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Objective: To explore the effects of real-life acute stress on cognitive inhibition and response inhibition in college students. Methods: Totally 40 interviewees in the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination were recruited and they were asked to complete the Flanker task and Go/Nogo dual-task immediately after the interview (stress condition) and 7 months after the interview (control condition) respectively. The current stress level was assessed with the Self-reported Stress Scale and State Anxiety Inventory. Results: The self-reported stress scores (P< 0.001), and state anxiety scores (P<0.01) were higher under stress condition than under control condition. In the Flanker task, the reaction time of the incongruent trials was faster under stress condition than under control condition, and the Flanker effect was lower under stress condition than under control condition (Ps <0.05). For the probe stimuli in the Go/Nogo dual task, the reaction time of Nogo-probes and probe Go/Nogo effect was higherunder stress condition than under control condition (Ps <0.05). Conclusion: Acute stress in real life might enhance the cognitive inhibition of distractor but impair the inhibition of incorrect response in college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There is conflicting evidence on impulsivity and its potential relationship with inhibitory control in schizophrenia. This study therefore aimed to identify differences in impulsivity and cognitive and motor inhibition between patients with deficit (DS) and non-deficit (NDS) schizophrenia and healthy controls (HC). We also explored the relationships between impulsivity and different dimensions of inhibitory control in all studied groups. Methods The sample comprised 28 DS patients, 45 NDS patients, and 39 age-matched HC. A neuropsychological battery was used. Results DS patients scored lower in venturesomeness, while those with NDS scored higher in impulsiveness compared to HC. In addition, both groups of patients scored higher on measures of cognitive and motor inhibition, including those relatively independent of information processing speed (although the results were slightly different after adjusting for IQ and/or years of education). Correlations between impulsivity and cognitive inhibition emerged in DS patients, while links between impulsivity and motor inhibition were observed in HC. Conclusions Our results suggest the presence of deficits in experimentally assessed inhibitory control in schizophrenia patients, with predominant impulsivity in the NDS population. In addition, impulsivity may affect the cognitive control of inhibition in deficit schizophrenia. Nevertheless, due to the preliminary nature of these findings, they require further empirical verification in future research.

Over the years, various concepts concerning the nature of schizophrenia have emerged. One of the proposals put forward in the literature is the division of schizophrenia into its deficit and non-deficit subtypes. Compared to its non-deficit counterpart, the deficit type involves more severe cognitive dysfunctions. Among these, some authors enlist poorer cognitive inhibition and greater impulsivity, although their behavioral correlates still remain unclear. Structural and functional studies of the brain suggest the presence of links between impulsivity and inhibition in schizophrenia, but few studies to date have analyzed cognitive performance within these two domains in patients with the deficit type. In addition, little is known about the effectiveness of neurorehabilitation in reducing cognitive deficits in deficit schizophrenia. Thus, numerous questions in this area seem to warrant further research. In this paper we present clinical and neurobiological correlates of cognitive control and impulsivity against neuropsychological and psychopathological symptomatology of schizophrenia. In addition, we describe selected neuropsychological tools used in the diagnosis thereof. We also touch upon potential benefits of cognitive rehabilitation in patients with schizophrenia, especially in terms of self-control. Last but not least, this paper presents an overview of previous research and an attempt to embed them in modern theoretical models of cognitive inhibition and impulsivity, for a better understanding of the nature of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia seems crucial for proper diagnosis and assessment of treatment effects, and in a broader context is important for understanding its effects on quality of life and functioning of patients and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is conflicting evidence on impulsivity and its potential relationship with inhibitory control in schizophrenia. This study therefore aimed to identify differences in impulsivity and cognitive and motor inhibition between patients with deficit (DS) and non-deficit (NDS) schizophrenia and healthy controls (HC). We also explored the relationships between impulsivity and different dimensions of inhibitory control in all studied groups. Methods: The sample comprised 28 DS patients, 45 NDS patients, and 39 age-matched HC. A neuropsychological battery was used. Results: DS patients scored lower in venturesomeness, while those with NDS scored higher in impulsiveness compared to HC. In addition, both groups of patients scored higher on measures of cognitive and motor inhibition, including those relatively independent of information processing speed (although the results were slightly different after adjusting for IQ and/or years of education). Correlations between impulsivity and cognitive inhibition emerged in DS patients, while links between impulsivity and motor inhibition were observed in HC. Conclusions: Our results suggest the presence of deficits in experimentally assessed inhibitory control in schizophrenia patients, with predominant impulsivity in the NDS population. In addition, impulsivity may affect the cognitive control of inhibition in deficit schizophrenia. Nevertheless, due to the preliminary nature of these findings, they require further empirical verification in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Even simple tapping tasks require cognitive processes. Some variants of the Finger Tapping Test (FTT) may reveal cognitive aspects associated with frontal processing, including executive functions such as inhibition, or emotional aspects such as anxiety. A context of particular interest for the application of cognitive-motor-anxiety interactions is sports. Although athletes generally exhibit better anxiety levels, they may experience heightened anxiety before important competitions. The problem lies in determining whether the application of anxiety control techniques can be useful in pre-competition situations, given the lack of quick and easy methods to detect if an athlete is experiencing anxiety at a particular moment. Methods: This exploratory study evaluated anxiety using online versions of questionnaires (ISRA, the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, and STAI) and applied a variant of the FTT to 204 participants, both athletes and non-athletes. The scores were compared and correlated. Results: Athletes exhibited lower general anxiety and greater cognitive resistance to interference (better cognitive inhibition). Non-athletes displayed a particular parameter in the FTT variant that differed from the one obtained by athletes and exhibited higher anxiety levels. In the athletes' group only, anxiety was correlated with a specific parameter of the FTT task. Discussion: Our conclusion is that this parameter holds potential relevance in elite sports performance to detect if an athlete is experiencing anxiety. It could be of particular interest in psychological interventions in sports. Further investigation is warranted to fully explore this potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The loss of an only child, known as Shidu in China, is a profoundly distressing experience, often leading to Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD). Despite its impact, the structural brain alterations associated with PGD, potentially influencing cognitive impairments in Shidu parents, remain understudied.Objective: This study aims to identify brain structural abnormalities related to prolonged grief and their relation with cognitive inhibition in Shidu parents.Methods: The study included 40 Shidu parents and 42 non-bereaved participants. Prolonged grief was evaluated using the Prolonged Grief Questionnaire (PG-13). We employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to assess brain structural alterations and their correlation with cognitive inhibition, as measured by Stroop interference scores.Results: Findings suggest that greater prolonged grief intensity correlates with reduced grey matter volume in the right amygdala and the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG). Additionally, enhanced amygdala-to-whole-brain structural connectivity showed a marginal association with prolonged grief, particularly with emotional-related symptoms. Furthermore, a decrease in SMG volume was found to mediate the relation between prolonged grief and Stroop Time Inference (TI) score, indicating an indirect effect of prolonged grief on cognitive inhibition.Conclusions: The study provides insight into the neural correlates of prolonged grief in Shidu parents, highlighting the SMG’s role in cognitive inhibition. These findings emphasise the need for comprehensive grief interventions to address the complex cognitive and emotional challenges faced by this unique bereaved population.

The ability to inhibit conflicting information is pivotal in the dynamic and high-speed context of fast-ball sports. However, the behavioral and electrophysiological characteristics underlying the cognitive inhibition processes associated with table tennis expertise remain unexplored. This study aims to bridge these research gaps by utilizing the color-word Stroop task and the spatial Stroop task alongside event-related potential (ERP) measurements to investigate domain-general and domain-specific cognitive inhibition among table tennis athletes. The study involved a total of 40 participants, including 20 table tennis athletes (11 males and 9 females; mean age 20.75 years) and 20 nonathletes (9 males and 11 females; mean age 19.80 years). The group differences in the Stroop effect on behavioral outcomes and ERP amplitudes were compared within each task, respectively. In the color-word Stroop tasks, athletes exhibited smaller incongruent-related negative potential amplitudes (Ninc; 300–400 ms; p = 0.036) and a diminished Stroop effect on late sustained potential amplitudes (LSP; 500–650 ms; p = 0.028) than nonathletes, although no significant differences were observed in behavioral outcomes (p > 0.05). Conversely, in the spatial Stroop tasks, athletes not only responded more swiftly but also exhibited reduced Stroop effects on both LSP amplitudes (350–500 ms; p = 0.004) and reaction times (p = 0.002) relative to nonathletes. These findings suggest that table tennis athletes excel in cognitive inhibition in the context of both domain-general and domain-specific tasks, particularly exhibiting enhanced performance in tasks that are closely aligned with the demands of their sport. Our results support the neural efficiency hypothesis and improve our understanding of the interactions between cognitive functions and table tennis expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence highlights the critical role of effective interference inhibition for optimal memory performance, yet its function in action memory remains relatively underexplored. The current study investigated inhibitory processes in action memory during encoding and storage stages. In Experiment 1, 100 participants were divided into high and low cognitive inhibition groups using the Stroop color naming task. They performed either a subject-performed task (SPT) or a verbal task (VT) under varying semantic interference levels to assess the interaction between individual inhibitory abilities and the inhibition processing of action memory during encoding. Results indicated no significant difference in inhibition effects (IF) between high and low inhibition groups in SPT under high semantic interference, while in VT, those with high cognitive inhibition demonstrated significantly greater IF than those with low. Experiment 2, involving 57 participants, employed a point detection task and eye-tracking to explore attentional inhibition mechanisms during action memory storage. Behavioral results showed greater IF for SPT than VT under semantic interference. Eye-tracking revealed higher initial fixation rates and shorter durations for SPT subjects during the early processing stage, and significantly fewer and shorter fixations in the later stage compared to VT subjects. These findings imply stronger inhibitory processing in SPT during both encoding and storage stages under semantic interference, with attentional inhibition of action memories occurring predominantly in the later stage.

IntroductionEven simple tapping tasks require cognitive processes. Some variants of the Finger Tapping Test (FTT) may reveal cognitive aspects associated with frontal processing, including executive functions such as inhibition, or emotional aspects such as anxiety. A context of particular interest for the application of cognitive-motor-anxiety interactions is sports. Although athletes generally exhibit better anxiety levels, they may experience heightened anxiety before important competitions. The problem lies in determining whether the application of anxiety control techniques can be useful in pre-competition situations, given the lack of quick and easy methods to detect if an athlete is experiencing anxiety at a particular moment.MethodsThis exploratory study evaluated anxiety using online versions of questionnaires (ISRA, the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, and STAI) and applied a variant of the FTT to 204 participants, both athletes and non-athletes. The scores were compared and correlated.ResultsAthletes exhibited lower general anxiety and greater cognitive resistance to interference (better cognitive inhibition). Non-athletes displayed a particular parameter in the FTT variant that differed from the one obtained by athletes and exhibited higher anxiety levels. In the athletes’ group only, anxiety was correlated with a specific parameter of the FTT task.DiscussionOur conclusion is that this parameter holds potential relevance in elite sports performance to detect if an athlete is experiencing anxiety. It could be of particular interest in psychological interventions in sports. Further investigation is warranted to fully explore this potential.

Inhibitory control is a fundamental mechanism for adaptive behavior and cognition that features in theories across psychology and cognitive science. Although inhibitory control is thought to regulate processes ranging from actions to memories, most neuroscientific work studies these domains of inhibition separately. Recent crossdomain comparisons have converged on the view that inhibitory control arises from common, domain-general neural mechanisms. We propose that an input inhibition mechanism, acting via fronto-subthalamic inhibitory pathways may contribute to domain-general inhibitory control by suppressing thalamic drive of cortical activity. We argue that β-band activity in local circuits constitutes a potential domain-general signature of inhibitory control. Inhibitory control is a fundamental mechanism underlying flexible behavior and features in theories across many areas of cognitive and psychological science. However, whereas many theories implicitly or explicitly assume that inhibitory control is a domain-general process, the vast majority of neuroscientific work has hitherto focused on individual domains, such as motor, mnemonic, or attentional inhibition. Here, we attempt to close this gap by highlighting recent work that demonstrates shared neuroanatomical and neurophysiological signatures of inhibitory control across domains. We propose that the regulation of thalamocortical drive by a fronto-subthalamic mechanism operating in the β band might be a domain-general mechanism for inhibitory control in the human brain. Inhibitory control is a fundamental mechanism underlying flexible behavior and features in theories across many areas of cognitive and psychological science. However, whereas many theories implicitly or explicitly assume that inhibitory control is a domain-general process, the vast majority of neuroscientific work has hitherto focused on individual domains, such as motor, mnemonic, or attentional inhibition. Here, we attempt to close this gap between by highlighting recent work that demonstrates shared neuroanatomical and neurophysiological signatures of inhibitory control across domains. We propose that the regulation of thalamocortical drive by a fronto-subthalamic mechanism operating in the β band might be a domain-general mechanism for inhibitory control in the human brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature has found links between music listening and cognitive performance. Specifically, background music may play a role in modulating cognitive inhibition. However, determining what type of background music affects cognitive inhibition throughout the lifespan has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect that listening to preferred music has on cognitive inhibition in healthy young and healthy older adults. We hypothesized that there will be no differences in accuracy or reaction time when listening to preferred music, neutral music, or no music during Stroop task performance in both young and older adults, but young adults will demonstrate better performance on the Stroop task compared to older adults regardless of the music condition. Thirty young adults and thirteen older adults completed the Stroop task. Three conditions of words were presented randomly: neutral (infrequent words sol, helot, eft, and abjure presented in different colors), congruent (color of word matches the word), and incongruent (color of the word does not match the word itself). The music listening order was also randomized to minimize order effects. Results revealed that older adults were slower and more accurate that young adults across all music and Stroop conditions. Conclusions indicate that listening to music neither improved or hindered cognitive inhibition in the Stroop task in young and older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The N200 and P300 event-related potential (ERP) components have long been used in psychological research as markers of brain activity correlated with sensory and cognitive processes. Their characteristics can be utilized as correlates of cognitive functioning. Our aim was to study the amplitudes of N200 (200-300 ms post stimulus) and P300 (300-500 ms post stimulus) with respect to their correlations with the efficacy of cognitive inhibition, working memory, and fluid intelligence. This study was conducted in the context of the relationship between those cognitive functions. Participants were 72 healthy young adults. At least two different behavioral measures were employed for each of the cognitive functions studied. Cognitive inhibition was assessed with the go/no-go task, the Stroop task, and the stop-signal task, working memory - with the n-back and the operation span tasks, and fluid intelligence - with Raven's Advanced Matrices and Cattel's Culture Fair Test. Two of these tasks were used to gather electrophysiological data: the n-back and the go/no-go tasks. We observed several correlations of expected directions that were congruent with earlier research findings. We discuss these findings in relation both to the theoretical considerations of the studied ERP components as well as with respect to the methodological difficulties of the sample and methods selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is the period of a lifetime when many physical and mental changes happen and thus make adolescents vulnerable to mental issues that must be well-recognized and figure out proper solutions to solve the problems and improve their ability to cope with difficult situations. Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on internet addiction, cognitive inhibition, and emotional control of internet-addicted adolescents. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study with a control group. The research population was adolescents from two schools in Yazd. We chose 30 of them with the availability sampling method for the sample group. after that, we randomly put them into experimental and control groups. Before any intervention pretest was taken from them. Then the experimental group received cognitive rehabilitation intervention in 8 sessions. At the end of the interventions, a post-test was taken from both experimental and control groups. To evaluate internet addiction Kimberly young's internet addiction scale was used. To evaluate cognitive inhibition Boshra scale was used. William's emotional control scale was used to evaluate emotional control. Results: Data were analyzed with analysis of covariance which indicated the effectiveness of the cognitive rehabilitation approach to reduce internet addiction, and improve cognitive inhibition and emotional control levels (p

The ability to inhibit conflicting information is pivotal in the dynamic and high-speed context of fast-ball sports. However, the behavioral and electrophysiological characteristics underlying the cognitive inhibition processes associated with table tennis expertise remain unexplored. This study aims to bridge these research gaps by utilizing the color-word Stroop task and the spatial Stroop task alongside event-related potential (ERP) measurements to investigate domain-general and domain-specific cognitive inhibition among table tennis athletes. The study involved a total of 40 participants, including 20 table tennis athletes (11 males and 9 females; mean age 20.75 years) and 20 nonathletes (9 males and 11 females; mean age 19.80 years). The group differences in the Stroop effect on behavioral outcomes and ERP amplitudes were compared within each task, respectively. In the color-word Stroop tasks, athletes exhibited smaller incongruent-related negative potential amplitudes (Ninc; 300–400 ms; p = 0.036) and a diminished Stroop effect on late sustained potential amplitudes (LSP; 500–650 ms; p = 0.028) than nonathletes, although no significant differences were observed in behavioral outcomes (p > 0.05). Conversely, in the spatial Stroop tasks, athletes not only responded more swiftly but also exhibited reduced Stroop effects on both LSP amplitudes (350–500 ms; p = 0.004) and reaction times (p = 0.002) relative to nonathletes. These findings suggest that table tennis athletes excel in cognitive inhibition in the context of both domain-general and domain-specific tasks, particularly exhibiting enhanced performance in tasks that are closely aligned with the demands of their sport. Our results support the neural efficiency hypothesis and improve our understanding of the interactions between cognitive functions and table tennis expertise.

The purpose of this research was to the effectiveness of selfinstruction training on executive functions and cognitive inhibition of students with Special learning disorder. This was a quasiexperimental study with a pretest-posttest design with an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population of the study was 460 students with special learning disorders in Tabriz in the academic year 2020-21, of which 30 samples in two homogeneous groups of second grade male students with learning disabilities, by alternative sampling method. The instruments used in this study were the Colorado Willcutt et al (2011) Learning Disabilities Questionnaire, the Coolidge Neurological Questionnaire (2002), the Computers sample Stroop Test (1953). The experimental group received Meichenbaum (1970) selfinstruction training in 12 sessions of 90 minutes and during this period the control group did not receive any training. Data analysis using covariance analysis test of self-instruction training on improving executive functions and cognitive inhibition in all stages of sample Stroop test (P <0.01) According to the obtained results, it is clear that using the verbal self-teaching method to solve problems related to executive functions and cognitive inhibition is useful and effective, and this method can be used to improve the executive functions and cognitive inhibition of students with Learning disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a great deal of research describing the close association that exists between numerical and spatial representations, illustrating the SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Code) effect. This effect signals the spatial mental representation of small numbers to the left and larger numbers to the right, coinciding with the direction of reading and writing. Subsequent research has found a similar spatial representation for other stimuli (e.g., size of objects and animals, and words associated with time). Some of these spatially represented stimuli are social in nature, even suggesting a spatialmental organization of stimuli based on gender (e.g., the upper part of a vertical axis for males and the lower part for females). The aim of the present study was threefold (1) to replicate and extend results on the existence of a mental gender line (as a function of response hand: female-left hand and male-right hand) when responding simply to gender of stimuli; (2) to explore the influence of inhibitory control; and, (3) to determine whether gender-space associations depend on the explicit or implicit nature of a gender task. Three experiments were designed to pursue these objectives. In Experiment 1, female, male and neutral faces and names were displayed, and the participants were asked to identify their gender. Experiment 2, which also included a Stroop task, followed the same procedure as Experiment 1, but displayed objects that could be designated as female or male and others not related to any gender. Finally, in Experiment 3, in which participants were asked to respond to the direction of an arrow, object gender was not relevant to the task. Consistent with previous research and confirming our hypotheses, the results showed a spatial mental representation of the stimuli based on gender in all three experiments, regardless of whether the stimulus was consciously perceived. Moreover, inhibitory ability showed a relationship with the gender-space line effect. The contributions and implications of this study are discussed, as are possible limitations and future lines of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a great deal of research describing the close association that exists between numerical and spatial representations, illustrating the SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Code) effect. This effect signals the spatial mental representation of small numbers to the left and larger numbers to the right, coinciding with the direction of reading and writing. Subsequent research has found a similar spatial representation for other stimuli (e.g., size of objects and animals, and words associated with time). Some of these spatially represented stimuli are social in nature, even suggesting a spatial mental organization of stimuli based on gender (e.g., the upper part of a vertical axis for males and the lower part for females). The aim of the present study was threefold (1) to replicate and extend results on the existence of a mental gender line (as a function of response hand: female-left hand and male-right hand) when responding simply to gender of stimuli; (2) to explore the influence of inhibitory control; and, (3) to determine whether gender-space associations depend on the explicit or implicit nature of a gender task. Three experiments were designed to pursue these objectives. In Experiment 1, female, male and neutral faces and names were displayed, and the participants were asked to identify their gender. Experiment 2, which also included a Stroop task, followed the same procedure as Experiment 1, but displayed objects that could be designated as female or male and others not related to any gender. Finally, in Experiment 3, in which participants were asked to respond to the direction of an arrow, object gender was not relevant to the task. Consistent with previous research and confirming our hypotheses, the results showed a spatial mental representation of the stimuli based on gender in all three experiments, regardless of whether the stimulus was consciously perceived. Moreover, inhibitory ability showed a relationship with the gender-space line effect. The contributions and implications of this study are discussed, as are possible limitations and future lines of research.

The purpose of this research was to the effectiveness of self-instruction training on executive functions and cognitive inhibition of students with Special learning disorder. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population of the study was all students with special learning disorders in Tabriz in the academic year 1399-1400, of which 30 samples in two homogeneous groups of second grade male students with learning disabilities, by alternative sampling method. The instruments used in this study were the Colorado Willcutt et al (2011) Learning Disabilities Questionnaire, the Coolidge Neurological Questionnaire (2002), the Computers sample Stroop Test (1953). The experimental group received self-instruction training in 12 sessions of 90 minutes and during this period the control group did not receive any training. Data analysis using covariance analysis test of self-instruction training on improving executive functions and cognitive inhibition in all stages of sample Stroop test (P

Introduction: Concussive events and other brain injuries are known to reduce cognitive inhibition, a key aspect of cognition that supports ones' behaviors and impacts regulation of mood or affect. Our primary objective is to investigate how induction of negative affect (such as frustration) impacts cognitive inhibition and the dynamic process by which youth athletes modulate responses. Secondary objective is to address the lack of Black representation in the scientific literature that promotes brain health and investigates pediatric sports-related brain injury. In particular, neuroscience studies predominantly include White participants despite broad racial representation in sport, in part due to technological hurdles and other obstacles that challenge research access for Black participants. Methods: Using electroencephalography (EEG), we evaluate the dynamic brain processes associated with cognitive inhibition in the context of frustration induction in adolescent athletes during pre-season conditioning (i.e., prior to contact; N = 23) and a subset during post-season (n = 17). Results: The N2 component was sensitive to frustration induction (decreased N2 amplitude, slower N2 latency), although effects were less robust at postseason. Trial-by-trial changes indicated a steady decrease of the N2 amplitude during the frustration block during the preseason visit, suggesting that affective interference had a dynamic effect on cognitive inhibition. Lastly, exploratory analyses provide preliminary evidence that frustration induction was less effective for athletes with a previous history of concussion or migraines (trending result) yet more effective for athletes endorsing a history with mental health disorders. Discussion: We emphasize the urgent need to improve representation in cognitive neuroscience, particularly as it pertains to brain health. Importantly, we provide detailed guides to our methodological framework and practical suggestions to improve representative participation in studies utilizing high-density mobile EEG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive inhibition impairment is one of the causes of impulsive behaviors in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study aimed to investigate the effect of emotional working memory training (EWMT) on cognitive inhibition in individuals with a clinically significant borderline personality trait.Methods: In a randomized, parallel-group trial, 40 individuals with borderline personality trait, were selected out of 1000 screened individuals and were randomly assigned to the experimental (N = 20) and waiting-list control (N = 20) groups based on the score on the Borderline Personality Scale and the follow-up Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of EWMT and the control group did not receive any intervention (waiting list). Participants completed the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) and Go/No-Go task Before and after the intervention.Results: EWMT significantly reduced reaction time of incongruent trials in the SCWT and commission errors in the Go/No-Go task after the intervention only in the experimental group. Furthermore, the interference score in SCWT and commission error rate at the post-intervention time were significantly lower for the experimental vs the waitlist group.Limitations: The single-blind design and absence of follow-up measures.Conclusions: EWMT can improve cognitive inhibition in individuals with borderline personality trait and could be used for therapeutic purposes of impulsivity behavior in BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is evidence in the literature that acute exercise can modify cognitive function after the effort. However, there is still some controversy concerning the most effective exercise modality to improve cognitive function in acute interventions. Regarding these different exercise modalities, the dose-response relationship between exercise intensity and cognitive response is one of the most challenging questions in exercise and cognition research. Methods: In this study, we tested the impact of moderate-intensity (MICT), high-intensity (HIIT) exercise sessions, or control situation (CTRL) on cognitive inhibition (measured with the Stroop Test). Thirty-six young college students participated in this study, where a within-subject repeated measure design was used. Results: ANOVA 2×3 demonstrated that HIIT improved the acute cognitive response to a higher degree when compared to MICT or CTRL (p < 0.05). The cognitive improvements correlated with lactate release, providing a plausible molecular explanation for the cognitive enhancement (r < -0.2 and p < 0.05 for all the Stroop conditions). Moreover, a positive trend in wellbeing was observed after both exercise protocols (HIIT and MICT) but not in the CTRL situation. Genetic BDNF single nucleotide polymorphism did not influence any interactions (p < 0.05). Discussion: In this sense, our results suggest that exercise intensity could be a key factor in improved cognitive function following exercise in young college students, with no additional impact of BDNF polymorphism. Moreover, our results also provide evidence that exercise could be a useful tool in improving psychological wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Around 5.29% of the world population is suffering from ADHD, and 60 million people are suffering from CVS, with an increasing rate of prevalence of these disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of ADHD and CVS symptoms among the Bangladeshi population. Results To assess the aim of the study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted online through stratified sampling, and 197 responses were collected from the participants. Our survey method follows these criteria where the ARSV1.1 standard questionnaire was followed for the ADHD questionnaire, and a self-administered questionnaire was established based on the symptoms of CVS. The male age ranges from 18–24 have the highest value of ADHD (34%) coincided with > 6 h digital device usage (51%), and the Stroop effect is significantly correlated with the ADHD score (0.498, p 6 h (48%). Conclusions With the advent of science, it is impossible to avoid digital devices as necessary. Notwithstanding, safe and appropriate use of digital media is a must for healthy living.

IntroductionConcussive events and other brain injuries are known to reduce cognitive inhibition, a key aspect of cognition that supports ones' behaviors and impacts regulation of mood or affect. Our primary objective is to investigate how induction of negative affect (such as frustration) impacts cognitive inhibition and the dynamic process by which youth athletes modulate responses. Secondary objective is to address the lack of Black representation in the scientific literature that promotes brain health and investigates pediatric sports-related brain injury. In particular, neuroscience studies predominantly include White participants despite broad racial representation in sport, in part due to technological hurdles and other obstacles that challenge research access for Black participants.MethodsUsing electroencephalography (EEG), we evaluate the dynamic brain processes associated with cognitive inhibition in the context of frustration induction in adolescent athletes during pre-season conditioning (i.e., prior to contact; N = 23) and a subset during post-season (n = 17).ResultsThe N2 component was sensitive to frustration induction (decreased N2 amplitude, slower N2 latency), although effects were less robust at postseason. Trial-by-trial changes indicated a steady decrease of the N2 amplitude during the frustration block during the preseason visit, suggesting that affective interference had a dynamic effect on cognitive inhibition. Lastly, exploratory analyses provide preliminary evidence that frustration induction was less effective for athletes with a previous history of concussion or migraines (trending result) yet more effective for athletes endorsing a history with mental health disorders.DiscussionWe emphasize the urgent need to improve representation in cognitive neuroscience, particularly as it pertains to brain health. Importantly, we provide detailed guides to our methodological framework and practical suggestions to improve representative participation in studies utilizing high-density mobile EEG.

IntroductionThere is evidence in the literature that acute exercise can modify cognitive function after the effort. However, there is still some controversy concerning the most effective exercise modality to improve cognitive function in acute interventions. Regarding these different exercise modalities, the dose–response relationship between exercise intensity and cognitive response is one of the most challenging questions in exercise and cognition research.MethodsIn this study, we tested the impact of moderate-intensity (MICT), high-intensity (HIIT) exercise sessions, or control situation (CTRL) on cognitive inhibition (measured with the Stroop Test). Thirty-six young college students participated in this study, where a within-subject repeated measure design was used.ResultsANOVA 2×3 demonstrated that HIIT improved the acute cognitive response to a higher degree when compared to MICT or CTRL (p

Bilingualism has been shown to be associated with creativity, but the mechanisms of this association are not very well understood. One possibility is that the skills that bilinguals use in switching back and forth between languages also promote the cognitive processes associated with creativity. We hypothesized that high-proficient Chinese-English bilinguals would show higher convergent and divergent thinking than low-proficient bilinguals, with the differences being mediated by cognitive inhibition and cognitive flexibility, respectively. Chinese university students (N = 54) were classified as high-proficient (n = 27) and low-proficient (n = 27) bilinguals based on their performance on the National English Test for College Students. As expected, group comparisons showed that the high-proficient group had higher scores on the Remote Associates Test (RAT, convergent thinking) and the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT, divergent thinking). Also as expected, the association between bilingualism and convergent thinking was mediated by scores on a Stroop task (cognitive inhibition), and the association between bilingualism and divergent thinking was mediated by scores on a More-odd shifting task (cognitive flexibility). These findings suggest that bilingual learning can promote the development of different components of creativity through stronger cognitive inhibition and cognitive flexibility. The results provide empirical evidence for the relationship and mechanism between bilingual learning and creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Splitting, as a defense mechanism in Kernberg's theory, plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of polarized and oscillating representations of self/other characteristics of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although the notion of splitting can be considered from a structural and a functional point of view, almost all empirical studies to date have focused on the former elements to the detriment of related cognitive processes. Methods: To further investigate the cognitive processes related to splitting, 60 participants were administered the Splitting Index and indexes of resistance to proactive interference (PI) using the interpersonal recent negative task with words that reflect negative or positive interactions compared to neutral words. Results: The use of splitting was uniquely and significantly predicted by a higher capacity to resist PI and a lower capacity to consistently maintain this resistance when presented with negative words, above and beyond BPD traits, primitive defenses, and the presentation of neutral words. Results showed no evidence of a relationship between splitting and resistance to PI with positive words. Conclusion: Results appear compatible with Kernberg's conceptualization of splitting as an active defense process that relates to an unstable capacity to inhibit negative representations of the object from entering working memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence has suggested that cognitive decline may be a risk factor for freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Complex and challenging exercises have been suggested as potential rehabilitation strategies to decrease FOG severity and improve cognition; however, it is unknown whether improvement in cognition would explain decreased FOG severity following exercise., Objective: In this secondary analysis, we evaluated the effects of the adapted resistance training with instability (ARTI-complex and challenging exercises) compared with traditional motor rehabilitation (TMR-without challenging exercises) on cognitive function in people with FOG of PD. We also verified whether cognitive improvement explains the decrease in FOG previously published., Methods: Participants were randomized to either the experimental group (ARTI, n = 17) or the active control group (TMR, n = 15). Both training groups exercised 3 times a week for 12 weeks (80-90 minute each session). FOG severity (FOG ratio from inertial sensors during a 360° turning-in-place task), frontal lobe function (Frontal Assessment Battery [FAB]), global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]), and attention and psychomotor speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test [DSST]) were evaluated before and after interventions., Results: Only the ARTI group improved FAB, MoCA, and DSST scores at posttraining. In addition, ARTI was more effective than TMR in improving FAB scores at posttraining. The changes in FAB scores explained the changes in FOG ratio following ARTI ( R 2  = .43, P  < .01)., Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that ARTI, a complex and challenging training, improves cognition in people with FOG of PD. Improvements in frontal lobe function with ARTI help explain decreased FOG severity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: CSB, FA, AB, ERB, and CU declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review. FBH has a significant financial interest in APDM, a company that may have a commercial interest in the results of this research and technology. FBH also consultants with Biogen, Neuropore, Sanofi, Adamus, Abbott, and Takeda. This potential individual conflict has been reviewed and managed by Oregon Health & Science University.

Executive function (EF) is critical to everyday life, but it can be undermined by adverse psychological states like stress and negative affect. For example, inadequate time to perform a task is a common stressor that can disrupt EF. Although the impact of actual time pressure on EF has been established, little is known about how self-generated, perceived time pressure (PTP) affects EF in the absence of objective time limits. We chose Eriksen's Flanker task as an index of cognitive inhibition, a key component of EF, and we varied the interval between successive trials, the inter-trial interval (ITI), to proxy PTP. This manipulation strongly impacted task performance: shrinking the ITI to increase PTP diminished cognitive inhibition and increased both stress and negative affect. Subsequently lengthening the ITI to decrease PTP reversed nearly all of these effects, except stress, which persisted. Multilevel linear regression modeling revealed that ITI and stress predicted inhibition, and exploratory mediation modeling suggested that stress mediates the relationship between ITI and inhibition. These findings validate perceived time pressure as an empirical stressor and demonstrate EF's sensitivity to changes in PTP.

Inhibitory control (IC) is a fundamental cognitive function showing age- related change across the healthy lifespan. Since different cognitive resources are needed in the two subcomponents of IC (cognitive inhibition and response inhibition), regions of the brain are differentially activated. In this study, we aimed to determine whether there is a distinct age-related activation pattern in these two subcomponents. A total of 278 fMRI articles were included in the current analysis. Multilevel kernel density analysis was used to provide data on brain activation under each subcomponent of IC. Contrast analyses were conducted to capture the distinct activated brain regions for the two subcomponents, whereas meta-regression analyses were performed to identify brain regions with distinct age-related activation patterns in the two subcomponents of IC. The results showed that the right inferior frontal gyrus and the bilateral insula were activated during the two IC subcomponents. Contrast analyses revealed stronger activation in the superior parietal lobule during cognitive inhibition, whereas stronger activation during response inhibition was observed primarily in the right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral insula, and angular gyrus. Furthermore, regression analyses showed that activation of the left anterior cingulate cortex, left inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral insula, and left superior parietal lobule increased and decreased with age during cognitive inhibition and response inhibition, respectively. The results showed distinct activation patterns of aging for the two subcomponents of IC, which may be related to the differential cognitive resources recruited. These findings may help to enhance knowledge of age-related changes in the activation patterns of IC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unclear whether the decline in executive function (EF) and perceptualmotor function (PMF) found in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the result of a normal aging process or due to MCI. This study aimed to determine age-related and MCI-related cognitive impairments of the EF and PMF. The EF and PMF were investigated across four groups of 240 participants, 60 in each group, including early adult, middle adult, older adult, and older adult with probable MCI. The EF, working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility were evaluated using digit span backward tasks, the Stroop color-word test, and the modified switching verbal fluency test, respectively. The PMF, visual perception, visuoconstructional reasoning, and perceptual-motor coordination were evaluated using the clock reading test, stick design test, and stick catching test, respectively. Group differences were found for all subdomains of EF and PMF (p < 0.05), except for perceptual-motor coordination, indicating that this subdomain could be maintained in older adults and was not affected by MCI. For the age difference, working memory, cognitive flexibility, visual perception, and visuoconstructional reasoning remained stable across middle adults and started to decline in older adults, while cognitive inhibition began to decrease in middle adults and it further declined in older adults. To control the confounding effect of education level, the results showed that only cognitive flexibility was further decreased in older adults with probable MCI compared to those without MCI (p < 0.05). In conclusion, cognitive inhibition decreased earlier in middle adults, whereas EF and PMF started to decline in older adults. Cognitive flexibility was the only MCI-sensitive cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is one of the most severe psychiatric disorders and affects patients on emotional, physical, and cognitive levels. Comorbid somatic conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, are frequent and affect the quality of life, as well as mortality. Underlying maladaptive autonomic nervous system regulation influences emotional and cognitive processes. This study, thus, aimed to investigate the relationship among heart rate variability (HRV), self-reported coping strategies, executive function, and inhibition in individuals with psychiatric disorders. Data of 97 patients treated in a multi-professional psychiatric rehabilitation center for 6 weeks were analyzed. Subjects underwent psychological tests (Stress Coping Style Questionnaire, Emotional Competence Questionnaire, and Becks Depression Inventory-II), a cognitive test (Color-Word Interference Test), and a 24 h electrocardiogram to record HRV. Patients with higher depression scores had significantly lower HRVs and decreased self-reported abilities for stress coping. Depression severity did not affect cognitive inhibitory abilities. HRV was related to neither coping strategies nor cognitive inhibition abilities. However, lower HRV was related to higher values of Negative Stress Coping (β = −0.21, p < 0.05). This relationship was fully mediated by depression severity (−4.79, 95% CI: −8.72, −0.72). HRV is not related to quantitative cognitive inhibition, but to the self-reported ability to cope with negative emotions in individuals with psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) is an impulsive aggression disorder with self-control problems. However, the mechanisms underpinning the self-control problems in IED have not been clearly investigated. Therefore, this study examined the nature of self-control problems and their types, including cognitive inhibition, behavioral inhibition, and emotional interference in IED. Participants included three groups: IED (n = 54), psychiatric control (n = 59), and healthy control (n = 62). They were first screened with SCL-90-R, and then they were clinically interviewed. They all did computerized neurocognitive tasks, including Color-Word Stroop Task, Emotional Stroop Task, Go-NoGo Task, and Stop-Signal Task. MANOVA analyses showed that the IED group had poorer performance in cognitive inhibition, response inhibition, and increased emotional interference than the two psychiatric and healthy control groups. They performed much worse than the other two groups, particularly in action cancellation (Stop-Signal Task), and showed increasingly emotional interference. The brain reaction of individuals while doing the tasks was not examined, and some variables were not measured. Also, it is unclear how the emotional eruption interferes with cognitive content and behavioral inhibition. These findings indicate that self-control problems in IED can be due to deficient cognitive, emotional, and behavioral inhibitions, each appearing sequentially during a step-by-step process and facilitating the onset of IED signs and symptoms. Such a distinguished understanding of the role of neurocognitive mechanisms can lead to the development of accurate explanatory approaches and increase the effectiveness of treatment. • Self-control problems and its types were investigated in IED. • There are cognitive, emotional, and behavioral inhibition deficits in IED. • Findings provide important information that can be considered in IED treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provided dataset represents the performance of adult individuals in three experimental tasks measuring cognitive inhibition: the Stroop task; the SART task and the Eriksen Flanker task. All tasks were initially completed in a web setting (online) by 485 individuals. Additionally, randomly selected participants completed all these tasks one more time (220 participants) or two more times (100 participants) during separate laboratory session(s) offline. The provided dataset contains data both from the offline and online experimental sessions. For the Stroop and Flanker tasks, we have provided data on mean reaction times for correct answers and the percent of correct answers for both congruent and incongruent trials. For the SART task, we have provided data on the number and the percent of commission and omission errors; the mean correct reaction times in “go” trials; the standard deviations of correct reaction times in “go” trials; the coefficients of variability for correct reaction times in “go” trials; the mean reaction times for successful “go” trials proceeding successful “no-go” trials; and the mean reaction times for correct “go” trials proceeding failed “no-go” trials. Data from both laboratory sessions contains information on the age and gender of participants. Additionally, we have provided the dates and hours of all experimental sessions. This dataset can potentially be reused for exploratory research on cognitive inhibition, i.e., the stability of individual cognitive inhibition capacity over time; intercorrelations of various inhibition task performance measures; individual differences in cognitive inhibition; or the influence of task setting (web vs laboratory) on inhibition performance measured in different settings (web vs laboratory).

Recent evidence highlights the critical role of effective interference inhibition for optimal memory performance, yet its function in action memory remains relatively underexplored. The current study investigated inhibitory processes in action memory during encoding and storage stages. In Experiment 1, 100 participants were divided into high and low cognitive inhibition groups using the Stroop color naming task. They performed either a subject-performed task (SPT) or a verbal task (VT) under varying semantic interference levels to assess the interaction between individual inhibitory abilities and the inhibition processing of action memory during encoding. Results indicated no significant difference in inhibition effects (IF) between high and low inhibition groups in SPT under high semantic interference, while in VT, those with high cognitive inhibition demonstrated significantly greater IF than those with low. Experiment 2, involving 57 participants, employed a point detection task and eye-tracking to explore attentional inhibition mechanisms during action memory storage. Behavioral results showed greater IF for SPT than VT under semantic interference. Eye-tracking revealed higher initial fixation rates and shorter durations for SPT subjects during the early processing stage, and significantly fewer and shorter fixations in the later stage compared to VT subjects. These findings imply stronger inhibitory processing in SPT during both encoding and storage stages under semantic interference, with attentional inhibition of action memories occurring predominantly in the later stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To date, laboratory-based experimental behavioral methods have not been used to identify factors associated with pediatric functional seizures (FS), leaving a critical gap for effective treatment development.Methods: Children ages 13-18 with video-EEG-confirmed FS were matched to controls (MCs) based on income, sex, race, and age. A modified Stroop task which included a condition requiring participants to report the ink colors in which seizure symptom words were written (e.g., "shaking" in blue) measured selective attention and cognitive inhibition through response time. The magic and turbulence task assessed sense of control in three conditions (magic, lag, turbulence). Children with FS were asked to report premonitory symptoms predicting FS.Results: Participants included 26 children with FS and 26 MCs (Meanage=15.2, 74% female, 59% white). On Stroop, children with FS had a slower reaction time (Mean=1193.83) than MCs (Mean=949.26, p = 0.022) for seizure symptom words. Children with FS had significantly poorer sense of control in the turbulence condition of the magic and turbulence task (Mean=-3.99, SD=8.83) than MCs (Mean=-11.51, SD=7.87; t(20)=-2.61, p =0.017). Children with FS (Mean=-1.80, SD=6.54) also had significantly poorer sense of control in the magic condition than MCs (Mean=-5.57, SD=6.01; p =0.028). Ninety-eight percent of patients endorsed premonitory symptoms.Conclusion: Compared with MCs, children with FS have (1) poorer selective attention and cognitive inhibition when presented with seizure-related information and (2) lower sense of control (i.e. poorer awareness that their control was manipulated). Premonitory symptoms were common. Sense of control, selective attention, and inhibition may be novel treatment targets for FS intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second language (L2) listening is a common challenge for language learners. It remains largely unknown how bilinguals process L2 listening. The literature has suggested an interactive model of L2 listening processing. However, few studies have examined the model from an experimental approach. The current study tried to provide empirical evidence for the interactive model of L2 listening processing in bilinguals by exploring the relationships among English spoken word segmentation (SWS), cognitive inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and L2 listening proficiency. The results showed positive associations among SWS, cognitive inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and L2 listening proficiency. Mediation analysis suggested that SWS might have a positive influence on L2 listening proficiency both directly and indirectly through cognitive inhibition and cognitive flexibility, respectively. These results imply that both bottom-up (reflected at SWS) and top-down (reflected at cognitive inhibition and flexibility) processes are engaged in bilinguals' L2 listening processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperactivity is one of the core features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and yet there is evidence that hyperactive behavior in children with ADHD is not ubiquitous and could be a compensatory response to high cognitive demands. No research has yet objectively measured hyperactive behavior in young children who are demonstrating early signs of ADHD or examined the role of emotional state on hyperactivity levels.The current study measured motor activity using actigraphy during baseline, cognitive inhibition (Flanker task), and emotion arousing (Impossibly Perfect Circles task) conditions in 95 children aged 4–7 years old with developmental difficulties, including emerging symptoms of ADHD. We examined the relationship between objectively recorded activity, parent-rated hyperactivity problems, using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and cognitive inhibition task performance.Parent ratings of hyperactivity (but not inattention) symptoms were positively related to recorded hyperactivity, and this relationship was specific to activity measured during the cognitive inhibition task. Impaired cognitive inhibition performance was related to increased measured movement and this association was strongest in children who were rated as having the highest levels of hyperactive behavior.These findings confirm theoretically predicted associations between objectively recorded hyperactivity and impaired executive functioning and support the notion that hyperactivity in children emerges in response to high cognitive demands. The results encourage further investigation into the role of hyperactivity as a transdiagnostic dimension that can explain variation within and between different types of diagnostic classifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study combined the attention network test and event-related potential approaches to investigate the neurocognitive expression of resource reduction on attention function as a result of long-term high-altitude exposure in immigrants of Tibet. When compared with low-altitude residents, the study found that high-altitude exposure decreased executive-control behavioral performance but enhanced the alerting response. Correspondingly, changes in the target N2 and P3 amplitudes indicated a decrease in conflict inhibition underlying the executive-control network. Instead, the study noted that high-altitude exposure induced additional attentional resources to the alerting stage from the aspect of a change in the cue/target N1 and P1 amplitudes, which may be derived from a reduced self-referencing function. Taken together, the current findings provided experimental evidence for the tight relationship between reduced general cognitive inhibition to the hypersensitivity of the altering attention network to external stimuli mainly observed in immigrants to Tibet.

Second language (L2) listening is a common challenge for language learners. It remains largely unknown how bilinguals process L2 listening. The literature has suggested an interactive model of L2 listening processing. However, few studies have examined the model from an experimental approach. The current study tried to provide empirical evidence for the interactive model of L2 listening processing in bilinguals by exploring the relationships among English spoken word segmentation (SWS), cognitive inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and L2 listening proficiency. The results showed positive associations among SWS, cognitive inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and L2 listening proficiency. Mediation analysis suggested that SWS might have a positive influence on L2 listening proficiency both directly and indirectly through cognitive inhibition and cognitive flexibility, respectively. These results imply that both bottom-up (reflected at SWS) and top-down (reflected at cognitive inhibition and flexibility) processes are engaged in bilinguals’ L2 listening processing.

Background: Around 5.29% of the world population is suffering from ADHD, and 60 million people are suffering from CVS, with an increasing rate of prevalence of these disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of ADHD and CVS symptoms among the Bangladeshi population. Results: To assess the aim of the study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted online through stratified sampling, and 197 responses were collected from the participants. Our survey method follows these criteria where the ARSV1.1 standard questionnaire was followed for the ADHD questionnaire, and a self-administered questionnaire was established based on the symptoms of CVS. The male age ranges from 18–24 have the highest value of ADHD (34%) coincided with > 6 h digital device usage (51%), and the Stroop effect is significantly correlated with the ADHD score (0.498, p < 0.01). The Stroop effect value is also higher among the males aged 18–24, digital device users for > 6 h (48%). Conclusions: With the advent of science, it is impossible to avoid digital devices as necessary. Notwithstanding, safe and appropriate use of digital media is a must for healthy living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mindfulness is understood as a state or practice of guiding attention to the present moment without judgment. While some studies on mindfulness-based interventions demonstrate beneficial effects on cognitive functions (e.g. Chiesa et al., 2011; Yakobi et al., 2021) it still appears challenging to identify underlying mechanisms due to the wide range of research designs and dependent measures used, as well as the frequent absence of active control conditions. Relatedly, processes underlying the effects of short inductions of a mindful state may be unspecific to mindfulness and attainable through other means, such as relaxation (Fell et al., 2010). Therefore, the current study compared the effects of a brief mindfulness induction with a relaxation induction (via progressive muscle relaxation; active control condition) and listening to podcasts (passive control condition) in a pre-post experimental design. 78 participants without recent meditation experience were randomly assigned to the experimental conditions (mindfulness = 25; progressive muscle relaxation = 24; podcast listening = 30) and received corresponding instructions for a total of 40 minutes (2 x 20 minutes) a maximum of 3 days apart. Executive functions of inhibition, updating and switching as well as attentional networks were assessed with the continuous performance task, n-back task, number-letter task, and attention network task, respectively. While updating and executive attention similarly benefited from meditation and relaxation compared to podcast listening, inhibition and shifting measures indicate differential effects of mindfulness induction. Alerting and orienting were not affected by any induction. Implications for mechanisms underlying the effects of mindfulness are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychology and neuroscience offer new perspectives to understand consumer and economic behaviour. Neuroeconomics provides a new frame of reference to understand the way in which the neuroanatomical structures of the brain are involved in the financial decisions of people. Currently, measurement scales are an application alternative to assess people's executive functions and cognitive inhibition quickly. In the present study for the evaluation of cognitive inhibition we will use the Stroop Test (Golden, 1994), which examines the cognitive processes associated with cognitive flexibility; the interference resistance from external stimuli and its effect on behaviour. The plates that make up the Stroop test present different possibilities for analysis and interpretation. Within neuroeconomics, there is an area that investigates how cognitive and affective regulation is critical to achieve economic results, in addition to investigating the problems caused by consumption and spending that people have in their daily lives. There is research shown that individuals who make compulsive purchases show cognitive deficiencies and difficulties in inhibiting their responses. Furthermore, compulsive purchases correlate with financial executive functioning, particularly with impulse control, organization and planning, showing that compulsive purchases are not limited only to impulse control. In Latin America and particularly in Mexico, there are few studies on neuroeconomics or consumer neuroscience, so consider that this research is an innovative contribution to the subject in our region. In this context, the objective of the research is to identify the association between cognitive inhibition and the money university students spend. This research evaluated the association between cognitive inhibition and the money university students spend. A total of 40 university students participated, 47.5 % men and 52.5 % women, between 18 and 25 years, from the City of Querétaro, Mexico. Cognitive inhibition was evaluated with the Stroop Test. In addition, sociodemographic data and monthly expenses were asked. The results descriptively detailed the level of youth spending and the Stroop effect variables. Young people have mean scores in Word, Colour, Word - Colour and Interference, according to the established parameters. Regarding monthly expenses, it is observed that on average they spend $666 Mexican pesos (34.04 USD / 31.13 EUR). In addition, a deficit was found in the inhibitory control related to an increase in the level of expenditure made by university students, that is, those who spend and buy more have difficulties in their cognitive inhibition (self-control). Inhibitory control is associated with age and this time with the level of money spent. Additionally, the inhibition processes allows us to assume certain activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFC), while they are ready to spend and who has problems with the control of their money, they cannot realize the excessive expenses that it does not recognize the symptoms that drive it to compulsive buying. The findings provide evidence to the neuroeconomy, as well as to the posture of cognitive control. Furthermore, it is corroborated that performance tests are an alternative in the detection of executive functioning deficiencies in a short time of application and provide evidence in the approach to neuroeconomics through this form of measurement. This offers a novel vision to understand the personal finances of Mexicans and their economic behaviour. Financial and consumer behaviour has become our main line of research from a neuroeconomic perspective; in the future, we intend to continue this study by incorporating affective and neurobehavioral factors involved in financial decisions in young people of our country. Finally, the usefulness of the results within the neuroeconomics in Mexico and Latin America is deepened, as well as its contribution as a line of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Inhibition constitutes one of the main executive functions and it is important to more complex skills such as fluid intelligence. Actually, there is an agreement on distinguishing three inhibitory types: perceptual, cognitive and response inhibition. Several studies show the differential engagement of these inhibitory types in different skills. However, there is no registered evidence about the differential relation of inhibitory types with fluid intelligence. This inquiry is especially important during the first school years, since in this stage, inhibitory processes would already be differentiated, and inhibitory processes and fluid intelligence are linked to the performance of children in the school setting. For these reasons, the goal of this work is to study the relation and contribution of perceptual, cognitive, and response inhibition with fluid intelligence, in children in the first years of primary school. For that purpose, a sample of children from six to eight years old (N = 178) was tested with a perceptual inhibition task (perception of similarities and differences task); a cognitive inhibition task (proactive interference task); a response inhibition task (stop signal task); and a fluid intelligence task (progressive matrices task). We observed significant correlations between perceptual and response inhibition and fluid intelligence (controlling for age), but only perceptual inhibition explains significantly part of the performance in the fluid intelligence task. This study provides data about the specific contribution, during childhood, of an inhibitory type to fluid intelligence and contributes empirical evidence in support of the non-unitary approach of inhibition.

Background: Patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) often show deficits in inhibitory control, which may underlie poor control over obsessions and compulsions. Several functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments utilizing a variety of tasks have investigated the neural correlates of inhibitory control in OCD. Evidence from existing meta-analyses suggests aberrant activation of regions in fronto-striatal circuits during inhibitory control. However, new fMRI articles have since been published, and a more rigorous methodology for neuroimaging meta-analyses is now available. Objectives: First, to reevaluate the evidence for abnormal brain activation during performance of inhibitory control tasks in OCD while adhering to current best practices for meta-analyses, and second, to extend previous findings by separately assessing different subprocesses of inhibitory control. Method: We systematically searched Web of Knowledge, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed and the functional BrainMap database for fMRI articles that compared activation during performance of inhibitory control tasks in patients with OCD and healthy control (HC) subjects. Thirty-five experiments from 21 articles met our criteria for inclusion. We first performed activation-likelihood-estimation meta-analyses to elucidate brain areas in which case-control activation differences converged across articles and tasks. We then aimed to extend previous work by separately evaluating experiments requiring inhibition of a prepotent response without execution of an alternative response (i.e., response inhibition) and experiments requiring inhibition of a prepotent response and execution of an alternative response (i.e., cognitive inhibition). Results: The 35 experiments included a total of 394 patients and 410 controls. We did not find evidence of abnormal brain activation in OCD during inhibitory control when pooling data from all experiments. Analysis restricted to cognitive inhibition experiments showed abnormal activation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC; P = .04, cluster-level familywise error-corrected, cluster volume of 824 mm3). We did not have sufficient data to evaluate response inhibition experiments separately. Conclusion: Findings of abnormal brain activation in OCD from different inhibitory control tasks do not appear to converge on the same brain regions, but the dACC may be implicated in abnormal cognitive inhibition. Our findings highlight a need for experiments that specifically target subprocesses of inhibitory control to achieve a more differentiated understanding of the neural correlates for impaired inhibitory control in OCD.

Iron deficiency, a common form of micronutrient deficiency, primarily affects children and women. The principal cause of iron deficiency is undernutrition in low-income countries and malnutrition in middle to upper income regions. Iron is a key element for myelin production, neuronal metabolism, and dopamine functions. Iron deficiency in early life can alter brain development and exert long-lasting effects. Control inhibition is an executive function that involves several brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex and caudate and sub-thalamic nuclei. Dopamine is the prevalent neurotransmitter underlying cognitive inhibition. We followed cohort study participants who had iron deficiency anemia in infancy as well non-anemic controls. At 22 years of age, the participants were subjected to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate the correlation between functional connectivity and performance on an inhibitory cognitive task (Go/No-Go). We hypothesized that former iron deficient anemic (FIDA) participants demonstrate less strength in functional connectivity compared with controls (C). There were not significant group differences in the behavioral results in terms of accuracy and response time. A continuous covariate interaction analysis of functional connectivity and the Go/No-Go scores demonstrated significant differences between the FIDA and C groups. The FIDA participants demonstrated less strength in connectivity in brain regions related to control inhibition, including the medial temporal lobe, impairment in the integration of the default mode network (indicating decreased attention and alertness), and an increase in connectivity in posterior brain areas, all of which suggest slower circuitry maturation. The results support the hypothesis that FIDA young adults show differences in the connectivity of networks related to executive functions. These differences could increase their vulnerability to develop cognitive dysfunctions or mental disorders in adulthood.