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This narrative review discusses the relationship between anticholinergic medications and cognitive change specifically in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD). NLUTD is prevalent in various conditions, including spinal cord injury (SCI), spina bifida (SB), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's, stroke, and dementia and often requires anticholinergic overactive bladder (OAB) medications. In the general population, and among those with OAB, several studies have found a significant association between this class of medications and cognitive side effects, mostly when used for > 90 days. These cognitive side effects may be particularly relevant to people with NLUTD due to their higher baseline risk of cognitive impairment. Two studies (one in people with SCI and another in MS) found evidence of cognitive impairment with the use of OAB anticholinergics (specifically oxybutynin and tolterodine). People with dementia commonly use OAB anticholinergics, and there is evidence that oxybutynin and tolterodine may impair cognition in this population. Two recent studies in children with SB studied 12 months of solifenacin and 6 months of fesoterodine/oxybutynin and found there was no significant change in neuropsychological testing. Clinical studies in people with Parkinson's disease and prior stroke have not shown that trospium, darifenacin, or fesoterodine have a significant impact on cognitive measures. In summary, oxybutynin and tolterodine may pose a higher risk of cognitive impairment than newer OAB anticholinergics in people with NLUTD; there is no evidence that children with SB experience cognitive impairment with OAB anticholinergics. Further study is necessary to confirm cognitive safety, particularly as the NLUTD population may have a high exposure to OAB anticholinergics. Advocating for potentially safer OAB medications is necessary if there is concern about cognitive risks., Author(s): Blayne Welk (corresponding author) [1,2] INTRODUCTION TO NEUROGENIC LOWER URINARY TRACT DYSFUNCTION Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) is defined by the International Continence Society as 'abnormal or difficult [...]

Intuitive processing has a dominant effect under conditions of limited cognitive resources, because compared to analytical processing, it relies on cognitive resources to a much smaller extent. However, the effect of schema on intuitive processing has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the current study aims to explore this issue through two experiments: Experiment 1 uses a Chinese character chunk decomposition task to investigate how schema affects the performance of intuitive and analytical processing under different cognitive loads. Experiment 2 further examines the effects of schema directly on two types of processing via the removal of load. The results revealed the following: in Experiment 1, the accuracy of intuitive and analytical material was significantly higher under low load than under high load in the schema condition, but there was no effect of varying cognitive load in the non-schema condition; in Experiment 2, the accuracy of intuitive processing was significantly higher than that of analytical processing under the schema condition but there were no differences between two types of processing under the non-schema condition. The results indicate that schema facilitates an intuitive dominance effect, with the implication of intuition maybe more effective when encountering familiar information., Author(s): Yunhong Wang [sup.1] , Wei Bao [sup.1] , Haijiang Li [sup.1] , Junlong Luo [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/01cxqmw89, grid.412531.0, 0000 0001 0701 1077, Department of Psychology, Education College, [...]

This study aimed to assess the impact of both gender and age on cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS). Participants (N = 1585) divided into four age groups (young adults, middle-aged adults, older adults and oldest-old adults) completed the short version of the Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Results indicated (1) a gender effect on CERS with higher rumination and catastrophizing scores associated to lower acceptance scores for women, and (2) different utilization of emotion regulation strategies according to age. The youngest group reported higher scores for rumination and self-blame and a lower score for positive refocusing compared to the three other age groups, while the oldest-old reported higher scores for planning but lower scores for self-blame and positive reappraisal compared to the three other age groups. Given the importance of CERS on mental health, future longitudinal studies are needed to examine further the life-span trajectories of CERS on both men and women., Author(s): Nathalie Bailly [sup.1] , Kristell Pothier [sup.1] , Nawal Ouhmad [sup.1] , Romain Deperrois [sup.1] , Sébastien Cojean [sup.1] , Nicolas Combalbert [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02wwzvj46, grid.12366.30, 0000 [...]

Mental budgeting is a cognitive process that helps individuals control consumption expenditures. Previous literature has shown that mental budgeting is influenced by people's cognitive capabilities and emotions, which indicates a potential influence of thinking modes on mental budgeting. Under the view of lay rationalism, the present three studies investigated the relationship between thinking modes (i.e., calculation-based thinking and feeling-based thinking) and mental budgeting, as well as the moderating effect of product types that participants consume. It was found that, first, the scores of lay rationalism, which indicate calculation-based thinking, were positively correlated with the mental budgeting levels of college students (Study 1a) and newcomers in the workplace (Study 1b); second, the activation of calculation-based thinking (vs. feeling-based thinking) decreased participants' consumption willingness (Study 2); and third, the calculation-based thinking exhibited a stronger binding effect in participants who consumed only hedonic products than in participants who consumed only utilitarian products (Study 2). The results demonstrated the effects of lay rationalism thinking mode and product types on mental budgeting, which highlighted different implications for consumers and merchants., Author(s): Ziqiang Xin [sup.1] , Guofang Liu [sup.2] , Zheng Zong [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/041pakw92, grid.24539.39, 0000 0004 0368 8103, Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, , 59 [...]

Although literature frequently argues that diversity stimulates innovative work behavior, theoretical perspectives and empirical findings on this relationship remain inconsistent. Based on self-category theory, this study aims to comprehensively investigate when and how team cognitive diversity benefits or inhibits innovative work behavior. We introduced a new context of research (i.e., virtual teams) during COVID-19 and tested a moderated mediation model using a two-wave survey of 238 employees from 56 virtual teams in China. The results indicated that team cognitive diversity negatively related to knowledge sharing, which in turn inhibited innovative work behavior. In addition, openness to experience moderated the relationship between team cognitive diversity and knowledge sharing, such that cognitive diversity positively related to knowledge sharing among employees with a high openness to experience, while it negatively related to knowledge sharing among those with low openness. These findings enrich the existing literature on innovation by clarifying the mechanisms and boundary conditions of team cognitive diversity and innovative work behavior., Author(s): Guodong Cui [sup.1] , Fuxi Wang [sup.2] , Ying Zhang [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/041pakw92, grid.24539.39, 0000 0004 0368 8103, School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of [...]

Although previous studies have found that repeated exposure has an influence on the judgment of facial attractiveness, how this effect occurs remains unclear. Two experiments were conducted to explore the impact of repeated exposure on facial attractiveness and the processing mechanism. The results of Experiment 1 showed that in the case of large number of exposures, the facial attractiveness judgment for faces with high, moderate, and low attractiveness increased after repeated exposure. The increase in familiarity and liking mediated the relationship between repeated exposure and faces with high attractiveness, while the increase in liking mediated the relationship between repeated exposure and faces with low attractiveness. The results of Experiment 2 showed that in the case of small number of exposures, the facial attractiveness rating of faces with high and moderate attractiveness increased after repeated exposure. The increase in familiarity and liking mediated the relationship between repeated exposure and faces with high attractiveness, while the increase in familiarity mediated the relationship between repeated exposure and faces with moderate attractiveness. The results indicate that both the fluency of cognitive processing and change of affective attitude play an important role when people judge the facial attractiveness during repeated exposure. The present study illustrates the change rule of the evaluation of facial attractiveness, and lays a solid theoretical foundation for further investigation of the dynamic relationship between social characteristics of faces and behavioral decision-making., Author(s): Shangfeng Han [sup.1] [sup.2] , Jie Shen [sup.1] , Xiujuan Wang [sup.3] , Zhibin Guo [sup.1] , Shen Liu [sup.4] , Yetong Gan [sup.4] , Qiang Xu [sup.1] , [...]

The concept of Cognitive Reserve (CR) refers to the individual differences allowing some people to cope better with brain pathology. The aim of the present review was to explore the relationship between CR and cognition in adulthood. This association has been addressed in several neuro(psycho)logical disorders and in healthy elderly people. However, few studies explored this issue in adulthood (age range 18-65), when individuals might take advantage the most from psychoeducational approaches aimed at increasing CR. For our systematic review, we selected studies assessing CR and adopting neuropsychological and experimental tasks for evaluation of cognitive functioning in healthy individuals. In the selected articles, we examined the relationship of singular proxies, composite indexes or standardized scales of CR with measures of general cognition, attention, inhibitory control, verbal fluency, constructional abilities, and verbal and spatial memory. The results suggested a positive relationship between singular CR proxies, composite indexes or standardized scales, and almost all the explored cognitive domains. No clear conclusion could be made on constructional abilities due to the scarcity of available studies. CR seems associated with better cognitive performance in adulthood, but definite methodological improvements and the use of standardized scales for CR are necessary to reduce inconsistencies among studies., Author(s): Francesco Panico [sup.1] , Laura Sagliano [sup.1] , Alfonso Magliacano [sup.2] , Gabriella Santangelo [sup.1] , Luigi Trojano [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02kqnpp86, grid.9841.4, 0000 0001 2200 8888, University [...]

Researchers recognize the affinity of habits-as-heuristics and habits-as-routines. This paper argues that the affinity should not be surprising, as both kinds of habits are the outcome of rational choice. The paper finds that the dual process theory, once reconstructed as based on rational choice, reveals that the affinity runs deep, as three-fold parallelism: i) the cognitive economy responsible for habits-as-heuristics parallels what this paper calls the 'physiological economy' responsible for habits-as-routines; ii) the occasional slipup of heuristics generated by the cognitive economy parallels the occasional slipup of routines of the physiological economy; and iii) the breakdown of heuristics of the cognitive economy parallels the breakdown of routines of the physiological economy. The rationality-based dual process theory can explain-whereas the single process theory cannot-why slipups do not induce the decision makers to abandon the pertinent habit, but breakdowns do., Author(s): Elias L. Khalil [sup.1] , Azzam Amin [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/05gd1cs26, grid.493182.5, 0000 0004 6473 8856, School of Economics, Administration and Public Policy, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, [...]

Proactive control, the ability to maintain task-relevant information in preparation for upcoming targets, has been shown to critically depend on working memory. The present study aimed to investigate the development of proactive control and its relationship with working memory in school-age children. A total of 135 Chinese school-age children were recruited. Among them, 122 children (7-year-olds: 41; 9-year-olds: 41; 11-year-olds: 40) contributed useable data for both proactive control and working memory. The results showed that proactive control efficiency on an inhibition task improved significantly from the 7-year-olds to both the 9- and 11-year-olds, while proactive control efficiency on a switching task improved significantly from both the 7- and 9-year-olds to the 11-year-olds. Besides, proactive control indices correlated significantly between the inhibition and switching tasks for the 11-year-olds but not for the 7- or 9-year-olds, suggesting that consistency in proactive control engagement across tasks may be low at early primary school years but increases at later periods. Furthermore, working memory was positively correlated with proactive control efficiency for the 7-year-olds but not for the 9- or 11-year-olds, suggesting that the relationship between proactive control and working memory may decrease with age. These results were replicated in an independent sample. Altogether, the present study advances our understanding of the development of proactive control as well as its relationship with working memory in school-age children., Author(s): Houyu Zhou [sup.1] , Zheng Li [sup.2] , Chunjie Wang [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.410595.c, 0000 0001 2230 9154, Department of Psychology, Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal [...]

The study of Time has a long history, dating back to the earliest days of psychological science in the late 1800s. However, the conceptualization of time perspective has led to a better understanding of individuals' healthy and pathological attitudes toward time dimensions. Similarly, articulated psychological inflexibility components (i.e., Experiential Avoidance (EA) and Cognitive Fusion (CF)) have been found to have solid links with psychopathology, specifically psychological distress. The purpose of this study was to examine the serial mediating functions of EA and CF in the association between Deviation from Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) and Depression and Anxiety symptoms. Also, a reversed model of serial mediation was tested. A total of 203 participants (155 female) aged between 17-73 (M = 28.45, SD = 11.43) completed measures of time perspective, CF, EA, anxiety, and depression. CF and EA functioned as mediators between DBTP and depression/anxiety in the first mediation model. However, in the reversed model, only the mediation effect for depression was observed. These results emphasize the need for tailoring treatments to the requirements of patients struggling with anxiety and depression symptoms, who may be more susceptible to imbalanced time perspectives and time-entrapped cognitive processes., Author(s): Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar [sup.1] , Amal Abdulcebbar [sup.1] , Erturk Yilmaz [sup.1] , Lacin Kantarci [sup.1] , Seda Altintas [sup.1] , Mehmet Eskin [sup.1] , Ayse ÙAltan-Atalay [sup.1] Author [...]

Previous research investigated the role of social media use and perceived socio-cultural pressure as predictors of the endorsement of ideal body stereotypes. However, not much has been explored concerning cognitive fusion and its role within this framework. The current study investigated social media use as a predictor of ideal body stereotypes and how this relationship is mediated by perceived social pressure. Additionally, we explored the potential moderating roles of cognitive fusion within these relationships. Our sample consisted of 489 participants aged 18 to 53 (73.2% females). The findings suggested that the participants' reported social media use level significantly predicted both the ideal body stereotypes and the perceived social pressure. The overall effect of perceived social pressure on ideal body stereotypes was not significant. However, at low levels of cognitive fusion, the perceived social pressure significantly mediated the relationship between social media use and ideal body stereotype. We consider the current findings significant for their contribution to potential educational programs designed to address the adverse consequences of social media use on psychological and physical well-being., Author(s): Alexandra Maftei [sup.1] , Ioan-Alex Merlici [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.8168.7, 0000000419371784, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, , 3 Toma [...]

Normative data of neuropsychological tests typically consider the effect of demographic variables like age and education on performance. However, a broad literature has shown that, after the school age, other cognitively stimulating experiences (e.g., occupational attainment and a variety of leisure-time activities) may increase and build up cognitive reserve (CR), which is positively associated with better performance in many neuropsychological tests. With these premises, we investigated the predictive capability of education and a life-experience proxy of CR on a widely used cognitive screening, i.e., the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results show that models including the more comprehensive life-experience CR proxy performed better than models including Education. Based on the results of our analyses we provide normative data and cut-offs on 440 Italian individuals aged 50-90 years, by taking into account, for the first time for the Italian population, a CR index, together with demographic variables and Education, in the calculation of regression-based norms. Accounting for life-experience CR proxies can improve the accuracy of normative data and allow a finer estimation of cognitive performance, which lead to a more tailored approach to patient assessment., Author(s): Sonia Montemurro [sup.1] , Roberta Daini [sup.2] [sup.3] , Chiara Tagliabue [sup.4] , Sabrina Guzzetti [sup.5] , Giulia Gualco [sup.6] , Sara Mondini [sup.7] [sup.8] , Giorgio Arcara [sup.1] [...]

Research literature about the environmental spillover effect produced mixed results, revealing that an initial pro-environmental behavior (PEB) is likely to promote either other PEBs (i.e., positive spillover) or pro-environmental inactions and harming behaviors (i.e., negative spillover). Such inconsistency suggests a possible crucial role of moderating variables. In two experimental studies (N Study 1 = 141, N Study 2 = 124), we investigated whether the recall of past environmental behavior (water-saving vs. water-wasting) affects future intention to perform PEBs (Study 1) and actual PEBs (Study 2), depending on participants' cognitive mindset (manipulated in Study 1 and measured in Study 2). Results showed that the cognitive mindset is a significant moderator of spillover effects. Compared to a holistic one, an analytical mindset is more likely to result in a greater willingness to engage in future PEBs (Study 1) and actual PEB (Study 2) when past PEB is salient. The main contributions of the studies, limitations and possible future research directions are discussed., Author(s): Federica Spaccatini [sup.1] , Paolo Riva [sup.1] , Juliette Richetin [sup.1] , Egle Porcelli [sup.1] , Luca Pancani [sup.1] , Roberta Capellini [sup.1] , Simona Sacchi [sup.1] Author Affiliations: [...]

Research suggests that self-esteem, individuals' expectancies regarding their ability to deal with future stressors and cognitive control are related and participate in the process of stress regulation. In the current study, 286 participants (51 men and 235 women; ranging from 18 to 89 years old; mean age = 27.53, SD = 10.64) completed online questionnaires to assess self-esteem, expectancy, cognitive control (assessed using measures of attentional and anxiety control), perceived stress, rumination, and symptoms of distress. Network analysis was used to obtain a comprehensive, data-driven view on the complex interplay between these variables. Our analysis shows that high self-esteem is related to more self-efficacy (a measure of expectancy). Self-efficacy, in turn, shows a strong association with more attentional and anxiety control, which are related to lower overall perceived stress during the past month. Moreover, higher perceived stress was related to more symptoms of distress via higher scores in rumination. This study is the first to provide a data-driven test of how individuals with low self-esteem and expectancy, and deficits in cognitive control processes may have difficulties in dealing with daily stressful situations., Author(s): Matias M. Pulopulos [sup.1] [sup.2] , Kristof Hoorelbeke [sup.1] , Sophie Vandenbroucke [sup.1] , Kim Van Durme [sup.1] [sup.3] , Jill M. Hooley [sup.4] , Rudi De Raedt [sup.1] [...]

Precrastination is defined as the tendency to complete a task early even at the expense of extra effort (Rosenbaum et al., 2019 (See CR21)). It has been suggested that people structure their behavior this way to free up cognitive resources, known as the CLEAR hypothesis (VonderHaar et al., 2019 (See CR29)), particularly when given simple task choices. In the current study, this task choice behavior was compared across cognitive tasks to explore its generalizability. In Experiment 1, simple math problems were placed on boxes within a box moving task to be solved to determine box moving order. Participants were asked to generate category items during the box moving task at a time of their choosing, and the trial position they chose was measured. In Experiment 2, item generation and simple math problem tasks were compared during the box moving task on the same measure. In addition, individual difference measures of impulsiveness (Experiment 1) and self-regulation (Experiment 2) were included to investigate possible relations between task order choices and these traits. In Experiment 1, when math problems were added to the boxes, no significant precrastination was found and difficulty of the category affected trial position in only one order condition. In Experiment 2, high precrastination rates were found for both math problem and item generation tasks. However, there were no correlations between impulsiveness or self-regulation and trial positions for these tasks. These results suggest that task order choices for cognitive tasks may be dependent on the relative perceived difficulty of the tasks to be completed., Author(s): Dawn M. McBride [sup.1] , Selena R. Villarreal [sup.1] , Rachel L. Salrin [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.257310.2, 0000 0004 1936 8825, Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, , [...]

Cognitive flexibility is commonly studied using the cued and voluntary task-switching paradigms. Given that the cued task contains more exogenous control processes, and the voluntary choice task includes more endogenous control processes, some control transitions between the cued and voluntary choice trials could exist. However, the transitions between the cued and voluntary choice tasks have been largely ignored by prior works. Thus, to fill this gap in the literature, we used a hybrid task-switching paradigm by mixing a cued task with a voluntary task to probe control transitions. We conducted two experiments; each comprised of trials that were grouped into four types of control transitions (i.e., voluntary [right arrow] cued, voluntary [right arrow] voluntary, cued [right arrow] voluntary, and cued [right arrow] cued). We found a cost associated with control switch and that the control switch possibly facilitated cognitive flexibility, as indicated by the impaired task switch cost and increased voluntary switch rate compared with the control repeat. In addition, we found an asymmetrical control cost between the transition of cued and voluntary choice tasks, with a larger control cost when switching from a difficult to an easier control mode. We also found that the task repeat and task switch trials had an opposite, asymmetrical control cost pattern and were differently modulated by switch probability. Therefore, the findings of the present study broaden our understanding of cognitive flexibility and provide new insights into its underlying mechanisms., Author(s): Lei Qiao [sup.1] , Lijie Zhang [sup.2] , Hong Li [sup.1] , Antao Chen [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.263488.3, 0000 0001 0472 9649, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and [...]

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a serious health concern in prison populations. Most previous research in prisons has examined lifetime engagement in NSSI, but less is known about correlates and risk factors during imprisonment. Using Nock's integrated theoretical model as a conceptual framework, the present study tested the mediation effect of psychopathy and the moderation effect of cognitive reappraisal skills in the association between childhood maltreatment and NSSI in prisoners. A total of 1042 Chinese male prisoners anonymously completed measures of childhood maltreatment, psychopathy and cognitive reappraisal, and their NSSI was assessed through structured interviews. Regression based tests of the conceptual model showed that childhood maltreatment was significantly associated with NSSI in prisoners, and this association was mediated by psychopathy. Cognitive reappraisal moderated the relationship between psychopathy and NSSI. Specifically, the relationship between psychopathy and NSSI was significant for prisoners with low levels of cognitive reappraisal but non-significant for those with high levels of cognitive reappraisal. These findings highlight the need to consider environmental and intrapersonal factors simultaneously when evaluating risks associated with NSSI in prison populations, and can inform prevention and intervention programs in prison settings., Author(s): Honglei Gu [sup.1] , Tiansheng Xia [sup.2] , Lizhao Wang [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411427.5, 0000 0001 0089 3695, Department of Psychology, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of [...]

Mindfulness-based interventions are efficacious in reducing depression and anxiety symptoms, but mechanisms underlying these benefits have not been fully elucidated. Based on cognitive theories of depression and anxiety, a reduction in negatively biased cognition may be one mechanism. We reviewed the empirical literature on mindfulness and negatively biased cognition. Thirty-seven studies met inclusion/exclusion criteria. The evidence generally indicated that mindfulness was inversely associated with negatively biased cognition, across various measures (i.e., self-reported negatively biased cognitive styles and cognitive responses to tasks involving valenced stimuli), study designs (i.e., correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental), and samples (i.e., unselected and clinical). However, the relation was mixed for cognitive reactivity to negative emotions in recurrent depression and null for indices of quick behavioral control. Correlational evidence in unselected samples also supported an indirect relation between mindfulness and fewer depression and anxiety symptoms through less negatively biased cognition. Mindfulness may be useful for addressing this intended mechanism of traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy. Future research should more directly test the role of negatively biased cognition in protective and therapeutic effects of mindfulness., Author(s): Cameron G. Ford [sup.1] [sup.2] , Laura G. Kiken [sup.3] , Ilana Haliwa [sup.2] , Natalie J. Shook [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) Nova Behavioral Healthcare Corporation, , 2307 Norwood [...]

A hallmark of working memory (WM) is its limited capacity. While visual and verbal domains of WM are able to store multiple items, the capacity of parametric vibrotactile WM (vtWM) has not yet been established for supra-threshold, one-dimensional sensory vibrotactile frequencies. The present study extends the standard delayed match-to-sample vibrotactile discrimination task to determine the capacity of the vtWM and its cognitive mechanism. Here, by presenting subjects with 2 to 6 vibratory frequencies sequentially in each trial, the present study demonstrates that it is possible to retain about only two vibrotactile frequencies information in vtWM. The results also showed that the capacity of vtWM does not depend on whether sequentially presented vibrotactile frequencies are delivered to the same or to different fingers. At the same time, the rate of correct report depends on sequence length and when in the sequence the stimuli are presented, suggesting the dynamic updating of vtWM similar to that of visual WM., Author(s): Chundi Wang [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Hu Deng [sup.2] , Yu Dong [sup.3] , Xuemin Zhang [sup.4] , Da-Hui Wang [sup.3] [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.64939.31, 0000 0000 9999 [...]

Does our personality predict what we see? This question was studied in 100 university students with binocular rivalry paradigm by presenting incompatible images to each eye, allowing multiple interpretations of the same sensory input. During continuous binocular presentation, dominance of perception starts to fluctuate between the images. When neither of the images is fully suppressed, the two images combine into mixed percepts. We focused on the link between mixed percepts, big-five traits, and empathy. The results revealed that openness and agreeableness correlated with the occurrence of mixed percepts after the first dominant perception. However, these correlations of openness and agreeableness were mediated by cognitive empathy. In addition, openness had a direct association with reporting the initial percept in the onset of stimulation as a mixed percept, suggesting a mechanism that is separate from the one mediated by cognitive empathy. Overall, the results provide preliminary evidence suggesting that personality predicts what we see. Such individual differences in perceptual interpretations may be linked to both higher level cognitive mechanisms as well as lower level visual mechanisms., Author(s): Mika Koivisto [sup.1] , Maija Virkkala [sup.1] , Mika Puustinen [sup.1] , Jetta Aarnio [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.1374.1, 0000 0001 2097 1371, Department of Psychology, University of Turku, [...]

This study investigates the link between the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) and individuals' capacity to spontaneously invent alternate appraisals for aversive events. Eighty-two women completed the Reappraisal Inventiveness Test for anger-eliciting situations, and quantity and quality of reappraisal ideas were correlated with BIS, BAS, and FFFS sensitivity (RST-Personality Questionnaire). Results revealed that high BIS and high FFFS reduced the total number of reappraisal ideas, indicating that combined heightened sensitivity of the two avoidance systems may deplete individuals' repertoire of potential reappraisals. RST effects on the quality of generated reappraisals were also found. High BIS and low BAS lowered individuals' propensity to produce positive re-interpretations, which are considered a more adaptive reappraisal tactic. High FFFS sensitivity was linked to a lower preference for problem-oriented reappraisals. This study underlines that certain interactions of motivational subsystems may be particularly detrimental for successful reappraisal of anger-eliciting events. Our findings reveal potential links between revised RST effects and adaptive emotion regulation., Author(s): Corinna M. Perchtold-Stefan [sup.1] , Andreas Fink [sup.1] , Jonathan F. Bauer [sup.1] , Christian Rominger [sup.1] , Ilona Papousek [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.5110.5, 0000000121539003, Department of Psychology, [...]

The Chinese abacus was invented 1800 years ago as a piece of calculation equipment for economic education and support. The abacus no longer serves as an economic tool but has emerged as a powerful educational tool to promote individual development. It is not yet known, however, whether abacus training may lead to cognitive transfer in the individual development context. This transfer effect was investigated in the present study with a randomized controlled design centered on comparison against abacus training with cognitive training and English training. The final sample consisted of 343 vocational school/college students (55 males, mean age = 17.79 years, range: 14.17 to 24.67 years) whom completed the pre-test, the 52-h training session, and the post-test. Participants in each school or college were randomly assigned into three training groups based on their pre-test scores. Abacus training is shown to promote calculation and spatial abilities by comparison with English training, and to promote calculation ability and processing speed by comparison with cognitive training. Cognitive training shows transfer effect of spatial ability by comparison with English training. However, abacus training does not show pervasive transfer effect for any general cognitive abilities that do not typically involve numerical processing or visuospatial processing. These findings suggest a limited transfer effect of abacus training on cognitive development., Author(s): Yujie Lu [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Mengyi Li [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Zhijun Cui [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Li Wang [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Yuwei Hu [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] [...]

Examining factors that protect against the negative repercussions of stress on everyday functioning is paramount. This experimental study investigated the effects of music listening and personality on the reduction of perceived stress and cognitive performance. Seventy adults (18-45 years, M = 22.8, SD = 6.6) completed measures of the Dark Triad traits (psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism), music preferences, and music uses, and undertook a stress-inducing procedure. Participants were randomly allocated to three groups: hip-hop/rap, classical music, control, being exposed to the respective genre or silence for 20 min after the predicted peak in stress. Results showed that classical and hip-hop/rap music equally facilitated stress reduction. Narcissism predicted lower stress when classical music preference was high. Narcissism also predicted enhanced performance but also greater stress, when paired with infrequent stress-management through music. These novel findings demonstrate how particular genres and traits, despite being predominantly negatively perceived, can enhance stress reduction or cognitive performance., Author(s): Teresa Gomes Arrulo [sup.1] , Michail Doumas [sup.1] , Kostas A. Papageorgiou [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.4777.3, 0000 0004 0374 7521, School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, , David [...]

Recently, the effects of mindfulness-based interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been studied. However, we lack knowledge of the processes or mechanisms through which mindfulness influences resilience or promotes recovery following exposure to trauma. In this study, we examine the process by which mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral factors such as posttraumatic negative cognition and avoidance behaviors are associated with reduced PTSD-like symptoms. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 885 university students, using the Trauma Experience Questionnaire, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, revised Ways of Coping Checklist, and a brief version of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory. Data from 254 participants who experienced trauma with PTSD-like symptoms were analyzed. The final model using SEM indicated no direct association of mindful attention awareness on PTSD-like symptoms, a small direct association of cognitive defusion on PTSD-like symptoms, and a large indirect association mediated by posttraumatic negative cognitions and avoidance coping. Owing to the study's cross-sectional design, strong conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the causal relationship of mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral factors or generalizations. However, our findings suggest that it would be worthwhile to continue to clarify the mechanism of mindfulness and to investigate its use in the treatment of PTSD. In the future, a highly accurate study design will hopefully be used to examine the mechanisms of several different factors associated with improvement in posttraumatic stress symptoms, preferably including them in the same model., Author(s): Daisuke Ito [sup.1] , Asuka Watanabe [sup.2] , Kaori Osawa [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411533.1, 0000 0001 2182 295X, Department Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Education, Hyogo University of [...]

Two research traditions explain the way we deal with emotional situations: emotional intelligence (EI) and emotion regulation (ER). EI refers to the individual differences in the knowledge, identification, and regulation of emotions. ER describes processes in which emotions are experienced, expressed, and altered. Our study examined the EI-ER link and their moderating role on affective responses. We used self-report questionnaires and a cognitive reappraisal (CR) task, in which subjective affective responses were registered. We found that higher levels of ER difficulties correlated with lower EI. Gender had an overall impact on affective changes, indicating a more unpleasant and more arousing affective state for women compared with men. Regarding the moderating role of EI and ER difficulties, the ability to utilize emotions (Utilization) decreased the valence into a more unpleasant direction, similar to the effect of the inability to identify and differentiate emotions (Clarity). A weak control over emotions (Impulse), however, increased the valence into a more pleasant direction. The lack of attention to emotional signals (Awareness) marginally decreased the initial intensity (i.e., lower level of arousal). We demonstrated that EI and ER have distinctive routes and a different influence on the affective outcome defined by valence and arousal ratings: (1) EI has an impact through the utilization of emotions mainly on the valence dimension; and (2) individual differences in ER have a moderating effect on both valence and arousal dimensions. This study provided evidence on how individual differences contribute to a successful ER process when using a CR strategy., Author(s): Barbara Bodrogi [sup.1] , Tamas Bereczkei [sup.1] , Anita Deak [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.9679.1, 0000 0001 0663 9479, Institute of Psychology, University of Pecs, , Ifjusag Str. 6., [...]

Cognitive models of psychopathology propose that early developmental environments give rise to cognitive schemas and distortions, which color our interpretations of the world. Evolutionary theorizing suggests that developmental environments have far-reaching consequences for behavior. Accordingly, we examined associations between self-reportedunpredictable and harsh early developmental environments, positive and maladaptive schemas, and cognitive distortions (n = 257). Results indicated thatunpredictable and harsh childhood environments were associated with greater maladaptive schemas and cognitive distortions, and fewer positive schemas. Path analyses suggested that a model of unpredictable and harsh environments leading to maladaptive schemas and cognitive distortions had excellent statistical fit. Taken together, these results suggest early developmental environments have important influence on adult cognition. These results are the first to demonstrate that childhood unpredictability is associated with cognitive schemas and distortions. Our findings have direct implications for understanding schema development and may have consequences for schema therapy., Author(s): Amanda Wuth [sup.1] [sup.2] , Sandeep Mishra [sup.2] [sup.3] , Shadi Beshai [sup.1] , Justin Feeney [sup.3] [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.57926.3f, 0000 0004 1936 9131, Department of Psychology, [...]

During an internship, some interns perform better when they perceive trust from their supervisors. This might be because a trustee's self-efficacy increases when a trustor reveals a willingness to take a chance on the trustee. It empowers interns to believe that they are capable. Hence, this study aimed to examine whether interns' trust in a supervisor moderated the model of internship self-efficacy as a mediator of proactive personality and performance. A total of 158 interns voluntarily participated in this study on three occasions, with a three-month interval between study periods. The results suggest that internship self-efficacy positively mediated the relationship between proactive personality and performance. In addition, the results of a moderated mediating analysis indicated that the interns' trust in their supervisors weakened the positive effects of proactive personality on performance through internship self-efficacy. These results underscore the importance of situational and personal effects in the connections between proactive personality, internship self-efficacy, and performance., Author(s): Shin-Huei Lin [sup.1] , Mei-Yen Chen [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.445052.2, 0000 0004 0639 3773, Department of Leisure Management, National Pingtung University, , No.51, Minsheng E. Rd., 90004, Pingtung [...]

The same phenomenon or action may evoke different imaginations across the minds of people. For instance, locking the door could be construed either as putting the key into the lock or as securing the house. According to the construal level theory, the former (latter) is more likely to happen among people with a low (high) level of construal, who have an intrinsic inclination to focus on peripheral details (central features) of the phenomena or action. Given that object's peripheral details are more concrete and less abstract than its central features, people with a low (high) level of construal have better developed concrete-mindset (abstract-mindset). Previous research has been consistently assuming that people with a low (high) level of construal are better at cognitively processing the concrete (abstract) phenomenon or action. However, this assumption has not yet been empirically tested with EEG methodology. In this paper, we test this assumption through within-subject experimental design (n = 44) conducting EEG methodology. Results of the P-300 component of the event-related brain potential, which is an indicator of mental workload, demonstrated that people with a low (high) level of construal experienced a greater mental workload when they were processing abstract (concrete) phenomena., Author(s): Behcet Yalin Ozkara [sup.1] , Volkan Dogan [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.164274.2, 0000 0004 0596 2460, Department of Marketing, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, , 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey Introduction > It [...]