482 results on '"Coetzee Maureen"'
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2. Population genetic structure of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus s.s. and allied species in southern Africa
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Choi Kwang Shik, Koekemoer Lizette L, and Coetzee Maureen
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Anopheles funestus ,Clade ,ND5 ,COI ,Phylogeny ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Anopheles funestus s.s., one of the major malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa, belongs to a group of eleven African species that are morphologically similar at the adult stage, most of which do not transmit malaria. The population structure of An. funestus based on mitochondrial DNA data led to the description of two cryptic subdivisions, clade I widespread throughout Africa and clade II known only from Mozambique and Madagascar. In this study, we investigated five common members of the Anopheles funestus group in southern Africa in order to determine relationships within and between species. Methods A total of 155 specimens of An. funestus, An. parensis, An. vaneedeni, An. funestus-like and An. rivulorum from South Africa, Mozambique and Malawi were used for the study. The population genetic structure was assessed within and between populations using mitochondrial DNA. Results The phylogenetic trees revealed three main lineages: 1) An. rivulorum; 2) An. funestus-like clade I and An. parensis clade II; and 3) An. funestus clades I and II, An. funestus-like clade II, An. parensis clade I and An. vaneedeni clades I and II. Within An. funestus, 32 specimens from Mozambique consisted of 40.6% clade I and 59.4% clade II while all 21 individuals from Malawi were clade I. In the analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences, there were 37 polymorphic sites and 9 fixed different nucleotides for ND5 and 21 polymorphic sites and 6 fixed different nucleotides for COI between the two An. funestus clades. The results for COI supported the ND5 analysis. Conclusion This is the first report comparing An. funestus group species including An. funestus clades I and II and the new species An. funestus-like. Anopheles funestus clade I is separated from the rest of the members of the An. funestus subgroup and An. funestus-like is distinctly distributed from the other species in this study. However, there were two clades for An. funestus-like, An. parensis and An. vaneedeni. Further investigations are needed to determine what these results mean in terms of the specific status of the clades within each taxon and whether this has any epidemiological implications for malaria transmission.
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- 2012
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3. Storage and persistence of a candidate fungal biopesticide for use against adult malaria vectors
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Blanford Simon, Jenkins Nina E, Christian Riann, Chan Brian HK, Nardini Luisa, Osae Michael, Koekemoer Lizette, Coetzee Maureen, Read Andrew F, and Thomas Matthew B
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background New products aimed at augmenting or replacing chemical insecticides must have operational profiles that include both high efficacy in reducing vector numbers and/or blocking parasite transmission and be long lasting following application. Research aimed at developing fungal spores as a biopesticide for vector control have shown considerable potential yet have not been directly assessed for their viability after long-term storage or following application in the field. Methods Spores from a single production run of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana were dried and then stored under refrigeration at 7°C. After 585 days these spores were sub-sampled and placed at either 22°C, 26°C or 32°C still sealed in packaging (closed storage) or in open beakers and exposed to the 80% relative humidity of the incubator they were kept in. Samples were subsequently taken from these treatments over a further 165 days to assess viability. Spores from the same production run were also used to test their persistence following application to three different substrates, clay, cement and wood, using a hand held sprayer. The experiments were conducted at two different institutes with one using adult female Anopheles stephensi and the other adult female Anopheles gambiae. Mosquitoes were exposed to the treated substrates for one hour before being removed and their survival monitored for the next 14 days. Assays were performed at monthly intervals over a maximum seven months. Results Spore storage under refrigeration resulted in no loss of spore viability over more than two years. Spore viability of those samples kept under open and closed storage was highly dependent on the incubation temperature with higher temperatures decreasing viability more rapidly than cooler temperatures. Mosquito survival following exposure was dependent on substrate type. Spore persistence on the clay substrate was greatest achieving 80% population reduction for four months against An. stephensi and for at least five months against Anopheles gambiae. Cement and wood substrates had more variable mortality with the highest spore persistence being two to three months for the two substrates respectively. Conclusions Spore shelf-life under refrigeration surpassed the standard two year shelf-life expected of a mosquito control product. Removal to a variety of temperatures under either closed or open storage indicated that samples sent out from refrigeration should be deployed rapidly in control operations to avoid loss of viability. Spore persistence following application onto clay surfaces was comparable to a number of chemical insecticides in common use. Persistence on cement and wood was shorter but in one assay still comparable to some organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides. Optimized formulations could be expected to improve spore persistence still further.
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- 2012
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4. Thermal limits of wild and laboratory strains of two African malaria vector species, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus
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Lyons Candice L, Coetzee Maureen, Terblanche John S, and Chown Steven L
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Culicidae ,Laboratory adaptation ,Phenotypic plasticity ,Thermal biology ,Tolerance limits ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Malaria affects large parts of the developing world and is responsible for almost 800,000 deaths annually. As climates change, concerns have arisen as to how this vector-borne disease will be impacted by changing rainfall patterns and warming temperatures. Despite the importance and controversy surrounding the impact of climate change on the potential spread of this disease, little information exists on the tolerances of several of the vector species themselves. Methods Using a ramping protocol (to assess critical thermal limits - CT) and plunge protocol (to assess lethal temperature limits - LT) information on the thermal tolerance of two of Africa’s important malaria vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus was collected. The effects of age, thermal acclimation treatment, sex and strain (laboratory versus wild adults) were investigated for CT determinations for each species. The effects of age and sex for adults and life stage (larvae, pupae, adults) were investigated for LT determinations. Results In both species, females are more tolerant to low and high temperatures than males; larvae and pupae have higher upper lethal limits than do adults. Thermal acclimation of adults has large effects in some instances but small effects in others. Younger adults tend to be more tolerant of low or high temperatures than older age groups. Long-standing laboratory colonies are sufficiently similar in thermal tolerance to field-collected animals to provide reasonable surrogates when making inferences about wild population responses. Differences between these two vectors in their thermal tolerances, especially in larvae and pupae, are plausibly a consequence of different habitat utilization. Conclusions Limited plasticity is characteristic of the adults of these vector species relative to others examined to date, suggesting limited scope for within-generation change in thermal tolerance. These findings and the greater tolerance of females to thermal extremes may have significant implications for future malaria transmission, especially in areas of current seasonal transmission and in areas on the boundaries of current vector distribution.
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- 2012
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5. Detoxification enzymes associated with insecticide resistance in laboratory strains of Anopheles arabiensis of different geographic origin
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Nardini Luisa, Christian Riann N, Coetzer Nanette, Ranson Hilary, Coetzee Maureen, and Koekemoer Lizette L
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Anopheles arabiensis ,Insecticide resistance ,Microarrays ,Detoxification enzymes ,kdr ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background The use of insecticides to control malaria vectors is essential to reduce the prevalence of malaria and as a result, the development of insecticide resistance in vector populations is of major concern. Anopheles arabiensis is one of the main African malaria vectors and insecticide resistance in this species has been reported in a number of countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the detoxification enzymes that are involved in An. arabiensis resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Methods The detoxification enzyme profiles were compared between two DDT selected, insecticide resistant strains of An. arabiensis, one from South Africa and one from Sudan, using the An. gambiae detoxification chip, a boutique microarray based on the major classes of enzymes associated with metabolism and detoxification of insecticides. Synergist assays were performed in order to clarify the roles of over-transcribed detoxification genes in the observed resistance phenotypes. In addition, the presence of kdr mutations in the colonies under investigation was determined. Results The microarray data identifies several genes over-transcribed in the insecticide selected South African strain, while in the Sudanese population, only one gene, CYP9L1, was found to be over-transcribed. The outcome of the synergist experiments indicate that the over-transcription of detoxification enzymes is linked to deltamethrin resistance, while DDT and permethrin resistance are mainly associated with the presence of the L1014F kdr mutation. Conclusions These data emphasise the complexity associated with resistance phenotypes and suggest that specific insecticide resistance mechanisms cannot be extrapolated to different vector populations of the same species.
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- 2012
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6. A global map of dominant malaria vectors
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Sinka Marianne E, Bangs Michael J, Manguin Sylvie, Rubio-Palis Yasmin, Chareonviriyaphap Theeraphap, Coetzee Maureen, Mbogo Charles M, Hemingway Janet, Patil Anand P, Temperley William H, Gething Peter W, Kabaria Caroline W, Burkot Thomas R, Harbach Ralph E, and Hay Simon I
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Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Global maps, in particular those based on vector distributions, have long been used to help visualise the global extent of malaria. Few, however, have been created with the support of a comprehensive and extensive evidence-based approach. Methods Here we describe the generation of a global map of the dominant vector species (DVS) of malaria that makes use of predicted distribution maps for individual species or species complexes. Results Our global map highlights the spatial variability in the complexity of the vector situation. In Africa, An. gambiae, An. arabiensis and An. funestus are co-dominant across much of the continent, whereas in the Asian-Pacific region there is a highly complex situation with multi-species coexistence and variable species dominance. Conclusions The competence of the mapping methodology to accurately portray DVS distributions is discussed. The comprehensive and contemporary database of species-specific spatial occurrence (currently available on request) will be made directly available via the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) website from early 2012.
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- 2012
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7. Degradation of insecticides used for indoor spraying in malaria control and possible solutions
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Massinga Pedro, Muiambo Herminio, Maity Arjun, Nhlapo Nontete S, Moyo Lumbidzani, Labuschagne Frederick JWJ, Focke Walter W, Sibanda Mthokozisi M, Crowther Nico AS, Coetzee Maureen, and Brindley Gordon WA
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Indoor residual spray ,DDT ,pyrethroid ,carbamate ,stabilization ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background The insecticide dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) is widely used in indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria control owing to its longer residual efficacy in the field compared to other World Health Organization (WHO) alternatives. Suitable stabilization to render these alternative insecticides longer lasting could provide a less controversial and more acceptable and effective alternative insecticide formulations than DDT. Methods This study sought to investigate the reasons behind the often reported longer lasting behaviour of DDT by exposing all the WHO approved insecticides to high temperature, high humidity and ultra-violet light. Interactions between the insecticides and some mineral powders in the presence of an aqueous medium were also tested. Simple insecticidal paints were made using slurries of these mineral powders whilst some insecticides were dispersed into a conventional acrylic paint binder. These formulations were then spray painted on neat and manure coated mud plaques, representative of the material typically used in rural mud houses, at twice the upper limit of the WHO recommended dosage range. DDT was applied directly onto mud plaques at four times the WHO recommended concentration and on manure plaques at twice WHO recommended concentration. All plaques were subjected to accelerated ageing conditions of 40°C and a relative humidity of 90%. Results The pyrethroids insecticides outperformed the carbamates and DDT in the accelerated ageing tests. Thus UV exposure, high temperature oxidation and high humidity per se were ruled out as the main causes of failure of the alternative insecticides. Gas chromatography (GC) spectrograms showed that phosphogypsum stabilised the insecticides the most against alkaline degradation (i.e., hydrolysis). Bioassay testing showed that the period of efficacy of some of these formulations was comparable to that of DDT when sprayed on mud surfaces or cattle manure coated surfaces. Conclusions Bioassay experiments indicated that incorporating insecticides into a conventional paint binder or adsorbing them onto phosphogypsum can provide for extended effective life spans that compare favourably with DDT's performance under accelerated ageing conditions. Best results were obtained with propoxur in standard acrylic emulsion paint. Similarly, insecticides adsorbed on phosphogypsum and sprayed on cattle manure coated surfaces provided superior lifespans compared with DDT sprayed directly on a similar surface.
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- 2011
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8. Evaluating the potential of the sterile insect technique for malaria control: relative fitness and mating compatibility between laboratory colonized and a wild population of Anopheles arabiensis from the Kruger National Park, South Africa
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Hunt Richard H, Chirwa Tobias F, Brooke Basil D, Munhenga Givemore, Coetzee Maureen, Govender Danny, and Koekemoer Lizette L
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Sterile Insect Technique ,Anopheles arabiensis ,malaria vector control ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background The successful suppression of a target insect population using the sterile insect technique (SIT) partly depends on the premise that the laboratory insects used for mass rearing are genetically compatible with the target population, that the mating competitiveness of laboratory reared males is at least comparable to that of their wild counterparts, and that mass rearing and sterilization processes do not in themselves compromise male fitness to a degree that precludes them from successfully competing for mates in the wild. This study investigated the fitness and sexual cross-compatibility between samples of field collected and laboratory reared An. arabiensis under laboratory conditions. Results The physiological and reproductive fitness of the MALPAN laboratory strain is not substantially modified with respect to the field population at Malahlapanga. Further, a high degree of mating compatibility between MALPAN and the Malahlapanga population was established based on cross-mating experiments. Lastly, the morphological characteristics of hybrid ovarian polytene chromosomes further support the contention that the MALPAN laboratory colony and the An. arabiensis population at Malahlapanga are genetically homogenous and therefore compatible. Conclusions It is concluded that the presence of a perennial and isolated population of An. arabiensis at Malahlapanga presents a unique opportunity for assessing the feasibility of SIT as a malaria vector control option. The MALPAN laboratory colony has retained sufficient enough measures of reproductive and physiological fitness to present as a suitable candidate for male sterilization, mass rearing and subsequent mass release of sterile males at Malahlapanga in order to further assess the feasibility of SIT in a field setting.
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- 2011
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9. Insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes at four localities in Ghana, West Africa
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Kaiser Maria L, Verster Rolf, Stiles-Ocran Joseph, Fuseini Godwin, Knowles Steve, Hunt Richard H, Choi Kwang, Koekemoer Lizette L, and Coetzee Maureen
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Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Malaria vector control programmes that rely on insecticide-based interventions such as indoor house spraying with residual insecticides or insecticide treated bed nets, need to base their decision-making process on sound baseline data. More and more commercial entities in Africa, such as mining companies, are realising the value to staff productivity of controlling malaria transmission in their areas of operation. This paper presents baseline entomological data obtained during surveys conducted for four mining operations in Ghana, West Africa. Results The vast majority of the samples were identified as Anopheles gambiae S form with only a few M form specimens being identified from Tarkwa. Plasmodium falciparum infection rates ranged from 4.5 to 8.6% in An. gambiae and 1.81 to 8.06% in An. funestus. High survival rates on standard WHO bioassay tests were recorded for all insecticide classes except the organophosphates that showed reasonable mortality at all locations (i.e. > 90%). The West African kdr mutation was detected and showed high frequencies in all populations. Conclusions The data highlight the complexity of the situation prevailing in southern Ghana and the challenges facing the malaria vector control programmes in this region. Vector control programmes in Ghana need to carefully consider the resistance profiles of the local mosquito populations in order to base their resistance management strategies on sound scientific data.
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- 2011
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10. Vectorial status and insecticide resistance of Anopheles funestus from a sugar estate in southern Mozambique
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Nhamahanga Eduardo, Kloke R Graham, Hunt Richard H, and Coetzee Maureen
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Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background The dual problems of rising insecticide resistance in the malaria vectors and increasing human malaria cases since 2001 in southern Mozambique are cause for serious concern. The selection of insecticides for use in indoor residual spraying (IRS) programmes is highly dependent on the extent to which local mosquitoes are susceptible to the approved classes of insecticides. The insecticide resistance status and role in malaria transmission of Anopheles funestus was evaluated at the Maragra Sugar Estate in southern Mozambique where an IRS vector control programme has been in operation for seven years using the carbamate insecticide bendiocarb. Results No Anopheles species were captured inside the sugar estate control area. Anopheles funestus group captured outside of the estate represented 90% (n = 475) of the total collections. Of the specimens identified to species by PCR (n = 167), 95% were An. funestus s.s. One An. rivulorum was identified and seven specimens did not amplify. The Anopheles gambiae complex was less abundant (n = 53) and of those identified (n = 33) 76% were An. arabiensis and 24% An. merus. Insecticide susceptibility tests showed that wild-caught and F-1 family An. funestus were resistant to deltamethrin (32.5% mortality) and lambda-cyhalothrin (14.6% mortality), less so to bendiocarb (71.5% mortality) and fully susceptible to both malathion and DDT (100%). Bendiocarb and pyrethroid resistance was nullified using 4% piperonyl butoxide (Pbo), strongly suggesting that both are mediated by P450 monooxygenase detoxification. ELISA tests of An. funestus for Plasmodium falciparum, gave a sporozoite rate of 6.02% (n = 166). One unidentified member of the An. gambiae complex tested positive for P. falciparum sporozoites. Conclusion Anopheles funestus was found to be the most abundant and principle vector of malaria in this area, with members of the An. gambiae complex being secondary vectors. Despite the continual use of bendiocarb within the estate for seven years and the level of An. funestus resistance to this insecticide, the IVC programme is still effective against this and other Anopheles in that no vectors were found inside the control area. However, the Mozambique National Malaria Control Programme ceased the use of DDT and bendiocarb in this area of its operations in 2009, and replaced these insecticides with a pyrethroid which will increase insecticide resistance selection pressure and impact on control programmes such as the Maragra IVC.
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- 2011
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11. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis
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Okara Robi M, Kabaria Caroline W, Gething Peter W, Temperley Will H, Hemingway Janet, Patil Anand P, Mbogo Charles M, Coetzee Maureen, Manguin Sylvie, Bangs Michael J, Sinka Marianne E, Van Boeckel Thomas, Godfray H Charles J, Harbach Ralph E, and Hay Simon I
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Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background This is the second in a series of three articles documenting the geographical distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of human malaria. The first paper addressed the DVS of the Americas and the third will consider those of the Asian Pacific Region. Here, the DVS of Africa, Europe and the Middle East are discussed. The continent of Africa experiences the bulk of the global malaria burden due in part to the presence of the An. gambiae complex. Anopheles gambiae is one of four DVS within the An. gambiae complex, the others being An. arabiensis and the coastal An. merus and An. melas. There are a further three, highly anthropophilic DVS in Africa, An. funestus, An. moucheti and An. nili. Conversely, across Europe and the Middle East, malaria transmission is low and frequently absent, despite the presence of six DVS. To help control malaria in Africa and the Middle East, or to identify the risk of its re-emergence in Europe, the contemporary distribution and bionomics of the relevant DVS are needed. Results A contemporary database of occurrence data, compiled from the formal literature and other relevant resources, resulted in the collation of information for seven DVS from 44 countries in Africa containing 4234 geo-referenced, independent sites. In Europe and the Middle East, six DVS were identified from 2784 geo-referenced sites across 49 countries. These occurrence data were combined with expert opinion ranges and a suite of environmental and climatic variables of relevance to anopheline ecology to produce predictive distribution maps using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) method. Conclusions The predicted geographic extent for the following DVS (or species/suspected species complex*) is provided for Africa: Anopheles (Cellia) arabiensis, An. (Cel.) funestus*, An. (Cel.) gambiae, An. (Cel.) melas, An. (Cel.) merus, An. (Cel.) moucheti and An. (Cel.) nili*, and in the European and Middle Eastern Region: An. (Anopheles) atroparvus, An. (Ano.) labranchiae, An. (Ano.) messeae, An. (Ano.) sacharovi, An. (Cel.) sergentii and An. (Cel.) superpictus*. These maps are presented alongside a bionomics summary for each species relevant to its control.
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- 2010
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12. Staggered larval time-to-hatch and insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae S form
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Coetzee Maureen, Koekemoer Lizette L, Kaiser Maria L, Hunt Richard H, and Brooke Basil D
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Anopheles gambiae is a major vector of malaria in the West African region. Resistance to multiple insecticides has been recorded in An. gambiae S form in the Ahafo region of Ghana. A laboratory population (GAH) established using wild material from this locality has enabled a mechanistic characterization of each resistance phenotype as well as an analysis of another adaptive characteristic - staggered larval time-to-hatch. Methods Individual egg batches obtained from wild caught females collected from Ghana and the Republic of the Congo were monitored for staggered larval time-to-hatch. In addition, early and late larval time-to-hatch sub-colonies were selected from GAH. These selected sub-colonies were cross-mated and their hybrid progeny were subsequently intercrossed and back-crossed to the parental strains. The insecticide susceptibilities of the GAH base colony and the time-to-hatch selected sub-colonies were quantified for four insecticide classes using insecticide bioassays. Resistance phenotypes were mechanistically characterized using insecticide-synergist bioassays and diagnostic molecular assays for known reduced target-site sensitivity mutations. Results Anopheles gambiae GAH showed varying levels of resistance to all insecticide classes. Metabolic detoxification and reduced target-site sensitivity mechanisms were implicated. Most wild-caught families showed staggered larval time-to-hatch. However, some families were either exclusively early hatching or late hatching. Most GAH larvae hatched early but many egg batches contained a proportion of late hatching larvae. Crosses between the time-to-hatch selected sub-colonies yielded ambiguous results that did not fit any hypothetical models based on single-locus Mendelian inheritance. There was significant variation in the expression of insecticide resistance between the time-to-hatch phenotypes. Conclusions An adaptive response to the presence of multiple insecticide classes necessarily involves the development of multiple resistance mechanisms whose effectiveness may be enhanced by intra-population variation in the expression of resistance phenotypes. The variation in the expression of insecticide resistance in association with selection for larval time-to-hatch may induce this kind of enhanced adaptive plasticity as a consequence of pleiotropy, whereby mosquitoes are able to complete their aquatic life stages in a variable breeding environment using staggered larval time-to-hatch, giving rise to an adult population with enhanced variation in the expression of insecticide resistance.
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- 2010
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13. Simultaneous identification of the Anopheles funestus group and Anopheles longipalpis type C by PCR-RFLP
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Coetzee Maureen, Choi Kwang, and Koekemoer Lizette L
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Anopheles longipalpis is morphologically similar to the major African malaria vector Anopheles funestus at the adult stage although it is very different at the larval stage. Despite the development of the species-specific multiplex PCR assay for the An. funestus group, the genomic DNA of Anopheles longipalpis type C specimens can be amplified with the Anopheles vaneedeni and Anopheles parensis primers from this assay. The standard, species-specific An. funestus group PCR, results in the amplification of two fragments when An. longipalpis type C specimens are included in the analysis. This result can easily be misinterpreted as being a hybrid between An. vaneedeni and An. parensis. Anopheles longipalpis type C can be identified using a species-specific PCR assay but this assay is not reliable if other members of the An. funestus group, such as An. funestus, An. funestus-like and An. parensis, are included. The present study provides a multiplex assay that will identify An. longipalpis along with other common members of the African An. funestus group, including Anopheles leesoni. Methods A total of 70 specimens from six species (An. funestus, An. funestus-like, An. parensis, Anopheles rivulorum, An. vaneedeni and An. leesoni) in the An. funestus group and An. longipalpis type C from Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia were used for the study. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was designed based on the DNA sequence information in the GenBank database. Results The enzyme, EcoRI digested only An. longipalpis type C and An. funestus-like after the species-specific An. funestus group PCR assay. The An. longipalpis and An. funestus-like digestion profiles were characterized by three fragments, 376 bp, 252 bp and 211 bp for An. longipalpis type C and two fragments, 375 bp and 15 bp for An. funestus-like. Conclusions An RFLP method for the group was developed that is more accurate and efficient than those used before. Hence, this assay would be useful for field-collected adult specimens to be identified routinely in malaria vector research and control studies.
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- 2010
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14. A comparison of DNA sequencing and the hydrolysis probe analysis (TaqMan assay) for knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in Anopheles gambiae from the Republic of the Congo
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Coetzee Maureen, Spillings Belinda L, Choi Kwang, Hunt Richard H, and Koekemoer Lizette L
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Knockdown resistance (kdr) caused by a single base pair mutation in the sodium channel gene is strongly associated with pyrethroid insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae in West-Central Africa. Recently, various molecular techniques have been developed to screen for the presence of the kdr mutations in vector populations with varying levels of accuracy. In this study, the results of the hydrolysis probe analysis for detecting the kdr mutations in An. gambiae s.s. from the Republic of the Congo were compared with DNA sequence analysis. Methods A total of 52 pyrethroid and DDT resistant An. gambiae from Pointe-Noire (Congo-Brazzaville) were tested for detection of the two kdr mutations (kdr-e and kdr-w) that are known to occur in this species. Results from the hydrolysis probe analysis were compared to DNA sequencing to verify the accuracy of the probe analysis for this vector population. Results Fifty-one specimens were found to be An. gambiae S-form and one was a M/S hybrid. DNA sequencing revealed that more than half of the specimens (55.8%) carried both the kdr-e and kdr-w resistance mutations, seven specimens (13.5%) were homozygous for the kdr-e mutation, and 14 specimens (26.9%) were homozygous for the kdr-w mutation. A single individual was genotyped as heterozygous kdr-e mutation (1.9%) only and another as heterozygous kdr-w mutation (1.9%) only. Analysis using hydrolysis probe analysis, without adjustment of the allelic discrimination axes on the scatter plots, revealed six specimens (11.5%) carrying both mutations, 30 specimens (57.8%) as homozygous kdr-w, six specimens (11.5%) homozygous for the kdr-e mutation, one specimen (1.9%) heterozygous for the kdr-w mutation and one specimen (1.9%) present in wild type form. Eight of the specimens (15.4%) could not be identified using unadjusted hydrolysis probe analysis values. No heterozygous kdr-e mutations were scored when adjustment for the allelic discrimination axes was omitted. However, when the axes on the scatter plots were adjusted the results were consistent with those of the DNA sequence analysis, barring two individuals that were mis-scored in the hydrolysis probe analysis. Conclusion Both the kdr-e and kdr-w mutations were abundant in An. gambiae S-form from Pointe-Noire. The hydrolysis probe analysis can lead to misleading results if adjustment to allelic discrimination axes is not investigated. This is mainly relevant when both kdr-e and kdr-w are present in a population in a high frequency. This report highlights the importance of concurrent screening for both mutations. Therefore, performing routine assay protocols blindly can result in the misinterpretation of results. Although hydrolysis probe analysis of kdr is still held as the gold standard assay, this paper highlights the importance of kdr mutation confirmation via sequencing especially in regions where kdr frequency has never been reported before or where both the kdr-e and kdr-w mutations are present simultaneously.
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- 2010
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15. The infectivity of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana to insecticide-resistant and susceptible Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes at two different temperatures
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Koekemoer Lizette L, Knols Bart GJ, Brooke Basil D, Kikankie Christophe K, Farenhorst Marit, Hunt Richard H, Thomas Matthew B, and Coetzee Maureen
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Control of the major African malaria vector species continues to rely extensively on the application of residual insecticides through indoor house spraying or bed net impregnation. Insecticide resistance is undermining the sustainability of these control strategies. Alternatives to the currently available conventional chemical insecticides are, therefore, urgently needed. Use of fungal pathogens as biopesticides is one such possibility. However, one of the challenges to the approach is the potential influence of varied environmental conditions and target species that could affect the efficacy of a biological 'active ingredient'. An initial investigation into this was carried out to assess the susceptibility of insecticide-susceptible and resistant laboratory strains and wild-collected Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes to infection with the fungus Beauveria bassiana under two different laboratory temperature regimes. Methods Insecticide susceptibility to all four classes of insecticides recommended by WHO for vector control was tested on laboratory and wild-caught An. arabiensis, using standard WHO bioassay protocols. Mosquito susceptibility to fungus infection was tested using dry spores of B. bassiana under two temperature regimes (21 ± 1°C or 25 ± 2°C) representative of indoor conditions observed in western Kenya. Cox regression analysis was used to assess the effect of fungal infection on mosquito survival and the effect of insecticide resistance status and temperature on mortality rates following fungus infection. Results Survival data showed no relationship between insecticide susceptibility and susceptibility to B. bassiana. All tested colonies showed complete susceptibility to fungal infection despite some showing high resistance levels to chemical insecticides. There was, however, a difference in fungus-induced mortality rates between temperature treatments with virulence significantly higher at 25°C than 21°C. Even so, because malaria parasite development is also known to slow as temperatures fall, expected reductions in malaria transmission potential due to fungal infection under the cooler conditions would still be high. Conclusions These results provide evidence that the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana has potential for use as an alternative vector control tool against insecticide-resistant mosquitoes under conditions typical of indoor resting environments. Nonetheless, the observed variation in effective virulence reveals the need for further study to optimize selection of isolates, dose and use strategy in different eco-epidemiological settings.
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- 2010
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16. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae: data from the first year of a multi-country study highlight the extent of the problem
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Sagnon N'Falé, Yangalbé-Kalnoné Elise, Kerah-Hinzoumbé Clément, Guelbeogo Wamdaogo, Badolo Athanase, Abdallah Hiba, Ranson Hilary, Simard Frédéric, and Coetzee Maureen
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is a growing concern in many countries which requires immediate attention because of the limited chemical arsenal available for vector control. The current extent and distribution of this resistance in many parts of the continent is unknown and yet such information is essential for the planning of effective malaria control interventions. Methods In 2008, a network was established, with financial support from WHO/TDR, to investigate the extent of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in five African countries. Here, the results of bioassays on Anopheles gambiae sensu lato from two rounds of monitoring from 12 sentinel sites in three of the partner countries are reported. Results Resistance is very heterogeneous even over relatively small distances. Furthermore, in some sites, large differences in mortality rates were observed during the course of the malaria transmission season. Using WHO diagnostic doses, all populations from Burkina Faso and Chad and two of the four populations from Sudan were classified as resistant to permethrin and/or deltamethrin. Very high frequencies of DDT resistance were found in urban areas in Burkina Faso and Sudan and in a cotton-growing district in Chad. In areas where both An. gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis were present, resistance was found in both species, although generally at a higher frequency in An gambiae s.s. Anopheles gambiae s.l. remains largely susceptible to the organophosphate fenitrothion and the carbamate bendiocarb in the majority of the sentinel sites with the exception of two sites in Burkina Faso. In the cotton-growing region of Soumousso in Burkina Faso, the vector population is resistant to all four classes of insecticide available for malaria control. Conclusions Possible factors influencing the frequency of resistant individuals observed in the sentinel sites are discussed. The results of this study highlight the importance of standardized longitudinal insecticide resistance monitoring and the urgent need for studies to monitor the impact of this resistance on malaria vector control activities.
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- 2009
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17. Development of multiplex real-time PCR assays for identification of members of the Anopheles funestus species group
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Field Linda M, Williamson Martin S, Puinean Mirel, Bass Chris, Vezenegho Samuel B, Coetzee Maureen, and Koekemoer Lizette L
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background The malaria vector and non-vector species of the Anopheles funestus group are morphologically very similar and accurate identification is required as part of effective control strategies. In the past, this has relied on morphological and cytogenetic methods but these have been largely superseded by a robust allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR). One disadvantage of AS-PCR is the requirement for post-PCR processing by gel electrophoresis of PCR products. In this study, three new high-throughput 'closed-tube' assays were developed and compared with the previously described AS-PCR technique. Methods Protocols for three fluorescence-based assays based on Melt Curve Analysis (MCA), High Resolution Melt (HRM) and TaqMan SNP genotyping were developed to detect and discriminate Anopheles parensis, Anopheles leesoni, Anopheles vaneedeni, Anopheles rivulorum and An. funestus s.s. The sensitivity and specificity of these assays were compared with the widely used AS-PCR in a blind trial using DNA extracted from wild-caught mosquitoes. Results The TaqMan assay proved to be the most sensitive and specific of the three new assays. The MCA and HRM assays initially gave promising results, but were more sensitive to both DNA quality and quantity and consequently showed a higher rate of incorrect identifications. Conclusion The TaqMan assay proved to be the most robust of the three protocols tested in this study. This assay very effectively identified all five members of the An. funestus group using fluorescently-labeled probes with distinct emission and excitation spectra allowing their independent detection in a single reaction. This method is at least as sensitive and specific as the gold standard AS-PCR approach and because it has no requirement for post-PCR processing is simpler and more rapid to run. The one disadvantage of the TaqMan assay is the cost of this assay, both in terms of initial capital outlay and running cost per sample, which is higher than AS-PCR. However, the cost of both the real-time PCR machine and fluorescently labelled probes required is falling and in the future the cost of this assay is likely to become closer to that of standard PCR.
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- 2009
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18. Using the SaTScan method to detect local malaria clusters for guiding malaria control programmes
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Kok Gerdalize, Coetzee Maureen, Mabuza Aaron M, Coleman Michael, Coleman Marlize, and Durrheim David N
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Mpumalanga Province, South Africa is a low malaria transmission area that is subject to malaria epidemics. SaTScan methodology was used by the malaria control programme to detect local malaria clusters to assist disease control planning. The third season for case cluster identification overlapped with the first season of implementing an outbreak identification and response system in the area. Methods SaTScan™ software using the Kulldorf method of retrospective space-time permutation and the Bernoulli purely spatial model was used to identify malaria clusters using definitively confirmed individual cases in seven towns over three malaria seasons. Following passive case reporting at health facilities during the 2002 to 2005 seasons, active case detection was carried out in the communities, this assisted with determining the probable source of infection. The distribution and statistical significance of the clusters were explored by means of Monte Carlo replication of data sets under the null hypothesis with replications greater than 999 to ensure adequate power for defining clusters. Results and discussion SaTScan detected five space-clusters and two space-time clusters during the study period. There was strong concordance between recognized local clustering of cases and outbreak declaration in specific towns. Both Albertsnek and Thambokulu reported malaria outbreaks in the same season as space-time clusters. This synergy may allow mutual validation of the two systems in confirming outbreaks demanding additional resources and cluster identification at local level to better target resources. Conclusion Exploring the clustering of cases assisted with the planning of public health activities, including mobilizing health workers and resources. Where appropriate additional indoor residual spraying, focal larviciding and health promotion activities, were all also carried out.
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- 2009
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19. The effect of a single blood meal on the phenotypic expression of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus
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Coetzee Maureen, Spillings Belinda L, Koekemoer Lizette L, and Brooke Basil D
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Anopheles funestus is a major malaria vector in southern Africa. Vector control relies on the use of insecticide chemicals to significantly reduce the number of malaria vectors by targeting that portion of the female population that takes blood meals and subsequently rests indoors. It has been suggested that the intake of a blood meal may assist female mosquitoes to tolerate higher doses of insecticide through vigour tolerance. It is hypothesized that during the process of blood digestion, detoxification mechanisms required for the neutralizing of harmful components in the blood meal may also confer an increased ability to tolerate insecticide intoxication through increased enzyme regulation. Methods Bottle bioassays using a range of concentrations of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin were performed on pyrethroid susceptible and resistant laboratory strains of An. funestus in order to detect differences in insecticide susceptibility following a single blood meal. Based on these results, a discriminating dosage was identified (double the lowest dosage that resulted in 100% mortality of the susceptible strain). Blood-fed and unfed females drawn from the resistant strain of An. funestus were then assayed against this discriminating dose, and the percentage mortality for each sample was scored and compared. Results In the insecticide dose response assays neither the fully susceptible nor the resistant strain of An. funestus showed any significant difference in insecticide susceptibility following a blood meal, regardless of the stage of blood meal digestion. A significant increase in the level of resistance was however detected in the resistant An. funestus strain following a single blood meal, based on exposure to a discriminating dose of permethrin. Conclusion The fully susceptible An. funestus strain did not show any significant alteration in susceptibility to insecticide following a blood meal suggesting that vigour tolerance through increased body mass (and increased dilution of internalized insecticide) does not play a significant role in tolerance to insecticide intoxication. The increase in insecticide tolerance in the pyrethroid resistant strain of An. funestus following a blood meal suggests that insecticide detoxification mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance are stimulated by the presence of a blood meal prior to insecticide exposure, leading to enhanced expression of the resistance phenotype. This finding may be significant in terms of the methods used to control indoor resting populations of An. funestus if the mass killing effect of insecticide application proves increasingly inadequate against blood-feeding females already carrying the insecticide resistance phenotype.
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- 2008
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20. Evaluation of an operational malaria outbreak identification and response system in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
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Coetzee Maureen, Kok Gerdalize, Mabuza Aaron M, Coleman Michael, Coleman Marlize, and Durrheim David N
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background and objective To evaluate the performance of a novel malaria outbreak identification system in the epidemic prone rural area of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, for timely identification of malaria outbreaks and guiding integrated public health responses. Methods Using five years of historical notification data, two binomial thresholds were determined for each primary health care facility in the highest malaria risk area of Mpumalanga province. Whenever the thresholds were exceeded at health facility level (tier 1), primary health care staff notified the malaria control programme, which then confirmed adequate stocks of malaria treatment to manage potential increased cases. The cases were followed up at household level to verify the likely source of infection. The binomial thresholds were reviewed at village/town level (tier 2) to determine whether additional response measures were required. In addition, an automated electronic outbreak identification system at town/village level (tier 2) was integrated into the case notification database (tier 3) to ensure that unexpected increases in case notification were not missed. The performance of these binomial outbreak thresholds was evaluated against other currently recommended thresholds using retrospective data. The acceptability of the system at primary health care level was evaluated through structured interviews with health facility staff. Results Eighty four percent of health facilities reported outbreaks within 24 hours (n = 95), 92% (n = 104) within 48 hours and 100% (n = 113) within 72 hours. Appropriate response to all malaria outbreaks (n = 113, tier 1, n = 46, tier 2) were achieved within 24 hours. The system was positively viewed by all health facility staff. When compared to other epidemiological systems for a specified 12 month outbreak season (June 2003 to July 2004) the binomial exact thresholds produced one false weekly outbreak, the C-sum 12 weekly outbreaks and the mean + 2 SD nine false weekly outbreaks. Exceeding the binomial level 1 threshold triggered an alert four weeks prior to an outbreak, but exceeding the binomial level 2 threshold identified an outbreak as it occurred. Conclusion The malaria outbreak surveillance system using binomial thresholds achieved its primary goal of identifying outbreaks early facilitating appropriate local public health responses aimed at averting a possible large-scale epidemic in a low, and unstable, malaria transmission setting.
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- 2008
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21. Indoor collections of the Anopheles funestus group (Diptera: Culicidae) in sprayed houses in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Brooke Basil D, Koekemoer Lizette L, Hargreaves Keith, Mouatcho Joel C, Oliver Shüne V, Hunt Richard H, and Coetzee Maureen
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes presents a serious problem for those involved in control of this disease. South Africa experienced a severe malaria epidemic during 1999/2000 due to pyrethroid resistance in the major vector Anopheles funestus. Subsequent monitoring and surveillance of mosquito populations were conducted as part of the malaria vector control programme. Methods A sample of 269 Anopheles funestus s.l. was collected in Mamfene, northern KwaZulu-Natal, using exit window traps in pyrethroid sprayed houses between May and June 2005. Mosquitoes were identified to species level, assayed for insecticide susceptibility, analysed for Plasmodium falciparum infectivity and blood meal source. Results Of the 220 mosquitoes identified using the rDNA PCR method, two (0.9%) were An. funestus s.s. and 218 (99.1%) Anopheles parensis. Standard WHO insecticide susceptibility tests were performed on F1 progeny from wild caught An. parensis females and a significant survival 24 h post exposure was detected in 40% of families exposed to 0.05% deltamethrin. Biochemical analysis of F1 An. parensis showed no elevation in levels/activity of the detoxifying enzyme systems when compared with an insecticide susceptible An. funestus laboratory strain. Among the 149 female An. parensis tested for P. falciparum circumsporozoite infections, 13.4% were positive. All ELISA positive specimens (n = 20) were re-examined for P. falciparum infections using a PCR assay and none were found to be positive. Direct ELISA analysis of 169 blood meal positive specimens showed > 75% of blood meals were taken from animals. All blood fed, false positive mosquito samples for the detection of sporozoites of P. falciparum were zoophilic. Conclusion The combination of pyrethroid resistance and P. falciparum false-positivity in An. parensis poses a problem for vector control. If accurate species identification had not been carried out, scarce resources would have been wasted in the unnecessary changing of control strategies to combat a non-vector species.
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- 2007
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22. Mapping a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) conferring pyrethroid resistance in the African malaria vector Anopheles funestus
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Hunt Richard H, Coetzee Maureen, Morgan John, Wondji Charles S, Steen Keith, Black William C, Hemingway Janet, and Ranson Hilary
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Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract Background Pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles funestus populations has led to an increase in malaria transmission in southern Africa. Resistance has been attributed to elevated activities of cytochrome P450s but the molecular basis underlying this metabolic resistance is unknown. Microsatellite and SNP markers were used to construct a linkage map and to detect a quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with pyrethroid resistance in the FUMOZ-R strain of An. funestus from Mozambique. Results By genotyping 349 F2 individuals from 11 independent families, a single major QTL, rp1, at the telomeric end of chromosome 2R was identified. The rp1 QTL appears to present a major effect since it accounts for more than 60% of the variance in susceptibility to permethrin. This QTL has a strong additive genetic effect with respect to susceptibility. Candidate genes associated with pyrethroid resistance in other species were physically mapped to An. funestus polytene chromosomes. This showed that rp1 is genetically linked to a cluster of CYP6 cytochrome P450 genes located on division 9 of chromosome 2R and confirmed earlier reports that pyrethroid resistance in this strain is not associated with target site mutations (knockdown resistance). Conclusion We hypothesize that one or more of these CYP6 P450s clustered on chromosome 2R confers pyrethroid resistance in the FUMOZ-R strain of An. funestus.
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- 2007
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23. Malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in coastal south-western Cameroon
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Titanji Vincent PK, Manga Lucien, Bigoga Jude D, Coetzee Maureen, and Leke Rose GF
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Malaria is a major public health problem in Cameroon. Unlike in the southern forested areas where the epidemiology of malaria has been better studied prior to the implementation of control activities, little is known about the distribution and role of anophelines in malaria transmission in the coastal areas. Methods A 12-month longitudinal entomological survey was conducted in Tiko, Limbe and Idenau from August 2001 to July 2002. Mosquitoes captured indoors on human volunteers were identified morphologically. Species of the Anopheles gambiae complex were identified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mosquito infectivity was detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and PCR. Malariometric indices (plasmodic index, gametocytic index, parasite species prevalence) were determined in three age groups (15 yrs) and followed-up once every three months. Results In all, 2,773 malaria vectors comprising Anopheles gambiae (78.2%), Anopheles funestus (17.4%) and Anopheles nili (7.4%) were captured. Anopheles melas was not anthropophagic. Anopheles gambiae had the highest infection rates. There were 287, 160 and 149 infective bites/person/year in Tiko, Limbe and Idenau, respectively. Anopheles gambiae accounted for 72.7%, An. funestus for 23% and An. nili for 4.3% of the transmission. The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia was 41.5% in children 15 years, and Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant parasite species. Conclusion Malaria transmission is perennial, rainfall dependent and An. melas does not contribute to transmission. These findings are important in the planning and implementation of malaria control activities in coastal Cameroon and West Africa.
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- 2007
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24. Malaria Vectors and Vector Surveillance in Limpopo Province (South Africa): 1927 to 2018
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Braack, Leo, Bornman, Riana, Kruger, Taneshka, Dahan-Moss, Yael, Gilbert, Allison, Kaiser, Maria, Oliver, Shüné V, Cornel, Anthony J, Lee, Yoosook, Norris, Douglas E, Coetzee, Maureen, Brooke, Basil, and de Jager, Christiaan
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Medical Microbiology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Rare Diseases ,Vector-Borne Diseases ,Infectious Diseases ,Malaria ,3.2 Interventions to alter physical and biological environmental risks ,Prevention of disease and conditions ,and promotion of well-being ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,Aetiology ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Animals ,Anopheles ,Cattle ,Environment ,Female ,Humans ,Mosquito Control ,Mosquito Vectors ,South Africa ,malaria ,Limpopo Province ,vector surveillance ,Toxicology - Abstract
Despite the annual implementation of a robust and extensive indoor residual spraying programme against malaria vectors in Limpopo Province (South Africa), significant transmission continues and is a serious impediment to South Africa's malaria elimination objectives. In order to gain a better understanding regarding possible causes of this residual malaria, we conducted a literature review of the historical species composition and abundance of malaria vector mosquitoes in the Limpopo River Valley region of the Vhembe District, northern Limpopo Province, the region with the highest remaining annual malaria cases in South Africa. In addition, mosquito surveys were carried out in the same region between October 2017 and October 2018. A total of 2225 adult mosquitoes were collected using CO2-baited tent and light traps, human landing catches and cow-baited traps. Of the 1443 Anopheles collected, 516 were members of the An. gambiae complex and 511 An. funestus group. In the malaria endemic rural areas outside the Kruger National Park, one specimen each of An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus and only three of An. arabiensis were collected. The latter species was abundant at a remote hot spring in the neighboring Kruger National Park. Eighteen other species of Anopheles were collected. Our survey results support the historical findings that An. arabiensis, the species widely held to be the prime malaria vector in South Africa, is a rare species in the malaria endemic Limpopo River Valley. The implications of the mosquito surveys for malaria transmission, elimination and vector control in northern Limpopo Province and neighboring regions are discussed.
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- 2020
25. Detection of Anopheles rivulorum-like, a member of the Anopheles funestus group, in South Africa
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Mouatcho, Joel, Cornel, Anthony J, Dahan-Moss, Yael, Koekemoer, Lizette L, Coetzee, Maureen, and Braack, Leo
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Medical Microbiology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Rare Diseases ,Malaria ,Vector-Borne Diseases ,Infectious Diseases ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,Aetiology ,Prevention of disease and conditions ,and promotion of well-being ,3.2 Interventions to alter physical and biological environmental risks ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Animal Distribution ,Animals ,Anopheles ,Mosquito Vectors ,South Africa ,Anopheles funestus ,An. rivulorum-like ,Vector distribution ,Mosquitoes ,Microbiology ,Public Health and Health Services ,Tropical Medicine ,Medical microbiology ,Public health - Abstract
BACKGROUND:The Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) and Anopheles funestus s.l. species complexes contain the most important malaria vectors in Africa. Within the An. funestus group of at least 11 African species, the vector status of all but the nominal species An. funestus appears poorly investigated, although evidence exists that Anopheles rivulorum and Anopheles vaneedeni may play minor roles. A new species, An. rivulorum-like, was described from Burkina Faso in 2000 and subsequently also found in Cameroon and Zambia. This is the first paper reporting the presence of this species in South Africa, thereby significantly extending its known range. METHODS:Mosquitoes were collected using dry-ice baited net traps and CDC light traps in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Sixty-four An. funestus s.l. among an overall 844 mosquitoes were captured and identified to species level using the polymerase chain reaction assay. All samples were also analysed for the presence of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein using the enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay. RESULTS:Four members of the An. funestus group were identified: An. rivulorum-like (n = 49), An. rivulorum (n = 11), Anopheles parensis (n = 2) and Anopheles leesoni (n = 1). One mosquito could not be identified. No evidence of P. falciparum was detected in any of the specimens. CONCLUSION:This is the first report of An. rivulorum-like south of Zambia, and essentially extends the range of this species from West Africa down to South Africa. Given the continental-scale drive towards malaria elimination and the challenges faced by countries in the elimination phase to understand and resolve residual transmission, efforts should be directed towards determining the largely unknown malaria vector potential of members of the An. funestus group and other potential secondary vectors.
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- 2018
26. Complete Anopheles funestus mitogenomes reveal an ancient history of mitochondrial lineages and their distribution in southern and central Africa
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Jones, Christine M, Lee, Yoosook, Kitchen, Andrew, Collier, Travis, Pringle, Julia C, Muleba, Mbanga, Irish, Seth, Stevenson, Jennifer C, Coetzee, Maureen, Cornel, Anthony J, Norris, Douglas E, and Carpi, Giovanna
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Biological Sciences ,Evolutionary Biology ,Genetics ,Infectious Diseases ,Vector-Borne Diseases ,Rare Diseases ,Malaria ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,Aetiology ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Africa ,Central ,Africa ,Southern ,Animals ,Anopheles ,Bayes Theorem ,DNA ,Mitochondrial ,Genome ,Mitochondrial ,Geography ,High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ,Humans ,Mosquito Vectors ,Phylogeny ,Plasmodium - Abstract
Anopheles funestus s.s. is a primary vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its important role in human Plasmodium transmission, evolutionary history, genetic diversity, and population structure of An. funestus in southern and central Africa remains understudied. We deep sequenced, assembled, and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of An. funestus s.s. for the first time, providing a foundation for further genetic research of this important malaria vector species. We further analyzed the complete mitochondrial genomes of 43 An. funestus s.s. from three sites in Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tanzania. From these 43 mitogenomes we identified 41 unique haplotypes that comprised 567 polymorphic sites. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction confirmed the co-existence of two highly divergent An. funestus maternal lineages, herein defined as lineages I and II, in Zambia and Tanzania. The estimated coalescence time of these two mitochondrial lineages is ~500,000 years ago (95% HPD 426,000-594,000 years ago) with subsequent independent diversification. Haplotype network and phylogenetic analysis revealed two major clusters within lineage I, and genetic relatedness of samples with deep branching in lineage II. At this time, data suggest that the lineages are partially sympatric. This study illustrates that accurate retrieval of full mitogenomes of Anopheles vectors enables fine-resolution studies of intraspecies genetic relationships, population differentiation, and demographic history. Further investigations on whether An. funestus mitochondrial lineages represent biologically meaningful populations and their potential implications for malaria vector control are warranted.
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- 2018
27. Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia
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Gebhardt, Mary E., Krizek, Rachel S., Coetzee, Maureen, Koekemoer, Lizette L., Dahan-Moss, Yael, Mbewe, David, Lupiya, James Sichivula, Muleba, Mbanga, Stevenson, Jennifer C., Moss, William J., and Norris, Douglas E.
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- 2022
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28. Intensity of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus from Chikwawa, rural Southern Malawi
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Kumala, Justin, Koekemoer, Lizette L., Coetzee, Maureen, and Mzilahowa, Themba
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- 2022
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29. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of reactive, targeted indoor residual spraying for malaria control in low-transmission settings: a cluster-randomised, non-inferiority trial in South Africa
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Bath, David, Cook, Jackie, Govere, John, Mathebula, Phillemon, Morris, Natashia, Hlongwana, Khumbulani, Raman, Jaishree, Seocharan, Ishen, Zitha, Alpheus, Zitha, Matimba, Mabuza, Aaron, Mbokazi, Frans, Machaba, Elliot, Mabunda, Erik, Jamesboy, Eunice, Biggs, Joseph, Drakeley, Chris, Moonasar, Devanand, Maharaj, Rajendra, Coetzee, Maureen, Pitt, Catherine, and Kleinschmidt, Immo
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- 2021
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30. Genetic differentiation and population structure of Anopheles funestus from Uganda and the southern African countries of Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe
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Kaddumukasa, Martha A., Wright, Jane, Muleba, Mbanga, Stevenson, Jenny C., Norris, Douglas E., and Coetzee, Maureen
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- 2020
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31. Key to the females of Afrotropical Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
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Coetzee, Maureen
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- 2020
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32. Averting a malaria disaster: will insecticide resistance derail malaria control?
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Hemingway, Janet, Ranson, Hilary, Magill, Alan, Kolaczinski, Jan, Fornadel, Christen, Gimnig, John, Coetzee, Maureen, Simard, Frederic, Roch, Dabiré K, Hinzoumbe, Clément Kerah, Pickett, John, Schellenberg, David, Gething, Peter, Hoppé, Mark, and Hamon, Nicholas
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- 2016
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33. Swarms of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in Tanzania
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Kaindoa, Emmanuel W., Ngowo, Halfan S., Limwagu, Alex J., Tchouakui, Magellan, Hape, Emmanuel, Abbasi, Said, Kihonda, Japhet, Mmbando, Arnold S., Njalambaha, Rukiyah M., Mkandawile, Gustav, Bwanary, Hamis, Coetzee, Maureen, and Okumu, Fredros O.
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- 2019
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34. Fine-scale spatial and temporal variations in insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in rural south-eastern Tanzania
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Matowo, Nancy S., Abbasi, Said, Munhenga, Givemore, Tanner, Marcel, Mapua, Salum A., Oullo, David, Koekemoer, Lizette L., Kaindoa, Emanuel, Ngowo, Halfan S., Coetzee, Maureen, Utzinger, Jürg, and Okumu, Fredros O.
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- 2019
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35. Anopheles parensis contributes to residual malaria transmission in South Africa
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Burke, Ashley, Dahan-Moss, Yael, Duncan, Frances, Qwabe, Bheki, Coetzee, Maureen, Koekemoer, Lizette, and Brooke, Basil
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- 2019
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36. Policy Implications of the Southern and Central Africa International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research: Ten Years of Malaria Control Impact Assessments in Hypo-, Meso-, and Holoendemic Transmission Zones in Zambia and Zimbabwe
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Wesolowski, Amy, primary, Ippolito, Matthew M., additional, Gebhardt, Mary E., additional, Ferriss, Ellen, additional, Schue, Jessica L., additional, Kobayashi, Tamaki, additional, Chaponda, Mike, additional, Kabuya, Jean-Bertin, additional, Muleba, Mbanga, additional, Mburu, Monicah, additional, Matoba, Japhet, additional, Musonda, Michael, additional, Katowa, Ben, additional, Lubinda, Mukuma, additional, Hamapumbu, Harry, additional, Simubali, Limonty, additional, Mudenda, Twig, additional, Shields, Timothy M., additional, Hackman, Andre, additional, Shiff, Clive, additional, Coetzee, Maureen, additional, Koekemoer, Lizette L., additional, Munyati, Shungu, additional, Gwanzura, Lovemore, additional, Mutambu, Susan, additional, Stevenson, Jennifer C., additional, Thuma, Philip E., additional, Norris, Douglas E., additional, Bailey, Jeffrey A., additional, Juliano, Jonathan J., additional, Chongwe, Gershom, additional, Mulenga, Modest, additional, Simulundu, Edgar, additional, Mharakurwa, Sungano, additional, Agre, Peter, additional, Moss, William J., additional, and _, _, additional
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- 2022
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37. Scientific Findings of the Southern and Central Africa International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research: Ten Years of Malaria Control Impact Assessments in Hypo-, Meso-, and Holoendemic Transmission Zones in Zambia and Zimbabwe
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Ippolito, Matthew M., primary, Gebhardt, Mary E., additional, Ferriss, Ellen, additional, Schue, Jessica L., additional, Kobayashi, Tamaki, additional, Chaponda, Mike, additional, Kabuya, Jean-Bertin, additional, Muleba, Mbanga, additional, Mburu, Monicah, additional, Matoba, Japhet, additional, Musonda, Michael, additional, Katowa, Ben, additional, Lubinda, Mukuma, additional, Hamapumbu, Harry, additional, Simubali, Limonty, additional, Mudenda, Twig, additional, Wesolowski, Amy, additional, Shields, Timothy M., additional, Hackman, Andre, additional, Shiff, Clive, additional, Coetzee, Maureen, additional, Koekemoer, Lizette L., additional, Munyati, Shungu, additional, Gwanzura, Lovemore, additional, Mutambu, Susan, additional, Stevenson, Jennifer C., additional, Thuma, Philip E., additional, Norris, Douglas E., additional, Bailey, Jeffrey A., additional, Juliano, Jonathan J., additional, Chongwe, Gershom, additional, Mulenga, Modest, additional, Simulundu, Edgar, additional, Mharakurwa, Sungano, additional, Agre, Peter C., additional, Moss, William J., additional, and _, _, additional
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- 2022
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38. Malaria Control with Genetically Manipulated Insect Vectors
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Alphey, Luke, Ben Beard, C., Billingsley, Peter, Coetzee, Maureen, Crisanti, Andrea, Curtis, Chris, Eggleston, Paul, Godfray, Charles, Hemingway, Janet, Jacobs-Lorena, Marcelo, James, Anthony A., Kafatos, Fotis C., Mukwaya, Louis G., Paton, Michael, Powell, Jeffrey R., Schneider, William, Scott, Thomas W., Sina, Barbara, Sinden, Robert, Sinkins, Steven, Spielman, Andrew, Touré, Yeya, and Collins, Frank H.
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- 2002
39. Correction to: Housing gaps, mosquitoes and public viewpoints: a mixed methods assessment of relationships between house characteristics, malaria vector biting risk and community perspectives in rural Tanzania
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Kaindoa, Emmanuel W., Finda, Marceline, Kiplagat, Jepchirchir, Mkandawile, Gustav, Nyoni, Anna, Coetzee, Maureen, and Okumu, Fredros O.
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- 2018
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40. Housing gaps, mosquitoes and public viewpoints: a mixed methods assessment of relationships between house characteristics, malaria vector biting risk and community perspectives in rural Tanzania
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Kaindoa, Emmanuel W., Finda, Marceline, Kiplagat, Jepchirchir, Mkandawile, Gustav, Nyoni, Anna, Coetzee, Maureen, and Okumu, Fredros O.
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- 2018
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41. Anopheles crypticus Coetzee 1995
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Coetzee, Maureen
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Insecta ,Culicidae ,Arthropoda ,Diptera ,Anopheles ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Anopheles crypticus ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Anopheles crypticus Coetzee, 1995 1983. Anopheles coustani sp. B, Coetzee TYPE LOCALITY: Johannesburg, South Africa. Described and named as a new species by comparison with An. coustani based on fixed chromosomal inversion banding patterns and cross-mating characteristics showing male sterility and chromosomal asynapsis (Coetzee 1983, 1995). DESCRIPTION: The adult female is indistinguishable from An. coustani. LARVAL HABITAT: Unknown. ADULT BIOLOGY: The holotype specimen was collected resting inside a house. Other specimens were collected biting humans outdoors (unpublished data). DISTRIBUTION: Only known from South Africa: Johannesburg and Benoni, Gauteng Province. Also Fish Hoek in Western Cape Province, collected by B. de Meillon in 1934, identified by branching of the pupal setae (Coetzee 1995)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on pages 186-187, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Coetzee, M. (1995) Anopheles crypticus, new species from South Africa is distinguished from Anopheles coustani (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 26 (3), 125 - 131. [for 1994].","Coetzee, M. (1983) Chromosomal and cross-mating evidence for two species within Anopheles (A.) coustani (Diptera: Culicidae). Systematic Entomology, 8 (2), 137 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1983. tb 00473. x"]}
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- 2022
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42. Anopheles fuscicolor van Someren 1947
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Coetzee, Maureen
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Anopheles fuscicolor ,Insecta ,Culicidae ,Arthropoda ,Diptera ,Anopheles ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Anopheles fuscicolor van Someren, 1947 TYPE LOCALITY: Fianarantsoa, Madagascar. Anopheles fuscicolor soalalaensis Grjebine, 1966 was declared a nomen dubium by Brunhes et al. (1998) on the grounds that it was described from a single female (Grjebine 1954) that is no longer in existence, and has never been recorded since. DESCRIPTION: Ochreous yellow to brown species. Wing length: 5.0 mm. Wing (Fig. 4a): Heavily scaled and prominently marked with dark and creamy white or yellow scales; apical pale fringe spot extending from R 2 almost to R 4+5; prominent pale fringe spot opposite CuA 2. Maxillary palpus (Fig. 4b): Shaggy, mainly dark but small pale bands at apices of palpomeres 2–4. Legs (Fig. 4c): All femora and tibiae ochreous yellow below, darker brown above. Hindtibia with apical pale spots about twice as long as broad. Tarsomeres 1–4 of all legs with apical pale bands, tarsomere 5 dark. LARVAL HABITAT: Rice fields, swamps and ponds in association with An. coustani. ADULT BIOLOGY: Females collected mainly outdoors but indoors at the type locality and elsewhere. Found feeding both indoors and outdoors on humans and bovines but not involved in malaria parasite transmission (Grjebine 1966). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Madagascar, widespread (Grjebine 1966)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on pages 187-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["van Someren, E. C. C. (1947) The description of a new Anopheles of the Myzorhynchus series from Madagascar with notes on its systematic position in relation to the Ethiopian species of this group. East African Medical Journal, 24 (1), 42 - 46.","Grjebine, A. (1966) Faune de Madagascar. XXII. Insectes Dipteres Culicidae Anophelinae. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Paris, 487 pp., table, map, 8 pls.","Brunhes, J., Le Goff, G. & Geoffroy, B. (1998) Anopheles afrotropicaux. II - Mises au point sur les especes de la sous-region malgache (Diptera, Culicidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 103 (2), 139 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1998.17406","Grjebine, A. (1954) Observations sur les Nematoceres vulnerants de Madagascar. Regions de Majunga et de la Mandraka. Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, 4, 443 - 503.","de Meillon, B. (1947) The Anophelini of the Ethiopian Geographical Region. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 10 (49), 1 - 272"]}
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43. Anopheles ziemanni Grunberg 1902
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Coetzee, Maureen
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Anopheles ziemanni ,Insecta ,Culicidae ,Arthropoda ,Diptera ,Anopheles ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Anopheles ziemanni Grünberg, 1902 1928. Anopheles mauritianus var. ziemanni of Edwards TYPE LOCALITY: Wuri, Cameroon. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: 5.0 mm. Wing (Fig. 10a): Subcostal and preapical pale spots present; pale fringe spot at apex of wing extending from R 2 to R 4+5, similar to An. fuscicolor. Maxillary palpus: Shaggy, with four pale bands. Legs (Fig. 10b): Apex of foretibia and base of foretarsomere 1 always dark. Apex of hindtibia, base of hindtarsomere 1 and apices of hindtarsomeres 2 and 3 with pale spots at most 3 times as wide as diameter of the tarsomere; hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 pale, 0.5 of hindtarsomere 3 pale. LARVAL HABITAT: Natural collections of clear water with aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, such as swamps, ponds, backwaters of streams, springs, ditches and rice fields. ADULT BIOLOGY: Collections of An. ziemanni tested for infections of P. falciparum showed positivity rates of 0.3–2.9% in Cameroon (Gillies & de Meillon 1968; Antonio-Nkondjio et al. 2006; Bigoga et al. 2012; Tabue et al. 2014; Bamou et al. 2018; Amvongo-Adjia et al. 2018), 0.5% in Chad (Kerah-Hinzoumbe et al. 2009) and 10% in Rwanda (Nyirakanani et al. 2017). Giaquinto-Mira (1950) reported a single female in Ethiopia positive for sporozoites (Gillies & de Meillon 1968). Kamau et al. (2006) recorded 53% of females feeding on human blood in western Kenya but no parasite infections were found. DISTRIBUTION: Widespread and abundant throughout the Afrotropical Region. Records also from northern Africa in the Mediterranean Region (Gillies & de Meillon 1968)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on pages 192-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Grunberg, K. (1902) Ein neuer Anopheles aus Westafrika, Anopheles ziemanni nov. spec. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 25 (677), 550 - 551.","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343.","Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Kerah, C. H., Simard, F., Awono-Ambene, P., Chouaibou, M., Tchuinkam, T. & Fontenille, D. (2006) Complexity of the malaria vectorial system in Cameroon: contribution of secondary vectors to malaria transmission. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (6), 1215 - 1221. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 43.6.1215","Bigoga, J. D., Nanfack, F. M., Awono-Ambene, P. H., Patchoke, S., Atangana, J., Otia, V. S., Fondjo, E., Moyou, R. S. & Leke, R. G. (2012) Seasonal prevalence of malaria vectors and entomological inoculation rates in the rubber cultivated area of Niete, South Region of Cameroon. Parasites & Vectors, 5, 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 5 - 197","Tabue, R. N., Nem, T., Atangana, J., Bigoga, J. D., Patchoke, S., Tchouine, F., Fodjo, B. Y., Leke, R. G. & Fondjo, E. (2014) Anopheles ziemanni a locally important malaria vector in Ndop health district, north west region of Cameroon. Parasites & Vectors, 7, 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 7 - 262","Bamou, R., Mbakop, L. R., Kopya, E., Ndo, C., Awono-Ambene, P., Tchuinkam, T., Rono, M. K., Mwangangi, J. & Antonio- Nkondjio, C. (2018) Changes in malaria vector bionomics and transmission patterns in the equatorial forest region of Cameroon between 2000 and 2017. Parasites & Vectors, 11, 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 3049 - 4","Amvongo-Adjia, N., Wirsiy, E. L., Riveron, J. M., Chounna Ndongmo, W. P., Enyong, P. A., Njiokou, F., Wondji, C. S. & Wanji, S. (2018) Bionomics and vectorial role of anophelines in wetlands along the volcanic chain of Cameroon. Parasites & Vectors, 11, 471. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 3041 - z","Kerah-Hinzoumbe, C., Peka, M., Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Donan-Gouni, I., Awono-Ambene, P., Same-Ekobo, A. & Simard, F. (2009) Malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in Goulmoun, a rural city in south-western Chad. BMC Infectious Diseases, 9, 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2334 - 9 - 71","Nyirakanani, C., Chibvongodze, R., Kariuki, L., Habtu, M., Masika, M., Mukoko, D. & Njunwa, K. J. (2017) Characterization of malaria vectors in Huye District, southern Rwanda. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 19 (3), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.4314 / thrb. v 19 i 3.8","Giaquinto-Mira, M. (1950) Notes on the geographical distribution and biology of \" Anophelinae \" and \" Culicinae \" in Etiopia [sic]. Rivista di Malariologia, 29 (5), 281 - 313.","Kamau, L., Mulaya, N. & Vulule, J. M. (2006) Evaluation of potential role of Anopheles ziemanni in malaria transmission in western Kenya. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (4), 774 - 776. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 43.4.774"]}
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- 2022
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44. Anopheles caliginosus de Meillon 1943
- Author
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Coetzee, Maureen
- Subjects
Insecta ,Culicidae ,Arthropoda ,Anopheles caliginosus ,Diptera ,Anopheles ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Anopheles caliginosus de Meillon, 1943 1943. Anopheles coustani caliginosus de Meillon 1968. Anopheles caliginosus de Meillon, specific status, Gillies & de Meillon TYPE LOCALITY: Likasi (formerly Jadotville), Haut-Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. This species appears to be distinct from An. tenebrosus, but the males and immature stages are still unknown. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: 5 mm. Wing (Fig. 2a): Costa entirely dark-scaled; preapical pale spot on R 1; apical pale fringe spot extending from R 2 almost to R 4+5. Maxillary palpus: Distal two palpomeres slightly less shaggy than is usual for the group; usually entirely dark-scaled, sometimes a few pale scales at apex of palpomeres 3–5. Legs (Fig. 2b): All dark except hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 all pale and apical 0.2 of hindtarsomere 3 pale. Sometimes a few pale scales present at apices of foretarsomeres 1–3 and hindtarsomeres 1 and 2, especially in specimens from Botswana. Variation: Specimens from Kasane, Botswana show some darkening of hindtarsomere 5 and, hence, bear a superficial resemblance to An. symesi. They differ markedly from this species, however, in the dark costa and thorax, and in having less than apical half of hindtarsomere 3 pale. LARVAL HABITAT: Unknown. ADULT BIOLOGY: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) specimens were mainly collected in a sheep-baited trap. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Angola (Gillies & Coetzee 1987), Botswana and the DRC (Gillies & de Meillon 1968). The record from Eswatini (Irish et al. 2020) is from an unpublished WHO report on an evaluation mission by a consultant team to Swaziland in November/ December 1984, led by malariologist L.T. de Almeida Franco. This identification of An. caliginosus requires confirmation as it could have been a misidentification of An. tenebrosus, which is common in the neighbouring countries of Mozambique and South Africa., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on pages 184-185, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["de Meillon, B. (1943) New records and new species of Nematocera (Diptera) from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 6 (1), 90 - 113.","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343.","Gillies, M. T. & Coetzee, M. (1987) A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 55, 1 - 143.","Irish, S. R., Kyalo, D., Snow, R. W. & Coetzee, M. (2020) Updated list of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) by country in the Afrotropical Region and associated islands. Zootaxa, 4747 (3), 401 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4747.3.1"]}
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- 2022
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45. Anopheles tenebrosus Donitz 1902
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Coetzee, Maureen
- Subjects
Insecta ,Culicidae ,Arthropoda ,Diptera ,Anopheles ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Anopheles tenebrosus ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Anopheles tenebrosus Dönitz, 1902 1928. Anopheles mauritianus var. tenebrosus of Edwards 1936. Anopheles coustani var. tenebrosus of de Meillon TYPE LOCALITY: Wadi Natrun, Egypt. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: 5.0 mm. Wing (Fig. 9a): Similar to An. ziemanni but apical pale fringe spot may be reduced, subcostal pale spot sometimes absent, and rarely, costa entirely dark. Maxillary palpus: Shaggy, with four pale bands. Legs (Fig. 9b): Apex of foretibia and base of foretarsomere 1 always dark. Apex of hindtibia narrowly pale; hindtarsomere 1 entirely dark basally; hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 pale, 0.5 of hindtarsomere 3 pale. LARVAL HABITAT: Natural collections of clear water with aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, such as swamps, ponds, backwaters of streams, springs, ditches and rice fields. In laboratory experiments, Coetzee & le Sueur (1988) showed that 39.5% of 1,710 An. tenebrosus eggs survived to fourth-instar larvae in 25% seawater, suggesting that the species could occupy a broader range of larval habitats than previously thought. ADULT BIOLOGY: Cattle-feeding tendencies were confirmed in Ethiopia (Habtewold et al. 2004; Zeru et al. 2020). Long considered unimportant in the transmission of malaria parasites, this was confirmed by recent studies in Egypt (Morsy et al. 1995) and Mozambique (Charlwood et al. 2013; S. Irish, personal communication). Aranda et al. (2005) in southern Mozambique collected 43 An. tenebrosus in a light trap and reported “a few” positive for circumsporozoite protein “albeit with low optical density values”. No further data were provided, and this requires confirmation. DISTRIBUTION: Widespread and abundant throughout eastern and southern Africa, including Angola. The presence of An. tenebrosus in Gabon was confirmed by Paupy et al. (2013) who caught three specimens in a light trap in the La Lekedi wildlife park. Also known from Egypt, Israel, Jordan, eastern and southwestern Saudi Arabia, Yemen and the Dhofar coast of Oman (Evans 1938; Peffly 1959; Gillies & de Meillon 1968; Glick 1992; Morsy et al. 1995; Abdullah & Merdan 1995)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on page 192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Donitz, W. (1902) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Anopheles. Zeitschrift fur Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten, 41, 15 - 88, 2 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300019994","Coetzee, M. & Le Sueur, D. (1988) Effects of salinity on the larvae of some Afrotropical anopheline mosquitoes. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2 (4), 385 - 390. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.1988. tb 00212. x","Habtewold, T., Prior A., Torr, S. J. & Gibson, G. (2004) Could insecticide-treated cattle reduce Afrotropical malaria transmission? Effects of deltamethrin-treated Zebu on Anopheles arabiensis behaviour and survival in Ethiopia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 18 (4), 408 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0269 - 283 X. 2004.00525. x","Zeru, M. A., Shibru, S. & Massebo, F. (2020) Exploring the impact of cattle on human exposure to malaria mosquitoes in the Arba Minch area district of southwest Ethiopia. Parasites & Vectors, 13, 322. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 020 - 04194 - z","Morsy, T. A., El Kadry, A. A., Salama, M. M., Sabry, A. H. & El Sharkawy, I. M. (1995) Studies on the bionomics and vector competence of adult anopheline mosquitoes in El Faiyum Governorate, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 25 (1), 213 - 244.","Charlwood, J. D., Macia, G. A., Manhaca, M., Sousa, B., Cuamba, N. & Braganca, M. (2013) Population dynamics and spatial structure of human-biting mosquitoes, inside and outside of houses, in the Chockwe irrigation scheme, southern Mozambique. Geospatial Health, 7 (2), 309 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.4081 / gh. 2013.89","Aranda, C., Aponte, J. J., Saute, F., Casimiro, S., Pinto, J., Sousa, C., Rosario, V. D., Petrarca, V., Dgedge, M. & Alonso, P. (2005) Entomological characteristics of malaria transmission in Manhica, a rural area in southern Mozambique. Journal of Medical Entomology, 42 (2), 180 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 42.2.180","Paupy, C., Makanga, B., Ollomo, B., Rahola, N., Durand, P., Magnus, J., Willaume, E., Renaud, F., Fontenille, D. & Prugnolle, F. (2013) Anopheles moucheti and Anopheles vinckei are candidate vectors of ape Plasmodium parasites, including Plasmodium falciparum in Gabon. PLoS One, 8, e 57294. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0057294","Evans, A. M. (1938) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. II. - Anophelini adults and early stages. British Museum (Natural History), London, x, 404 pp.","Peffly, R. L. (1959) Insecticide resistance in anophelines in eastern Saudi Arabia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 20, 757 - 776.","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343.","Glick, J. I. (1992) Illustrated key to the female Anopheles of southwestern Asia and Egypt (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 24 (2), 125 - 153.","Abdullah, M. A. R. & Merdan, A. I. (1995) Distribution and ecology of the mosquito fauna in the southwestern Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 25 (3), 815 - 837."]}
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- 2022
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46. Anopheles coustani Laveran 1900
- Author
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Coetzee, Maureen
- Subjects
Anopheles coustani ,Insecta ,Culicidae ,Arthropoda ,Diptera ,Anopheles ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Anopheles coustani Laveran, 1900 1901. Anopheles mauritianus de Grandpre & de Charmoy, synonym 1901. Anopheles paludis var. similis Theobald, synonym 1983. Anopheles coustani sp. A, Coetzee TYPE LOCALITY: Ankarafantsika, Ampijoroa forest station, Madagascar. The original description of this species by Laveran (1900) states that the specimens came from an unknown marsh locality on Madagascar. It is not known why Evans (1938) gave the type locality as the island of Reunion, but this error was perpetuated in later works by de Meillon (1947) and Gillies & de Meillon (1968). “ A Synoptic Catalog of the Mosquitoes of the World” (Stone et al. 1959) gives the correct type locality but later catalogues (Knight & Stone 1977; White 1980) list it as Reunion. Coetzee (1995) discussed the confusion of the type locality and designated a neotype for An. coustani with the above type locality. The most recent catalogue of Wilkerson et al. (2021) gives the type locality as Madagascar. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: Normally 5.0– 5.8 mm, but may be much shorter. Wing (Fig. 3a): Mainly dark, costa with preapical, subcostal and sector pale spots; apical pale fringe spot small, opposite R 2; wing field with variable amount of pale scaling. Maxillary palpus (Fig. 3b): Shaggy, with four pale bands, apex pale. Legs (Fig. 3c): Hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 all pale, apical 0.66 of 3 pale; hindtarsomere 1 with base and apex broadly pale; hindtibia with apical pale spot greatly enlarged ventrally to form a longitudinal white stripe. Variation: The black band at the base of hindtarsomere 3 may be absent, very narrow or 0.5 as long as the tarsomere. The apical white stripe on the hindtibia may be interrupted distally. LARVAL HABITAT: The preferred habitats of this species are natural collections of clear water with aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, such as swamps, ponds, backwaters of streams, springs, ditches and rice fields. ADULT BIOLOGY: Adult females can be anthropophilic or zoophilic, mostly feeding outdoors and rarely found resting indoors. Gillies & de Meillon (1968) reported positive salivary gland infections of malarial parasites in An. coustani from Tanzania (0.18%) and the DRC (0.09%) and concluded that it played an insignificant role in malaria transmission. However, more recent research has shown females to be infected with Plasmodium falciparum in the Taveta District of Kenya (0.85–1.78%) (Mwangangi et al. 2013) and Lake Victoria islands (18.75%) (Ogola et al. 2017), also Bangui in the Central African Republic (2.3%) (Ndiath et al. 2016). Both P. falciparum and P. vivax were found in females from Ankazobe (0.01–0.05%) (Nepomichene et al. 2015) and the Maevatanana District (0.14–0.84%) of Madagascar (Goupeyou-Youmsi et al. 2020), but only P. vivax was found in southeastern Madagascar (3.2%) (Finney et al. 2021). Abduselam et al. (2016), however, were unable to experimentally infect Ethiopian An. coustani with P. vivax. DNA of P. falciparum was found by qPCR in six females from northern Zambia (Ciubotariu et al. 2020). Antonio-Nkondjio et al. (2006) found females infected with P. malariae (3.2%) in Cameroon. Rift Valley Fever virus was isolated from An. coustani in the Haute Matsiatra region of Madagascar (Ratovonjato et al. 2011), Wesselsbron virus in Kenya (Villinger et al. 2017) and Zika virus in Kedougou, Senegal (Diallo et al. 2014). Makanga et al. (2017) in Gabon collected mosquitoes in two wild-life reserves and inferred their host preference through identification of haemosporidian infections in the mosquitoes. Out of 29 An. coustani examined, two were found positive for ungulate parasites. DISTRIBUTION: Common throughout the Afrotropical Region, from Oman, southwestern Saudi Arabia and Yemen in the north southward to Cape Province in South Africa (de Meillon 1947; Glick 1992; Irish et al. 2020), and on the associated islands of Madagascar, Mauritius and Reunion (Grjebine 1966); extending up to altitudes of 2,700 m in Ethiopia and 2,300 m in Tanzania (Gillies & de Meillon 1968)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on pages 185-186, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Laveran, [A.] (1900) Sur un Anopheles provenant de Madagascar. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seiances et Meimoires de la Socieitei de Biologie, 52, 109 - 110.","Evans, A. M. (1938) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. II. - Anophelini adults and early stages. British Museum (Natural History), London, x, 404 pp.","de Meillon, B. (1947) The Anophelini of the Ethiopian Geographical Region. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 10 (49), 1 - 272","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343.","Stone, A., Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation. Volume VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 358 pp.","Knight, K. L. & Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. 2 nd Edition. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, xi + 611 pp.","White, G. B. (1980) Family Culicidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 114 - 148.","Coetzee, M. (1995) Anopheles crypticus, new species from South Africa is distinguished from Anopheles coustani (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 26 (3), 125 - 131. [for 1994].","Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6","Mwangangi, J. M., Muturi, E. J., Muriu, S. M., Nzovu, J., Midega, J. T. & Mbogo, C. (2013) The role of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles coustani in indoor and outdoor malaria transmission in Taveta District, Kenya. Parasites & Vectors, 6, 114. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 6 - 114","Ogola, E., Villinger, J., Mabuka, D., Omondi, D., Orindi, B., Mutunga, J., Owino, V. & Masiga, D. K. (2017) Composition of Anopheles mosquitoes, their blood-meal hosts, and Plasmodium falciparum infection rates in three islands with disparate bed net coverage in Lake Victoria, Kenya. Malaria Journal, 16, 360. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12936 - 017 - 2015 - 5","Ndiath, M. O., Eiglmeier, K., Ole Sangba, M. L., Holm, I., Kazanji, M. & Vernick, K. D. (2016) Composition and genetics of malaria vector populations in the Central African Republic. Malaria Journal, 15, 387. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12936 - 016 - 1431 - 2","Nepomichene, T. N., Tata, E. & Boyer, S. (2015) Malaria case in Madagascar, probable implication of a new vector, Anopheles coustani. Malaria Journal, 14, 475. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12936 - 015 - 1004 - 9","Goupeyou-Youmsi, J., Rakotondranaivo, T., Puchot, N., Peterson, I., Girod, R., Vigan-Womas, I., Paul, R., Ndiath, M. O. & Bourgouin, C. (2020) Differential contribution of Anopheles coustani and Anopheles arabiensis to the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in two neighbouring villages of Madagascar. Parasites & Vectors, 13, 430. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 020 - 04282 - 0","Finney, M., McKenzie, B. A., Rabaovola, B., Sutcliffe, A., Dotson, E. & Zohdy, S. (2021) Widespread zoophagy and detection of Plasmodium spp. in Anopheles mosquitoes in southeastern Madagascar. Malaria Journal, 20, 25. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12936 - 020 - 03539 - 4","Abduselam, N., Zeynudin, A., Berens-Riha, N., Seyoum, D., Pritsch, M., Tibebu, H., Eba, K., Hoelscher, M., Wieser, A. & Yewhalaw, D. (2016) Similar trends of susceptibility in Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles pharoensis to Plasmodium vivax infection in Ethiopia. Parasites & Vectors, 9, 552. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 016 - 1839 - 0","Ciubotariu, I. I., Jones, C. M., Kobayashi, T., Bobanga, T., Muleba, M., Pringle, J. C., Stevenson, J. C., Carpi, G. & Norris, D. E. (2020) Genetic diversity of Anopheles coustani (Diptera: Culicidae) in malaria transmission foci in southern and central Africa. Journal of Medical Entomology, 57 (6), 1782 - 1792. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjaa 132","Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Kerah, C. H., Simard, F., Awono-Ambene, P., Chouaibou, M., Tchuinkam, T. & Fontenille, D. (2006) Complexity of the malaria vectorial system in Cameroon: contribution of secondary vectors to malaria transmission. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (6), 1215 - 1221. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 43.6.1215","Ratovonjato, J., Olive, M. M., Tantely, L. M., Andrianaivolambo, L., Tata, E., Razainirina, J., Jeanmaire, E., Reynes, J. M. & Elissa, N. (2011) Detection, isolation, and genetic characterization of Rift Valley fever virus from Anopheles (Anopheles) coustani, Anopheles (Anopheles) squamosus, and Culex (Culex) antennatus of the Haute Matsiatra region, Madagascar. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases, 11 (6), 753 - 759. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2010.0031","Villinger, J., Mbaya, M. K., Ouso, D., Kipanga, P. N., Lutomiah, J. & Masiga, D. K. (2017) Arbovirus and insect-specific virus discovery in Kenya by novel six genera multiplex high-resolution melting analysis. Molecular Ecology Resources, 17 (3), 466 - 480. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / 1755 - 0998.12584","Diallo, D., Sall, A. A., Diagne, C. T., Faye, Oum., Faye, Ous., Ba, Y., Hanley, K. A., Buenemann, M., Weaver, S. C. & Diallo, M. (2014) Zika virus emergence in mosquitoes in southeastern Senegal, 2011. Plos One, 9 (10), e 109442. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0109442","Makanga, B., Costantini, C., Rahola, N., Yangari P., Rougeron, V., Ayala, D., Prugnolle, F. & Paupy, C. (2017) \" Show me which parasites you carry and I will tell you what you eat \", or how to infer the trophic behaviour of hematophagous arthropods feeding on wildlife. Ecology and Evolution, 7 (19), 7578 - 7584. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.2769","Glick, J. I. (1992) Illustrated key to the female Anopheles of southwestern Asia and Egypt (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 24 (2), 125 - 153.","Irish, S. R., Kyalo, D., Snow, R. W. & Coetzee, M. (2020) Updated list of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) by country in the Afrotropical Region and associated islands. Zootaxa, 4747 (3), 401 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4747.3.1","Grjebine, A. (1966) Faune de Madagascar. XXII. Insectes Dipteres Culicidae Anophelinae. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Paris, 487 pp., table, map, 8 pls."]}
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47. Anopheles namibiensis Coetzee 1984
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Coetzee, Maureen
- Subjects
Anopheles namibiensis ,Insecta ,Culicidae ,Arthropoda ,Diptera ,Anopheles ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Anopheles namibiensis Coetzee, 1984 TYPE LOCALITY: Mahongo, Kavango District, Namibia. Described and named as a new species based on morphological characters of the adults, larva and pupa, and differences in chromosomal inversion banding patterns compared with An. ziemanni Grünberg, 1902. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: 5.0 mm. Wing (Fig. 5): Subcostal and preapical pale spots present, small; apical pale fringe spot rarely extending beyond wing tip of R 3. Maxillary palpus: Shaggy, with four pale bands. Legs:Apex of foretibia and base of foretarsomere 1 always dark. Apex of hindtibia, base of hindtarsomere 1 and apices of hindtarsomeres 1 and 2 with pale spots at most 3 times as wide as diameter of the tarsomere; hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 pale, 0.5 of hindtarsomere 3 pale. LARVAL HABITAT: Vegetated pools and swamps in forested areas around Yaoundé, Cameroon (Manga et al. 1997). ADULT BIOLOGY: Females were collected in cattle enclosures at the type locality (Coetzee 1984). In Cameroon, human landing catches carried out in Simbock village, Yaoundé, yielded 10 An. namibiensis (Manga et al. 1997). The records of An. namibiensis from Cameroon (Ayala et al. 2009) using pyrethrum spray catches in houses show it to be present in the western highlands, Adamaoua highlands and the central plateau near Yaoundé. DISTRIBUTION: Mahongo in Kavango District, northern Namibia; Yaoundé, Cameroon. The Tanzanian distribution record given in Irish et al. (2020) is incorrect as Mahongo is in Namibia, not Tanzania., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on page 188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Coetzee, M. (1984) A new species of Anopheles (Anopheles) from Namibia (Diptera: Culicidae). Systematic Entomology, 9 (1), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1984. tb 00498. x","Grunberg, K. (1902) Ein neuer Anopheles aus Westafrika, Anopheles ziemanni nov. spec. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 25 (677), 550 - 551.","Manga, L., Mbingue, S., Nkou Etoundi, M. & Ngollo, M. (1997) Anopheles namibiensis is anthropophilic and widespread in Cameroon. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 11 (4), 409. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.1997. tb 00432. x","Ayala, D., Costantini, C., Ose, K., Kamdem, G. C., Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Agbor, J-P., Awono-Ambene, P., Fontenille, D. & Simard, F. (2009) Habitat suitability and ecological niche profile of major malaria vectors in Cameroon. Malaria Journal, 8, 307. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1475 - 2875 - 8 - 307","Irish, S. R., Kyalo, D., Snow, R. W. & Coetzee, M. (2020) Updated list of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) by country in the Afrotropical Region and associated islands. Zootaxa, 4747 (3), 401 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4747.3.1"]}
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48. Anopheles symesi Edwards 1928
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Coetzee, Maureen
- Subjects
Insecta ,Culicidae ,Arthropoda ,Anopheles symesi ,Diptera ,Anopheles ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Anopheles symesi Edwards, 1928 TYPE LOCALITY: Kisumu, Kenya. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: 5.5 mm. Wing (Fig. 8a): All pale scales yellow. Subcostal and preapical pale spots present; apical pale fringe spot extending from R 2 to R 4+5; basal 0.5 of CuA entirely pale. Maxillary palpus: Shaggy, with four pale bands. Legs (Fig. 8b): Apex of hindtibia dark or with a few pale scales; hindtarsomeres 1 and 2 entirely dark, 3 largely or entirely pale, 4 pale, 5 pale basally or entirely dark. LARVAL HABITAT: Dense papyrus swamps along the shores of Lake Victoria. ADULT BIOLOGY: Very little known. Rarely captured in habitations. In 2009, Osman et al. (2014) collected a single female by pyrethrum-spray catch in South Darfur State of Sudan. DISTRIBUTION: Confined mainly to a narrow belt from southern Sudan to the northern shores of Lake Victoria and Lake Albert and as far south as Katanga in the DRC (Gillies & de Meillon 1968)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on page 191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Edwards, F. W. (1928) Mosquito notes. - VII. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 18 (3), 267 - 284.","Osman, A. A., Gafer, A. A., Abdalmagid, M. A., Jamal, A. E., Bashir, A., Elnaeim, H., Abdalgadir, O. M., Brair, M. & Toto, H. K. (2014) Up to date anopheline mosquitoes distribution in Sennar and South Darfur states during dry season, (Sudan) 2009. Sudanese Journal of Public Health, 9 (1), 53 - 58.","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343."]}
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49. Anopheles Meigen 1818
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Coetzee, Maureen
- Subjects
Insecta ,Culicidae ,Arthropoda ,Diptera ,Anopheles ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy - Abstract
ANOPHELES Series Anopheles concolor Edwards, 1938 (in Evans, 1938) TYPE LOCALITY: Kabila, Kwango Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: 4.5–5.0 mm. Wing (Fig. 11a): Entirely dark. Maxillary palpus (Fig. 11b): Smooth, with two pale bands, apical band covering whole of palpomere 5 and extreme apex of 4; basal band occupying apex of 2nd and base of 3rd palpomeres; a few pale scales sometimes present at apex of 3rd palpomere. Legs (Fig. 11c): Largely dark except for a few white scales at tips of forefemur and –tibia, and conspicuous pale bands at apices of hindfemur and -tibia. LARVAL HABITAT: In the DRC, in clear acid pools in Sphagnum along the outer edge of thick gallery forest (Gillies & de Meillon 1968). In the Meanja River in Cameroon (Wanji et al. 2009) and in swamps in Ethiopia (Getachew et al. 2020). ADULT BIOLOGY: Adults of both sexes have been caught in large numbers resting in hollow trees in gallery forest in the southern savannas of the DRC. In certain conditions, the females attack humans in the forest by day, especially in the morning and late afternoon, but the results of precipitin tests on resting females showed that they feed mainly on antelopes. It is likely, from the presence of occasional specimens infected with sporozoites, that the species is implicated in the transmission of non-human malaria (Gillies & de Meillon 1968). In Angola, one female was caught in the early evening resting in a tent (Ribeiro & Ramos 1975). DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Cameroon, DRC (Kyalo et al. 2017; Irish et al. 2020). In southwestern Ethiopia, two An. concolor were identified from larval collections (Getachew et al. 2020), but this record requires confirmation., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on page 193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Evans, A. M. (1938) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. II. - Anophelini adults and early stages. British Museum (Natural History), London, x, 404 pp.","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343.","Wanji, S., Mafo, F. F., Tendongfor, N., Tanga, M. C., Tchuente, F., Bilong Bilong, C. F. & Njine, T. (2009) Spatial distribution, environmental and physicochemical characterization of Anopheles breeding sites in the Mount Cameroon region. Journal of Vector-borne Diseases, 46 (1), 75 - 80.","Getachew, D., Balkew, M. & Tekie, H. (2020) Anopheles larval species composition and characterization of breeding habitats in two localities in the Ghibe River Basin, southwestern Ethiopia. Malaria Journal, 19, 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12936 - 020 - 3145 - 8","Ribeiro, H. & da Cunha Ramos, H. (1975) Research on the mosquitoes of Angola. VI - The genus Anopheles Meigen, 1818 (Diptera, Culicidae) [sic]. Check-list with new records, keys to the females and larvae, distribution and bioecological notes. Garcia de Orta, Serie de Zoologia, 4 (1), 1 - 39, 17 pls.","Kyalo, D., Amratia, P., Mundia, C. W., Mbogo, C. M., Coetzee, M. & Snow, R. W. (2017) A geo-coded inventory of anophelines in the Afrotropical Region south of the Sahara: 1898 - 2016. Wellcome Open Research, 2, 57. https: // doi. org / 10.12688 / wellcomeopenres. 12187.1","Irish, S. R., Kyalo, D., Snow, R. W. & Coetzee, M. (2020) Updated list of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) by country in the Afrotropical Region and associated islands. Zootaxa, 4747 (3), 401 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4747.3.1"]}
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50. Anopheles paludis Theobald 1900
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Coetzee, Maureen
- Subjects
Anopheles paludis ,Insecta ,Culicidae ,Arthropoda ,Diptera ,Anopheles ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Anopheles paludis Theobald, 1900 1928. Anopheles mauritianus var. paludis Edwards TYPE LOCALITY: Katunga, Sierra Leone. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: ±6.0 mm. Wing (Fig. 7a): Sector, subcostal and preapical pale spots prominent; apical pale fringe spot opposite R 3; pale fringe spot present opposite CuA 2, sometimes faint. Maxillary palpus: Shaggy, with four pale bands. Legs (Fig. 7b): Hindleg with apex of tibia narrowly pale; base of hindtarsomere 1 dark, as in An. tenebrosus; hindtarsomeres 3–5 entirely pale. LARVAL HABITAT: Natural collections of clear water with aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, such as swamps, ponds, backwaters of streams, springs, ditches and rice fields. ADULT BIOLOGY: Mainly zoophilic but females feed on humans in some areas. In certain areas of the Congo basin, the species is regularly captured indoors, and females with P. falciparum salivary gland infections as high as 10% have been reported (Gillies & de Meillon 1968; Gillies & Coetzee 1987). In the Bandungu region of the DRC, a 6.2% sporozoite rate was recorded by Karch & Mouchet (1992), but no infections were recorded in the capital of Kinshasa (Karch et al. 1992; Coene 1993). In Cameroon, there are several reports of An. paludis infected with parasites: 0.15% (Gillies & de Meillon 1968), 1.12% (Antonio-Nkondjio et al. 2006), 7.1% (Bigoga et al. 2012), 3.4% (Tabue et al. 2017) and 0.7% (Bamou et al. 2018). In Gabon, Makanga et al. (2017) collected An. paludis in wildlife reserves where one out of 76 females was found infected with ungulate haemosporidian parasites. DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, mainly in the tropics. The record from an unknown locality in Senegal by Hamon et al. (1956) was not confirmed until a single specimen was collected in Bandafassi, near Kedougou, in southeastern Senegal in 2002 (Ndiath et al. 2011)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on page 190, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Theobald, F. V. (1900) A new Anopheles (A. paludis) from Sierra Leone. Reports to the Malaria Committee of the Royal Society, 1, 75 - 76.","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343.","Gillies, M. T. & Coetzee, M. (1987) A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 55, 1 - 143.","Karch, S. & Mouchet, J. (1992) Anopheles paludis: vecteur important du paludisme au Zaire. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique, 85 (5), 388 - 389.","Coene, J. (1993) Malaria in urban and rural Kinshasa: the entomological input. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 7, 127 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.1993. tb 00665. x","Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Kerah, C. H., Simard, F., Awono-Ambene, P., Chouaibou, M., Tchuinkam, T. & Fontenille, D. (2006) Complexity of the malaria vectorial system in Cameroon: contribution of secondary vectors to malaria transmission. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (6), 1215 - 1221. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 43.6.1215","Bigoga, J. D., Nanfack, F. M., Awono-Ambene, P. H., Patchoke, S., Atangana, J., Otia, V. S., Fondjo, E., Moyou, R. S. & Leke, R. G. (2012) Seasonal prevalence of malaria vectors and entomological inoculation rates in the rubber cultivated area of Niete, South Region of Cameroon. Parasites & Vectors, 5, 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 5 - 197","Tabue, R. N., Awono-Ambene, P., Etang, J., Atangana, J., Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Toto, J. C., Patchoke, S., Leke, R. G., Fondjo, E., Mnzava, A. P., Knox, T. B., Tougordi, A., Donnelly, M. J. & Bigoga, J. D. (2017) Role of Anopheles (Cellia) rufipes (Gough, 1910) and other local anophelines in human malaria transmission in the northern savannah of Cameroon: a cross-sectional survey. Parasites & Vectors, 10, 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 016 - 1933 - 3","Bamou, R., Mbakop, L. R., Kopya, E., Ndo, C., Awono-Ambene, P., Tchuinkam, T., Rono, M. K., Mwangangi, J. & Antonio- Nkondjio, C. (2018) Changes in malaria vector bionomics and transmission patterns in the equatorial forest region of Cameroon between 2000 and 2017. Parasites & Vectors, 11, 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 3049 - 4","Makanga, B., Costantini, C., Rahola, N., Yangari P., Rougeron, V., Ayala, D., Prugnolle, F. & Paupy, C. (2017) \" Show me which parasites you carry and I will tell you what you eat \", or how to infer the trophic behaviour of hematophagous arthropods feeding on wildlife. Ecology and Evolution, 7 (19), 7578 - 7584. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.2769","Hamon, J., Adam, J. P. & Grjebine, A. (1956) Observations sur la repartition et le comportement des anopheles de l'Afrique- Equatoriale Francaise, du Cameroun et de l'Afrique Occidentale. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 15 (3 - 5), 549 - 591.","Ndiath, M. O., Mazenot, C., Gaye, A., Konate, L., Bouganali, C., Faye, O., Sokhna, C. & Trape, J-F. (2011) Methods to collect Anopheles mosquitoes and evaluate malaria transmission: A comparative study in two villages in Senegal. Malaria Journal, 10, 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1475 - 2875 - 10 - 270"]}
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