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Coffee, an important global commodity, is threatened by climate change. Agroforestry has been considered as one option to maintain or enhance coffee production. In this study, we use a machine learning ensemble consisting of MaxEnt, Random Forest and Boosted Regression Trees to assess climate change impacts on the suitability to grow Arabica coffee, Robusta coffee and bananas in Uganda by 2050. Based on this, the buffering potential of Cordia africana and Ficus natalensis, the two commonly used shading trees in agroforestry systems is assessed. Our robust models (AUC of 0.7–0.9) indicate temperature-related variables as relevant for Arabica coffee suitability, while precipitation-related variables determine Robusta coffee and banana suitability. Under current climatic conditions, only a quarter of the total land area is suitable for growing Arabica coffee, while over three-quarters are suitable for Robusta coffee and bananas. Our results suggest that climate change will reduce the area suitable to grow Arabica coffee, Robusta coffee and bananas by 20%, 9% and 3.5%, respectively, under SSP3-RCP7.0 by 2050. A shift in areas suitable for Arabica coffee to highlands might occur, leading to potential encroachment on protected areas. In our model, implementing agroforestry with up to 50% shading could partially offset suitable area losses for Robusta coffee—but not for Arabica coffee. The potential to produce valuable Arabica coffee thus decreases under climate change and cannot be averted by agroforestry. We conclude that the implementation and design of agroforestry must be based on species, elevation, and regional climate projections to avoid maladaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee fruits are highly competitive compared to other functional sink organs. This can affect the vegetative growth of the shoot, dry mass partitioning, and the size and amount of healthy beans. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate changes in vegetative growth, physical and sensory attributes of the coffee bean, and total crop yield in response to varying fruit load at the tree level established under full-sun cultivation. The experiment was carried out for two consecutive years under field conditions with coffee trees of the cultivar "Cenicafé 1." Nine different fruit load intensities at the whole-plant level of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100% were evaluated. The vegetative growth of leaves and branches, leaf area-to-fruit ratio, and dry mass accumulation were evaluated, and growth indices were calculated. Total coffee fruit production, size and distribution of healthy beans, and sensory analysis were determined. As expected, for coffee trees with a 100% fruit load, we found significant decreases in the total number of leaves, leaf area-to-fruit ratio, and branch growth; less dry mass allocated to leaves and branches with a negative correlation between this and the fruit dry mass accumulation; and lower distribution of large and healthy beans. Unexpectedly, annual and accumulated patterns of total production and sensory quality of coffee beverage were not affected by the high fruit load. The findings suggest that increased fruit load in coffee trees of the "Cenicafé 1" variety led to changes in vegetative growth, dry mass partitioning, and physical quality of the beans. However, there was no impact on production patterns and sensory attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fermentation using starter cultures has been considered an alternative and economically viable technology for the production of specialty coffees. This type of technology promotes several benefits, such as increased sensory quality, control over the fermentation process, predictability of the final product and added value. Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) samples for this study were collected in Presidente Olegário - MG (2018/19 crop year) in the Cerrado region of Minas Gerais. The effects of natural fermentation and inoculation of the yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii and duration of fermentation (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours) on the sensory and chemical quality (analysis of bioactive, volatile, and organic compounds and fatty acids) of coffee were evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fermentation time and starter culture inoculation on the chemical composition of fermented coffees. Fermentation time significantly influenced the sensory description of the coffee beverage, with notes of honey, brown sugar and almond predominating up to 48 hours, for coffees fermented for 72 and 96 hours the notes described were and fruity, winey notes. The chemical composition was primarily influenced by fermentation time.

Sustainable cropping systems can enhance the development of young coffee plants under drought conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of coffee plants grown under different cover crops, soil conditioners, and fertilizers to reduce the effects of water scarcity. The treatments were the association of soil cover management (Urochloa decumbens, polyethylene film, and bare soil), fertilizers (conventional and controlled release), and soil conditioners (coffee husk, agricultural gypsum, water-retaining polymer, organic compost, and control). The assessments carried out were the growth, physiology, and anatomy of coffee plants and soil moisture and resistance to penetration. A multivariate analysis of the results was performed. The coffee plants grown with soil cover (Urochloa decumbens) and organic conditioners (coffee husk and organic compost) had better agronomic performance and higher soil moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee fruits are highly competitive compared to other functional sink organs. This can affect the vegetative growth of the shoot, dry mass partitioning, and the size and amount of healthy beans. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate changes in vegetative growth, physical and sensory attributes of the coffee bean, and total crop yield in response to varying fruit load at the tree level established under full-sun cultivation. The experiment was carried out for two consecutive years under field conditions with coffee trees of the cultivar “Cenicafé 1.” Nine different fruit load intensities at the whole-plant level of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100% were evaluated. The vegetative growth of leaves and branches, leaf area-to-fruit ratio, and dry mass accumulation were evaluated, and growth indices were calculated. Total coffee fruit production, size and distribution of healthy beans, and sensory analysis were determined. As expected, for coffee trees with a 100% fruit load, we found significant decreases in the total number of leaves, leaf area-to-fruit ratio, and branch growth; less dry mass allocated to leaves and branches with a negative correlation between this and the fruit dry mass accumulation; and lower distribution of large and healthy beans. Unexpectedly, annual and accumulated patterns of total production and sensory quality of coffee beverage were not affected by the high fruit load. The findings suggest that increased fruit load in coffee trees of the “Cenicafé 1” variety led to changes in vegetative growth, dry mass partitioning, and physical quality of the beans. However, there was no impact on production patterns and sensory attributes.

O cultivo do cafeeiro tem grande importância no cenário nacional e internacional, sendo o Brasil o maior produtor e exportador mundial dessa commodity. Um dos fatores primordiais para o alcance de altas produtividades é o fornecimento adequado de nutrientes, principalmente após uma poda drástica. Objetivou-se estabelecer recomendação de adubação para o cafeeiro fertirrigado, após poda do tipo recepa, por meio de variáveis reprodutivas, além de avaliar as alterações na anatomia e fisiologia das plantas adubadas em diferentes níveis de N, P e K. O experimento foi realizado em Lavras - MG, no Setor de Cafeicultura do Departamento de Agricultura da Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA). A lavoura foi implantada em março de 2010 e conduzida com diferentes níveis de adubação (fertirrigação). As mudas utilizadas foram da cultivar Topázio MG-1190. O experimento contou com 5 níveis de adubação (10%, 70%, 100%, 130% e 160%) da adubação padrão recomendada para cafeicultura de sequeiro. Em 2015, as plantas foram submetidas à poda do tipo “recepa baixa, sem pulmão”, e avaliadas quanto à morfologia, fisiologia e anatomia (2019/2020). O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com três repetições, sendo um fatorial 5x2 (cinco níveis de adubação e duas colheitas). De acordo com os resultados obtidos é permitdo conclir que maiores produtividades após recepa, são alcançadas com pelo menos 100% da adubação padrão de produção, com produtividade de até 93,05 sacas/ha, são necessários pelo menos 54,0 g/planta de N (450 kg/ha de N); 4,0 g/planta de P2O5 (33,3 kg/ha de P2O5); e 20,0 g/Planta de K2O (166,7 kg/ha de K2O) e plantas com a nutrição equilibrada, ou seja, com a dose recomendada apresentam maior relação entre o diâmetro polar e equatorial dos estômatos, fato esse que pode otimizar as trocas gasosas das folhas do cafeeiro.

Malaria is an endemic disease that is still a problem globally, especially in countries with tropical and subtropical climates. People generally use mosquito repellents from synthetic materials, but they still cause effects and toxicity. Using active compounds from plants is an alternative to developing mosquito repellents. The 30 active compounds from the GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of Arabica coffee skin fruit and we selected the highest percentage compound, namely n-Hexadecanoic acid, Caffeine, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose and desulphosinigrin. The highest compounds were carried out by molecular docking with Odorant binding protein 1 (OBP1) as the protein target and N, N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) as the native ligand. Desulphosinigrin has the highest binding affinity, which is -6.2 Kcal/mol, close to the native ligand DEET. It can be concluded that the active compound desulphosinigrin has the potential as a repellent. This study concludes that active compounds from the methanol extract of Arabica coffee skin have the potential as a repellent.

Abstract Storage is important in the coffee post-harvest. Determining the maximum period that coffee can remain storaged is important aiming to reduce losses in quality and, consequently, allow the producer to achieve maximum profitability. The aim was to determine the suitable storage period for natural and fully washed coffees, under different conditions. Beans were dried to 11% moisture content after dry processing (natural coffee, dry cherry coffee) and wet processing (parchment coffee, fully washed). Before storage, part of the coffee was hulled and part was not. The coffee was stored under refrigerated air (10ºC and 50% relative humidity) or in an environment at 25ºC. In the periods of 0, 3, 6, and 12 months, samples were taken for sensory, electrical conductivity and tetrazolium evaluation. Refrigerated environment favors conservation of sensory and physiological quality of the natural hulled coffee beans and fully washed coffee. Hulled beans of natural and fully washed coffee stored under refrigerated conditions have the initial quality conserved for up to 12 months and in non-controlled environmental, for up to 3 months. Mechanical damage caused by hulling, associated with the lack of tissue fruit parts, contributes to reduction hulled coffee quality in storage, regardless of the processing.

Abstract The classification and prediction methods through artificial intelligence algorithms are applied in different sectors to assist and promote intelligent decision-making. In this sense, due to the great importance in the cultivation, consumption and export of coffee in Brazil and the technological application of the Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) this study aimed to compare and select models based on different data classification techniques by different classification algorithms for the prediction of different coffee cultivars (Coffea arabica L.) recently planted. The attributes evaluated were height, crown diameter, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B, Foliar Area Index (LAI) and vegetation indexes NDVI, NDRE, MCARI1, GVI, and CI in six months. The data were prepared programming language Python using algorithms of Decision Trees, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine and Neural Networks. It was evaluated through cross-validation in all methods, the distribution by FreeViz, the hit rate, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, and area under the ROC curve and percentage and predictive performance difference. All algorithms showed good hits and predictions for coffee cultivars (0.768% Decision Tree, 0.836% Random Forest, 0.886 Support Vector Machine and 0.899 Neural Networks) and the Neural Networks algorithm produced more accurate predictions than other tested algorithm models, with a higher percentage of hits for the classes considered.

ABSTRACT The coffee sector is estimated to have a retail market value in excess of USD 83 billion, and over 125 million jobs have been created in the global coffee chain. The coffee specialty market has recently increased significantly, generating opportunities to certify coffee beans produced by sustainable practices. This avoids practices potentially harmful to the environment. Agroforestry, organic farming, intercropping, and soil conservation strategies are examples of sustainable alternatives in the production of coffee. In this review, we focus on practices for the sustainable management of coffee plantations that can help farmers fight problems caused by global warming. More specifically, we address soil organic matter and microbiota, the use of Urochloa grass as intercrop in coffee plantations, shading systems (including agroforestry), and organic coffee production. We concluded that from the agronomic viewpoint, we already have production techniques that can replace traditional ones with significant advantages accruing to the quality of coffee orchard ecosystems. Nevertheless, we need scientific research efforts to deal with the existing gaps and the engagement of the whole coffee chain as a means of guaranteeing an adequate profit to those smallholders who adopt and maintain sustainable practice and are capable of bringing several positive changes to the coffee crop, including the use of microbia-based commercial products and new organic sources of nutrients to complement chemical fertilizers and improve coffee quality.

ABSTRACT: The cryopreservation of plant germplasm at ultralow temperatures is an alternative technique for the long-term storage of seeds of the genus Coffea sp. However, for this technique to be successful, cell integrity must be maintained at all stages of the process on the basis of scientific research. The present study investigated validated cryopreservation protocols for Coffea arabica L. seeds and evaluate the effects on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the seeds at each stage of the process. Seeds were dried on silica gel or with saturated saline solution, precooled or not in a biofreezer, immersed in nitrogen, and reheated in a water bath. After each of these steps, the physiological and biochemical quality of the seeds was determined. Pre-cooling is a step that can be dispensed with in the cryopreservation of Coffea arabica seeds, direct immersion in liquid nitrogen being more indicated. Coffea arabica L. seeds tolerate cryopreservation after rapid drying in silica gel up to water contents of 17 or 20% (wb), with greater survival at 17%. The enzyme activities of catalase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase are indicators of the quality of C. arabica L. seeds subjected to cryopreservation.

Abstract Nitrogen uptake is essential for coffee growth and development, resulting in important effects on the biomass and final crop yield. Thus, like most nutrients, nitrogen is absorbed by the roots using water as a mean of transport, so that water stress and nitrogen can directly and indirectly affect various physiological processes. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the nitrogen metabolism in young plants of four varieties of coffee trees (Coffea arabica L.) submitted to water deficit (WD) and nitrogen supply. We have done a triple factorial (2 x 4 x 4) experiment entirely randomized. The plots received combinations of high or low N doses (7mmol/L and 2.8 mmol/L NO3 -), four water potentials (0; -0.4; -0.8; and -1.6 Mpa), and four varieties (Mundo Novo IAC379-19, Acauã F6 ofIBC - PR 82010, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44, and Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62). One hundred and forty days after the I of the experiment (140 days after the beginning of N stress and 82 days after the beginning of WD stress) the activity of the enzymes nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS), concentration of nitrate, free proline, amino acids (TAA), and total proteins were determined in samples of leaf and root tissues. There were differences between varieties independently of WD and N dose for leaf NR, being ‘Acauã’ the cultivar that presented the highest and ‘Catuaí Vermelho’ the lowest value to this trait. The WD promoted an increase on the proline concentration in the roots. With low N dose, the activity of GS presented linear increases in response to WD. It was concluded that in young coffee plants under WD, proline can be involved in the osmotic adjustment, having its synthesis in the roots increased. Under WD, plants with good nitrogen nutrition presented larger leaf concentration of soluble amino acids and total soluble proteins. The varieties studied do not present differentiated responses to WD.

Climate change impacts are stressing many economic sectors worldwide, including agriculture, increasingly hindering efforts to meet human needs. Dioxide carbon is one of the main greenhouse gases and it affects directly the crop production. The objective of this study was to evaluate if established remote sensing indices could detect the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on the leaves of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantation growing under field conditions. Plots of coffee plants were exposed to ambient air (~390 µmol CO2 mol-1) and elevated CO2 (~550 µmol CO2 mol-1) at the free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment. The statistical design was the completely randomized blocks with six replicates per treatment (ambient CO2 and elevated CO2), with 10m-diameter plots. Coffee leaves were spectrally characterized by reflectance spectra on their adaxial surfaces and seven vegetation indices were calculated from reflectance data: chlorophyll normalized difference index (Chl NDI), normalized difference nitrogen index (NDNI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), photochemical reflectance index (PRI), pigment specific simple ration indices for chlorophyll a (PSSRa) and chlorophyll b (PSSRb), and structural independent pigment index (SIPI). NDNI was a sensitive indicator of the atmospheric CO2 effects on coffee leaves. NDVI, PSSRa and PSSRb were sensitive to estimate the effect of elevated CO2 only under drought conditions. These indices identify the effect of CO2 when a long period with high precipitation deficit stressing the leaves occurred. Chl NDI, PRI and SIPI were not sensitive to atmospheric CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to analyze the correlation of altitude, soil chemical properties and shades on Arabica coffee yields in Humbang Hasundutan Regency Sumatera Utara Province. This research was conducted using survey method with purposive sampling approach. Sampling were conducted on altitude varied between 1200 – 1500 m asl. Soil samples in top soil and sub soil were taken in order to analyze pH, C, N, P2O5, K, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Coffee plant growth variables observed including productive branches, number of bunches, number of fruit per bunches, diameter of canopy and total yield. Whereas the quality variable measured were physical quality and taste. Data on soil chemical properties, elevation, yield and coffee quality were analyzed using the correlation method. The results showed that under shaded condition, N, CEC, pH, K and P were positively correlated with height increase, while C-organic, productive branches, number of fruits per bunch and coffee production were negatively correlated. Whereas in the condition without shade, N, C, pH, K, productive branches, the number of fruit per bunch is negatively correlated with height increase, while CEC, P, number of bunches, diameter of canopy and coffee yield are positively correlated. Statistical data shows that under shaded condition, the strongest correlation showed by pH and P av (0.999), Whereas in an unshaded condition, yield and CEC showed the strongest correlation (0.994). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coffea arabica L. leaves are considered a by‐product of the coffee industry however they are sources of several bioactive compounds. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and the in vitro antibacterial activity of the lyophilised ethanol extract of arabica coffee leaves (EE‐CaL). Material And Methods: The chemical characterisation of EE‐CaL was performed using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐ToF‐MS/MS). The in vitro antibacterial effect of EE‐CaL was evaluated using the broth microdilution method and the adapted drop plate agar method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), respectively. Results: The chemical analysis of EE‐CaL revealed the presence of compounds from the alkaloid class, such as trigonelline and caffeine, in addition to the phenolic compounds such as quinic acid, 5‐caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid‐O‐hexoside, mangiferin, (epi)catechin, (epi)catechin monoglucoside and procyanidin trimer. Regarding the antibacterial potential, EE‐CaL was active against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, being more effective against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) (MIC = 2500 μg/mL and bactericidal effect). Conclusion: The results of this research suggest that coffee leaves, a by‐product, possess compounds with antibacterial properties. Thus, further studies with coffee leaf extracts must be carried out to relate the compounds present in the extract with the antibacterial activity and find the mechanisms of action of this extract against bacteria. Coffea arabica L. leaves are considered a by‐product of the coffee industry however they are sources of several bioactive compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and the in vitro antibacterial activity of the lyophilised ethanol extract of arabica coffee leaves (EE‐CaL). The results of this research suggest that coffee leaves, a by‐product, contains compounds with antibacterial properties. Furthermore, this is the first time that caffeic acid‐O‐hexoside, (epi)catechin monoglucoside and procyanidin trimer have been detected in coffee leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In coffee plants, the water status were significantly affected by prolonged conditions of soil water deficit. • The early decreases g s indicate that coffee plants have a higher degree of stomatal sensitivity to a limited supply of water in the soil. • The reductions in photosynthetic processes are related to stomatal limitations. • The F v /F m and ETR showed no sensitivity under the water stress in coffee plants. In the coffee-growing areas of Colombia, the vulnerability of soils to conditions of water deficit has been determined and this limitation has been projected to increase its intensity and severity during extreme climatic scenarios, which constitute one of the factors limiting coffee production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prolonged water deficit conditions on the physiological performance of coffee plants cv. Castillo ®. The evaluations were carried out in 13-month-old "Castillo®" variety plants established in a greenhouse which were subjected to two conditions: well-watered at field capacity and water deficit in the soil-applied through withholding the water supply for 40 days, using a completely randomized experimental design. Leaf water potential (Ψ pd and Ψ md), gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F v /F m and ETR) were measured. In the plants with water deficit, Ψ pd and Ψ md were decreased significantly. Five days after restricting the water supply, the g s was significantly reduced to 95% at the end of the experiment compared to plants without stress. The F v /F m and ETR parameters showed no sensitivity under the water deficit conditions. Plants under water deficit decreased A max by 81% , I sat by 61%, and R d by 50%, as compared to plants without stress. The transpiration and water-use efficiency decreased, while C i had a greater concentration in plants under water deficit. These results indicate the physiological performance coffee cv. Castillo ® plants were significantly affect by prolonged conditions of soil water deficit and that the reductions in photosynthetic processes were related to stomatal limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The defects that drying in concrete yards impose on coffee beans and the search for gourmet coffee production have prompted the emergence of new drying technologies. This work verified the technical and economic feasibility of drying coffee with dehumidified air with a refrigerating capacity of 422,908.7 J s-1, compatible with static capacity dryers equal to 75 m3. Considering the sale price of coffee, the cost of electric energy acquisition, the monthly interest rate and maintenance time, expenses that are equivalent to the depreciation of the concrete yard, a central compound rotational design was considered with 28 tests for the feasibility analysis, including the internal rate of return, net present value and the return on investment. The results showed that in the electric drying units, the dried coffee presents fewer broken and defective beans and has higher retention in a No. 17 sieve. With a higher beverage quality and a price 12.11% higher, drying with dehydrated air showed a PBD of 2.27 years and a return of US$ 2.49 million. The optimisation results were 98.98% desirable. It was concluded that it is economically feasible to dry coffee with dehydrated air and without using a concrete yard.

Brown eye spot (Cercospora coffeicola) is one of the main diseases of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and represents a serious phytosanitary problem for the crop. Among the disease management strategies, the use of balanced mineral nutrition is recommended. In this context, the supply of micronutrients and elements in a nanoparticle (NP) form has been studied due to the unique properties of NPs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different NPs on the C. coffeicola x coffee pathosystem. The effect of five NPs (copper-Cu, manganese-Mn, zinc-Zn, silver-Ag, and boron-B) and the fungicide azoxystrobin + cyproconazole at five doses (3, 50, 100, 250, 500 mg L−1), on the sporulation and mycelial growth rate (MGR) of C. coffeicola were quantified. The most effective in vitro dose (500 mg L−1) was applied to coffee seedlings Mundo Novo 376/4 cultivar inoculated with C. coffeicola. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), compound phenolic, lignin soluble and chlorophyll content were evaluated. The AgNP, CuNP, MnNP, ZnNP and fungicide reduced the germination of C. coffeicola spores. The addition of fungicide, BNP, CuNP, ZnNP and MnNP to the culture medium at the dose of 500 mg L−1 reduced the mycelial growth by approximately 100%, compared to the control. Lower AUDPC's were recorded for coffee seedlings sprayed with fungicide and AgNP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different soil coverings, fertilizers and soil conditioners on Brown eye spot (BES) management. The factors studied were arranged in a 3x2x5 factorial scheme, totaling 30 treatments, and allocated into a split-split plot arrangement. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates. The plots were composed of soil coverings, including polyethylene film, Urochloa decumbens, and an area with no cover. The subplots were treated with conventional and controlled-release fertilizers. The subdivided subplots were composed of soil conditioners, including organic compound, coffee husk, agricultural gypsum, hydroretentor polymer and check. The leaf and fruit BES incidence, foliage, soil moisture, plant growth, leaf area index, and productivity were evaluated. The data obtained were subjected to variance analysis and the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05). U. decumbens and soil conditioners, including organic compound and coffee husk, promoted a higher soil moisture, therefore reducing the leaf and fruit BES and consequential defoliation. Despite the high soil moisture content present under the polyethylene film and subsequent promotion of vegetative growth, this soil covering provided a higher incidence and severity of BES in the fruits and leaves and defoliation. Controlled-release fertilizers, even though they did not promote a significant reduction in the incidence of BES, enabled improvements in the vegetative growth and foliage production. Agricultural gypsum, even though it promoted an improved productivity, caused nutritional imbalances and possible nutrient leaching, thus contributing to an increase in the occurrence BES, which caused a reduction of 72 to 81% in the leaf area index of coffee crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aerobic, non-motile, Gram-stain positive actinomycete, designated strain CA3R110T, was isolated from the surface-sterilised root of Coffea arabica L. collected from Lampang Province, Thailand. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain CA3R110T was a member of the genus Streptomyces and showed the closest similarities to Streptomyces buecherae AC541T (99.2%), followed by Streptomyces rapamycinicus NRRL B-5491T (99.1%), Streptomyces luteoverticillatus NBRC 3840T (99.1%), Streptomyces coerulescens NBRC 12758T (99.1%), and Streptomyces iranensis HM 35T (99.0%). Strain CA3R110T contained LL-diaminopimelic acid in cell peptidoglycan, MK-9(H6), and MK-9(H8) as major menaquinone, iso-C16:0,iso-C15:0, C16:0 as major fatty acids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositolmannoside were detected in the cell. The chemotaxonomic characteristics possessed the typical properties of the genus Streptomyces. A low digital DNA–DNA hybridization (< 55.7%) and average nucleotide identity-blast (ANIb) (< 92.2%) values revealed that strain CA3R110T could be distinguished from any known Streptomyces species. With the differences in phenotypic and genotypic data, strain CA3R110T represents a novel species of genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces endocoffeicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CA3R110T (= TBRC 11245T = NBRC 114296T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filter cakes are solid organic byproducts of the sugarcane industry that are generally used as fertilizers for crops such as coffee. Filter cake application has improved soil chemical, physical and microbiological attributes, especially for weathered soils. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of filter cake applications on the soil attributes cultivated with coffee in a Cerrado region. The study was conducted in a commercial coffee crop area (coffee cultivar Topázio MG 1190) in a Dystrophic Oxisol. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme of 4 x 4, with four doses of filter cake applied in the planting furrow (0, 4, 8, 12 L m-1) and four soil depths (0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, 0.3-0.4 m). Soil density, soil mechanical resistance to root penetration, moisture, porosity (micro, macro, and total) and aggregate stability were evaluated. In general, the application of sugarcane filter cake over a long period has little effect on the soil's physical attributes, regardless of the filter cake rate used in the coffee crop. Only the soil porosity is affected by 12 L m-1 of filter cake, increasing the micro and macroporosity of the soil and promoting adequate conditions for the growth of coffee root, which can generate large soil water retention, benefiting coffee crops in the long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is a mixture of substances with potential beneficial and adverse health effects. Several studies demonstrate the antioxidant effect of the phenolics compounds present in coffee. Neutrophils produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating NOX2, which plays a key role in organism defense against microbial pathogens. Diabetes mellitus patients are more susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections. The present study evaluated the influence of coffee beverage on NOX2 activity and ROS generation and the impact of this effect on phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans by neutrophils from diabetic and non-diabetic animals. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats using 2% alloxan. Diabetic and non-diabetic animals were divided into groups treated and untreated with coffee drink (7.2 mL/kg/day) or apocyanine (16 mg/kg/day) for 50 days. After 50 days, the animals' glycemic profile was measured by blood glucose and HbA1c tests. The generation of ROS in neutrophilic cells was measured by chemiluminescence and cytochrome C reduction assays. C. albicans phagocytosis and death were evaluated by optical microscopy using the May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining method. The coffee drink has not altered the glycemic profile and NOX2 activity of the animals. However, coffee reduced the ROS pool in non-diabetic and diabetic animals, but this activity did not harm the phagocytosis or killing of neutrophils. Treatment with apocyanin decreased ROS production and killing capacity of neutrophils from non-diabetic animals against C. albicans. We suggest that the coffee drink intake prevents oxidative damage and does not impair response of the organism against opportunistic microorganism.

O cafeeiro apresenta suscetibilidade a várias doenças, no entanto, as de maior importância e agressividade são a ferrugem, causada pelo fungo Hemileia vastatrix e a cercosporiose, cujo agente etiológico é o fungo Cercospora coffeicola. Objetivou-se avaliar a incidência de cercosporiose e ferrugem em cafeeiro fertirrigado com doses de nitrogênio e potássio na região de Monte Carmelo-MG. O trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Juliana, município de Monte Carmelo-MG. O plantio da lavoura foi realizado em novembro de 2011, utilizando-se mudas da cultivar Topázio MG 1190. Os tratamentos constaram de cinco níveis de N e K2O, correspondentes a 30, 80, 130, 180 e 230% do recomendado para lavouras não irrigadas aplicados via fertirrigação. O parcelamento da adubação foi realizado em doze vezes iguais no ano, referente a uma fertirrigação por mês. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Cada parcela foi composta por 10 plantas, consideradas úteis as oito centrais. No período de março de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016, foi mensurado mensalmente a incidência da cercosporiose nas folhas e frutos e a incidência de ferrugem nas oito plantas úteis de cada parcela experimental. O nível de adubação de 30% do recomendado para lavouras cafeeiras favoreceu maior incidência de cercosporiose nos frutos. Os diferentes níveis de adubação não influenciaram na ocorrência da ferrugem ao longo do período avaliado.

This research aims to evaluate the impact of nitrogen deprivation and water stress on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in young plants of five cultivars of Arabic coffee. A factorial experiment 5 (cultivars) × 3 (treatments: control without stress, water stress of −1.5 MPa and stress of N – 0.0 mmol L−1 N) was carried out in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. Before being submitted to the treatments, the plants were grown in a greenhouse for 240 days, and then transferred to a growth chamber under controlled conditions. Subsequently, after the experimental period of 96 h we measured photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), transpiratory rate (E), internal and external carbon ratio (Ci/Ca), water use efficiency (A/E), electron transport rate (ETR), actual quantum yield of PS II electron transport (φFSII), and maximum photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm). Water stress reduced A, gs, E, A/E, ETR, φFSII, and Fv/Fm. The nitrogen deficiency reduced ETR, φFSII, and Fv/Fm. Under short-term water stress Catuaí Vermelho maintain the A values due to better stomatal control, reduced water lost by transpiration (E) and better water use efficiency A/E, while Mundo Novo and Acauã show lower damage to Fv/Fm. Short-term nitrogen stress has low impact on A of young plants of Coffea arabica cultivars with adequate N-nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: As agricultural demands for land continues to expand, strategies are urgently needed to balance agricultural production with biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision in agricultural landscapes. Objectives: We used a factorial landscape design to assess the relative contributions of forest proximity and local forest cover to bee diversity and the provision of coffee pollination services. Methods: We quantified bee diversity and fruit set in 24 sun-grown coffee fields in Southeast Region of Brazil that were selected following a factorial sampling design to test the independent effects of local forest cover (in a radius of 400 m) and proximity to forest fragments. To assess the impact of landscape simplification, we also evaluated local coffee cover. Results: Bee richness and abundance were higher in the proximity of forest fragments, but only bee abundance decreased when the coffee cover dominated the surrounding landscapes. Coffee fruit set was 16% higher overall with bee visitations compared with bee exclusion and increased to 20% when coffee bushes were near forest fragments, and the coffee cover was low. Surprisingly, local forest cover did not affect the bee community or coffee fruit set. Conclusion: Our results provide clear evidence that the proximity of coffee crops to forest fragments can affect the abundance and richness of bees visiting the coffee flowers and thereby facilitate the provision of pollination services. The positive association between forest proximity and fruit set reinforces the importance of natural vegetation in enhancing bee diversity and, therefore, in the provision of pollination services. The negative effect of coffee cover on fruit set at the local scale suggests that the service demand can surpass the capacity of pollinators to provide it. These effects were independent of the local forest cover, although all studied landscapes had more than 20% remaining forest cover (within a 2 km radius), which is considered the extinction threshold for Atlantic Forest species. Interspersion of forest fragments and coffee plantations in regions with more than 20% of forest cover left could thus be a useful landscape management target for facilitating pollinator flows to coffee crops and thus for increasing coffee yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is a mixture of substances with potential beneficial and adverse health effects. Several studies demonstrate the antioxidant effect of the phenolics compounds present in coffee. Neutrophils produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2), which plays a key role in organism defense against microbial pathogens. Diabetes mellitus patients are more susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections. The present study evaluated the influence of coffee beverage on NOX2 activity and ROS generation and the impact of this effect on phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans by neutrophils from diabetic and non-diabetic animals. Diabetes mellitus was induced in male Wistar rats using 2% alloxan. Diabetic and non-diabetic animals were divided into groups treated and untreated with coffee drink (7.2 mL/kg/day) or apocyanine (16 mg/kg/day) for 50 days. After 50 days, the animals' glycemic profile was measured by blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) tests. The generation of ROS in neutrophilic cells was measured by chemiluminescence and cytochrome C reduction assays. C. albicans phagocytosis and death were evaluated by optical microscopy using the May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining method. The coffee drink has not altered the glycemic profile and NOX2 activity of the animals. However, coffee reduced the ROS pool in non-diabetic and diabetic animals, but this activity did not harm the phagocytosis or killing of neutrophils. Treatment with apocyanin decreased ROS production and killing capacity of neutrophils from non-diabetic animals against C. albicans. We suggest that the coffee drink intake prevents oxidative damage and does not impair response of the organism against opportunistic microorganism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Enzymes play a fundamental role in degradation of molecules during seed germination, development, and deterioration. Endo-β-mannanase is one of the main enzymes responsible for hydrolysis of mannans in the endosperm during germination of coffee seeds through its action in hydrolytic degradation of cell walls and in weakening the structures of the endosperm that surround the embryo, allowing radicle emergence. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of the endo-β-mannanase enzyme in the structures of coffee seeds for the purpose of assessing the relationship between this activity and the physiological quality of the seeds under different processing and drying methods. Coffea arabica L. fruit in the cherry maturity stage was subjected to three different types of processing: natural (seeds maintained in the fruit itself), fully washed (fruit pulped mechanically and the seeds demucilaged by fermentation in water), and semi-washed or demucilaged (both fruit pulp and mucilage removed mechanically); and two methods of drying: slow drying (suspended screen) in the shade, and rapid drying in mechanical dryer at 35°C to a moisture content of 11±1%. After processing and drying, the physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated through the germination test, and endo-β-mannanase enzyme activity was quantified. Coffee seeds submitted to natural processing have lower physiological performance, as well as greater deterioration and greater activity of the endo-ß-mannanase enzyme. Removal of mucilage during fully washed and semi-washed processing of coffee seeds reduces the activity of the endo-ß-mannanase enzyme and lowers deterioration, especially after faster drying. The enzyme endo-ß-mannanase is efficient in studying of the effects of processing and drying on coffee seeds, and can be evaluated in whole seeds, endosperms or embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The exudate coloring test has been promising in order to quickly evaluate the quality of coffee seeds. The objective of the research was to adjust the coloring exudate test for coffee seeds and to evaluate the influence of the water content of seeds and of the imbibition period on the test results. Seeds from five lots of 'Catuaí 44' were used, with the following water contents: 30%, 20% and 12%. For the exudate coloring test, the parchment and silver skin (spermoderm) from the seeds were removed. Then, the seeds were distributed on a paper towel, moistened with water, and kept in a germinator at 25 °C for 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. Four classes of coloring intensity were established: absence of color (A), light (L), medium (M) and strong (S) intensities, assigning the values 0, 3, 5 and 10 for each class, respectively. The Viability Index (VI) was calculated by the equation VI=100-(0xA)-(3xL)-(5xM)-(10xS). The exudate coloring test may be recommended to estimate the viability of coffee seeds, providing results correlated to the germination test. The best results were obtained for the seeds with 12% moisture content imbibed for 72, 96 and 120 h and seeds with 30% moisture content after 72 and 120 h of imbibition.

ABSTRACT The coffee crop requires great spray ability to penetrate into the plant canopy during the application of pesticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spray deposition on leaves of coffee plants and the chemical control of the leaf miner provided by the application of different spray nozzles, with and without the use of an auxiliary boom. The deposition on the upper, middle and lower parts of the plants and the losses to the soil were evaluated using a tracer quantified by spectrophotometer. We also evaluated the chemical control of the leaf miner, counting the larvae, after the application of the insecticides cartap and fenpropathrin. The trial was carried out in a randomized block design, with four replications, in a factorial model (2×2+1): with and without the auxiliary boom, three spray nozzles (hollow cone – MAG 02, flat fan – AD 11002 and air induction hollow cone – TVI 8002) and a control. The use of the auxiliary boom increased the deposition in the lower part of the plants but decreased in the middle part, besides the increase in the runoff. The different nozzles do not provided differences in the deposition, showing the technical feasibility in the use of the hollow cone nozzles with coarse droplets and flat fan. All the chemical control decreased the leaf miner population, without differentiation.

The study aims to compare the efficiency of previously used liquid media for coffee, evaluating NAA concentrations in liquid medium and proline in semi-solid medium in the regeneration of somatic embryos and asses concentrations of BA and IAA in the maturation of embryos in temporary immersion bioreactors. For the regeneration of globular embryos from embryogenic aggregates and calli, we tested five concentrations (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg L-1) of NAA in liquid medium and five concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g L-1) of proline in semisolid medium. The multiplication of embryogenic aggregates was highest in culture medium MM, reaching a density 7.5 times greater than that of the initial density. NAA promoted a linear increase in embryo regeneration. The medium containing 2.0 mg L-1 BA and 0.0 mg L-1 IAA yielded the highest percentage of large cotyledonary embryos

The aim of this study was to define, using current agro-climatic zoning, and for the next 100 years, areas of different climatic suitability for the cultivation of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Monthly and yearly data of average air temperature and rainfall were used, taken from historical series for the period of 1976 to 2006. It was necessary to simulate the effects of temperature increments of +1 ºC, +2 ºC, +3 ºC, +4 ºC and +5 ºC, using the mean result of six models, namely: GFDL-R30 (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, R-30 resolution), CCSR/NIES (Center for Climate Research Studies), CSIROMk2 (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization GCM mark 2), CGCM2 (Canadian Global Coupled Model v 2), ECHAM4 (European Centre Hamburg Model v 4) and HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Coupled Model v 3). The results showed that currently, areas which are completely suitable represent 19.49% of the area of Espirito Santo which, with an increase of 5 °C, would decrease to 0.02%; whereas completely unsuitable areas would increase from 33.47% to 95.63%, making the cultivation of Arabica coffee unsuited to the state if the genetic and physiological characteristics, which have a tolerance limit for the average annual temperature of between 23 °C and 24 °C, are maintained. = Objetivou-se com este trabalho definir, por meio do zoneamento agroclimatológico atual e para os próximos 100 anos, áreas com diferentes aptidões climáticas para a cultura do café arábica (Coffea arabica L.), no estado do Espírito Santo. Para isso, foram utilizados dados de temperatura média do ar e precipitação pluviométrica, em escala mensal e anual, de séries históricas representativas do período de 1976 a 2006. Foi necessário simular o efeito do incremento de temperatura de +1 ºC, +2 ºC, +3 ºC, +4 ºC e +5 ºC, por meio da média obtida do resultado de seis modelos, a saber: GFDL-R30 (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, R-30 resolution model), CCSR/NIES (Center for Climate Research Studies Model), CSIROMk2 (Common wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization GCM mark 2), CGCM2 (Canadian Global Coupled Model version 2), ECHAM4 (European Centre Hamburg Model version 4) e HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3). Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que, atualmente, as áreas completamente aptas representam 19,49%, e com acréscimo de 5 °C diminuirá para 0,02%, enquanto as áreas completamente inaptas passarão de 33,47% para 95,63% do território do Espírito Santo, tornando o café arábica impróprio para o cultivo no estado, se mantidas as características genéticas e fisiológicas que tem como limite de tolerância de temperaturas médias anuais entre 23 °C e 24 °C. .

This study aimed to verify the viability of propagation material from coffee plants descended from germplasm susceptible to blister spot disease as well as its susceptibility to Colletotrichum sp. relative to commercial coffee cultivars. In the first experiment, fruits were harvested from plants with and without symptoms of blister spot and sowed in trays containing a commercial sterilized substrate. The percentages of germinated seeds, viable plantlets and seedlings were evaluated. In diseased tissues, pathogens were isolated and identified though a pathogenicity test. In the second experiment, ten commercial cultivars and one cultivar originating from plants with blister spot were inoculated with the pathogens to assess the severity of anthracnose. Significant differences were not observed with respect to seed germination. However, the viability of plantlets and seedlings was reduced in the cultivar originating from plants with blister spot (Genotype Originated from Diseased Plants-GODP). These plants showed characteristic symptoms of blister spot, including necrosis in the leaves and hypocotyls, wilting and death. In the necrotic lesions, we observed characteristic sporulation of Colletotrichum sp. The cultivar most susceptible to anthracnose in cotyledonary leaves was Catuaí Vermelho (GODP), which presented the highest area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). In conclusion, the viability of propagation material from coffee plants that had descended from plants with symptoms of blister spot (GODP) was reduced compared with plants from other genotypes, although seed germination was not affected. Moreover, GODP species are more susceptible to Anthracnose on the cotyledonary leaves relative to the other analyzed commercial cultivars. This work is the first to report on different symptoms exhibited by seedlings originating from the seeds of plants with symptoms of blister spot..

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