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Coconut meat and coconut water have garnered significant attention for their richness in healthful flavonoids. However, the dynamics of flavonoid metabolites in coconut water during different developmental stages remain poorly understood. This study employed the metabolomics approach using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to investigate the changes in flavonoid metabolite profiles in coconut water from two varieties, 'Wenye No.5'(W5) and Hainan local coconut (CK), across six developmental stages. The results showed that a total of 123 flavonoid metabolites including chalcones, dihydroflavonoids, dihydroflavonols, flavonoids, flavonols, flavonoid carboglycosides, and flavanols were identified in the coconut water as compared to the control. The total flavonoid content in both types of coconut water exhibited a decreasing trend with developmental progression, but the total flavonoid content in CK was significantly higher than that in W5. The number of flavonoid metabolites that differed significantly between the W5 and CK groups at different developmental stages were 74, 74, 60, 92, 40 and 54, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis revealed 38 differential metabolites involved in key pathways for flavonoid biosynthesis and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. This study provides new insights into the dynamics of flavonoid metabolites in coconut water and highlights the potential for selecting and breeding high-quality coconuts with enhanced flavonoid content. The findings have implications for the development of coconut-based products with improved nutritional and functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no known artificial breeding method for depik fish Rasbora tawarensis. Sperm extender and the dilution ratio are crucial factors in the artificial breeding of fish. The current study aimed to assess the effect of several common fish sperm extenders and its dilution ratio on sperm characteristics and fertilization of depik fish eggs. Two series of experiments were performed to find the best extender and its dilution ratio. In the first experiment, five types of extenders were tested: Ringer's solution, physiological solution, coconut water, sugarcane water, and roomie water. The second experiment studied four dilution levels of sperm and extender (v/v): 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, and 1:50. Every treatment was conducted in four replicates and the experiments were conducted consequently so that the findings in the first experiment were applied in the second. The first experiment showed that Ringer's is the best extender for depik sperm with sperm motility, fertilization and hatching rates of 71.00%, 69.30%, and 53.66%, respectively; and the second experiment revealed that Ringer's at dilution ratio 1:40 gave higher sperm motility, fertilization, and hatching rates of 74.66, 70.33, and 59.00%, respectively. In conclusion, Ringer's solution was the most favorable extender for sperm which yielded best fertilization results at 1:40 dilution ratio (sperm:extender, v/v) in depik fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of 280 nm ultraviolet-C light emission diodes (UV-C LEDs) on (polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes in tender coconut water (TCW), addressing browning and flavour changes. Tender coconut water was treated with four doses (1, 2, 3, and 4 J/cm2). At the highest dose (4 J/cm2), both enzyme activities decreased, with PPO reduction (83%) exceeding POD (77%). No significant changes occurred in pH (4.88 ± 0.01), titratable acidity (0.067 ± 0.0), Brix (5.97 ± 0.12), minerals, and sugars at 4 J/cm2. Although L* and a* values remained consistent, a shift towards b* (0.15 ± 0.01 to 0.37 ± 0.02) occurred. Total phenolics and ascorbic acid decreased by 49.32% and 21.24%, respectively. E-Nose analysis showed no significant aroma changes, except a propanol peak in treated samples. E-Tongue revealed taste profile alterations, but multivariate data processing found no significant differences among treated TCW samples. This study suggests that environmentally sustainable 280 nm UV-C LEDs have the potential to control enzyme activity in TCW without adversely affecting key physico-chemical attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study aimed to observe the internal structure of coconuts from two locations (coastal and non-coastal) using computed tomography (CT). Methods: Seventy-six mature coconuts were collected from Wenchang and Ding'an cities in Hainan Province. These coconuts were scanned four times using CT, with a two-week interval between each scan. CT data were post-processed to reconstruct two-dimensional slices and three-dimensional models. The density and morphological parameters of coconut structures were measured, and the differences in these characteristics between the two groups and the changes over time were analyzed. Results: Time and location had interactive effects on CT values of embryos, solid endosperms and mesocarps, morphological information such as major axis of coconut, thickness of mesocarp, volume of coconut water and height of bud (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Planting location and observation time can affect the density and morphology of some coconut structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orchid Dendrobium moniliforme faces endangerment due to habitat loss and illegal harvesting, necessitating the development of an optimized artificial propagation system to aid conservation and reintroduction efforts. This study evaluated the effects of three plant growth media, namely Murashige and Skoog (MS), Hyponex, and Orchid Maintenance Medium (OMM) (P668), and various organic additives (apple homogenate, banana homogenate, and coconut water) on the in vitro seedling growth of D. moniliforme. The results reveal that, in early postgermination stages, seedlings achieve maximum growth in the Hyponex medium, with a fresh weight (92 mg) and root length (2.7 cm) approximately 20-fold greater than those in the MS medium and OMM. After 6 months, for seedlings grown in MS medium and OMM with banana (50 g·L−1), the mean fresh weights were 29 and 107 mg, respectively; however, the highest biomass was observed in seedlings grown in the Hyponex medium with coconut water (50 mL·L−1), exhibiting a mean fresh weight of 201 mg. This study highlights Hyponex medium with coconut water as the most effective combination for promoting D. moniliforme growth and identifies suitable organic supplements for the in vitro cultivation of seedlings from asymbiotic seed culture. This propagation system offers valuable technical support for the mass production and conservation of this epiphytic orchid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro‐industrial residues, such as surplus fruits and vegetables are increasingly recognized as valuable sources for isolating bacterial strains capable of efficiently producing bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). This study presents a novel approach to BNC production using Komagataeibacter intermedius SB 110 isolated from rotten pineapple, cultivated in a sustainable medium of coconut water enriched with 5% sucrose and 0.5% pineapple peel extract. By leveraging agricultural waste, this method accelerates BNC biosynthesis to less than 7 days and achieves a yield of 5.563 g/L over 14 days, a 1.58‐fold increase compared with traditional media. The BNCs were primarily composed of cellulose type I, with minor cellulose type II, ultrafine fiber sizes (58.3 to 84.98 nm) and a high crystallinity index (60.81% to 78.34%), indicating superior structural quality. This innovative process not only demonstrates the potential of using low‐cost, sustainable substrates for high‐yield BNC production but also significantly enhances both the efficiency and scalability of the production process, setting a new standard over existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driven by environmental and economic considerations, this study explores the viability of utilizing coconut juice residues (CJRs), a byproduct from coconut milk production, as a carbon source for bacterial cellulose (BC) synthesis in the form of a versatile bio-membrane. This work investigates the use of optimization modeling as a tool to find the optimal conditions for BC cultivation in consideration of waste minimization and resource sustainability. Optimization efforts focused on three parameters, including pH (4–6), cultivation temperature (20–30 °C), and time (6–10 days) using Design Expert (DE) V.13. The maximum yield of 9.31% (g/g) was achieved when the cultivation took place at the optimal conditions (pH 6, 30 °C, and 8 days). This approach aligns with circular economy principles, contributing to sustainable resource management and environmental impact reduction. The experimental and predicted optimal conditions from DE V.13 were in good agreement, validating the study's outcomes. The predictive model gave the correlations of the optimal conditions in response to the highest yield and maximum eco-efficiency. The use of prediction modeling resulted in a useful tool for forecasting and obtaining guidelines that can assist other researchers in calculating optimal conditions for a desired yield. Acetylation of the BC resulted in cellulose acetate (CA) membranes. The CA membrane exhibited the potential to separate CO2 from a CH4/CO2 mixed gas with a CO2 selectivity of 1.315 in a membrane separation. The promising gas separation results could be further explored to be utilized in biogas purification applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important agricultural commodity with substantial economic and nutritional value, widely used for various products, including coconut water. The sweetness is an important quality trait of coconut water, which is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In this study, we utilized next-generation sequencing to identify genetic variations in the coconut genome associated with the sweetness of coconut water. Whole-genome resequencing of 49 coconut accessions, including diverse germplasm and an F2 population of 81 individuals, revealed ~27 M SNPs and ~1.5 M InDels. Sugar content measured by °Bx was highly variable across all accessions tested, with dwarf varieties generally sweeter. A comprehensive analysis of the sugar profiles revealed that sucrose was the major sugar contributing to sweetness. Allele mining of the 148 genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport and genotype–phenotype association tests revealed two significant SNPs in the hexose carrier protein (Cnu01G018720) and sucrose synthase (Cnu09G011120) genes associated with the higher sugar content in both the germplasm and F2 populations. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of coconut sweetness and offers molecular markers for breeding programs aimed at improving coconut water quality. The identified variants can improve the selection process in breeding high-quality sweet coconut varieties and thus support the economic sustainability of coconut cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising demand for freshly cut agricultural produce like bananas, apples, pears, potatoes, and roots due to health concerns and modern lifestyles has heightened awareness of their susceptibility to browning, which diminishes their appeal and contributes to food waste. The present study explored the efficacy of natural anti‐browning agents in prolonging the quality and shelf‐life of freshly cut green banana slices. The bananas underwent treatment with normal water (NW), lemon juice (LJ), and coconut water (CW), and the changes in physicochemical properties, such as browning intensity, color, firmness, total soluble solid (TSS), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and also microbial attributes, were evaluated during their storage at 4 ± 1°C for 12 days. The results demonstrated significant enhancements in treated samples compared to untreated ones. While normal water and lemon juice‐treated banana slices exhibited visual browning during storage, coconut water immersion proved superior in maintaining visual appeal, whiteness, and lightness while delaying yellowing and browning. Coconut water‐treated samples also displayed firmer texture (0.75 kg), lower TSS (5.67 °Brix), and reduced weight loss (9.14%) after 12 days, in contrast to samples subjected to lemon juice and normal water treatments which showed lesser texture (0.68 kg, 0.58 kg), higher TSS (5.87 °Brix, 6.10 °Brix), and greater weight loss (11.76%, 16.09%), respectively. Furthermore, coconut water‐treated samples retained higher levels of total phenols (392.67 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/100 g FW (fresh weight), total flavonoids (55.67 mg QE (quercetin equivalent)/100 g FW), and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity (38.68%). Coconut water treatment also significantly suppressed polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity (14 U/g) compared to lemon juice (16 U/g) and normal water (26 U/g) treatments, and untreated samples (133 U/g) after 12 days. Additionally, microbial load remained within acceptable limits for all samples, with coconut water‐treated samples showing the lowest values. Thus, coconut water is a promising natural solution for inhibiting browning and preserving the quality of fresh‐cut green banana slices during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased oxidative stress and higher mortality rates. Analysis is needed to identify compounds in natural foods that can prevent oxidative stress. According to previous studies, tender coconut waterwith added vitamin E is more effective in preventing oxidative stress caused by DM compared to plain tender coconut water. This development is necessary to provide added value and practicality. Objective: To evaluate the potential of tender coconut water powder inriched with vitamin E on male rats diabetes by measuring the oxidative stress (SOD, GPx, MDA, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP levels). Methods: An experimental method was used with a posttest control group design. A total of 36 male Wistar rats used were randomly divided into 6 groups namely normal; DM; P1 (type 2 DM + Spray Drying tender coconut water powder); P2 (type 2 DM + Spray Drying tender coconut water powder + vitamin E); P3 (type 2 DM + Freeze Drying tender coconut water powder); and P4 (type 2 DM + Freeze Drying tender coconut water powder + vitamin E). Type 2 DM induction was carried out using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65 mg/kgBW and Nicotinamide 230 mg/kgBW. Tender coconut water powder was administered daily for 4 weeks beginning on the 3rd day after inducing DM. The data obtained were analyzed using the One Way Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA). Result: The results showed that the average levels of SOD and GPx in P4 were higher compared to P2, while MDA, IL-1, IL-6, TNF α, and CRP in P4 were lower compared to P2. Conclusion: Tender coconut water powder enriched with vitamin E effectively prevented oxidative stress, as indicated by increased SOD and GPx, along with decreased MDA, IL-1, IL-6, TNF α, and CRP levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, bacterial cellulose was derived from coconut water via fermentative production of nata de coco, a common food in Southeast Asia. Bacterial cellulose offers distinct advantages over plant cellulose resources, including three-dimensional structure, high porosity, high cellulose purity, and the absence of required polluting treatments, making it an ideal candidate for the facile preparation of various functional aerogel materials. Surface modification of nata de coco -derived cellulose fibers was obtained by incorporating Cu species (approximately 15 wt%) through an aqueous reaction of Cu(CH3COO)2 with N2H4 at room temperature. The Cu-coated bacterial cellulose aerogels were fabricated via supercritical carbon dioxide drying to maintain the natural three-dimensional matrix and subsequently characterized by various techniques confirming high porosity and crystallinity and successful Cu coating onto the cellulose fiber surface. The Cu-containing aerogel showed a significantly improved adsorption uptake for n- hexane (12.6 g g−1) in comparison with pure bacterial cellulose–based aerogel (3.2 g g−1). Furthermore, notable adsorption performances of 13.6–19.9 g g−1 were found for cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, and soybean oil, indicating the high efficiency of the supercritical carbon dioxide–activated bacterial cellulose aerogel containing Cu species in the adsorption of water-insoluble liquids. Notably, applying supercritical carbon dioxide drying afforded the stable aerogel structure for reusing over several cycles with almost unchanged trapping capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying is one of the important methods of preserving fish throughout the world. The study aimed to explore the sensory attributes of dried boneless siganids treated with cryoprotectant marinades developed across these formulations. This experimental study employed three distinct formulations, varying in the quantities of Carabao milk (CM), Carrageenan powder (CP), Calamansi extract, Salt, and Coconut water treatments. It sought to assess the general acceptability of these mixtures concerning color, flavor, odor, and texture, identify the most preferred formulation (F1, F2, and F3) based on a panel of tasters, and examine potential significant differences among the product attributes. Data analysis involved computing weighted means and conducting One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings indicated that F1, comprising 50g CM, 2.5g CP, 5g Calamansi extract, 10g salt, and 500g coconut water, was the most favored in terms of color, flavor, odor, and texture, with overall means of 3.94, 3.90, 4.18, and 3.98, respectively. Furthermore, the results revealed an insignificant relationship between the computed F values and the tabulated F value, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The sensory acceptability rating of the most preferred formulation was deemed "acceptable" with a mean of 4.0. Based on these findings, 50g CM and 2.5g CP were adopted as guidelines for the Extension program "Mugna Kaluwasan". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high irrigation water demand of coconut trees in semiarid regions makes rational use crucial for crop sustainability. Additionally, it produces residues that could improve the soil water holding capacity. This research aimed to evaluate the application of coconut shell biochar to an irrigated dwarf green coconut palm orchard. The study was carried out from January 2019 to December 2021 at Campo Experimental do Curu, Paraipaba, Brazil, belonging to Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical. The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications and included the application of 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 g of biochar per kg of soil, equivalent to 0.0 kg, 0.5 kg, 1.0 kg, 2.0 kg or 4.0 kg of biochar per plant, respectively. The following biometric variables were evaluated: number of leaves per plant (NL), plant height (PH), number of leaflets per leaf (LFT), canopy diameter (CD) and fruit production: number of bunches per plant (NB), number of fruits per plant (NF), volume of coconut water per fruit (CWF) and total soluble solids (TSS) (°Brix), as well as the daily soil moisture average. The results showed beneficial effects on the number of leaves per plant, fruits per plant, soil moisture and irrigation water productivity in terms of liters per fruit, liters per coconut water and fruits per cubic meter (m3) applied with ideal biochar doses estimated to be 1.40 kg, 1.72 kg, 1.79 kg, 1.56 kg, 1.48 and 1.68 kg of biochar per plant, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nodal explants can be used to micropropagate P. longum for ex-situ conservation. • Thidiazuron was the most efficient hormone for regenerating shoots. • Indole-3-butyric acid was the most efficient hormone for regenerating roots. • First report on genetic fidelity of mother and in vitro -raised P. longum plants. • No polymorphisms found between mother and in vitro plants for all tested markers. Piper longum L. has been widely used to treat digestive disorders, insomnia, diabetes, bronchitis, and cough since ancient times, which has caused a decline in its population in natural habitat. This study aims to develop a protocol for micropropagation in P. longum using direct organogenesis using nodal explant as well as to compare genetic uniformity between the mother plant and in vitro -grown plants using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR), and Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. Nodal explants were cultured on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium added with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), Kinetin (KN), Thidiazuron (TDZ), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), and 10 % coconut water. The highest number of shoots (5.33±1.15) and longest shoot length (6.16±0.65 cm) were found in MS media added with 1.0 mg/L TDZ, while the highest number of roots (7.0 ± 1.0) and the longest root length (5.53±0.35 cm) were found in MS media added with 1.0 mg/L Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in nodal explants. The evaluation of genetic homogeneity using 12 specific RAPD, ISSR, and SCoT markers revealed that the in vitro -raised plants are genetically very similar, or even identical, to the wild mother plants, and there is no polymorphism between the mother plant and in vitro -raised plants for the specific markers tested. Twelve of twenty-four RAPD, ISSR, and SCoT primers amplified a total of 39 loci varying in size from 150 to 1400 base pairs. This study showed that an effective protocol developed for the in vitro propagation of P. longum by direct organogenesis can be used to produce true-to-type plants, which may aid in homozygous breeding programs and ex-situ conservation and could be used for commercial propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignans play a crucial role in maintaining plant growth, development, metabolism and stress resistance. Computed tomography (CT) imaging technology can be used to explore the internal structure and morphology of plants, and understanding the correlation between the two is highly significant. In this study, the content of lignan metabolites in coconut water was determined using liquid chromatography. The internal structure data of coconut fruit was obtained by CT scanning, and the relationship between lignan metabolites and CT image data at different developmental stages was evaluated using partial least square (PLS) regression. The results showed that the total lignan content in coconut water initially decreased, then increased, and gradually decreased after the maturity stage. The Wenye No. 5 variety exhibited higher levels of Epiturinol, Turbinol, Isobarinin-9′-o-glucoside, 5′-methoxy-rohanoside, Rohan rosin-4,4′-di-o-glucoside, turbinol-4-O-glucoside, cycloisoperinolin-4-O-glucoside compared to local coconuts. Coconut meat had the greatest effect on Rohan rosin-4,4′-di-o-glucoside, coconut water on Daphne, and coconut shell and coconut fiber on Larinin-4′-o-glucoside. The data from different parts of coconut fruit's images showed a significant correlation with the content of lignan metabolites. This study has preliminarily explored the correlation between non-destructive testing of coconut fruit and its development process of coconut fruit, providing a new approach and method for further research on non-destructive testing of coconut fruit development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nitrate content of coconut water may be dangerous if it exceeds the prescribed limits. The present study compares the ease of analysis and environmental chemistry of nitrate estimation in coconut water via four different methods (UV‒visible spectroscopy, tristimulus colorimetry (Hunter laboratory), infrared spectroscopy, and Color Grab, an android application) using 80 samples of coconut water. Positive correlations were found between the absorbance at 410 nm and the b and chroma values measured by the Color Grab app lab (r = 0.97, 0.89) and Hunter lab (r = 0.98, 0.99) instruments. The Color Grab app b value also showed a good detection limit of 44.5 ppm and a low signal-to-noise ratio of 15.6. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data from 399 to 4000 cm−1, wavenumbers from 1351 to 1341 cm−1, especially 1346 and 1345 cm−1, after the cubit and partial least squares analyses are important for predicting the nitrate content of coconut water. The results are discussed concerning the FTIR peak shifts of mixtures of compounds of varying molecular masses. The predicted results based on the infrared spectrum are similar to those obtained by a UV–visible spectrophotometer. The analytical green method is used to estimate the environmental and occupational hazards of the four methods based on 12 criteria of the agents and processes used for sampling and assessment. The infrared spectroscopy method showed the highest analytical greenness metric value of 0.91 out of 1.0. The tristimulus colorimeter and Color Grab app methods had lower scores of 0.31 each, while the conventional UV‒Vis spectrophotometer had a medium score of 0.36. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of coconut water sold from street carts equipped with cooling coils or refrigerated at bakeries in the Grande Vitória Region, Brazil. Additionally, it assessed the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of isolated enterobacteria. The results indicated that coconut water sold at street carts had lower microbiological quality compared to refrigerated samples, as evidenced by significantly higher counts of mesophilic microorganisms. Using MALDI-TOF, the following opportunistic pathogens were identified: Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter bugandensis, E. kobei, E. roggenkampii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Kluyvera ascorbata. Three isolates—E. bugandensis, K. pneumoniae, and K. ascorbata—were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Widespread resistance to β-lactams and cephalosporins was detected, and some isolates were resistant to quinolones, nitrofurans, and phosphonic acids. The gene blaCTX-M-2 was detected in C. freundii, E. bugandensis, E. kobei, and K. ascorbata. However, genes blaNDM, blaKPC, blaCMY-1, and blaCMY-2 were not detected in any isolate. The findings underscore the need to enhance good manufacturing practices in this sector to control the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting the presence of potentially pathogenic enterobacteria in coconut water samples and their associated phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isotonic drinks are one of the carbonated or non-carbonated soft drink products to improve fitness. Isotonic drinks can be made from natural ingredients such as coconut water. Isotonic drinks can also be added with fruit parts, namely orange pulp juice and orange peel juice. Additional ingredients added in isotonic drinks are sucrose, citric acid, NaCl, and sodium benzoate. Sucrose is added to meet the standards for sucrose content and to enhance the sweet taste. Citrus slices are added for flavor and nutrition. The purpose of this study was to determine the best formulation of isotonic coconut water drink with variations of citrus and sucrose parts. This study used a single factor Randomized Block Design (RBD), namely the addition of sucrose and slices of citrus fruits, with 3 replications. Parameters observed were pH, sodium, potassium, total dissolved solids, antioxidant activity, organoleptic and microbial counts. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA (5%), followed by DMRT (5%). The best treatment was tested using the effectiveness index test. The results showed that the addition of sucrose and citrus fruit parts had an effect on total soluble solids, antioxidant activity, taste and overall preference in organoleptic tests. The isotonic drink of coconut water meets SNI for pH, sodium and total dissolved solids. The results of the effectiveness index test showed that the isotonic drink of orange coconut water with the addition of 6% sucrose and fruit peel was the best isotonic drink

Young coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.) used for export are trimmed to reduce their size and weight to lower transport costs. However, trimmed coconuts have a shorter shelf life due to microbial spoilage and surface discoloration caused by enzymatic browning. To minimize these effects, trimmed coconuts were dipped in an anti-browning agent, sodium metabisulfite (SMB), and stored under ambient conditions. However, there have been no reports on the effects of SMB treatment on metabolome changes in the flesh and water of young coconuts. Hence, this study investigated the metabolite changes in trimmed young coconuts after SMB treatment under different storage conditions using a gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) metabolomic profiling approach. Tall young coconut samples were trimmed and treated with a 2% SMB solution for 5 min before storage at 25 °C or 4 °C for 2–4 weeks. Coconut flesh and water samples were collected after storage for 0, 2, and 4 weeks, and were subjected to GC–MS analysis. The results showed that the major metabolites affected by coconut deterioration were amino acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols. SMB treatment and/or refrigeration can help prevent metabolite changes in the flesh and water of young coconuts. In the future, improvements in storage conditions based on metabolite profiles should be explored. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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【Objective】The study was carried out to establish a technical system suitable for tissue culture and rapid propagation of Pholidota chinensis Lindl.【Method】With the whole plant of P. chinensis Lindl as test material, the growth of explants was studied, the best explant and culture medium were selected, and the culture conditions such as seed germination and seedling proliferation were optimized.【Result】The best explant for tissue culture of P. chinensis Lindl. was the seed, and its roots, rhizomes and pseudobulbs did not germinate, but the seeds could germinate. The optimum culture formula of P. chinensis Lindl. was 1/2MS + 6-BA 1.5 mg/L + NAA 0.8 mg/L+6-KT 0.1 mg/L and the protocorm of P. chinensis Lindl. turned green under this condition. The organic matter selection of strong se edlings was conducted by adding banana puree (50 g/L), mashed potato (50 g/L) and coconut water (50 mL/L) to the basal medium, and it was found that the overall growth of P. chinensis Lindl. in the medium with banana puree was good and uniform with many pseudobulbs, and the plant height and leaf length were better than those of the P. chinensis Lindl. with mashed potato or coconut water added to the medium. Finally, 50 g/L banana puree was selected as the best organic matter added to the medium in the subsequent experiment. The best culture formula for the optimization of strong seedlings was 1/2MS + 50 g/L banana puree + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L + 6-KT 0.3 mg/ L. Under this condition, the P. chinensis Lindl. grew well and the plant height was better. The best medium formula for rooting of strong seedlings was MS + 50 g/L banana puree + IBA 0.5 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L. Under this condition, there were more pseudobulbs and more aerial roots on the seedlings.【Conclusion】To establish a technical system suitable for tissue culture and rapid propagation of P.chinensis Lindl. seeds, the best formula for the germination culture of P. chinensis Lindl. seeds is 1/2MS + 6-BA 1.5 mg/L + NAA 0.8 mg/L+6-KT 0.1 mg/L; the optimum culture formula for the optimization of strong seedlings is 1/2MS + 50 g/L banana puree + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L + 6-KT 0.3 mg/L; the best medium formula for rooting is MS + 50 g/L banana puree + IBA 0.5 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L. The study results lay a foundation for the resource conservation and utilization of P. chinensis Lindl. and its large-scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial insemination (AI) is a key strategy to improve livestock genetics and ensure the quality of preserved semen, which is crucial to the success breeding programs. Extending semen storage time while maintaining its quality is a significant challenge. This research investigated the use of coconut water and egg yolk citrate extender to preserve Pote buck spermatozoa at 5°C. Coconut water, with its rich content of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and antioxidants, and egg yolk, which contained lecithin, were selected for their potential to maintain spermatozoa quality during storage. The experiment involved three treatment groups, T0, T1, and T2, where semen were diluted 10 times each in egg yolk citrate, coconut water, and a combination of egg yolk citrate (20%) and coconut water. Spermatozoa motility, viability, intact plasma membrane, abnormality, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed daily for five days. The results showed no significant difference between T0 and T1 (p >0.05). However, T2 showed the highest progressive motility, viability, and intact plasma membrane percentages, in addition to the lowest spermatozoa abnormality and MDA levels. These findings indicate that the combination of coconut water and egg yolk citrate was the most effective extender for preserving Pote buck semen at 5°C, which contributed to the broader goals of improving sustainable livestock production and supporting food security by improving genetic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We thoroughly investigated the effects of Sm³⁺ doping on the magnetic, structural, hyperfine, and vibrational properties of Sr 1-x Sm x Fe 12 O 19 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) nanoparticles, which were synthesized using the proteic sol-gel process. The Rietveld refined XRD patterns confirmed the presence of M-type SrFe 12 O 19 , alongside a minor fraction of α-Fe 2 O 3. As Sm³⁺ doping increased, the unit cell volume fluctuated, decreasing from 691.73 ų at x = 0 to 690.67 ų at x = 0.10 and slightly rising thereafter. The incorporation of Sm³⁺ induced a conversion of Fe3+ to Fe2+, affecting lattice parameters and crystallinity. At x = 0.10, maximum crystallite size (56.48 nm) and X-ray density (4.83 g/cm³) were attained, alongside decreased microstrain, indicating improved crystallinity and reduced defects. However, at x = 0.15, an increase in microstrain suggested lattice instability. FTIR confirmed that bands in the range 400–600 cm⁻1 might be due to the stretching vibration of oxygen and metal (Fe–O) ions, confirming the formation of hexaferrite. Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy studies confirmed the presence of spin-phonon coupling in all samples in the ferrimagnetic transition at ∼725-735 K. Mössbauer spectroscopy elucidated that the substitution of Sr2+ by Sm3+ induced the most pronounced effect on the 12 k , 4 f 2 , and 2 a sites, corroborating the evolution of the lattice constants and the fact that these three sites have Sr sites in their close vicinity. The room-temperature hysteresis loops exhibited narrow features, indicative of soft magnetic behavior. Saturation magnetization (Ms), remanent magnetization (Mr), and coercivity (Hc) varied with Sm3+ doping content (x). Ms initially decreased from 62.62 emu/g and 22.03 emu/g at x = 0.00 to 54.96 emu/g and 19.63 emu/g at x = 0.10, respectively, and then increase to 59.77 emu/g and 21.86 emu/g at x = 0.15. Conversely, Mr and Hc showed a non-monotonic trend with x, suggesting complex interactions between dopant concentration and magnetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tender coconut water has been very popular as a natural beverage rich in various electrolytes, amino acids, and vitamins, and hence a large amount of tender coconut kernel is left without efficient utilization. To explore the possibility of making infused tender coconut kernel, we investigated the effects of two osmosis methods, including solid-state osmotic dehydration and liquid-state osmotic dehydration, as well as two osmosis agents such as sorbitol and sucrose, on the mass transfer of coconut kernel under solid-state osmotic dehydration conditions. The results showed that under the conditions of solid-state osmosis using sucrose and liquid-state osmosis using sucrose solution, the water diffusion coefficients were 9.0396 h−1/2 and 2.9940 h−1/2, respectively, with corresponding water mass transfer coefficients of 0.3373 and 0.2452, and the equilibrium water loss rates of 49.04% and 17.31%, respectively, indicating that the mass transfer efficiency of solid-state osmotic dehydration of tender coconut kernel was significantly higher than that of liquid-state osmotic dehydration. Under solid osmosis conditions, the water loss rates using sucrose and sorbitol were 38.64% and 41.95%, respectively, with dry basis yield increments of 61.38% and 71.09%, respectively, demonstrating superior dehydration efficiency of sorbitol over sucrose under solid-state osmosis. This study can provide a reference for the theoretical study of the mass transfer of tender coconut kernel through osmotic dehydration, and also provide technical support for the development and utilization of tender coconut kernel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the nutrient content, sensory profile, and shelf life of powdered coconut drink processed with freeze-drying method. The drink was made from a mixture of young coconut water and young coconut meat from freshly harvested fruit. The freeze-dried powdered coconut drink has high Mg and Fe but low Na content. The amino acid profile was dominated by lysine, leucine, valine, and arginine, while fatty acid profile contained mostly lauric, myristic, and oleic acids. The development of powdered coconut drink through freeze-drying showed that the process could maintain its sensory characteristics with a slight reduction in sweetness and loss of fermented aroma. It also could prolong the shelf life of the product to 59, 44, and 30 days at 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C, respectively. In conclusion, powdered coconut drink had nutritional content and sensory characteristics not significantly different to fresh products while having longer shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endangered plant species Adenophora liliifolia faces threats to its survival in the wild, necessitating the development of effective micropropagation techniques for potential reintroduction efforts. This study demonstrates that Adenophora liliifolia effectively reproduces on MS synthetic medium with diverse plant growth regulators (PGR) and natural extracts, facilitating swift micropropagation for potential future reintroduction endeavors. It highlights the substantial impact of PGR composition and natural extracts on the growth and development of A. liliifolia. The ideal growth medium for A. liliifolia was determined to be ½ MS with specific treatments. Additionally, incorporating silver nitrate (AgNO3) at 5 mg L−1 into the medium led to enhanced root formation and shoot length, albeit excessive concentrations adversely affected root development. Varying concentrations of NAA significantly affected different plant growth parameters, with the 0.1 mg L−1 treatment yielding comparable plant height to the control. Moreover, 50 mL L−1 of coconut water bolstered root formation, while 200 mL L−1 increased shoot formation during in vitro propagation. However, elevated doses of coconut water (CW) impeded root development but stimulated shoot growth. Experiments measuring chlorophyll a + b and carotenoid content indicated higher concentrations in the control group than differing levels of applied coconut water. Optimizing pH levels from 6.8–7 to 7.8–8.0 notably enhanced plant height and root formation, with significant carotenoid accumulation observed at pH 6.8–7. Soil samples from A. liliifolia's natural habitat exhibited a pH of 6.65. Ultimately, the refined in vitro propagation protocol effectively propagated A. liliifolia, representing a pioneering effort and setting the stage for future restoration initiatives and conservation endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The export of trimmed coconuts necessitates controlling microbial growth and browning, often achieved through the use of sodium metabisulfite (SMS). However, SMS can elicit allergic reactions in operators. To address this concern, ultrafine bubble (UFBs) technology was applied to reduce the SMS concentration. Trimmed coconuts were dipped in either a 1.5% SMS solution or a combination of 1.5% SMS with UFBs (1.5% SMS-UFBs) and compared to coconuts dipped or not dipped in a 3% SMS solution. All treated coconuts were then wrapped with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film and stored at 2–4 °C for 2 months, followed by transfer to storage at 8–10 °C for an additional 14 days. The results indicated that halving the SMS concentration, with or without UFB application, effectively controlled microbial growth and browning, comparable to using 3% SMS. No contamination of E. coli or Salmonella spp. was detected. The mesocarp whiteness, browning index, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and total phenolic content of coconuts treated with 1.5% SMS or 1.5% SMS-UFBs did not differ significantly from those dipped in 3% SMS solution (p > 0.05). Similarly, the quality of coconut water and coconut meat in SMS or SMS-UFB treatments did not show significant differences. In dry seasons, using 1.5% SMS with or without UFBs yielded comparable results to those obtained using 3% SMS. However, in wet seasons, the synergistic effects of UFBs on reducing microbial growth incidence were observed, similar to the impact achieved with 3% SMS, whereas 1.5% SMS alone did not inhibit microbial growth. Overall, UFB technology shows promise in reducing SMS concentration by 50% for trimmed young coconuts throughout the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the fermentation of kefir grains using fruit-based substrates, such as coconut water. Kefir grains contain a mixture of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), acetic acid bacteria (AAB), and yeast, which have important probiotic capacity and play a vital role in improving the nutritional and functional properties of the new product being developed. The principal objective of this study was to determine the functional properties of the microorganisms identified and characterized from kefir, CWK, and sourdough fermented with coconut water kefir (CWKS), such as Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, L. fusant, L. reuteri, L. kunkeei, Acetobacter aceti, A. lovaniensis, A. pasteurianus, Candida kefyr, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. guilliermondii, and C. colliculosa. In addition to identifying functional properties, such as glutamic acid production, phytase production, phytic acid degradation, and exopolysaccharide production, from this study, it was found that significantly high quantities of glutamic acid, exopolysaccharide, and phytase enzyme were detected in two LAB isolates, Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a major worldwide public health problem. Although there have already been astonishing advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment, the scientific community continues to make huge efforts to develop new methods to treat cancer. The main objective of this work is to prepare, using a green sol–gel method with coconut water powder (CWP), a new nanocomposite with a mixture of Gd3Fe5O12 and ZnFe2O4, which has never been synthesized previously. Therefore, we carried out a structural (DTA-TG and X-ray diffraction), morphological (SEM), and magnetic (VSM and hyperthermia) characterization of the prepared samples. The prepared nanocomposite denoted a saturation magnetization of 11.56 emu/g at room temperature with a ferromagnetic behavior and with a specific absorption rate (SAR) value of 0.5 ± 0.2 (W/g). Regarding cytotoxicity, for concentrations < 10 mg/mL, it does not appear to be toxic. Although the obtained results were interesting, the high particle size was identified as a problem for the use of this nanocomposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate hyperbaric storage at room temperature (75–200 MPa, 30 days, 18–23 °C, HS/RT) on Clostridium perfringens spores in brain-heart infusion broth (BHI-broth) at pH 4.50, 6.00, and 7.50 and coconut water (pH 5.40). Both matrices were also pasteurized by high pressure processing (600 MPa, 3 min, 17 °C, HPP) to simulate commercial pasteurization followed by HS, in comparison with refrigeration (5 °C, RF). The results showed that, at AP/RT, spores' development occurred, except at pH 4.50 in BHI-broth, while for RF, no changes occurred along storage. Under HS, at pH 4.50, neither spore development nor inactivation occurred, while at pH 6.00/7.50, inactivation occurred (≈2.0 and 1.0 logs at 200 MPa, respectively). Coconut water at AP/RT faced an increase of 1.6 logs of C. perfringens spores after 15 days, while for RF, no spore development occurred, while the inactivation of spores under HS happened (≈3 logs at 200 MPa). HPP prior to HS seems to promote a subsequent inactivation of C. perfringens spores in BHI-broth at pH 4.50, which is less evident for other pHs. For HPP coconut water, the inactivation levels under HS were lower (≈2.0 logs at 200 MPa). The Weibull model well described the inactivation pattern observed. These results suggest that HS/RT can be simultaneously used as a tool to avoid C. perfringens spores' development, as well as for its inactivation, without the application of high temperatures that are required to inactivate these spores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa racemosa is a nutritious food option that has high demand. However, the production rate is lagging behind the increased demand. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of aqueous extract from various plants as an exogenous plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the morphology, growth, and nutrition of C. racemosa. The natural PGRs used were coconut water (CW), shallots and coconut water (AESCW), maize (AEM), moringa leaves and mung beansprout (AEMBS), and Kappaphycus alvarezii (AEKA). Fifty grams of C. racemosa was soaked on the natural PGRs and was cultivated for 30 days with a sandy mud substrate. The results showed that the soaking of C. racemosa on natural PGRs had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on absolute growth, specific growth rate, and nutrients. C. racemosa soaked in aqueous shallot and coconut water showed the best absolute growth (214.32 ± 7.68 g) and SGR (5.55 ± 0.08%/day); meanwhile, C. racemosa soaked in coconut water had the best nutrition (protein, 9.54 ± 0.16%; fiber, 1.37 ± 0.21%; and fat, 0.42 ± 0.04%). The morphological analysis showed that soaking C. racemosa on natural PGRs resulted in long fronds, bigger stolons, a greener and fresher color, and more ramuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum is a C4 plant that offers great potential in biofuel production. However, it faces significant difficulties with in vitro growth, a major obstacle for research applications. To overcome this challenge and improve the utilization of sorghum for various studies, an optimized protocol was developed through explant selection, in vitro conditions, and field acclimatization. This study focused on three sorghum lines (BSR-1, CSV-17, and CSH-1) and addressed issues such as producing toxic phenolic compounds, low regeneration frequency, and difficulties acclimating to field conditions. Shoot tip as an explant worked efficiently for all three selected lines. Different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), kinetin, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), zeatin, and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied to optimize callusing and regeneration media. Additionally, the effectiveness of coconut water and coconut milk as supplements in combination with synthetic growth regulators was also evaluated. The medium with coconut water and 2,4-D, as well as coconut milk with BAP, exhibited the highest percentage of callus induction and regeneration, approximately three times higher than the control. All regenerated shootlets had 100% rooting and had a survival rate of 93% after acclimatization. The study revealed that callus age significantly impacted its growth and the ability to regenerate, with the weekly growth ratio peaking in the second wk after induction. This study offers valuable insights into optimizing in vitro growth conditions for Sorghum bicolor with promising reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuels are one of the renewable fuels needed to replace fossil fuels. Making biofuels requires an acid/base catalyst to speed up the reaction, one of which is esterification. This study aimed to produce sulfonated carbon from coconut shells and water hyacinth, which was carbonized at 300 °C for 6 h. It was reacted with 96 % sulfuric acid at 150 °C with variations in sulfonation times and variations in sulfonation cycles. The highest acid concentration catalyst results were obtained on water hyacinth raw materials at 1.2 mmol/g and coconut shells at 1.215 mmol/g. The more sulfonation cycles will increase the acid concentration value. The value of the catalyst activity test in the esterification reaction of the water hyacinth catalyst can convert Free Fatty Acid (FFA) better than the coconut shell catalyst. Conversion of esters in the esterification process is 75.28 % in the water hyacinth catalyst and 57.62 % in the coconut shell catalyst. The coconut shell and water hyacinth catalysts were sulfonated in the presence of Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) absorption spectra at wave numbers 1,035.77 cm-1 for the coconut catalyst and 1,033.85 cm-1 for the water hyacinth catalyst, which is a strong S=O group. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis results indicate that the carbon sulfonate acid catalyst is amorphous. The constant kinetics of the water hyacinth catalyst reaction is 0.0139 L/mol.h, while for the coconut shell catalyst, it is 0.0045 L/mol.h. Coconut shell and water hyacinth raw materials can be used as heterogeneous acid catalysts after sulfonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Desserts with vegetable ingredients are a constantly expanding global market due to the search for alternatives to cow's milk. Fermentation of these matrices by lactic acid bacteria can add greater functionality to the product, improving its nutritional, sensory, and food safety characteristics, as well as creating bioactive components with beneficial effects on health. Concern for health and well-being has aroused interest in byproducts of the industry that have functional properties for the body, such as mature coconut water, a normally discarded residue that is rich in nutrients. This study aimed to develop a probiotic gelatin based on pulp and water from mature coconuts and evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, viability of the Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR32 strain in the medium, as well as the texture properties of the product. Methods: After collection and cleaning, the physicochemical characterization, mineral analysis, analysis of the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mature coconut water were carried out, as well as the centesimal composition of its pulp. Afterwards, the gelling was developed with the addition of modified corn starch, gelatin, sucrose, and probiotic culture, being subjected to acidity analysis, texture profile and cell count, on the first day and every 7 days during 21 days of storage, under refrigeration at 5 °C. An analysis of the centesimal composition was also carried out. Results: The main minerals in coconut water were potassium (1,932.57 mg L−1), sodium (19.57 mg L−1), magnesium (85.13 mg L−1) calcium (279.93 mg L−1) and phosphorus (11.17 mg L−1), while the pulp had potassium (35.96 g kg−1), sodium (0.97 g kg−1), magnesium (2.18 g kg−1), 37 calcium (1.64 g kg−1), and phosphorus (3.32 g kg−1). The phenolic content of the water and pulp was 5.72 and 9.77 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) 100 g−1, respectively, and the antioxidant capacity was 1.67 and 0.98 39 g of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) mg−1, respectively. The coconut pulp had 2.81 g 100 g−1of protein, 1.11 g 100 g−1 of 40 ash, 53% moisture, and 5.81 g 100 g−1 of carbohydrates. The gelatin produced during the storage period presented firmness parameters ranging from 145.82 to 206.81 grams-force (gf), adhesiveness from 692.85 to 1,028.63 gf sec, cohesiveness from 0.604 to 0.473, elasticity from 0.901 to 0.881, gumminess from 86.27 to 97.87 gf, and chewiness from 77.72 to 91.98 gf. Regarding the viability of the probiotic microorganism, the dessert had 7.49 log CFU g−1 that remained viable during the 21-day storage, reaching 8.51 CFU g−1. Acidity ranged from 0.15 to 0.64 g of lactic acid 100 g−1. The centesimal composition of the product showed 4.88 g 100 g−1 of protein, 0.54 g 100 g−1 of ash, 85.21% moisture, and 5.37g 100 g−1 of carbohydrates. The development of the gelatin made it possible to obtain a differentiated product, contributing to diversification in the food sector, providing a viable alternative for maintaining consumer health and reducing costs compared to desserts already available on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit juice concentration gains popularity due to the reduced shipping costs for concentrated products. However, the main drawback of the widely used thermal concentration process is the degradation of product's quality parameters. Lyophilization, or the freeze‐drying process, is applied to concentrate coconut water to demonstrate that the quality of the coconut water can improve even when a significant fraction of pure water is removed from it. The measurements of antioxidant activities, total phenolic content (TPC), pH, and titratable acidity are investigated to understand process efficiency without compromising the original quality of coconut water. Study applies first order kinetics to assess the coconut water's shelf‐life, using pH and Brix as critical parameters. Results suggest that Brix, TPC, antioxidant activity (AAO), total dissolved solids (TDS), and potassium increase with increase in lyophilization time, where pH remains the same. The shelf‐life of concentrated product increases to double that of raw coconut water. Practical applications: Coconut water has very large worldwide demand as health drink across all ages and all societies, particularly has great demand in sport/health sectors. The raw coconut is inconvenient to transport long distances because of its bulky volume. Further, coconut grows in a very limited area, it needs to travel long distance to reach customers across globe. So business with packed concentrated coconut water would be profitable for food industries. There is no study that has proven that concentrated coconut water through non‐thermal processes can actually improve its shelf‐life drastically. This study suggests that Brix, TPC, AAO, total dissolved solids, and potassium ions were concentrated with the increase in lyophilization time, where pH remains same due to an undisturbed natural buffering system. Non‐thermal freeze‐drying techniques proved that non‐thermal treatment like polymeric/ceramic membrane treatment would be beneficial for industry to sell packed coconut water without adding preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermentation of pumpkin puree and mature coconut water using water kefir grains is a potential method for producing a novel functional non-dairy-based probiotic drink. In the present study, response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken design (RSM-BBD) was used to optimise fermentation temperature and substrates' concentrations. The optimised fermentation temperature, pumpkin puree, and brown sugar concentrations of pumpkin-based mature coconut water kefir beverage (PWKC) were 27 °C, 20%, and 10% w/v, respectively. The optimised PWKC (PWKCopt) obtained an overall acceptability (OA) score of 4.03, with a desirable Lactobacillus count (6.41 Log CFU/mL), 0.68% v/v lactic acid content, 31% of water kefir grains' biomass growth rate, and fermentation time (to reach pH 4.5) of 4.5 h. The optimized beverage, PWKCopt, contained 3.26% proteins, 2.75% dietary fibre, 2186.33 mg/L of potassium, 180.67 mg/L phosphorus, and 137.33 mg/L calcium and had a total phenolic content of 89.93 mg GAE/100 mL, flavonoid content of 49.94 mg QE/100 mL, and carotenoid content of 33.24 mg/100 mL, with antioxidant activity (FRAP: 169.17 mM Fe(II)/100 mL, IC50 value of DPPH free radicals scavenging activity: 27.17 mg/mL). Water kefir microorganisms in PWKCopt remained stable for at least 56 days at 4 °C. Therefore, PWKCopt might potentially serve as a value-added product, offering a basis for sustainable development within both the coconut and pumpkin industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) are target enzymes in the processing of tender coconut water (TCW). This study primarily evaluated the combined effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and mild temperatures on the PPO and POD deactivation of TCW. A factorial design was performed to investigate the effect of temperature (in the range of 35 to 85 °C), pressure (75 to 370 bar), and holding time (13 to 47 min) on the enzymic deactivation, physicochemical parameters, and color of the TCW. The percentages of reduction in PPO activity ranged from 3.7 to 100%, and POD ranged from 43.4 to 100%. The pH values of the freshly extracted and processed TCW were 5.09 and 4.90, and the soluble solids content were 5.5 and 5.4 °Brix, respectively. The holding time (t) had a significant effect (p ≤ 0.1) on the total color variation. As for the reduction of PPO activity, the temperature (T) and the interaction between pressure (P) and t had a significant effect. None of variables (P, T, or t) affected (p > 0.1) the POD reduction, pH, and soluble solids variation. The combination of SC-CO2 and mild temperatures is a promising intervention in the enzymic stabilization of TCW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes the synthesis of strontium ferrite by two different methods: sol-gel (SG), using powdered coconut water (PCW) as a precursor, and laser floating zone (LFZ). The SG samples were after treated at temperatures of 700, 1000, and 1200 °C, while the samples obtained by LFZ were grown at pulling rates of 10, 50, and 100 mm/h. All samples studied were subjected to structural characterization techniques, as well as electrical (AC and DC) and magnetic characterization. Through X-ray diffraction, it was possible to observe that all the samples presented strontium ferrites, but none were single phase. The phases detected in XRD were confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron micrography allowed the observation of an increase in grain size with the temperature of SG samples and the reduction of the porosity with the decrease in growth rate for LFZ fibers. Through electrical analysis, it was observed that the most suitable samples for energy storage were the samples grown at 100 mm/h ( ε r ′ = 430,712; ε r ″ = 11,577; tan δ = 0.84; σac = 0.0006 S/m, at 1 kHz). The remaining samples had high dielectric losses and can be applied in electromagnetic shielding. The SG 700 °C sample presented the highest magnetization (38.5 emu/g at T = 5 K). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balantioides coli is a ciliated protist that can cause dysentery in humans, pigs and nonhuman primates and may have the potential for zoonotic transmission. Its diagnosis is routinely performed through conventional parasitological techniques, and few studies have used culturing techniques to isolate it, applying molecular tools for the characterization of this protozoan. Thus, the objective of this study was to confirm B. coli diagnosis using molecular tools and to characterize the genetic variants of this parasite isolated from pigs kept on family farms in Brazil using three different culture media that differed in the serum added. Fecal samples from pigs were inoculated in Pavlova medium plus coconut water (PC), fetal bovine serum (PB) and horse serum (PH). Of the 127 samples positive for forms compatible with the phylum Ciliophora, 31 were selected for isolation. The most successful medium for isolation was PB 19/31 (61.3%), followed by PH 18/31 (58.1%) and PC 11/31 (35.5%). Of the nucleotide sequences generated, 20 were classified as genetic variant type B0, two as A1 and 15 as A0. The results indicated that PC, despite having allowed the isolation of B. coli for a short period, was not an adequate medium for the maintenance of this parasite in vitro, therefore requiring improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing demand from consumers on functional food and beverages. Potential probiotics such as L. lactis could be incorporated into food and beverages as a value-added ingredient. However, sufficient viable cell counts are required to be present in the food or beverages products to confer health benefits to hosts. Therefore, this study aimed to encapsulate food-grade recombinant L. lactis NZ3900 in 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 ratio of sodium alginate-resistant starch matrix using co-extrusion technique and evaluate its storage stability in coconut water. All the microbeads were spherical with size ranged from 528.33 to 560.67 μm. The microbeads with 2:1 ratio sodium alginate-resistant starch had the highest microencapsulation efficiency (91.1%) and highest survivability (78.4%) after 6 h of simulated sequential digestion. After 4 weeks of storage, L. lactis microbeads had higher survivability in coconut water with 11.4 log10 CFU/g and lesser reduction in total soluble solids than free cells. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the coconut water with free cells and microbeads in terms of pH, titratable acidity, and viscosity after 4 weeks of storage. At the end of the storage, the coconut water with microbeads had pH 3.9, 0.32% malic acid, 5.4 °Brix, 1.4 cP of viscosity, and total colour changes of < 1.26. This study shows that co-extrusion technique with sodium alginate-resistant starch matrix are suitable for the formation of L. lactis microbeads. Moreover, the stability of the L. lactis microbeads in coconut water showed its potential to be marketed as a functional isotonic beverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Etawah crossbreed goat is a dual-purpose type of goat that can adapt well to tropical regions in Indonesia. The current research aimed to evaluate the effects of adding coconut water to citrate egg yolk diluent on the spermatozoa quality parameters (motility, viability, and abnormality) of the Etawah crossbred goat at the physiology and reproduction laboratory of animal husbandry, Jambi University (Indonesia). The research employed a randomized block design on Etawa crossbreed goats aged around 2-3 years with an average weight of 12 kg per head in six groups. The treatments included 100% citrate diluent of egg yolk without adding coconut water (P0) as a control, 90% citrate diluent of egg yolk + 10% coconut water (P1), 80% citrate diluent of egg yolk + 20% coconut water (P2), 70% citrate diluent of egg yolk + 30% coconut water (P3), 60% citrate diluent of egg yolk + 40% coconut water (P4). The parameters evaluated in this study included viability of spermatozoa, spermatozoa motility, and spermatozoa abnormalities. The five treatment tubes were stored in a refrigerated cabinet at 5°C for 2 days. After this period, semen quality assessment was assessed microscopically. The percentage of live spermatozoa was determined using a staining technique. The spermatozoa motility was assessed based on their ability to move. Abnormal spermatozoa were calculated based on the number of abnormal spermatozoa compared to the total number of spermatozoa. The results of the study showed that the addition of 20% coconut water to the 80% citrate diluent of egg yolk (P2 treatment) reduced the rate of decline in spermatozoa viability and did not increase the number of spermatozoa abnormalities significantly, compared to other groups. There was no decrease in the viability of Etawah crossbreed goat spermatozoa during 2 days of storage at 5°C in all groups. Therefore, it was concluded that coconut water could be added up to 20% into the egg yolk without any significant negative effects on spermatozoa quality parameters evaluated in the current study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The research material used was fresh semen of 2-year-old landrace boars of good quality (spermatozoa motility ≥ 70% and spermatozoa abnormality < 20%) Purpose: This study aimed to find the best combination of young coconut water (YCW) and Tris to improve the quality of landrace boars spermatozoa. Method: %). This study used an experimental method according to a complete randomized design procedure with five treatments and five replicates. The treatments were: T0= YCW, T1= TCW 75% + tris 25%, T2= YCW 50% + tris 50%, T3= YCW 25% + tris 75%, T4= Tris. All treatment diluents were added with 20% egg yolk, 3% moringa leaf extract, 1,000 IU/mL penicillin, and 1,000 µg/mL streptomycin. The variables tested were motility, viability, abnormality, and survival. Results: The observation results at the 40th hour of storage showed that treatment T3 was significantly different (P<0.05) on motility, viability, abnormality and survival but on the variable viability treatment T3 was insignificantly different from T1 (p>0.05), but significantly different from treatment T0, T2, and T4; and for spermatozoa abnormality variables in all treatments were the same (p>0.05) Conclusion: It was concluded that the combination of YCW 75% and tris 25% and 100% tris effectively maintained the quality of landrace boars spermatozoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, bacterial cellulose was produced from the fermentation of coconut water and incubated for 4, 5, and 6 days. The bacterial cellulose membrane was utilized as immobilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). A green photocatalyst membrane was prepared by reducing silver ions in the bacterial cellulose matrix structure using local fruit extracts, tomatoes, Citrus hystrix fruit, and mangosteen peel as a reducing agent. The composite was dried in the oven to obtain a more durable fixed structure. The properties of produced bacterial cellulose were determined by measuring the thickness, water retention capacity (WRC), cellulose content, and swelling. The functional group and crystallinity index of bacterial cellulose were observed by FTIR and XRD instrument analysis. The SEM EDX analysis confirms that the silver ions were successfully reduced in the BC matrix, and the UV–Vis spectrum showed that the composite membrane has the ability to degrade the methylene blue solution under sunlight irradiation. The maximum degradation efficiency of the composite membrane against 5 ppm methylene blue solution was achieved by the composite membrane reduced by tomatoes, with a value of 93%. This result proved that the composite membrane produced in this research has excellent capabilities as a green photocatalyst for degrading wastewater containing dye pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tender coconut water (TCW) processing has been a challenge and is often accompanied by challenges such as beneficial bioactive compound deterioration and enzymatic and non‐enzymatic browning initiation. Fresh TCW was treated with a combination of pressure (350–550 MPa) and treatment time (3–7 min). This study unveiled the potency of high‐pressure processing (HPP) in reducing undesirable enzyme activity, such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activity in TCW by up to 36.472% and 30.606%, respectively. The maximum loss of vitamin C was reported to be 7.84% at 550 MPa/7 min compared to the untreated one, which is very acceptable in terms of quality retention. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activities were well retained and increased in the HPP‐treated TCW samples. Similarly, the total and reducing sugar reduction was within 20%–25%. The findings of this investigation demonstrated the effectiveness of high‐pressure processing in preserving quality and reducing the activity of enzymes that cause deterioration in TCW. Moreover, the aerobic plate count (APC) and yeast and mold count (YM) were decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after 450 MPa/5 min treatment. Practical applications: Over the years, the food industry has been facing a consistent challenge in perishable product processing (juices, milk, meat, etc.) to extend its shelf‐life while keeping its nutritional and sensory properties intact. This study presented a significant insight into TCW processing regarding enzyme, microbial inactivation, and nutritional property preservation using HPP technology. Moreover, from a quality perspective, this work enables the HPP‐treated TCW to be as close to a fresh one without any preservative addition. HPP technique is believed to appeal to industries that seek a green alternative technique to thermal processing (which makes processed foods unacceptable among consumers) to produce minimally treated foods on a commercial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]