Search

Code-mixing and code-switching (CMCS) are prevalent phenomena observed in social media conversations and various other modes of communication. When developing applications such as sentiment analysers and hate-speech detectors that operate on this social media data, CMCS text poses challenges. Recent studies have demonstrated that prompt-based learning of pre-trained language models outperforms full fine-tuning across various tasks. Despite the growing interest in classifying CMCS text, the effectiveness of prompt-based learning for the task remains unexplored. This paper presents an extensive exploration of prompt-based learning for CMCS text classification and the first comprehensive analysis of the impact of the script on classifying CMCS text. Our study reveals that the performance in classifying CMCS text is significantly influenced by the inclusion of multiple scripts and the intensity of code-mixing. In response, we introduce a novel method, Dynamic+AdapterPrompt, which employs distinct models for each script, integrated with adapters. While DynamicPrompt captures the script-specific representation of the text, AdapterPrompt emphasizes capturing the task-oriented functionality. Our experiments on Sinhala-English, Kannada-English, and Hindi-English datasets for sentiment classification, hate-speech detection, and humour detection tasks show that our method outperforms strong fine-tuning baselines and basic prompting strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research's main goal is to identify the linguistic variety in Pakistani Urdu Literature particularly present in Bano Qudsia's famous novels. Bano Qudsia is best known for her novels which explores the themes of love, morality, and spirituality and for language switching to portray the exact use of language in Pakistani societies. Her novels are beaded with language shift especially with Urdu-English fusion to display the real implications of diverse culture of Pakistani Literature. The constrained and open ended approach examines how Urdu borrows English terminology and shifts from one language to another and became the source of code switching and shows new diverse culture of Pakistani Society to show class by using Urdu and English side by side. By breaking it down into grammatical and domain-specific categories, the novel Piya Naam Ka Diya identifies the societal elements underlying Urdu-English code-mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a common situation in which two or more languages are utilized in the society. In bilingual society, there are phenomena called code-switching and code-mixing. These phenomena happen not only in real life but also the movies. One movie that contains code-switching and code-mixing is the movie entitled 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa. Therefore, this research aims to identify and describe the types and reasons for code-switching and code-mixing in the Indonesian movie entitled 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa. This research utilized a sociolinguistic study and descriptive qualitative research design. To collect the data, the researchers took several stages: browsing the movie, downloading the movie, watching the movie, transcribing the movie, and listing the utterances. The researchers, furthermore, utilized Miles and Huberman as cited in Morissan (2019) in order to analyze the data. The steps are data reduction, data display, and data conclusion. This research, furthermore, discovered that in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa, there are 37 utterances that contain code-switching with the most frequent type is inter-sentential switching. In relation to code-mixing, this movie consists of 18 utterances with no inner code-mixing. The most frequent reason that someone switches or mixes the code is to emphasize a point as much as 13 utterances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media users need language as a tool to communicate, both in verbal and written form. Over time, the language used in social media also shows some significant growth. Talking about language in social media, there is an interesting phenomenon recently on social media that can be reached within the internet, namely the code-mixing of Indonesian and English (which in Indonesian are also popularly known as Jaksel language, Keminggris, Kemlondo, Indoglish, Englonesian, or Bahasa Gado-gado). This study is aimed to find out the attitudes of 500 Indonesian Twitter users towards English-Indonesian code-mixing with a questionnaire. This study uses a descriptive-quantitative approach. For the result of each aspect, it shows a quite positive indication: Cognitive aspect 2.92, Affective aspect 2.75, and Conative 2.79. If the three aspects being summed up, also indicated a quite positive attitude towards the code-mixing with point or score 2.82. The attitudes come from many reasons and factors, such as the need for understandability in communication, language prestige, prepossessing or attracting attention, confidence, and language aptitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intends to explore unique patterns of sociolinguistic codes from two famous postcolonial novels, i.e., Twilight in Dehli by Ahmed Ali and Ice Candy Man by Bapsi Sidhwa. This is a qualitative descriptive study that employs Paul Simpsons' Theory of Narrative Stylistics as a framework. For the purpose of data analysis, three categories of words are formed to illustrate the differences between the words that could be translated, the words which had the possibility of being translated, and the words which could not be translated at all. The results of the study show that both of these postcolonial novels are replete with the words that have possibility for using alternative expressions in English, but the novelists have deliberately used the local words as a tool to manifest their true culture and identity. This study recommends to extend such probe of sociolinguistic codes on other postcolonial literary works to fortify these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this study is the so-called “Surzhyk”, a mixed Ukrainian-Russian variety used by millions of people in Ukraine, sometimes alongside Ukrainian and, less commonly, alongside Russian. More specifically, the focus here is on the lexicon, addressing the following questions: (i) To what extent is the mixed speech lexicon influenced by Ukrainian or Russian? (ii) Does the distribution of Ukrainian or Russian lexemes reveal a reduction in variation, i.e. patterns of stabilisation? In other words, are there tendencies for one of the two competing, synonymous, or functionally equivalent Ukrainian or Russian lexemes to prevail over the other? Many Ukrainian linguists have stereotypically claimed for years that the distribution of Ukrainian and Russian elements in Surzhyk is unpredictable, spontaneous, if not chaotic. It is worth noting that these opinions are not based on comprehensive, systematic empirical evidence and largely ignore theoretical developments in the field of code-mixing. In contrast, by means of a quantitative analysis of an extensive corpus and a focus on intra-sentential code-mixing, this study demonstrates that the majority of recorded lexical Ukrainian-Russian competitions exhibit a clear fixation on one of the two expressions, resulting in a reduction in variation. In these instances, one of the two expressions prevails extensively across the entire region of Central Ukraine and the Black Sea Coast. Surzhyk is evidently evolving towards a “fused lect”. A smaller portion of the examined instances reveals such stabilisation only in certain parts of the survey area, and another equally small portion exhibits widespread variability. In general, Ukrainian and Russian lexemes are roughly balanced in quantity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статье предпринимается попытка исследовать феномен переключения и смешения между персидским (Афганистан) и английским языками. Переключение языков описывает ситуацию, когда говорящий меняет язык внутри одной речевой ситуации. Это может происходить на уровне предложений, фраз или даже отдельных слов. При переключении языков говорящий переходит из одного языка в другой с целью коммуникативного удобства, выражения своей идентичности, обозначения социального статуса или принадлежности к определенной группе. Смешение языков отличается от переключения языков тем, что происходит смешение элементов разных языков внутри одного предложения или даже слова. Это может быть результатом языкового влияния, билингвального воспитания или желания говорящего выразить себя с помощью различных языковых ресурсов. Исследование сосредоточено на двух коммуникативных ситуациях. Первая коммуникативная ситуация представлена неформальным разговорным общением, другая относится к области художественной литературы. Для проведения исследования были собраны данные из группового чата с участием 30 студентов, изучающих английский язык и литературу на факультете английского языка Университета Балк в Афганистане. Группа была создана для неформального обсуждения академических и неакадемических вопросов. Сообщения, которыми обмениваются в этом групповом чате, служат примером для анализа неформального разговорного общения. Кроме того, в качестве примеров литературы были выбраны романы Халеда Хоссейни, американского писателя афганского происхождения, который свободно владеет персидским (Афганистан) и английским языками. Халед Хоссейни получил международное признание благодаря своим произведениям. В его работах описываются культурные и исторические реалии жизни в Афганистане, часто затрагиваются темы идентичности, семьи, любви, потерь и влияния политических потрясений на отдельных людей и общество. Исследование выполнено по специальности 5.9.8 «Теоретическая, прикладная и сравнительно-сопоставительная лингвистика (филологические науки)». Цель исследования – выявить причины и цели, стоящие за переключением и смешением языков в различных коммуникативных ситуациях. Анализ контекстов, в которых происходят такие языковые практики, позволяет определить мотивы коммуникантов.

Code-switching or code-mixing in spoken language is quite common. Can code-mixing also occur in a written form of a language, such as in a newspaper article, in a short story, or in a translation? This paper examines the use of code-mixing in the translation of a German short story into Marathi. Marathi is an Indo-European language that is recognized as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. The article analyses whether code-mixing is used in the Marathi translation of the German short story when no other equivalents are available in the target language i.e., in Marathi or is it more of a thoughtful choice even if equivalents exist in the target language. With relevant examples, this empirical analysis further investigates the role of code-mixing in the Marathi translation of the German short story, “Der hellgraue Frühjahrsmantel” written by Wolfgang Hildesheimer (1962). The title of the translated text reads “राखाडी स्प्रिंगजाकीट” (rākhādī springjākīṭ, 2017). With this analysis, the article presents some remarkable characteristics of both the Indian language Marathi, its linguistic context and culture. The analysis can stimulate interest in Marathi and could also be useful in further research in the areas of code mixing or code switching in translation.

This article examines the language mixing practices of Puerto Rican adolescents in various social media platforms through a framework of code-mixing and socioindexicality. Over a twelve-week period, I collected samples of online text messages from six island bilinguals of an elite community of practice (CofP) and studied the way their unique socializations in private schools and bilingual universities contributed to the ways they made sense of languages, their social meaning potentials, and uses across online interactions. Against the meaningful backdrop of colonial-dynamics of Spanish and English in Puerto Rico, the paper examines how ideologies of "nationalism" and "race" get reproduced or challenged through bilingual practice, and English takes up an equally important role for the construction of social identities in the interactions of youth. Additionally, the study discusses bilingual styles that have been enregistered as social styles specific to technological mediums of communication and youth registers, Puerto Rican netspeak, as well as emerging social styles that indicate queer gender identity, or non-binary practices. In this sense, I offer a description of the island bilingual that is dynamic, strategic, and metapragmatically conscious of the purist ideologies of Spanish in Puerto Rico, as well as the indexical potentials of appropriating variable gender forms in Spanish, bilingual language practices, and netspeak registers towards the negotiation of identities in technological interaction. The way bilinguals relate to the languages at their disposal can provide a window to impending questions on the perceived coloniality of English, potential changes in language ideologies and uses, and whether and how language policies may shift to meet current demographic attitudes and language uses of contemporary Puerto Ricans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, there has been tremendous growth in the number of multi-lingual users on social media platforms. Consequently, the code-mixing phenomenon, i.e., mixing of more than one language, has become ubiquitous in Internet content. In this paper, we present a shared-private, multi-lingual, multi-task model coupled with a transformer-based pre-trained encoder for sentiment analysis of code-mixed and English languages. Our model is tailored for multitasking that transfers the knowledge between code-mixed and English sentiment tasks. We consider code-mixed sentiment analysis as the primary task and enhance its performance by English sentiment analysis (auxiliary task) by sharing knowledge between them. We fine-tune the Bidirectional Encoder Representation using Transformer (BERT) encoder in a shared-private fashion to obtain the shared and task-specific features using the multi-task objective function. We evaluate our proposed framework using three benchmark datasets for the Hindi-English (Hinglish), Punjabi-English (Punglish) code-mixed and English sentiment tasks. Experiment results justify that our proposed multi-task framework improves the performance of our primary task in comparison to the state-of-art single-task systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates Amis language use and Amis-Chinese code-mixing using naturally occurring data and inferential statistics. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between age and language use. The younger an Amis person is, the less Amis he or she speaks. This shift becomes apparent from the birth cohort of 1961 to 1970, and their language ability in Amis and their frequency of speaking Amis sharply deteriorates as age decreases. Among all types of code-mixing defined by Muysken (2000), insertion is the most common among Amis-Chinese bilinguals, irrespective of their age or generation. This is typical for two typologically different languages as Amis and Chinese. The insertion of Chinese into Amis structure is more prevalent than inserting Amis into Chinese structure, and a significant difference is found between age and preferred structure. The most typical elements used in noun phrases referring to things, followed by name, time, and kinship.

This study aims to figure out the utterances using code-switching and code-mixing in the movie Ali & Ratu-Ratu Queens and determine the types code switching and code mixing found between Indonesian and English. The analysis of code-switching is based on Poplack's theory in Romaine (1995) while to investigate the use of code-mixing by Muysken's (2000) theory on this particular issue is implemented. An observation method was conducted to gain a comprehensive understanding of the context and note-taking the findings before classifying the findings into tables to ease comprehension of the readers. The study revealed the most frequent use type of code-switching is tag-switching While the most frequent used type of code-mixing is insertion code-mixing Further study is wished to gain deep understanding on the function and the meaning behind the use of those code-switching and code-mixing utterances in the movie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical role of code-switching in English language classrooms cannot be discounted, as numerous studies show that code-switching is a practical language teaching strategy. The need to code-switch may become more pronounced in a learning environment where students have limited avenues to develop and polish their English language skills besides doing in-class activities. This means that the students' progress in learning and using the English language can be slow and challenging, which may impact their overall academic performance. Thus, to promote better comprehension and task achievement in an English classroom, teachers may resort to code-switching from time to time. For instance, while the medium of instruction at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Al Musannah (UTAS-A) is English and code-switching inside the classrooms is not at all encouraged, teachers may switch to Arabic, the students' first language (L1), to explain some abstract and complex concepts. While studies demonstrate that code-switching may help facilitate classroom discussions, understanding of lessons, and optimum participation, it is vital to take into account how students view code-switching in a language classroom. Hence, this paper sought to explore students' attitudes and perceptions about code-switching in English classrooms at the University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most approaches to discourse markers tend to rely on observation on the behavior of monolingual classes of markers. In this paper, we offer a detailed analysis of the behavior and function of a single Spanish discourse marker, namely bueno , in bilingual discourse as opposed to its bilingual counterpart well. In particular, we compare pragmatic factors, and namely fine-grained differences between Spanish bueno and English well , with interactional factors such as the position of the marker in monological vs. dialogical sequences. Finally, we also take into account the impact of individual linguistic choices by comparing the behavior of different speakers when using the scrutinized discourse marker. Thus, we do not only contribute to and expand on previous literature on the behavior of discourse markers, but we also offer a new perspective to further study discourse markers in situations of language contact. • The paper explains the behavior of a single Spanish DM and its English counterpart in bilingual discourse. • A methodology based on online focus groups is used to explore the functionality of the discourse marker in interactions. • The paper finds a broad range of interpersonal functions that explain the use of bueno in bilingual discourse. • An underexplored community is proposed as a focal point in the study of contact and pragmatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interference of languages in minds of multilingual speakers, mastering several foreign languages in addition to their mother tongue, is inevitable. Much is still unknown about differences in the innate ability to learn a foreign language and its relationship to native language proficiency. Being a multiethnic and multilingual country, Kazakhstan supports the policy of trinity of languages - Kazakh, Russian and English. The purpose of this research is to study the language performance of the Kazakhstani trilingual youth exposing language deviations in speech practices in three languages - Kazakh, Russian and English. The research method used in the study comprised interviews, conducted among the representatives of the Kazakhstani youth. Sixty-six students of K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University (Aktobe, the Republic of Kazakhstan) aged 18-29 years participated in the study. The collected interview data were used to compare the respondents' performance in the Kazakh, Russian and English languages, to describe the specifics of their language processes in the abovementioned languages, and to identify language inconsistencies, if there were any, in their communication. Code-switching, code-mixing, pauses, fillers, and context mismatch were among the deviations examined. The study results demonstrated that language deviations in speech and communication are a usual practice for the representatives of the Kazakhstani youth. Language deviations such as code-switching, code-mixing, pauses, fillers and context mismatch were observed in the speech of Kazakhstani multilingual youth. The most common among language deviations in the speech performance of Kazakhstani youth were code-switching (24.4%) and code-mixing (41.5%) in Kazakh, fillers (65.5%) and code-mixing (13.8%) in Russian, pauses (29.2%) and fillers (29.2%) in English. The scientific significance of the study implies the defining of language deviations occurring in speech practices of Kazakhstani multilingual youth in Kazakh, Russian and English languages. The practical significance of research lies in the fact that the study findings will contribute to a better understanding of the performance of different languages in a multilingual's mind, especially in the context of adopting the trilingual policy in Kazakhstan, as well as to an effective communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybridization and lexical variation are phenomena that are prevalent in many cultural domains, which as a process define the instances of hybridity in language and culture. The current study aims to investigate the variation English language in Arundhati Roy's, The Ministry of Utmost Happiness to study the incorporation of code mixing between L1 (Hindi-Urdu) and L2 (English). This research also investigates how code-mixing results in lexical variation and hybridization in the context of South Asian languages. The findings of this research revealed that) the writer borrowed words, phrases, and sentences from both Hindi and Urdu languages to construct a specific form of hybrid identity. She frequently uses metaphorical language as an organism to convey its social and cultural backgrounds, indicating a linguistic hybridity submerged within a cultural context. Additionally, the findings also indicated that most of the borrowings stem from various sources, such as religion, cuisines, clothing, poetry, caste systems, and untranslatable expressions. Roy in particular resists translation of expressions, such as 'Razai (Quilt), Masjid (Mosque), Baba (Father), and Inqilaab (Revolution) to create nuances of meaning embedded in the South Asian cultural context. Thus, the findings also revealed that the hybrid use of language by South Asian writers is in actual an attempt to reject the normative hegemony of Standard English and promote Hindi-English and Pakistani-English as an idea of celebrating hybrid identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to determine the types of communication applied in an intercultural family. They had diverse nationalities, customs, values, and beliefs. The researchers viewed communication as the main issue that could occur in an intercultural family. One of the examples of an intercultural family was Aprillia, a Makassarese woman married to Shawn Mullins, a U.S Military. They caused code-switching and code-mixing, types of code-switching and code-mixing applied in the family, children’s communication process, and strategies to solve communication problems in the intercultural family. The research’s finding was gathered from April’s family using an in-depth interview. By applying a qualitative approach, the researchers found the type of code-switching, code-mixing, and communication processes applied in April’s family. Furthermore, the researchers discover that techniques for resolving communication problems and linguistic barriers include avoiding ethnocentrism, challenging prejudices, recognizing differences, adjusting communication, equality, and a balanced split. Consequently, the most effective technique for resolving communication issues within an intercultural family is to remember that every individual has a distinct perspective. To avoid miscommunication during a conversation, individuals must learn to adapt to the capacity of the person with whom they are communicating.

As the English lexicon has become more frequently borrowed and used in Thai mass media and social media, Thais are quickly adapting to such foreignness and are open to language contact-induced change. The current study explores the extent of the public’s familiarity with borrowed words in contemporary Thai public media and attitudes toward language borrowing. The study participants comprised 120 Thais who voluntarily completed a questionnaire. They were from different age groups and were relatively highly educated. The instrument for the data collection was an online three-part questionnaire probing demographic information, an individual’s comprehension of the borrowed lexicon as tested via 15 questions of lexical borrowing in context, and personal views probed in the questionnaire questions about English lexical borrowing. Follow-up interviews with six selected respondents according to age groups verified and elicited attitudes toward lexical borrowing. The findings revealed that high exposure to English resulted in a high level of comprehension, especially when words were transcribed in the Thai script with tone markers. If the borrowing was in Romanized script, it was less likely to be understood. The majority of the respondents recognized the need for English language borrowing in Thai communication, especially for terminology. They also expressed positive views toward the adoption of the practice. English was perceived as necessary for effective Thai communication, particularly among acquaintances and professionals. The ubiquity of English in Thai society today has led to general adaptability and acceptance of borrowing as part of language evolution; such practices are no longer a sign of prestige. The study suggests that language classrooms should consider using borrowed English lexicons to assist Thai EFL learners in developing English proficiency.

Participants read English-based online texts from fictional organizations that either included no code-mixing, Hawaiian words without glosses (i.e., parenthetical translations), or Hawaiian words with English glosses. Relative to no code-mixing, code-mixing without glosses disrupted processing fluency, leading participants to feel less welcome in the organization. Code-mixing with glosses did not disrupt fluency for participants from Hawai'i, where this practice is common, but did for people from elsewhere. No differences in feeling welcome emerged between code-mixing with glosses and no code-mixing conditions. These results suggest that code-mixing in written organizational materials can have both costs (i.e., disrupted fluency) and benefits (i.e., cueing inclusiveness), and that these effects depend on audiences' familiarity with code-mixing as a practice, and the format of code-mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early language mixing has often been interpreted as bilinguals' inability to separate languages, although more recent research suggests that young bilingual children have the ability in production. This study analyzes the mixing patterns of Jun, a Spanish-English simultaneous bilingual being raised in a Japanese societal context. Spontaneous speech data have been analyzed from two hours of video recordings, of four family conversations at age 2;4 [years;months], a period at which syntax should be emerging. The investigation found that Jun, prior to acquiring verb inflection, consistently speaks in the context-appropriate language and rarely engages in mixing, suggesting clear language separation and pragmatic sensitivity. Mixing rates, MLU, UB, and monoglossic production in both home languages confirm Jun's balanced performance, and also language separation. Moreover, the scarcity of interand intra-sentential mixing, as well as 1-word mixing, reveals the child's accommodation to his interlocutors' language choice, as well as this 2-yearold's strong control over his own language choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a qualitative descriptive research that employs a sociolinguistic approach. This research aims to describe the codeswitching patterns employed by English language teachers in social interactions at SMK Negeri 1 Pringapus. This school is located in Semarang regency, Central Java, Indonesia, which is part of the Javanese-speaking community. The data for this study consists of oral utterances made by English language teachers at SMK N 1 Pringapus and their interlocutors during the process of code-choice, including single language use, code-switching, and code-mixing. The researcher employed various methods and techniques for data collection: 1) observation method using basic techniques such as tapping and advanced techniques including recording and note-taking; 2) interview method using in-depth interview techniques; 3) document method with documentation study techniques. Data analysis was conducted through the equivalent method. Data validity was ensured through triangulation techniques, including source triangulation, method triangulation, and expert judgment. The social interactions carried out by the English language teachers of SMK N 1 Pringapus involve the usage of code choice, including single-language variations, code-switching, and code-mixing. The patterns of code-choice are examined based on domains (work and friendship), situations (formal and informal), the age of the interlocutor (younger, same age, and older), and the interlocutor’s position (lower, equal, and higher). Additionally, the roles and functions of the emerging languages used are also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates Amis language use and Amis-Chinese code-mixing using naturally occurring data and inferential statistics. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between age and language use. The younger an Amis person is, the less Amis he or she speaks. This shift becomes apparent from the birth cohort of 1961 to 1970, and their language ability in Amis and their frequency of speaking Amis sharply deteriorates as age decreases. Among all types of code-mixing defined by Muysken (2000), insertion is the most common among Amis-Chinese bilinguals, irrespective of their age or generation. This is typical for two typologically different languages as Amis and Chinese. The insertion of Chinese into Amis structure is more prevalent than inserting Amis into Chinese structure, and a significant difference is found between age and preferred structure. The most typical elements used in noun phrases referring to things, followed by name, time, and kinship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mouth activity forms a key component of all sign languages. This can be divided into mouthings, which originate from words in the ambient spoken language, and mouth gestures, which do not. This study examines the relationship between the distribution of mouthings co-occurring with verb signs in British Sign Language (BSL) and various linguistic and social factors, using the BSL Corpus. We find considerable variation between participants and a lack of homogeneity in mouth actions with particular signs. This accords with previous theories that mouthings constitute code-blending between spoken and signed languages—similar to code-switching or code-mixing in spoken languages—rather than being a phonologically or lexically compulsory part of the sign. We also find a strong association between production of plain verbs (which are body-anchored and cannot be modified spatially) and increased mouthing. In addition, we observe significant effects of region (signers from the south of the United Kingdom mouth more than those from the north), gender (women mouth more than men), and age (signers aged 16–35 years produce fewer mouthings than older participants). We find no significant effect of language background (deaf vs. hearing family). Based on these findings, we argue that the multimodal, multilingual, and simultaneous nature of code-blending in sign languages fits well within the paradigm of translanguaging. We discuss implications of this for concepts of translanguaging, code-switching, code-mixing, and related phenomena, highlighting the need to consider not just modality and linguistic codes but also sequential versus simultaneous patterning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Etnolingual is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study highlights the grammatical boundaries of code-mixing and code-switching practices. The data were collected from several Indonesian scholars' work on the topic of code-mixing and/or code-switching. The data were then analyzed using a descriptive interpretative approach. Many overlapping comprehensions and determinations of code-mixing and code-switching are found in Indonesian scholars' work. This study concludes that intra-sentential code-switching has no certain differences from codemixing. Therefore, it is classified into code-mixing and code-switching, in which the grammatical boundaries of code-mixing are morpheme, word, and phrase, whereas the code-switching boundaries are clause, sentence, and utterance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Code-mixing is viewed as using two or more languages in daily interaction. Code-mixing is highly intriguing to investigate as it has become an unquestionable option for particular speech communities worldwide. However, an analysis of insertion in code-mixing phenomenon on WhatsApp Group Chat of university students has not been supported by current empirical studies. The evidence indicates that the insertion of code-mixing usage is a great tactic to show the speaker's communication strategy, intimacy, and limited linguistic competence. This study aimed to analyze the types, functions, and values of insertion in codemixing use on WhatsApp Group Chat among university students. This study used the descriptive-qualitative method. Twenty-two students of two WhatsApp Group Chats were chosen as respondents in this study. Moreover, the researchers used documentation, interviews, and field observations to obtain data from respondents. The findings demonstrate that insertion functions in code-mixing use on WhatsApp Group Chats are solidarity, intimacy, interjection, a limited vocabulary, clarification, and group identity expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Code Mixing (CM) is generally a communication strategy that is often used by teachers in the process of teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL). This study aims to describe the types and categories of CM used by teachers in the context of teaching EFL in Indonesia, as well as investigate the perspectives of teachers and students regarding the use of code mixing in classroom interactions. This research uses case studies with a qualitative approach to analyze data. Data collection was carried out through recorded interviews with three teachers and seven students as well as observing the teaching and learning process during six meetings at one of the senior high schools in Medan, North Sumatera. The results of the study show the teachers use three types of CM, namely Insertion, Alternation and Congruent Lexicalization. There are 177 mixed code data found. There are 188 data classified as insertion type, 49 data classified as alternation type and 10 data classified as congruent lexicalization type. Then from the results of the interviews, the teacher considered that the functions of CM in students were 1) Improving student' comprehension, 2) Encouraging students' independence in learning new vocabulary. Furthermore, students agreed that code mixing was an effective and effective learning strategy in increasing their understanding of English. This happened because 71.5% of students used English most often with some Indonesian language CM and 67.2% said the use of CM can help understand topic discussions in the learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Slavistična Revija is the property of Slavisticno Drustvo Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Online communication through social media platforms has been mushroomed with billions of users is engaging with the devices to show their existence. The tendency to use more than one language while communicating through online sites is greatly noticed among youngster users. To fill the gap from previous studies, the recent research was aimed at investigating kinds of code-mixing used on social media and the factors behind the phenomena among Acehnese youngsters. Descriptive qualitative method was magnified in which the data was collected from the documentation of respondents’ older statuses, captions, and comments on Instagram (IG) and WhatsApp (WA). Fifty respondents were selected by using purposive sampling tied up by several criteria: Acehnese native, bi/multilingual, having WhatsApp and Instagram account, and adolescent aged (18-21 years old). A set of mixed questionnaires was also applied to all respondents to investigate the factor or reasons behind the code-mixing usage. The result reveals that phrase level is the dominant code-mixing level used among those youngsters (30%). Phrase level is as a group of words that stand together as a grammatical unit without subject and verb. From the result of the research, it was revealed that those phrase levels were inserted by the Acehnese youngsters within a sentence. On contrary, none of the samples used idiom level (0%) on their social media. For the type of code-mixing which used on the platforms, the form of phonetic typing turns to be the most dominant one. Based on the questionnaire result, being able to learn and understand new words is the biggest reason behind the use of code-mixing among the samples on the online communication networking.

This research investigates the EFL teacher's perspective of using code-mixing in EFL classes. The research design used narrative inquiry to uncover the story of the English teacher’s experience in using code-mixing, and a personal narrative was conducted by interview as the data. The results of the study indicate that: 1) the teacher's experience in teaching English which the teacher has many experiences in teaching at many different levels. 2) the teacher uses code-mixing because of the teaching method and the curriculum approach. The teacher needs code-mixing based on the student’s skills and the class circumstance.

Darus Salam Gontor Islamic boarding school students have designed a film entitled Bajra due to the student’s creativity. In the movie, the phenomenon of code-switching and code-mixing in communication between students in the boarding school environment is found. This study aims to discover the types of code-switching and code-mixing in the Bajra film and the causes of their occurrence in the movie. This type of research is qualitative descriptive. At the same time, the data collection method uses listening/listening techniques in the Bajra film and notes essential points about the types of code-switching and code-mixing as well as the causes of what happened in the movie. The results showed that there were 3 types of code-switching in Bajra film: Metaphorical code-switching, Conversational code-switching, and situational code-switching. Meanwhile, code-mixing occurs in words, phrases, and clauses. The causes of code-switching and code-mixing are of two types, namely internal and external causes.

The present paper discusses the ethnic bilingual practice in Kazakhstan. The focus is on code-switching or, in other term, code-mixing in the Kazakh-Russian and RussianKazakh bilingualism. The bi- and multilingualism is characteristic for Kazakhstan and is caused by multiethnicity of the republic. Within this paper we are interested in identities of persons with more than one cultural background. The idea of the present investigation is a response to the sociolinguistics ‘third wave’, discourse analysis, linguistic anthropology. In this theoretical framework the research focus is on exploring linguistic variation as a medium used by individuals or social groups to evoke the social practice. It is crucial how semiotic ties are set between a linguistic sign and social context, how persistent social attribution is created through linguistic choices. Data collection for this study: we analyzed 300 contexts that show the Kazakh-Russian code-mixing in everyday and internet communication, and in modern Kazakh films reflecting the typical code-mixing practice. The data were gathered by doing observation, documentation, the analysis proceeded in a context-based interpretative way. In the framework suggested we show the code-switching/code-mixing not in terms of interference mistakes as heavily influenced by Russian language and culture, not as “linguistic errors” cases presupposed by low language competence of the speakers, but rather as a dynamic resource to shape the understanding in the communication. There are considerable nuances and complexity in the language mixed practice, that is not to be framed in pejorative terms.

The writing of this article is informed by our experience of teaching student educators in the School of Education, Language Education unit at the University of Limpopo. Our university subscribes to the ethic of care which is captured in the School of Education's conceptual framework. The School of Education's theoretical framework, through its metaphor of rebirth serves as the fundamental underpinning towards bringing in the ethos of care and regeneration in developing students educators who are compassionate towards critical reconstruction of our black communities. The usage of English First Additional Language as a language of teaching and learning in South African universities still poses some challenges to student-educators. This is due to the fact that English is an additional language to the majority of black people and is complex because of its vocabulary and language structure which are different from indigenous languages. What prompted us to embark on this study is our concern about the failure in the usage of English as a dominating language in teaching and learning, and this hinders students' communicative abilities in their respective modules. Student-educators resort to apply codeswitching and code-mixing in their module interaction with their lecturers. They lack the communicative competence in English to actively participate in deliberations in varying activities in their modules. The inability to access information and communicate fluently through the English language warrants an intervention process or programme of teaching and learning. In this article, we strongly argue that translanguaging can be a transformative pedagogical approach towards empowering student-educators to express themselves freely and excel academically. An intervention practices, deduced from the above, are suggested as practical solutions for the problem. Participants for this study are the year 4 students training to be language educators (English, Xitsonga, Tshivenda and Sepedi) from the School of Education. These students are at the exit level for the Bed SPF programme. They have been involved with Work Integrated Learning through teaching practice through which they are expected to have honed their competencies in Language teaching as stated in the Curriculum Assessment and Policy Statement (CAPS) (Department of Education, 2011). Our study applied an interpretivist paradigm where social critical learning theory will be applied. Studenteducators' writing skills are analysed through their written assignments. We also observed students' interaction with their peers and the module lecturers in the usage of the language. We recommend that translanguaging may serve as a vehicle through which the barriers for meaningful teaching and learning in previously disadvantaged underprepared students can be eased. Translanguaging may be used in cases where there is a breakdown in communication and understanding between lecturers and student-educators. Moreover, the process can also be transferred to interactions between learners and educators in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gorontalo language has coexisted with the Indonesian language for years, resulting in significant cohesion between two languages. Code-mixing is said to be a byproduct of such cohesion. The present study aimed to examine this linguistic phenomenon to what extent the Gorontalo language speakers code-mix between their native language (the Gorontalonese) with Arabic and Indonesian in their speech during organizing a marriage proposal or an engagement event. The study adopted a qualitative descriptive research design where the data was collected through observation, interviews, audio-video recording, and photo documentation. The result revealed that Indonesian, the Gorontalonese and Arabic are three languages mixed in the marriage proposal dialogue used in Gorontalo. The forms of all code-mixing involved the basic form, complex form, as well as phrases form. In this study, the causes of code-mixing are the language factors and the speakers, which ultimately result in language variation in all dimensions of communication terms. The study shed light on linguistic strategies and code-mixing patterns in a multilingual context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]