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The cathode–electrolyte interphase plays a pivotal role in determining the usable capacity and cycling stability of electrochemical cells, yet it is overshadowed by its counterpart, the solid–electrolyte interphase. This is primarily due to the prevalence of side reactions, particularly at low potentials on the negative electrode, especially in state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries where the charge cutoff voltage is limited. However, as the quest for high-energy battery technologies intensifies, there is a pressing need to advance the study of cathode–electrolyte interphase properties. Here, we present a comprehensive approach to analyse the cathode–electrolyte interphase in battery systems. We underscore the importance of employing model cathode materials and coin cell protocols to establish baseline performance. Additionally, we delve into the factors behind the inconsistent and occasionally controversial findings related to the cathode–electrolyte interphase. We also address the challenges and opportunities in characterizing and simulating the cathode–electrolyte interphase, offering potential solutions to enhance its relevance to real-world applications.

Citizenship and related values are common elements in the missions of honors programs. Our goal was to design a junior honors seminar with an intentional focus on developing citizenship, civic identity, and civic virtues through engagement with the challenging history of our city, Montgomery, Alabama. The course employed four evidence-based strategies for character formation in higher education: reflection on personal experience, engagement with virtuous exemplars, dialogue that increases virtue literacy, and awareness of situational variables. This paper describes our focus on learning about Civil Rights history to develop citizenship and civic virtues, the course's impact on students, our reflections on the course's effectiveness, and recommendations for courses with similar goals.

The primary aim of this systematic review is to investigate the inclusion of autistic individuals in the design process of immersive technologies. This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses standards for systematic literature reviews. To ensure the research questions and subsequent stages of the review incorporate pertinent parameters, the problem, interest, context framework has also been employed. Findings highlight that, while early proponents of immersive technology emphasized the importance of user involvement in design of new technology, immaturity of the technology often limited the implementation of direct user input to the design process. Nonetheless, analysis of the literature published between 2002-2022 identified 20 studies in which substantial influence of autistic individuals and stakeholders was found in the design process of immersive technologies. The roles of autistic individuals varied from active co-designers and co-creators to essential contributors in refining prototypes and providing critical feedback, ensuring the final products align with their needs and preferences. Results underscore the need to align research and design of immersive technologies more closely with the priorities and preferences of autistic individuals. Further is needed regarding actively involving autistic individuals in the design and implementation of immersive technology applications. On this basis, we maintain that more inclusive and effective deployment of immersive technologies is needed in order to ensure that resultant technologies are fit for purpose and address the actual needs of the autistic community.

Invasive mucormycosis (IM) is associated with high mortality and morbidity. MAT2203 is an orally administered lipid nanocrystal formulation of amphotericin B, which has been shown to be safe and effective against other fungal infections. We sought to compare the efficacy of MAT2203 to liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB) treatment in a neutropenic mouse model of IM due to Rhizopus arrhizus var. delemar or Mucor circinelloides f. jenssenii DI15-131. In R. arrhizus var. delemar-infected mice, 15 mg/kg of MAT2203 qd was as effective as 10 mg/kg of LAMB in prolonging median survival time vs placebo (13.5 and 16.5 days for MAT2203 and LAMB, respectively, vs 9 days for placebo) and enhancing overall survival vs placebo-treated mice (40% and 45% for MAT2203 and LAMB, respectively, vs 0% for placebo). A higher dose of 45 mg/kg of MAT2203 was not well tolerated by mice and showed no benefit over placebo. Similar results were obtained with mice infected with M. circinelloides. Furthermore, while both MAT2203 and LAMB treatment resulted in a significant reduction of ~1.0-2.0log and ~2.0-2.5log in Rhizopus delemar or M. circinelloides lung and brain burden vs placebo mice, respectively, LAMB significantly reduced tissue fungal burden in mice infected with R. delemar vs tissues of mice treated with MAT2203. These results support continued investigation and development of MAT2203 as a novel and oral formulation of amphotericin for the treatment of mucormycosis.

Background: In addition to the benefits of a diverse faculty, many institutions are under pressure from students and administrators to increase the number of faculty from historically excluded backgrounds. Despite increases in the numbers of engineering PhD earners from these groups, the percentages of Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino tenure-track faculty have not increased, and the percentage of women remains low. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify how experiences in graduate school encourage or deter PhD earners from historically excluded groups in pursuing an engineering academic career. Method: We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with engineering PhD students and recent graduates, with half of participants interested and half disinterested in pursuing an academic career after graduation. Results: Three key factors emerged as strongly influential on participants' desire to pursue an academic career: their relationship with their advisor, their perception of their advisor's work-life balance, and their perception of the culture of academia. Participants extrapolated their experiences in graduate school to their imagined lives as faculty. The results illuminate the reasons why engineering PhD earners from historically underrepresented groups remain in or leave the academic career pathway after graduate school. Conclusions: The findings of this study have important implications for how graduate students' and postdoc's relationships with their advisors as well as perceptions of their advisors' work-life balances and the culture of academia affect future faculty. We make recommendations on what students, faculty, and administrators can do to create a more inclusive environment to encourage students from historically excluded groups to consider academic careers.

A combination therapy of preproinsulin (PPI) and immunomodulators (TGFβ+IL10) orally delivered via genetically modified Salmonella and anti-CD3 promoted glucose balance in in NOD mice with recent onset diabetes. The Salmonella bacteria were modified to express the diabetes-associated antigen PPI controlled by a bacterial promoter in conjunction with over-expressed immunomodulating molecules. The possible mechanisms of action of this vaccine to limit autoimmune diabetes remained undefined. In mice, the vaccine prevented and reversed ongoing diabetes. The vaccine-mediated beneficial effects were associated with increased numbers of antigen-specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs, CD4+CD49b+LAG3+ Tr1-cells, and tolerogenic dendritic-cells (tol-DCs) in the spleens and lymphatic organs of treated mice. Despite this, the immune response to Salmonella infection was not altered. Furthermore, the vaccine effects were associated with a reduction in islet-infiltrating lymphocytes and an increase in the islet beta-cell mass. This was associated with increased serum levels of the tolerogenic cytokines (IL10, IL2, and IL13) and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, GM-CSF, IL6, IL12, and TNFα) and chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5). Overall, the data suggest that the Salmonella-based vaccine modulates the immune response, reduces inflammation, and promotes tolerance specifically to an antigen involved in autoimmune diabetes.

Aims: While cementless fixation offers potential advantages over cemented fixation, such as a shorter operating time, concerns linger over its higher cost and increased risk of periprosthetic fractures. If the risk of fracture can be forecasted, it would aid the shared decision-making process related to cementless stems. Our study aimed to develop and validate predictive models of periprosthetic femoral fracture (PPFF) necessitating revision and reoperation after elective total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods: We included 154,519 primary elective THAs from the Swedish Arthroplasty Register (SAR), encompassing 21 patient-, surgical-, and implant-specific features, for model derivation and validation in predicting 30-day, 60-day, 90-day, and one-year revision and reoperation due to PPFF. Model performance was tested using the area under the curve (AUC), and feature importance was identified in the best-performing algorithm. Results: The Lasso regression excelled in predicting 30-day revisions (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.85), while the Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) model outperformed other models by a slight margin for all remaining endpoints (AUC range: 0.79 to 0.86). Predictive factors for revision and reoperation were identified, with patient features such as increasing age, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists grade (> III), and World Health Organization obesity classes II to III associated with elevated risks. A preoperative diagnosis of idiopathic necrosis increased revision risk. Concerning implant design, factors such as cementless femoral fixation, reverse-hybrid fixation, hip resurfacing, and small (< 35 mm) or large (> 52 mm) femoral heads increased both revision and reoperation risks. Conclusion: This is the first study to develop machine-learning models to forecast the risk of PPFF necessitating secondary surgery. Future studies are required to externally validate our algorithm and assess its applicability in clinical practice. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2025;14(1):46–57.

Abstract We propose the addition of usability validation to the extended V3 framework, now “V3+”, and describe a pragmatic approach to ensuring that sensor-based digital health technologies can be used optimally at scale by diverse users. Alongside the original V3 components (verification; analytical validation; clinical validation), usability validation will ensure user-centricity of digital measurement tools, paving the way for more inclusive, reliable, and trustworthy digital measures within clinical research and clinical care.

Background/Objective: Men with cystic fibrosis (CF) have a high prevalence of low testosterone levels. A recent retrospective study demonstrated a quarter of a cohort of men with CF had serum testosterone levels below 300 ng/dL. The evaluation of hypogonadism is of increasing clinical importance in order to prevent unfavorable outcomes. Herein we present a 31-year-old man with CF and a relatively low serum testosterone value who was found to have an additional unsuspected cause of male hypogonadism. Case Report: The patient was a 31-year-old man with history of CF who was referred to endocrinology clinic for the evaluation of hypogonadism. Serum testing revealed a total testosterone of 175 ng/mL (296-1377), luteinizing hormone 2.8 mIU/mL (1.2-8.6), and a prolactin of 341 ng/mL (3-13). A brain magnetic resonance imaging was obtained, which revealed a 1 cm hypoenhancing left sellar lesion. He was started on cabergoline. His testosterone increased to 707 ng/dL after a year on cabergoline treatment. His prolactin decreased to 12 ng/mL after a year of treatment. The pituitary adenoma decreased 50% in size 2 years after cabergoline was initiated. Discussion: The most common etiologies of CF are recurrent infections, chronic inflammation, and glucocorticoid administration, which lead to both hypothalamic-pituitary dysregulation and primary hypogonadism. However, other less common causes of hypogonadism can also be found in CF. Conclusion: We suggest that all men with cystic fibrosis found to have hypogonadism undergo additional evaluation for causes of hypogonadism prior to treatment with testosterone.

This study examines how community partners understand reciprocity and co-education in service-learning. Twenty community partners participated in 30-minute telephone interviews. When asked to define reciprocity, participants identified the importance of communication and maintaining a two-way relationship. With regard to co-education, community partners highlighted communication, the back-and-forth nature of the relationship, and their role as a facilitator. This study will help universities and community partners increase the effectiveness and maximize the benefits of their service-learning relationships.

While a few tropical peatlands remain in pristine condition, many of them, especially in Southeast Asia, have been degraded and have been subjected to drainage, deforestation or fires. At the largest peat deposit in Brunei Darussalam, the Badas peat dome, anthropogenic disturbances arising from urbanisation and land use changes in the past decades have resulted in deforestation, peat subsidence and groundwater drainage. We investigated these disturbances along two transects established at the Badas peat dome via a combination of approaches: (1) topographic survey, (2) seismic refraction survey, (3) rain gauge monitoring and (4) groundwater monitoring via piezometers and slug testing. In addition, groundwater samples were taken from piezometers for water chemistry analysis. This research demonstrated how excavations have led to the creation of lagoons, resulting in changes to the structure of the peat dome, leading to groundwater drainage. The drainage has caused 15 cm to 45 cm of peat thickness to dry out. In addition, with the removal of the peat layer and the establishment of artificial lagoons, surface water can now directly infiltrate into the sand layer, causing the second transect to have a lower groundwater level. Finally, groundwater drainage, evapotranspiration from the lagoons, and possibly tidal influence as the peatland is draining towards the South China Sea less than 3 km away, caused changes to the groundwater chemistry, causing increased salinity and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), showing that peat degradation has been occurring in both transects.

INTRODUCTION: Pharmacists focusing on psychotropic medication management and practicing across a wide variety of healthcare settings have significantly improved patient-level outcomes. The Systematic Literature Review Committee of the American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists was tasked with compiling a comprehensive database of primary literature highlighting the impact of psychiatric pharmacists on patient-level outcomes. METHODS: A systematic search of literature published from January 1, 1961, to December 31, 2022, was conducted using PubMed and search terms based on a prior American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists literature review. Publications describing patient-level outcome results associated with pharmacist provision of care in psychiatric/neurologic settings and/or in relation to psychotropic medications were included. The search excluded articles for which there was no pharmacist intervention, no psychiatric disorder treatment, no clinical outcomes, no original research, no access to full text, and/or no English-language version. RESULTS: A total of 4270 articles were reviewed via PubMed, with 4072 articles excluded based on title, abstract, and/or full text in the initial pass and 208 articles selected for inclusion. A secondary full-text review excluded 11 additional articles, and 5 excluded articles were ultimately included based on a secondary review, for a final total of 202 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. A comprehensive database of these articles was compiled, including details on their study designs and outcomes. DISCUSSION: The articles included in the final database had a wide range of heterogeneity. While the overall impact of psychiatric pharmacists was positive, the study variability highlights the need for future publications to have more consistent, standardized outcomes with stronger study designs.

BACKGROUND: Injuries, the leading cause of death in children 1-17 years old, are often preventable. Injury patterns are impacted by changes in the childs environment, shifts in supervision, and caregiver stressors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence and proportion of injuries, mechanisms, and severity seen in Pediatric Emergency Departments (PEDs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This multicenter, cross-sectional study from January 2019 through December 2020 examined visits to 40 PEDs for children

Introduction Immigrants comprised a significant portion of the total population in the United States (US), and a considerable number of children in the US live with at least one immigrant parent, which has continued to increase over the past decades. However, healthcare providers (HPs) in the US report lack of comfort in interacting with immigrant and refugee populations. Methods The authors, in partnership with the Midwest Consortium of Global Health Educators, developed an innovative, interactive ethics curriculum within the Immigrant Partnership Advocacy and Curricular Kit (I-PACK). They sought to increase HPs confidence in navigating complex encounters with immigrant families by teaching a relevant ethical framework, highlighting the importance of cultural humility, and equipping learners with an ethics tool (five-box Method) for use in clinical encounters. They piloted the curriculum during three workshop sessions in 2020-2021, and this curriculum continues to be used nationally as a part of I-PACK. Results Pre- and post-session surveys indicated that all participants (100%, n=22) reported acquisition of new skills/knowledge and 19 (86%) felt confident applying this to their clinical practice. The participants reported appreciation for an ethical framework with which to analyze cases, enjoyment of active participation in small group discussions, and utility of the five-box method tool. Some areas of improvement offered were to have more cases and more time dedicated to small-group discussions. Conclusions Given the success of the I-PACK ethics curriculum pilot, the authors plan to incorporate immigrant health cases in the general ethics training in medical school classes and pediatric residency training. Furthermore, they will advocate for the importance of including immigrant health ethics across graduate medical education, as fluency and competence in navigating the ethics of immigrant health are required to provide patient-centered, culturally informed care to all populations.

ABSTRACT: Background: Post-operative infection following cleft palate repair can lead to wound dehiscence and subsequent fistula formation. To prevent this, many surgeons advocate using post-operative antibiotic prophylaxis. The use of antibiotics in children is not without risks and with limited published data and variability both countrywide and in our unit, we wanted to address this research question. Objective: To assess fistula rates and whether the provision of antibiotics post-operatively affected the incidence of oronasal fistula formation in patients with cleft palate. Methodology: We performed an institutional retrospective study using data from patients undergoing primary palatoplasty between August 2021 and August 2022. These patients were divided into 2 groups. Group A included patients who received antibiotics only on induction and Group B additionally received post-operative antibiotic prophylaxis for 7 days. All participants (97) were evaluated for incidence of post-operative fistula formation. Results: There was no evidence to suggest a difference in the fistula rate between the different timings of antibiotic regimen in Cycle 1; on induction + 2 intravenous doses (Group A) P = 0.807 and 7 days post-operatively (Group B) P = 0.820. Also, in cycle 2 there was no difference in the fistula rates between the 2 groups; P = 0.546 for Group A and P = 0.571 for Group B. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the use of antibiotics post-operatively does not influence the formation of post-operative fistulae in cleft palate. This calls for a national randomised controlled study to answer this research question and achieve standardisation of practice.