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Cambridge, University Library, MS T-S 10.K.22 was discovered in the Cairo Genizah and immediately drew the attention of scholars. While written in Hebrew script, it was found to contain a copy of a previously unknown epic— Dukus Horant —that relates a story highly reminiscent of major works in the medieval German canon. The enthusiasm with which the discovery of the poem was met, however, soon turned into a fierce controversy over continuous attempts to identify the work as either "Jewish" or "German." The fact that the codex was discovered in Cairo of all places has indeed puzzled generations of scholars, but the poor state of its preservation invited much unfounded and ideologically inflected speculation regarding the whereabouts of its making and the circumstances that brought it to Egypt. The present essay offers a codicological study of the manuscript, which shows conclusively that indeed it was manufactured and copied in the eastern Mediterranean. The new data furthermore helps to reconstruct the hybrid intellectual environment of the region in which the manuscript was produced. These findings inform a new reading of the poem, as a Mediterranean object created for a community of displaced Ashkenazi Jews, a reading which subverts existing categories and destabilizes traditional theories on the history of vernacular literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the question of whether P65 (PSI XIV 1373) and P49 (P.Yale I 2 + II 86) should be considered as parts of two different codices or part of a single codex containing a collection of Paul's letters. While the similarity of the scripts of these two manuscripts has long been recognized, the two fragments have not been subjected to a thorough codicological comparison. This article examines the scripts of P65 and P49, selected scribal and codicological details of the fragments, and what can be known about the provenance of these papyri. The evidence examined points to the conclusion that these two fragmentary folia very probably came from the same single-quire codex containing a collection of Paul's letters and should be listed as a single manuscript rather than two separate manuscripts in the various catalogs and databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Islamic law, preponderance (tarjīḥ)—a practical method for mujtahid s to resolve legal contradictions (taʿāruḍ) between proofs—has been known in the uṣūl tradition from at least the 10th-century jurist al-Jaṣṣāṣ (d. 370/981). Yet, it is in several 17th and 18th-century Arabic and Ottoman manuscripts of Princeton's Garrett Collection that we encounter summary-like lists labelled "tarjīḥāt al-bayyināt" ("TB s"), which succinctly compile the complex rules of preponderance. Organized into three-columned lists, on loose leaves, as annotations in the margin or separate textual units, the TB s follow a grammatical and visual layout that made them predictable and recognizable for manuscript readers. This paper examines the TB s as a codicological phenomenon, arguing that they served as a shorthand for legal practitioners familiar with evidentiary law and that their presence suggests a broader transformative process of readers'/legal practitioners' relationship with codices of positive law at this critical moment in the history of Islamic law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the essays collected in Eretiche ed eretici medievali, La “disobbedienza” religiosa nei secoli XII-XV, a cura di Marina Benedetti (Roma, Carocci, 2023), manuscripts are studied or mentioned, observed in terms of their content and evaluated in terms of the circumstances and the people who commissioned, prepared and disseminated them. This essay, on the other hand, emphasises the materiality of the word: the paleographic and codicological characteristics of these manuscripts are analysed, also thanks to the digitised images available on the Internet, and are relevant to understanding the meanings attributed to these objects, independently of the religious and existential choices of those who held them in their hands.

Das „Xorde Avesta“ ist eine (in Handschriften und Drucken überlieferte) Sammlung von (größtenteils) kürzeren liturgischen Texten in avestischer Sprache (sowie in persischen und in indischen Sprachen) auf der Grundlage einer sie charakterisierenden, allgemein verbindlichen Struktur folgt. Diese Struktur zeigt typische Variationsmuster gemäß Klasse, Zeit und Ort der Handschrift. Im Rahmen von allgemeiner Struktur und partikularem Muster finden sich wiederum individuelle Differenzen in Material und in dessen Anordnung, die dafür verantwortlich sind, daß Xorde Avesta Handschriften fast immer Unikate sind (und vermutlich darum auch niemals im Rahmen der Hypothese der 'Stammhandschriften' diskutiert wurden). Die Hs. T12 aus der Mitte des 16. Jh. gehört zu jenen Handschriften des Xorde Avesta, die für unsere Rekonstruktion der Geschichte einer bestimmten Handschriftenklasse eine herausragende Position besitzen. Sie bildet zudem eine Schnittstelle von frühem iranischen Xorde Avesta (in Pahlavi) und der indischen Tradition, in die die Handschrift (wieder?) eingeführt wird.

Codicology, the study of written manuscripts, plays a vital role in understanding the history of human civilization, particularly in the context of the development and preservation of Quranic manuscripts. The Nusantara region, which includes Indonesia and parts of Malaysia, boasts a rich tradition of Quranic manuscript production and copying. This research seeks to explore the codicological history of Quranic manuscripts in the Nusantara, focusing on their origins, evolution, regional differences, and significance in the religious and cultural lives of Muslim communities in the area. The research methodology includes analyzing various historical sources, such as existing Quranic manuscripts, historical records, academic studies, and other primary materials. The data collected is examined to identify patterns, trends, and regional distinctions. The findings reveal that the codicological history of Quranic manuscripts in the Nusantara mirrors the region's cultural diversity and the deep-rooted Islamic traditions. These manuscripts originate from various regions and showcase a wide range of writing styles, decorative elements, and materials, shaped by influences such as cultural interactions, technological progress, and local preferences. Understanding this history better can contribute to preserving the cultural and religious heritage of the Nusantara and enhance knowledge of Islamic civilization in the region.

This article discusses a little-known Tibetan bound-book format, using examples from a unique collection of manuscripts, named Drangsong, belonging to the Bon religion of Tibet. Despite the fact that Tibetan sewn books are rare compared to other formats, they are common in Mustang. This study of sixteen sewn Drangsong manuscripts explores the technical details of their binding, the interdependence of the format and function of these manuscripts, as well as their manufacturing materials in the context of the provenance of these books and the social history of the region. A comparison will then be made between the books’ individual vs. collective features.

Digital codicology is still an emerging discipline with many open technical and methodological issues. In fact, not all the features of books can be digitally acquired with traditional methods, which makes book digitization a complex process that requires the adoption of advanced digitization and imaging techniques and modeling processes in order to preserve the heterogeneity and granularity of original materials and satisfy the research needs of scholars such as bibliographers, codicologists, conservators, and cultural heritage scientists. The physicality and materiality of books provide information as much as the text they contain, and only through understanding the remediation process and the specific objectives we want to achieve with digital surrogates, can we isolate the qualities necessary for a particular interpretation, thus creating Digital Cultural Objects that enable new digital research practices. The production of more comprehensive digital surrogates that combine untransferable features with traditional information could allow the implementation of algorithmic reading methodologies for book objects, leading to digital codicology.

There seems to be an enormous research gap in the study of literary wordpuzzles, which practically covers various areas of inquiry from literary history and investigation into their functions and applications to the revival of manuscript copies and explanation of the rules and procedures of puzzle making. Mīrhusayn Muʿammā’ī Nishābūrī (d. 904/1499), who followed ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī in composing wordpuzzles and was a prominent puzzle maker of the 9th/15th and 10th/16th centuries himself, wrote a treatise on the rules and procedures of puzzle making entitled Dastūr-i Muʿammā. The treatise, completed in 904/1499, contains 650 literary wordpuzzles composed by the author together with brief notes on puzzle making rules and procedures. More than one hundred manuscript copies of the treatise have been preserved at libraries across Iran and the world. The complexity of the puzzles distinguishes the treatise from other works of the same genre, prompting various literary scholars to write commentaries and provide explanatory notes on the puzzles from its completion in the 10th/16th century to the 12th/18th century. In order to fill part of the research gap and revive an important treatise on word puzzles, Dastūr-i Muʿammā was critically edited on the basis of MS 4495/1 preserved at the Central Library and Documentation Center of the University of Tehran as the base copy, adopting an eclectic method of emendation and providing a systematic method for the explanation and solution of the puzzles.

Sadr Al-Din Mohammad b. Ibrahim b. Yahya Qawami Shirazi, also known as Mulla Sadra left behind a number of handwritings. These manuscripts represent either his original works or his copies of other authors' works. This article aims to introduce one of these manuscripts which is a 13-leave book and includes a selection of Mowlavi's Masnavi-yi Ma'navi poems. It is kept in Shiraz's Pars Museum and neither the scribe's signature nor the date of composition is available. This manuscript is not included in Mulla Sadra's lists of manuscripts or works.The present study investigated the codicology and the attribution of the script of Mowlavi's Masnavi-yi Ma'navi's selected manuscript to Mulla Sadra Shirazi. Thus, the historical evidence of this manuscript was first discussed and then its script and the visual features were mentioned. The aforementioned manuscript includes selected verses of second to fourth books of Masnavi-yi Ma'navi.This manuscript was written when Mulla Sadra engaged in his studies. The binding date of the current manuscript can be traced back to the late 19th century. Within this time, Mirza Abu-Talib Razavi presented this manuscript to Mutamid al-Dawlah, the sovereign of Fars. During the reign of Farhad Mirza Mutamid al-Dawlah, Mirza Abu Talib Razavi assumed the position of head of the Fars Court of Justice. The additional date of of the beginning note of the manuscript coincides with the reign of Uwais Mirza Ehtesham al-Dawlah, the son of Farhad Mirza, as ruler of Fars. He also held the designation of Mutamid al-Dawlah.

The purpose of this manifesto is to raise broad questions about philological inquiry as a background to the purpose of this occasional journal. It reflects both on general questions of philology (Section 2) and delves into an example from the Middle Persian translations (Zand) of the Avesta in which can be seen a clash between the traditional approach in that field and the type of inquiry that I advocate here (Section 3).

The present study is the introduction and textual analysis of a manuscript called the Divan of Bolbol-e Gilani, written in the 9th century AH. It is manuscript number 86 in the library of Istanbul University which has not been introduced or edited so far. The main goal of this research is to introduce and review this manuscript and express its main linguistic, literary, and intellectual features. The research method is descriptive analysis based on field and library studies and in-text evidence. There is no information about this poet in literary and historical sources and Bolbol remains unknown even among the people of Gilan. He is a poet from the middle class and lacks style, having experimented with the forms of masnavi, qasida, ghazal, and qet'a. Bolbol follows the Khorasani style in qasida and the Iraqi style in ghazal. The manuscript consists of 107 pages and 3078 verses and does not have the scribe's signature, name, or information; moreover, the time of writing is not available, but the text shows that the scribe did not have enough precision in copying: several typographical errors are seen in his manuscript. The main themes of the Divan are the praise of the local rulers of Gilan and the description of its land and beauty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is the introduction and textual analysis of a manuscript called the Divan of Bolbol-e Gilani, written in the 9th century AH. It is manuscript number 86 in the library of Istanbul University which has not been introduced or edited so far. The main goal of this research is to introduce and review this manuscript and express its main linguistic, literary, and intellectual features. The research method is descriptive analysis based on field and library studies and in-text evidence. There is no information about this poet in literary and historical sources and Bolbol remains unknown even among the people of Gilan. He is a poet from the middle class and lacks style, having experimented with the forms of masnavi, qasida, ghazal, and qet’a. Bolbol follows the Khorasani style in qasida and the Iraqi style in ghazal. The manuscript consists of 107 pages and 3078 verses and does not have the scribe's signature, name, or information; moreover, the time of writing is not available, but the text shows that the scribe did not have enough precision in copying: several typographical errors are seen in his manuscript. The main themes of the Divan are the praise of the local rulers of Gilan and the description of its land and beauty.

Abstract This work presents the results of a transdisciplinary analysis performed on Harward’s Almanac (Dublin, 1666), an extremely rare volume currently housed in the National Library of Ireland. The uniqueness and historical value of the Almanac is related to the presence of nineteen handwritten poems, entered by an anonymous scribe. These record textually important English clandestine satire circulating anonymously in Dublin in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. Following a comprehensive historical assessment, it appeared evident that the current order of leaves was incorrect. To reconstruct the correct order of the leaves, and hence the likely sequence in which the manuscript poems were inscribed, this study employed a codicological/paleographic analysis complemented by analytical (X-ray fluorescence, XRF) and statistical (Self Organizing Map, SOM) investigation. Specifically, point XRF analysis was carried out for each handwritten page of the Almanac, allowing identification of ink elemental compositions (iron-based ink) and successfully supporting the validity of historical hypotheses on the poems’ order of inscription. The statistical organization of XRF data by SOMs allowed easy bi-dimensional visualization of the data set (54 points) and identification of ink similarities, once more validating the historical assessment.

Some manuscripts containing Middle English possess canonicity in modern scholarship for their own sakes, that is, for their interest as objects rather than due to the canonicity of their contents. The combination of many surviving manuscripts and a historical position largely before the coming of moveable-type print creates this manuscript canonicity; in this respect, Middle English studies stand out from comparable fields. Manuscripts with their own canonicity tend to be atypically large, and tend to gather many works, works that are often themselves not canonical. Although manuscript canonicity only rarely affects literary canonicity, the growth of manuscript canonicity shows how canonicity of all kinds emerges from teaching and research, not works or manuscripts. If literary scholars turn their attention to objects other than works, such as datasets, canonicity will develop around the new objects as it has around manuscripts. While the study of less-examined codices is worthwhile for other reasons, it can only move the hierarchy of canonicity around, and it cannot remove the stratification. However, manuscripts also invite thought on the books from the period which are now lost – the majority of books. Because research cannot make them canonical, these absent codices might help us think around canonicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a case study of the manuscripts of the Diamond Sūtra completed by an old man who lived in Dunhuang during the early tenth century. It investigates the textual and physical aspects of these manuscripts and reconstructs their production and use in an attempt to offer additional information on local religious life and the reproduction and transmission of the Diamond Sūtra during the medieval period. The first section focuses on a special version of the Diamond Sūtra which survives in the old man's manuscripts and examines its textual and paratextual characteristics. This version, originating in Xichuan, provides valuable clues regarding the function and use of the Diamond Sūtra during the medieval period. The second section, based on the examination of paleographic and codicological features of the manuscripts, delineates the religious practices and motivations involved in their production and sheds light on medieval Buddhist manuscript culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Imperially Commissioned Golden Mirror of the Orthodox Lineage of Medicine (Yuzuan yizong jinjian 御纂醫宗金鑑), first printed in 1742, was one of the most important and widely circulating works on medicine in late imperial China. This paper analyzes a group of twenty-three medical manuscripts from the nineteenth and early twentieth century that include parts of the Golden Mirror. The findings suggest that most of the manuscripts should not be considered mere copies, but as deliberate selections. They served didactic as well as epistemic functions that differ from, or go beyond, those that could be fulfilled by the printed Golden Mirror (or a faithful manuscript copy alone). This is indicated not only by different content type selections (verse form for memorization or recitation; prose form for study or consultation) and the combination with medical knowledge from other sources, but also by the ways in which these contents were formatted, usually to facilitate reading and navigation. Adjustment, updating or supplementation of Golden Mirror contents likewise functioned epistemically, integrating previous medical knowledge into the medical discourse of the time. Hence, the findings of the present study help to clarify the lasting importance of manuscripts in the age of print, for which possibilities of adapting knowledge to personal interests and requirements seem to have been decisive factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a fresh transcription of Codex Climaci Rescriptus I, a Christian Palestinian Aramaic manuscript from the Early Period (ca. 6th century), containing parts of Matthew's Gospel and Mark's Gospel. The transcription has been made from high resolution multi-spectral images. In addition, an extended introduction examines the codicology of the manuscript and its paratextual features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers provenance details of the nine extant copies of the first printed book in the Frisian language, the incunable Freeska Landriucht [1484–1486]. It evaluates previous literature on the subject and contains results from archival research as well as codicological and paleographical analyses. A pattern in the profiles of the first known owners of the major part of the copies emerges: They were Frisian men of a relatively high social status – from both secular and clerical background – with legal tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, colophons are studied as an essential component of Cyrillic codices, which were created on the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of Poland (later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). To write the study, the author analysed more than seventy colophons preserved in manuscripts from the collections of libraries in Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine. The earliest colophon is contained in the ?Lviv Gospel completed (full) aprakos? 1477, and the latest - the ?Kotsuriv Gospel? 1600. The study of the text's structure showed that these colophons belonged to six types with two subtypes, the classifying feature of which was the initial formula. A detailed analysis of the content of each colophon showed that the main components were the recording of the book's title, the name of its copyist, its origin, time and place of publication, and mention of the customer or buyer. The analysis of the colophons illustrated the phenomenon of authorial statements of scribes, which consisted of explaining the motives of their work, an idea of their mission, instructions to readers, or a request to correct errors in the text. In the colophons 1594 and 1595 by Stepan Popovych, who was from Trushevychi village, the inadmissibility of stealing codices with an appeal to the Holy Scriptures, in particular the passage Hbr 10,31 with its author's interpretation, was emphasised quite extensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the framework of research on older book culture, which currently appears to be quite robust and is being carried out from the perspective of several different research disciplines, it is possible to identify certain less-explored areas or topics. This paper examines closely oldest known book inventories of diocesan churches in Moravia with an emphasis on so-called libri cantuales, books that were used for singing during the liturgy. The scope of examined inventories remains rather modest, analysed were lists of the Olomouc cathedral from the first half of the 15th century and inventories from parish churches in Boskovice and Brno from the second half of the 15th century. With a closer look, those inventories reveal besides the usual types of liturgical books also less frequented manuscripts, which contained for instance chant repertoire for the Holy Week. Detailed study of inventories brings also important clues and impulses in the field of fragmentology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bibliothecae.it is the property of University of Bologna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work presents the results of a transdisciplinary analysis performed on Harward's Almanac (Dublin, 1666), an extremely rare volume currently housed in the National Library of Ireland. The uniqueness and historical value of the Almanac is related to the presence of nineteen handwritten poems, entered by an anonymous scribe. These record textually important English clandestine satire circulating anonymously in Dublin in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. Following a comprehensive historical assessment, it appeared evident that the current order of leaves was incorrect. To reconstruct the correct order of the leaves, and hence the likely sequence in which the manuscript poems were inscribed, this study employed a codicological/paleographic analysis complemented by analytical (X-ray fluorescence, XRF) and statistical (Self Organizing Map, SOM) investigation. Specifically, point XRF analysis was carried out for each handwritten page of the Almanac, allowing identification of ink elemental compositions (iron-based ink) and successfully supporting the validity of historical hypotheses on the poems' order of inscription. The statistical organization of XRF data by SOMs allowed easy bi-dimensional visualization of the data set (54 points) and identification of ink similarities, once more validating the historical assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying the theme of Use and Reuse to the practice of manuscript fragmentation, this essay will address the material and ontological “framing” of leaves of dismembered manuscripts. Manuscript leaves undergo multiple types of “framing” as they journey from their medieval haptic origins to the digital realm. A parchment leaf begins as the hide on an animal’s skeletal framework, a fleshly origin whose shape is permanently imprinted on the folio. That hide is then stretched on a parchmenter’s frame for scudding and preparation for trimming and writing. The book’s binding is another framelike container that holds the leaf and provides its spatial boundaries. If a manuscript is dismembered, the leaf may find itself contained not in a binding but in a matte, the matte then framed for presentation on a wall. As we move into the digital space, images must be themselves contained in the frame of a viewer. What can we make of these various transformations and the frames that contain and constrain them?

A previously unknown fragmentary songbook at the Archives of Barcelona Cathedral (Barcelona, Arxiu de la Catedral, Miscel·lània, 23/1-12) transmits 17 troubadour poems, mainly the work of Peire Cardenal. The provenance is still to be ascertained but it could well have been in the ACB since the Middle Ages. The extant 13 paper leaves of this new Catalan troubadour manuscript witness probably constituted a (now defective) quire and have a striking similarity with another Catalan troubadour fragment known as Mh (Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, 9-24-6/4579, n. 3). This new witness provides an additional, very interesting, piece for the reconstruction of the medieval circulation of troubadour lyrics in Catalan lands and beyond. The proposed siglum for this fragment is Bc.

The article discusses the development of the discipline of codicology in Lithuania in the period 1918-1990 thus continuing the research carried out from the early 19th century until 1918. The concept of codicology and its affiliation with the discipline of book studies allow us to identify the chronology of the research with the development of book studies, which entered the stage of independent science in the period under discussion. This was also the time when the discipline of codicology in Western Europe underwent a quantum leap - with the birth of the term codicology and the emphasis on its distinction from palaeography. The concept expanded to include the study of manuscripts in various aspects - from their physical structure to the reception of written culture. Did this influence the development of the discipline in Lithuania? Did it succeed in renewing the codicological research that had begun at the beginning of the 19th century? How did the science of codicology develop in the turbulent 20th century? Why did codicology failed to become the subject of a separate research and is hardly mentioned in Lithuanian science? The answer to these questions is sought through the bibliographies of Lithuanian book studies and history, publications of sources of the period, and the history of Lithuanian scientific institutions. The research enables us to talk about two distinct periods. Between 1918 and 1939, the subjects of bibliography and book history were formed and established in Lithuanian scholarship, while the history of the manuscript book was recorded as the earliest period of Lithuanian book history. The bibliographies, which were started on a national basis, recorded single copies of codices in a variety of languages and included some external features, but the manuscripts did not receive a closer look. V. Biržiška formulated the concept of the history of the manuscript book with a distinction between the Cyrillic and Latin codices. His insights about the poor quality of manuscript books in the GDL were later developed to some extent but remained mainly unchanged until the 1990s, and apparently influenced the subsequent development of research. The first phase can therefore be called the bibliographical period. The second phase covers the period 1945-1990. The end of the Second World War saw the reactivation of academic institutions, the training of a new generation of historians and librarians, the accumulation of manuscript books, and the appearance of individual works on the history of the book. However, we can only speak of codicological research and attention to the manuscript book as a research object since the 1980s. Historians and philologists (S. Lazutka, E. Gudavičius, V. Raudeliūnas, V. Mažiulis, V. Drotvinas), following the work of the scholars of the Vilnius Imperial University in the early 19th century, began to publish sources of writing. The comprehensive study of the First Statute of Lithuania by S. Lazutka and E. Gudavičius, published in 1983, clearly demonstrated the difference between codicology and palaeography. The detailed codicological description, still called palaeography, was used as an auxiliary research method to argue the origin and originality of the text, the history of its functioning and the dating process. Thus, between 1945 and 1990, codicology completely fulfilled its role as an auxiliary science of history. While book studies became an independent discipline in the period under discussion, codicology did not become as a discipline complete in itself. It remained a discipline between book history and palaeography, looking for a place in the structure of Lithuanian science. Although the term codicology was already in use in the scientific world and the concept of the term had expanded considerably, it did not function in Lithuanian science. However, it is significant to note that the studies in which codicology was used as an auxiliary science at the same time developed the topics of book science, raised new questions, and drew attention to new phenomena and cultural connections.

Anis ol-Arefin (Mathnavi of Nakhoda) is a fictional poem. This mathnavi has been written by Agha Mohammad Hosein Sahib Shirazi and is dedicated to Nakhoda. He composed this verse in 1293 A.H. (during the reign of Nasir al-Din Shah) in his old age and when he was the ambassador of Iran in Bengal, India. The purpose of this study is the linguistic analysis of the poem of Anis al-Arefin based on two existing lithographs of this poem. In addition, this text, apart from the linguistic benefits, has explanations and novelties from a literary point of view. This includes historical information about the Qajar era and the rulers, especially Fath Ali Shah and Naser al-Din Shah and some local border guards of India, geographical information, especially about Shiraz and India, and the birthplace and residence of the poet. Anis al-Arefin is noteworthy, readable, and fresh in terms of folk literature, anecdotes, legends, and parables. In addition, the poet of this poem was a political-literary person. This poem is a unique document in knowing the poet and with it you can get some of his personal and family information and get to know some of the political-historical figures that have not been left in history. Since literary works find meaning in a literary system, we also mentioned the connection of this work with other works, especially Khosrow and Shirin of Nizami, with which the poet of Anis al-Arifin wrote this poem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with one manuscript of the Jerusalem Talmud, Tractate Shabbat, discovered in the Cairo Genizah (שבתא in Ginzei Yerushlami). About 30 notes were identified in the margins of this volume, written in Hebrew and Greek. Researchers have considered these notes but have not yet understand their content. This is largely because of their unusual form of writing: the Hebrew notes were written from left to right, while the Greek ones—in most cases—were written from right to left. This paper shows that the notes are interpretive glosses that translate rare words written in the Talmudic text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article takes issue with medievalists' curated textual practices that coalesce on codicological intentionalism, that is, the implied position of (re)constructing authorial intention through the study of manuscripts and handwriting. Rather than criticize this practice, the article challenges medievalists to come clean about what they are doing, to acknowledge their methodological vantage point and, thus, to admit to investments in the project of intentionalism. Authorial intention is discussed as a function of the text/context debate; the tripartite division of authorship is analyzed in premodern settings; how codicological intentionalism operates is explained; and, finally, this phenomenon is shown to have parallels in a cognate discourse that has been ignored by literary medievalists, namely, the study of the Synoptic Gospels. Codicological intentionalism balances materialist with historicist certainties and probabilities; it offers a viable methodology for reconciling textual with authorial objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article attempts to introduce a lesser-known work called Kanz al-Maʿārif, written in Persian and in central Iran, and highlight its significance in a better and deeper understanding of the Barmakīd Dynasty. The book is entirely dedicated to ʾĀl-i Barmak (The Barmak family) and the biographies of the most important figures in this dynasty, and is authored by ʿAbd al-Jalīl ʾibn Yaḥyā ʾibn ʿAbdul Jalīl ʾibn Muḥammed ʾibn ʿAbdulbāqī Yazdī. He began writing the book in 762 A.H./1360 A.D. and dedicated it to Shāh Shujāʿ Dīn Muẓaffarī once it was finished. Three copies of this book are known to exist, with the two older copies numbered 1342 and 1351 being kept in the national library of France. The latter was transcribed in 926 A.H./1520 A.D., while the former's transcription date remains unknown. The third copy belongs to the ʿĀrif-i Ḥikmat Library in Medina and was transcribed in the 12th century A.H./18th century A.D. In this article, in addition to introducing the author and the copies of the work, its connections with other books particularly written about the Barmakīds and with the narratives mentioned in historical and literary accounts regarding this family are analyzed. Through this analysis, the merits and significances of the work compared with others in understanding the Barmakīds is revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Humanities & Tourism Research (JoHUT) is the property of Journal of Humanities & Tourism Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anis al-Talebin and Oddah al-Salekin is a precious book written in Persian, but has not been corrected so far. Its value lies in the fact that its writer was a direct student of Khajeh Baha’ al-Din, the establisher of Naqshbandiyeh dynasty. This study examined this book in detail and the concise book of Khajeh Mohammad Parsa. It compared the linguistic and literary features of the two books. This study examined the differenced under four titles: 1. Deletion; 2. Addition; 3. Transposition; 4. Changes and differences in recording words. It showed that the significance of the concise text and examining on is plural: 1) The text is the first one that deals with the life of Khajeh Baha al-Din, the founder of the Naqshbandiyeh, and the author himself closely and directly saw the life of Khajeh Baha al-Din; 2) This work is important in terms of linguistic, literary, historical and social values; 3) The concise version is an independent of the detailed version, so it deserves to be examined as an independent work and be corrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Findings: The results of the analysis of ancient manuscripts show that the term Inha’ was originally used to convey the message. The term was gradually used to refer to textual traditions, beginning in about the sixth century AH. The findings of our study show that in the seventh and eighth centuries AH, this term became widespread among Muslim scholars and found different meanings .After the eighth century AH, Inha’ became very popular and became a well-known term, though with different uses, in the field of textual research. In general, the term of Inha’ represents three specific uses: first, the approval of the manuscript; in these cases, Inha’s notes mean that the manuscript has been reviewed. Second means editing the manuscript; in these cases, Inha’s notes means that the person or persons have read and edited the manuscript. The third meaning that is more recent is the concept of description and interpretation of the manuscript text. In these cases, the person who writes the Inha’ note either describes the manuscript himself or states that another person has described the manuscript.

Molla Ahmad Naraghi (died 1244 or 1245 AH) is one of the greatest jurists of Iran in the early Qajar era. In addition to authoring numerous works in jurisprudence and principles of jurisprudence, mainly in Arabic, he also left valuable works in Persian literature and ethics. Molla Ahmad's Me’raj al-Sa’adat, which is a free translation (from Arabic to Persian) of his father Molla Mohammad Mahdi's book entitled Jame’ al-Sa’adat with additions and changes, has a special place among Persian moral books. In addition to the fact that many manuscripts of this book have reached us, it has been printed many times in Lithography and etc. However, there is no edited text of this book based on scientific criteria. The most reliable and famous edition of it was published by Hejrat Publications (without the editor's name) in 1378 "with correction, research, comment and editing". Various faults can be seen in this edition, which shows carelessness in editing and research. In this article, we will criticize this edition from different perspectives of edition, stylistics and the principles of text correction, and we will present our suggestions for its editing.

The article discusses the development of the discipline of codicology in Lithuania in the period 1918-1990 thus continuing the research carried out from the early 19th century until 1918. The concept of codicology and its affiliation with the discipline of book studies allow us to identify the chronology of the research with the development of book studies, which entered the stage of independent science in the period under discussion. This was also the time when the discipline of codicology in Western Europe underwent a quantum leap with the birth of the term codicology and the emphasis on its distinction from palaeography. The concept expanded to include the study of manuscripts in various aspects from their physical structure to the reception of written culture. Did this influence the development of the discipline in Lithuania? Did it succeed in renewing the codicological research that had begun at the beginning of the 19th century? How did the science of codicology develop in the turbulent 20th century? Why did codicology failed to become the subject of a separate research and is hardly mentioned in Lithuanian science? The answer to these questions is sought through the bibliographies of Lithuanian book studies and history, publications of sources of the period, and the history of Lithuanian scientific institutions. The research enables us to talk about two distinct periods. Between 1918 and 1939, the subjects of bibliography and book history were formed and established in Lithuanian scholarship, while the history of the manuscript book was recorded as the earliest period of Lithuanian book history. The bibliographies, which were started on a national basis, recorded single copies of codices in a variety of languages and included some external features, but the manuscripts did not receive a closer look. V. Biržiška formulated the concept of the history of the manuscript book with a distinction between the Cyrillic and Latin codices. His insights about the poor quality of manuscript books in the GDL were later developed to some extent but remained mainly unchanged until the 1990s, and apparently influenced the subsequent development of research. The first phase can therefore be called the bibliographical period. The second phase covers the period 1945-1990. The end of the Second World War saw the reactivation of academic institutions, the training of a new generation of historians and librarians, the accumulation of manuscript books, and the appearance of individual works on the history of the book. However, we can only speak of codicological research and attention to the manuscript book as a research object since the 1980s. Historians and philologists (S. Lazutka, E. Gudavičius, V. Raudeliūnas, V. Mažiulis, V. Drotvinas), following the work of the scholars of the Vilnius Imperial University in the early 19th century, began to publish sources of writing. The comprehensive study of the First Statute of Lithuania by S. Lazutka and E. Gudavičius, published in 1983, clearly demonstrated the difference between codicology and palaeography. The detailed codicological description, still called palaeography, was used as an auxiliary research method to argue the origin and originality of the text, the history of its functioning and the dating process. Thus, between 1945 and 1990, codicology completely fulfilled its role as an auxiliary science of history. While book studies became an independent discipline in the period under discussion, codicology did not become as a discipline complete in itself. It remained a discipline between book history and palaeography, looking for a place in the structure of Lithuanian science. Although the term codicology was already in use in the scientific world and the concept of the term had expanded considerably, it did not function in Lithuanian science. However, it is significant to note that the studies in which codicology was used as an auxiliary science at the same time developed the topics of book science, raised new questions, and drew attention to new phenomena and cultural connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Old manuscripts are cultural products of the ancestors of modern Indonesians and contain highly valuable cultural information. As such, they were sought after by other nations, who have managed to acquire them in various ways, including by taking them, bartering them with other items or buying them. It is thus no wonder that a lot of Indonesian manuscripts are now housed in various institutions in other countries, including the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (STABI) in Germany. This article aims to describe the Indonesian manuscripts that are now housed in STABI and to trace how they ended up there, with a particular focus on the physical condition of the manuscripts using the codicological approach. As the research shows, the Indonesian manuscripts housed in STABI are from various regions, including Java, the Batak lands, Aceh, Bima, Lampung and Makassar, and in the Malay language used all over Southeast Asia. The manuscripts date from the 15th century onwards, and they were acquired as a result of purchase or as gifts from certain institutions or individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines K.H. Muhammad Ihsan's Qur'an manuscript is located in Wonodoyo Hamlet, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta. Mr. Jazari Zaeni keeps this privately owned manuscript as the heir of the manuscript. This research focuses on the characteristics of the mushaf. The approaches used are codicology and textology as an analysis tool. The codicological aspect includes the size and material of the manuscript, illumination, and the symbols in it. Meanwhile, textological studies refer to the use of rasm, qira'at, and punctuation. The results of this study found that the size of the mushaf is 32 x 21 cm with a thickness of 7 cm. The illumination in this manuscript is geometric type with square and triangle lines. In textology, this manuscript has distinctive characteristics, namely the writing of verses using mixed rasm, the qira'at of Imam 'Ashim narrated by Hafs, and punctuation marks that are still relatively simple and do not escape text correction. In addition, there is no colophon or information related to copying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of folios of a grand Qurʾan, known as the Qurʾan of Bāysunghur, are preserved in collections across the world. No thorough research has been carried out on this manuscript due to the fact that the folios of this Qurʾan—the largest of the Islamic era—are scattered. Consequently, many points about the early details, the scribe and the history of the manuscript remain vague. Endowed between the late 12th/18th and the early 14th/20th century to the Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍavī Library and Museum in Mashhad, around sixty-five opisthographic folios of the Qurʾan are now kept in the collection. A close investigation of the folios not only rejects and proves earlier hypotheses but also presents new ones. After examining the codicological features of the work by comparing the information contained in the historical sources and the features of the manuscript, the present article speculates that the Qurʾan was commissioned by Ulugh Beg in Samarqand, to the scribes of the court scriptorium. Some folios were scattered in the course of the 10th/16th century and the rest during the occupation of Samarqand in the course of the 12th/18th century. Around sixty pages, however, were transferred to Imāmzāda Ibrāhīm of Qūchān and five pages were endowed to the Holy Shrine of Imām Riḍā during the 12th/18th century. Finally, in 1923, the remaining folios of the Imāmzāda were transferred to the Library of the Holy Shrine to be mended, where they have been kept ever since. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the paper of Dagestan Arabic manuscripts and epistolary documents of the 19th — early 20th centuries, as an important aspect of source study. This work allows you to get an idea of the history of Russia’s cultural and economic ties with Dagestan and the countries of the East. In the course of the study, a comparative historical method was used. The authors analyzed the works of domestic and foreign experts on this issue, highlighted the main identification features of the paper of these written documents. The relevance of the ongoing research is due to the need for a comprehensive study of the writing material of the Arabographic monuments of Dagestan origin. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the paper of these historical sources for the first time became the object of study in domestic source studies. It has been established that in the Dagestan manuscripts and epistolary documents of the 19th — early 20th centuries, the marked paper of Russian manufactories and factories is mainly represented. The article notes that for a full-fledged study of Dagestan Arabographic sources, it is necessary to use advanced digital technology and modern natural scientific developments. The study of historical sources paper is of great importance in the preservation and restoration of monuments of the written culture of the Dagestan peoples.