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We created a set of resources to enable research based on openly-available diffusion MRI (dMRI) data from the Healthy Brain Network (HBN) study. First, we curated the HBN dMRI data (N = 2747) into the Brain Imaging Data Structure and preprocessed it according to best-practices, including denoising and correcting for motion effects, susceptibility-related distortions, and eddy currents. Preprocessed, analysis-ready data was made openly available. Data quality plays a key role in the analysis of dMRI. To optimize QC and scale it to this large dataset, we trained a neural network through the combination of a small data subset scored by experts and a larger set scored by community scientists. The network performs QC highly concordant with that of experts on a held out set (ROC-AUC = 0.947). A further analysis of the neural network demonstrates that it relies on image features with relevance to QC. Altogether, this work both delivers resources to advance transdiagnostic research in brain connectivity and pediatric mental health, and establishes a novel paradigm for automated QC of large datasets., Scientific Data, 9 (1), ISSN:2052-4463

The objective of the experiment was to quantify the effect of stocking rate (SR) and breed on milk production, dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production efficiency across two consecutive grazing seasons (2014 - 2015) in an intensive spring calving system. Dry matter intake records were available for 68 Holstein-Friesian (HF) and 71 Jersey × Holstein-Friesian (J×HF) cows in each year of the experiment. Cows within each breed were randomly allocated to one of three SR treatments defined in terms of bodyweight (BW) per hectare (kg BW ha-1): low (LSR; 1,200 kg BW ha-1), medium (MSR; 1,400 kg BW ha-1), and high (HSR; 1,600 kg BW ha-1). Individual cow DMI was estimated three times per year: spring (March), summer ( June) and autumn (September). The effect of SR, breed, season and their interactions were analysed using mixed models. Milk production, BW and milk production efficiency per cow decreased significantly as SR increased due to reduced herbage availability per cow and increased grazing severity. As a percentage of BW, J × HF cows had greater DMI, milk solids production and milkproduction efficiency.

peer-reviewed The objective of the experiment was to quantify the effect of stocking rate (SR) and animal genotype on milk production, dry matter intake (DMI), energy balance, and production efficiency across 2 consecutive grazing seasons (2014 and 2015). A total of 753 records from 177 dairy cows were available for analysis: 68 Holstein-Friesian and 71 Jersey × Holstein-Friesian (JxHF) cows each year of the experiment under a pasture-based seasonal production system. Animals within each breed group were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 whole-farm SR treatments defined in terms of body weight per hectare (kg of body weight/ha): low (1,200 kg of body weight/ha), medium (1,400 kg of body weight/ha), and high (1,600 kg of body weight/ha), and animals remained in the same SR treatments for the duration of the experiment. Individual animal DMI was estimated 3 times per year at grass using the n-alkane technique: March (spring), June (summer), and September (autumn), corresponding to 45, 111, and 209 d in milk, respectively. The effects of SR, animal genotype, season, and their interactions were analyzed using mixed models. Milk production, body weight, and production efficiency per cow decreased significantly as SR increased due to reduced herbage availability per cow and increased grazing severity. As a percentage of body weight, JxHF cows had higher feed conversion efficiency, higher DMI and milk solids (i.e., kg of fat + kg of protein) production, and also required less energy intake to produce 1 kg of milk solids. The increased production efficiency of JxHF cows at a similar body weight per hectare in the current analysis suggests that factors other than individual cow body weight contribute to the improved efficiency within intensive grazing systems. The results highlight the superior productive efficiency of high genetic potential crossbred dairy cows within intensive pasture-based milk production systems at higher SR where feed availability is restricted.

We present an ART-based neural network model (adapted from [2]) of the development of discrimination-shift learning that models the trial-by-trial learning process in great detail. In agreement with the results of human participants (4-20 years of age) in [1] the model revealed two distinct learning modes in the learning process: (1) a discontinuous rational learning process by means of hypothesis testing; and (2) a slow, yet discontinuous learning process. Categorical differences in behavior are the result of uniformly distributed dimensional preferences. In addition, it models the developmental differences between reversal and nonreversal-shift learning. The network implements attentionguided learning by selective sensory processing based on dimensional preferences mediated through reinforcement. The developmental differences consist of separate adjustment of the evaluation of negative reinforcement, which is proposed in the empirical neuroscience literature [3].

Earthquakes represent a major hazard for populations around the world, causing frequent loss of life, human suffering, and enormous damage to homes, other buildings, and infrastructure. The Technology Resources for Earthquake Monitoring and Response (TREMOR) proposal is designed to address this problem. This proposal recommends two prototype systems integrating space-based and ground technology. The suggested pilot implementation is over a 10-year period in three focus countries – China, Japan, and Peru – that are among the areas in the world most afflicted by earthquakes. The first proposed system is an Earthquake Early Warning Prototype System that addresses the potential of earthquake precursors, the science of which is incomplete and considered controversial within the scientific community. We recommend the development and launch of two small satellites to study ionospheric and electromagnetic precursors. In combination with ground-based precursor research, the data gathered will improve existing knowledge of earthquake-related phenomena. The second proposed system is an Earthquake Simulation and Response Prototype. An earthquake simulator will combine any available precursor data with detailed knowledge of the affected areas using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify those areas that are most likely to experience the greatest level of damage. Mobile satellite communication hubs will provide telephone and data links between response teams, while satellite navigation systems will locate and track emergency vehicles. We recommend a virtual response satellite constellation composed of existing and future high resolution satellites. We also recommend education and training for response teams on the use of these technologies. The two prototypes will be developed and implemented by a proposed non-profit nongovernmental organization (NGO) called the TREMOR Foundation, which will obtain funding from government disaster management agencies and NGOs. A for-profit subsidiary will market any spin-off technologies and provide an additional source of funding. Assuming positive results from the prototype systems, Team TREMOR recommends their eventual and permanent implementation in all countries affected by earthquakes.

In recent years enhanced surveillance of tuberculosis has been undertaken for England and Wales to monitor national epidemiological trends. The Chief Medical Officer's strategy for communicable diseases has identified the development of a national strategy for the control of tuberculosis as a priority. Regional and sub-regional variations in the occurrence of tuberculosis require further exploration to inform local implementation of the national strategy. Secular epidemiological trends in tuberculosis for the period 1918-2001 are described for a deprived urban area in the north west of England, and implications for local enhanced surveillance and control measures are discussed. A substantial decline in mortality and morbidity from tuberculosis is shown due to interruption of transmission following improvements to the housing stock and the introduction of chemotherapy and BCG vaccination. The proportion of incident cases of tuberculosis in non-white groups has markedly increased over the period observed. The local tuberculosis control programme now specifically targets recent non-white immigrants. Other urban areas may need to adopt similar measures to improve local control of tuberculosis.

This paper is a rhetorical examination of three works on the subject of chaos. The first two works discussed are the popular scientific texts "Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue with Nature", by Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers, and "Chaos: Making a New Science", by James Gleick. These two works, which cover the emergence of a new science of nonlinear dynamics, are analysed using Lawrence Prelli's topological criteria for scientific reasonableness, as outlined in his book A Rhetoric of Science. The third work discussed is N. Katherine Hayles' book "Chaos Bound", which is an interdisciplinary study of chaos as a cultural entity that was transformed by and has transformed our systems of knowledge in postmodern society. This paper is a discussion of the distinctions that Hayles' has drawn between Prigogine and Stengers' text and Gleick's. Hayles maintains that Prigogine and Stengers' text and Gleick's represent two branches of chaos science. This paper challenges that assumption, and offers an alternative explanation for the differences between Gleick's book and Prigogine and Stengers' book based on a rhetorical analysis of those two texts. This paper then goes on to suggest a reason for Hayles' portrayal of a split in chaos science based on her reading of Prigogine and Stengers and Gleick. It is suggested that Hayles' cultural model (taken from both science and literature) for the transmission of knowledge leads her to posit a split in science that might positively reflect on her own interdisciplinary study. After an analysis of Hayles' cultural model (illustrating the dynamics of culture through the terms ecology, economy, and equivocation), a suggestion is made for an extension of her model that could resolve the paradox which has led her to portray two branches of chaos science.