 1 menghitung mata dadu 1 memperoleh hasil BSH 8 orang anak 40% dan 4 Hasil penelitian diperoleh rata-rata peningkatan kesiapan berhitung anak dari siklus I meningkat lagi pada siklus II yaitu memperoleh Nilai BSH 10 orang anak 71%. Artinya bermain dadu dapat meningkatkan kemampuan Kognitif dalam berhitung. Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa; Kemampuan berhitung anak didik meningkatkan dari pra siklus ke siklus I kemudian ke siklus II secara signifikan dengan media dadu di KB Paud Terpadu Qathrun Nada Banjarmasin, media dadu dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif anak dalam kegiatan berhitung di KB Paud Terpadu Qathrun Nada Banjarmasin.

In today’s World sensor networks offer various opportunities for data management applications because of their low cost, reliability, scalability, high-speed data processing, and other versatile advantageous purposes. It is a great challenge to organize data effectively and to retrieve the appropriate data from the large volume of various data sets in ad-hoc network databases, mobile databases, etc. The sensor network is necessary for routing of data, performance analysis of data management activities, and data incorporation for the right application. Data management involves intranet and extranet query handling, data access mechanism, modeling of data, different data movement algorithm, data warehousing, and data mining of network database. Additionally, connectivity, design, and lifetime are important issues for sensor networks to perform all data management activities smoothly. In this paper, we are trying to give a cognitive research tendency of Sensor network data management in the last two decades considering all the challenges and issues of both sensor network database and data management functions using Scopus and Web of Science database. To analyze data, different assessments are done considering various parameters like the author, time, publication and citation number, place, source, document separately for Web of Science and Scopus database in global perspective. It is noticed that there is a significant growth of research in data management for sensor networks because of the popularity of this topic.

Human adults often envisage future events and prepare items or information in advance. Studies have shown that young children can also prepare items for upcoming events, but little is known about their ability to prepare information for such events. Here, we used nonverbal measures, which are widely used in comparative cognitive research, to ask whether children seek information for their future knowledge states or events. In Experiment 1, 4- and 5-year-olds had to find a sticker located under an opaque or transparent cup. The children could observe by peeking while an experimenter placed the sticker for the trial. We found that 5-year-olds peeked for longer in the opaque than the transparent condition but 4-year-olds did not. In Experiment 2, 5- and 6-year-olds had to find stickers in 2 rooms; in 1 room, an actor hid a sticker under 1 of 5 opaque cups, whereas in the other room, another actor placed a sticker under 1 of 5 transparent cups. Children could observe what the actors were doing via a monitor and then choose a room in which to search. Children of both age-groups watched events in the opaque-cup room longer than the transparent-cup room in the first trial. These results suggest that at least 5-year-olds can collect appropriate information for a future task. Our procedure should be easily adaptable for a range of nonhuman species. Studies using this procedure might reveal the phylogenetic distribution of this metacognitive ability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Este artigo prove uma visão geral dos estudos com rastreamento ocular em legendas (também conhecidas como legendagem) e faz recomendações para estudos cognitivos futuros na área da Tradução Audiovisual (TA). Achamos que todos os estudos conduzidos na área até os dias de hoje falham ao abordarem o verdadeiro processamento real da informação verbal contida nas legendas e, em vez disso, enfocam o impacto das legendas no comportamento de visualização. Também mostramos como o rastreamento ocular pode ser utilizado para medir não apenas a leitura de legendas, mas também o impacto de elementos estilísticos, como o uso da linguagem e questões técnicas, como a presença de legendas durante mudanças no processamento cognitivo do texto audiovisual como um todo. Apoiamos a nossa visão geral com evidências empíricas de vários estudos de rastreamento ocular realizados em várias línguas, combinações de idiomas, contextos de visualização e diferentes tipos de espectadores/ leitores, como ouvintes, pessoas com deficiência auditiva e pessoas surdas.

Past decades have shown an increase in interest in the phenomenon of morality, as well as its most sophisticated manifestations, which are philanthropic activities, in the field of cognitive science – a multidisciplinary research program of the mind and its role in intelligent behaviour. The article shows – applying the aforementioned perspective – that morality, along with all its altruistic expressions, is understood as the result of the biological evolution of the human race. It is based on various neuronal mechanisms responsible for the psychological processes that make up our moral mind, e.g. moral intuitions, moral emotions and moral reasoning. In recent years, issues related to charity have become one of the important subjects of cognitive research. In their light, it turned out, among others, that altruistic human inclinations, not only devoting one’s time, skills or money to help a person, but also support for more abstract ideas related to the common good are supported by various brain mechanisms strengthening our selfless motivations. It was concluded that the progress of scientific research on the relationship between the „moral brain” and the world in need of help would reveal the most effective ways of strengthening human philanthropic involvement and more effective impact of non-profit institutions.

The present article continues the cycle of the cognitive researches of the phenomenon of social cohesion in education, in particular, in the university communities. It contains the cognitive research of trust and its foundation as the central focus of social cohesion. The purpose of the study is to identify the level of trust which is connected with the social cohesion in university communities, to test the author’s questionnaire and to determinate the further steps for the trust enhancement in the educational community. Methods that were used in the study are the author’s questionnaire, math analytics etc. There were 196 people interviewed in both universities, among them 31 employees and 85 students of the National Pedagogical Dragomanov University and 33 employees and 47 students of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. According to the research results, the level of trust in each university community (as well as in common) was average, excluding some indicators. Although there were some differences between levels of trust of employees of these universities. We can assume that the quite sufficient average level or trust positively characterizes the attitude of employees and students to each other, reflects their readiness for mutual respect and support, acceptance of differences and tolerance etc. Also, the research highlights weak points of social interactions that form the base for further investigations and actions on the social cohesion development.

Disorders of the brain pose the biggest health challenge of this century with new and highly efficacious medications urgently needed. This article discusses the challenges of meeting this increasing demand by neuropsychiatric drug discovery.The current psychopharmacological armamentarium relies on targets discovered several decades ago. Moreover, a major part of the current pipeline of potential cognitive enhancers also contains compounds with multiple failed modes of action which had not been properly validated before the clinic. Further, the feasibility limits of preventive pharmacology should also be taken into account. Advancements in neuroimaging and genetic studies have highlighted epigenetic regulation and synaptic plasticity as potential 'hot points' for pharmacological interventions in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, in the meantime new, rapidly evolving technologies have given rise to alternative treatment options such as brain stimulation, cell and gene therapy.Neuropsychiatric drug discovery should turn toward non-neurotransmitter-related targets such as actors of epigenetics and synaptic plasticity to give chance to produce more efficacious treatments and retain its competitiveness against the new high-tech medications like neuroprosthetics, gene, and cell therapy. To increase the success rate in the clinic, the potential targets raised by basic research should be validated in preclinical animal models before launching industrial drug development projects.

Researchers have argued that reversible reasoning is involved in all topics in mathematics. The study employed an qualitative research approach, consisted of three sessions (pre-assessment, thinking-aloud, and interview), and involved eight participants enrolled in Algebra class. The aim was to explore the potential role of reversible reasoning on students’ inverse functions. The result of study indicated that there three categories of reversible reasoning that refer to the consistency of students in completing inverse function tasks, which are relational-harmonic, relational-visual, and relational-identity. Mental activities performed by the students in constructing and reasoning inverse functions were also explained. In addition, potential aspects of the students’ reversible reasoning created during the process of constructing meaning were highlighted. These findings provide perspectives on reversible reasoning, students’ understanding of inverse functions, and areas of future research.

The papers compiled in the present volume reflect the key theme of the most recent Duo Colloquium sessions – contextuality. The psychological notion of context has been central to translation research for decades, and it has evolved along with the development of translational thought, translation types and tools. The theme of contextuality can be understood at any level, from the geopolitical to the textual, and embraced by both academic and professional considerations of translational and interpreting phenomena. It is centred on context, contexts and/or decontextualisation in translation and interpreting theory and practice from a variety of disciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary perspectives. Discussing the above-mentioned notions is the subject of the present volume.

Subjective experience of the topic of study can bring passion and creativity to cognitive research. Micah Allen describes this as a double-edged sword, as he recalls witnessing how subjective feeling overrode hard data. But there are ways in which researchers can benefit from subjectively informed research, while guarding against its pitfalls.

High complexity, meaning a model in which components interact in multiple ways and follow certain local rules, is a huge challenge for brain research. This paper presents a semantic vector-driven closed-loop model, namely THINKING-LOOP, for brain computing to improve the understanding and development of complex cognition. The proposed model is a three-layer fusion of data, information and knowledge with human intelligence, which exploits ontological knowledge modeling, rule-based reasoning and a human-computer interaction mechanism. The interaction and collaboration within the model depend on a pair of complementary schemes in a loop: the top-down scheme from the knowledge layer to the data layer that is used to search for stable cognitive patterns; and the bottom-up scheme from the data layer to the knowledge layer that is used to deeply analyze cognitive functions. As a key factor, human beings participate in the whole learning process of the model, which in turn assists human beings to make decisions. To verify the applicability of the present model in cognitive research, a series of fMRI experiments and analytic methods (e.g. statistical tests and network topology analysis) were conducted. The results show that the proposed model is able to take into account the characteristics of different types of brain patterns and cognitive functions, thereby achieving reasonable decision-making level.

The purpose of this study is to determine the use of Cognitive Research Trust (CoRT) Program to teach expository writing for primary Year 6 students. The participants of this study comprised of 25 students who have acquired basic language skills, however they struggle to write good essays as they do not know the techniques to elaborate ideas. The data of this mix-mode study were collected through tests (Pre-test and Post-test) and interview. The test results showed that the mean score of the Post-Test was significantly higher than the mean score of the Pre-Test. The findings from the interview showed that the participants had positive response towards this intervention and it was a helpful tool to improve their writing skill. The findings strongly suggested that CoRT program could be a useful technique in assisting the teaching and learning process of writing skills.

The author considers the primary and secondary musical metaphors in the poem “Song of Myself” by W. Whitman. The article classifies distinguished metaphorical models according to the frame-slot analysis technique. As a result of the study, the author concludes that the main and secondary metaphors are closely connected, revealing the cognitive processes related to the basic concept of this poetic work.

This study focuses on the role of Cognitive Research Trust (CoRT) thinking program in developing critical thinking skills. It aims to contribute to the teaching program in Turkey for inculcating critical thinking skills using a qualitative case study design. For this purpose, 35 grade 5 students from a primary school and their teacher participated in the study. The data were collected through student reflections and teacher views post training for four weeks. Every week, one lesson, four events, and one projects related to the fifth section of the CoRT program “knowledge and feelings,” which is considered to be related to critical thinking skills, were conducted. The findings revealed that the CoRT program achieves important outcomes in critical thinking regarding opinions, which may be directed by feelings, values, and others’ ideas; information may not always be accurate; information should be investigated, clarified, and simplified; information can be acquired through clues and questioning. In addition, the findings also suggested that for the CoRT program to be more effective, the classes should include visuals and examples relevant to learners’ real lives.