Search

Sudden idiopathic hearing loss (SIHL) is defined as sensorineural hearing loss at 30 dB or more at 3 consecutive frequencies that begins within 72 hours, and the etiology of the disease is still unclear. Steroid treatment is used as systemic and local (intratympanic) in sudden hearing loss, and different results have been reported for both treatment modalities. This study aimed to compare the results of the treatment in patients who received systemic steroid (SS) therapy and in patients who received systemic and intratympanic steroid (ITS) therapy for SIHL. In all, 169 patients who were admitted to our clinic with the diagnosis of SIHL between January 2007 and June 2018 were randomly divided into 2 treatment groups according to their admittance day, such as patients who received only SSs and patients who received SSs and ITSs. The results of these 2 treatment protocols were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed for all patients by grouping many factors that could be effective in prognosis, such as age, sex, and time of initiation of treatment. No differences were found between the SS group and the combined systemic-ITS group in treatment success. It was determined that being under 15 years of age, over 60 years of age, starting treatment after 7 days, vertigo, high initial hearing loss, descendant type, and total loss type in the audiogram configuration are poor prognostic factors. Being between 16 and 59 years of age, starting treatment within 7 days, having no vertigo, mild hearing loss, and having ascendant and plateau type in audiogram configuration are good prognostic factors. We observed that adding ITS treatment to SS treatment as an initial treatment did not provide any extra benefit. However, prospective, randomized, controlled studies will clarify the topic., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: In December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, which emerged in Wuhan, China, spread rapidly and created a pandemic. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) can affect different organ systems, including the skin. Recently, COVID-19 cases with skin lesions of different clinicopathological features have been published. This study aimed to present the histopathological features of 19 COVID-19 cases with cutaneous findings and discuss them in light of the literature., Methods: Skin biopsy specimens of 19 patients with skin rashes associated with COVID-19 were evaluated histopathologically and clinically., Results: Clinical manifestations of rashes developed in eight female, seven male, and four pediatric patients with COVID-19. Urticaria/urticarial vasculitis (n=7), maculopapular eruption (n=7), panniculitis (n=2), purpuric eruptions (n=2), and livedoid-like lesions were noted. Histopathologically, besides the inflammatory findings, the most striking feature was that the vessels were more or less affected in almost all cases., Conclusions: Cutaneous lesions associated with COVID-19 are increasingly being reported. We believe that every data presented about this disease, which has many unknowns, will shed light on future research. Every case can lead us a new way., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare., (©Copyright 2022 by the Istanbul Medeniyet University / Medeniyet Medical Journal published by Galenos Publishing House.)

Purpose: Discectomy is one of the preferred temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgical procedures for the treatment of internal derangements when conservative and minimally invasive treatments have failed. The purpose of the current study is to investigate whether a TMJ discectomy operation influences auditory function and clinical variables., Methods: This prospective study was composed of patients who underwent a TMJ discectomy operation between 2016 and 2020. Auditory function was evaluated with pure tone audiometry, tympanometry, and acoustic reflex tests at preoperatively (T 0 ), postoperative first week (T 1 ), first month (T 2 ), and third month (T 3 ). Clinical parameters including maximum mouth opening (MMO) and TMJ pain were also evaluated at T 0 , T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , and sixth month (T 4 )., Results: The study consisted of 17 patients (5 males, 12 females) with a mean age of 42.65. A significant reduction in visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores and MMO values compared to baseline values was achieved in all follow up periods (P T0-T1 = .001; P T0-T2/T3/T4 < .001). In pure tone audiometry, a significant increase in T 1 -T 0 comparisons at 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 6000 Hz, 8000 Hz frequencies, and pure tone average (P = .008; P = .005; P = .012; P = .002; P = .001) was observed. In T 3 -T 0 comparisons, a statistically significant decrease was observed in pure tone thresholds at 125 Hz and 8000 Hz frequencies (P = .008; P = .01). There was no statistically significant difference in middle ear pressure and compliance values at T 1 , T 2 , and T 3 compared to T 0 (P > .05). Type C tympanogram was seen in 3 patients at T 1 and in 1 patient at T 2 . Acoustic reflex tests were positive in all patients., Conclusions: Although mild changes occurred in auditory tests in the early postoperative period, TMJ discectomy procedure has no permanent effect on auditory function., (Copyright © 2021 The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This randomized double-blind study aimed to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic parameters and the quality of surgery and recovery criteria in tympanoplasty operations., Materials and Methods: A total of 75 patients 18-55 years undergoing tympanoplasty, who were graded as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II, were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 included patients receiving remifentanil alone, Group 2 included patients receiving dexmedetomidine + remifentanil and Group 3 included patients receiving dexmedetomidine + ½ remifentanil. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and cisatracurium. For maintenance of anesthesia, a mixture of 2-2.5% sevoflurane, 40-60% oxygen/air was used. The groups were compared in terms of hemodynamic parameters, surgical area, recovery criteria, modified Aldrete, pain scores, additional analgesic requirements and adverse effects., Results: Mean arterial pressure and heart rate values of Group 1 were higher at the time of intubation, incision, spontaneous breathing and extubation compared to Group 2 and Group 3. Surgical field satisfaction was higher in Group 2 and Group 3 than Group 1. Spontaneous breathing, eye opening and verbal cooperation times were shorter in Group 3 compared to Group 2. Eye opening and verbal cooperation times were longer in Group 2 compared to Group 1. The 30-minute modified Aldrete scores was higher in Group 3 compared to Group 1. There was no difference between the groups in terms of postoperative pain and adverse effects., Conclusion: The use of dexmedetomidine during tympanoplasty operations may provide better hemodynamic control and surgical view, may provide faster recovery and may reduce remifentanil consumption., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background/aims: This study had three aims. The first was to determine whether Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein) and AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) are expressed in tissue sections of colorectal tumors. The second was to ascertain whether there is any difference in Bax and AIF expression between colorectal polyps, adenomas, and carcinomas. The third aim was to determine whether there is any difference between Bax and AIF expression in colorectal tumors., Materials and Methods: Bax and AIF expression were determined in 20 hyperplastic polyps (HPs), 20 adenomatous polyps (APs), 20 samples of colorectal carcinomas, and 20 samples of normal mucosa by immunohistochemical methods., Results: The staining level of Bax and AIF in adenomas and carcinomas was significantly higher than in normal tissues (P<0.01). There was also a significant difference between HPs and APs (P<0.01). The level of Bax and AIF in carcinomas was higher than in adenomas, and the difference was of statistical significance (P<0.01)., Conclusion: This study may be of interest in future research to confirm whether the changed expression of Bax and/or AIF between benign and malignant tumors can provide valuable information for the evaluation of colon or other tumors.

Upper and lower airways can be considered as a unified morphofunctional unit. In this paper, nasobronchial interactions are evaluated based on literature.To discuss nasobronchial interactions, literature review from PubMed since 1982 is evaluated. Data base was including the terms "nasobronchial interaction, nasal and bronchial". Asthma and rhinosinusitis may be associated with environmental factors and immunological predisposition. Treatment of rhinosinusitis may decrease asthma exacerbations. It was concluded that "one airway, one disease"-concept may be accepted when considering naso-bronchial interaction. Asthma treatment should also mean treating the nose as good as treating patients with nasal symptoms. To reach the succesful results ıt should be associated with evaluation of lung functions.

Allergic contact dermatitis is a common skin disease, which affects approximately 20% of the population. This reaction may present with several clinical manifestations. Erythema multiforme-like allergic contact dermatitis is a rare type of non-eczematous contact dermatitis, which may lead to difficulty in diagnosis.Essential oil of Laurus nobilis is widely used in massage therapy for antiinflammatory and analgesic effects. Laurus nobilis induced contact dermatitis has been reported in the literature but an erythema multiforme-like presentation is rare.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a high-grade, malignant mesenchymal neoplasm. These tumors represent the most common soft tissue sarcomas of children and adolescents. RMS is uncommon on the lip and it is rarely seen in adults. Here, we report a rare case of primary RMS, embryonal type, occurring on the upper lip in a 27-year-old female.

Background: Apelin is a mitogenic peptide; it has functions in vessel formation and cell proliferation. In this study we aimed to evaluate the serum and tissue levels and local expression pattern of apelin in eutopic and ectopic endometrium from patients with and without endometriosis and to compare the proliferative and secretory phase differences., Methods: Thirty women with endometriosis and 15 women without endometriosis undergoing surgery for benign indications as control group were included in the study. Serum and tissue concentrations and proliferative and secretory phase expression patterns of apelin were evaluated in the ectopic and eutopic endometrium using immunoassay and immunohistochemistry methods. The results were compared with Mann-Whitney U test. The p-values smaller than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant., Results: Apelin expression was detected in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with endometriosis and endometrium of control group. Intense immunoreactivity of apelin was observed in glandular cells of eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues of women with endometriosis and endometrium of control group during secretory phase (p<0.01). In both groups, tissue concentrations of apelin were higher than of the serum (p=0.03) but, there were no significant differences between the two groups for tissue and serum concentrations of apelin., Conclusion: Apelin expression showed cyclic changes in eutopic and ectopic endometrium. Its expression may be related to menstrual changes of angiogenesis in endometrium of women.

Dermatofibroma is a slowly growing common benign cutaneous tumor characterized by hard papules and nodules. The rarely seen erosions and ulcerations may cause difficulties in the diagnosis. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, which is clinically and histopathologically of malignant character, displays difficulties in the diagnosis since it has similarities with basal cell carcinoma, epidermoid carcinoma, and sarcomas. Head and neck involvement is very rare. In this study, a giant dermatofibroma case, which is histopathologically, ulcerative dermatofibroma, the biggest lesion of the head and neck region and seen rarely in the literature that has characteristics similar to dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, has been presented.

An 11-year-old female, presented with a cervical myelomeningocele. Interestingly, the myelomeningocele sac was seen to contain a meningioma. There are no aetiological factors in the embryogenetic period that would lead to such a combination of lesions. In our opinion, the meningioma appeared in a later period because of local factors.

Objective: To compare postoperative pain of partial tonsillectomy (PT) with scalpel and total classical tonsillectomy (TT)., Methods: Prospective, randomized study at a tertiary care institution. Ninety-six children who were diagnosed with obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy were included to the study. Children's tonsils were removed totally (Group TT) by classical dissection tonsillectomy or partially (Group PT) using scalpel and tissue scissors. The parents were instructed to fill out a form daily for nine postoperative days; recording total amount of analgesics administered that day and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) each day assessing child's life quality and daily activities., Results: Eighty-one children (2-14 years old) who completed the study were included in the analysis. Total tonsillectomy group (Group TT) consisted of 41 patients and partial tonsillectomy group (Group PT) consisted of 40 patients. There was no difference between two groups' operative parameters such as operation time [21.3 min (PT) and 22.3 min (TT)] and blood loss [44.2 ml (PT) and 46.0 ml (TT)] (p>0.05). PT group received significantly less dosage of analgesics per day; 1.18+/-1.27 vs. 2.00+/-1.45 (p<0.005). Total used analgesic dose in PT group were also lower than TT group (10.7+/-7.13 vs. 18.02+/-6.99 doses). When each day's analgesic use was compared separately a significant difference was found (p<0.05) in all days except 9th postoperative day (p>0.05). There was no difference in the pain scores between two techniques (p>0.05)., Conclusion: Unlike tonsillectomy, PT aims to remove the tonsilla palatina subtotally. It is especially performed in children with obstructive tonsils. PT with scalpel is an inexpensive and safe method necessitating only standard surgical instruments. It causes less postoperative pain than classical dissection tonsillectomy.

Conclusion: Vestibular evoked myogenic responses (VEMPs) are not affected in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with or without polyneuropathy., Objective: To compare VEMP responses of NIDDM patients and healthy subjects., Subjects and Methods: VEMP responses were collected from 25 NIDDM patients with polyneuropathy (PNP), 13 NIDDM patients without PNP and 21 healthy subjects using click stimulation. After excluding ears with hearing loss (HL) (worse than 25 dB) the VEMP responses (p13 and n21 latencies and amplitude) recorded in 105 dB stimulus intensity were compared., Results: There was no statistically significant difference between groups. VEMP responses were found to be normal in NIDDM patients with or without PNP.

Urticarial vasculitis (UV) is a disease characterized clinically by urticarial skin lesions and histologically by leukocytoclastic vasculitis caused by immunocomplex accumulation in post-capillary venules. Cases induced by various drugs such as cimetidine, diltiazem, potassium iodide, fluoxetine, and non-steroid inflammatory drugs have been reported in the literature. A 48-year-old female who developed pruritus and rash on her body 3 months after starting glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment for multiple sclerosis was diagnosed with UV after clinical and histopathological examination. This report presents the first case in the literature of UV induced by GA.

Although the effects of cigarette smoking and/or thinner inhalation on various organs have been investigated, there isn't enough study available in literature about their effects on kidneys. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effect of smoking and/or inhalation on the rat kidney. In this study, stand-alone inhalation of thinner and cigarette smoke and their application together were used to determine histopathologic changes, primarily the influences on rat kidneys. The study included 60 Wistar Albino species male rats. The 60 rats were divided into 4 groups of 15 rats each. Of the groups, three were working groups and the fourth was the control group. The rats in the first study group inhaled thinner only (T), those in the second group cigarette smoke only (CS), and the rats in the third group were made to inhale both thinner and cigarette smoke (TC). Each study group was divided into 3 subgroups each comprising 5 rats and inhalation was continued for periods of 2 wk, 4 wk, and 6 wk. Thinner was vaporized into the cage with a millipore pump at a constant pressure twice per day for 1 h for 5 days (toluene 2800-3000 ppm, acetone 500-600 ppm, isobutyl acetate 7000-8000 ppm, and isobutanol 6000-7000 ppm). Cigarette smoke was given 4 times per day for 15 min each, using a mechanism prepared with an aquarium motor (containing 1.2 mg nicotine,13 mg tar, and 13 mg carbonmonoxide; 60 puffs/min). After that, rat kidneys were removed. The kidneys were weighed and were given macroscopic and microscopic examination. There were significant differences for the thinner and thinner + cigarette smoke groups in comparison to the control group, observed in both proximal and distal tubules. However, changes in the cigarette smoke group were only in proximal tubules and were smaller in extent. Thinner has been widely used as a industrial substance. Thinner usage is an important health problem. Those sniffing thinner generally also use cigarettes. The findings of the present study reemphasize the importance of taking immediate measures in order to prevent thinner inhaling among homeless children, who pose an important social problem, and to protect people who work in industrial branches that widely use thinner.

In this study, a cationic water-soluble ceramide analog L-threo-C6-pyridinium-ceramide-bromide (L-t-C6-Pyr-Cer), which exhibits high solubility and bioavailability, inhibited the growth of various human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines at low IC50 concentrations, independent of their p53 status. Consistent with its design to target negatively charged intracellular compartments, L-t-C6-Pyr-Cer accumulated mainly in mitochondria-, and nuclei-enriched fractions upon treatment of human UM-SCC-22A cells [human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the hypopharynx] at 1 to 6 h. In addition to its growth-inhibitory function as a single agent, the supra-additive interaction of L-t-C6-Pyr-Cer with gemcitabine (GMZ), a chemotherapeutic agent used in HNSCC, was determined using isobologram studies. Then, the effects of this ceramide, alone or in combination with GMZ, on the growth of UM-SCC-22A xenografts in SCID mice was assessed following the determination of preclinical parameters, such as maximum tolerated dose, clearance from the blood, and bioaccumulation. Results demonstrated that treatment with L-t-C6-Pyr-Cer in combination with GMZ significantly prevented the growth of HNSCC tumors in vivo. The therapeutic efficacy of L-t-C6-Pyr-Cer/GMZ combination against HNSCC tumors was approximately 2.5-fold better than that of the combination of 5-fluorouracil/cis-platin. In addition, liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis showed that the levels of L-t-C6-Pyr-Cer in HNSCC tumors were significantly higher than its levels in the liver and intestines; interestingly, the combination with GMZ increased the sustained accumulation of this ceramide by approximately 40%. Moreover, treatment with L-t-C6-Pyr-Cer/GMZ combination resulted in a significant inhibition of telomerase activity and decrease in telomere length in vivo, which are among downstream targets of ceramide.

Retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma is a rare congenital malformation. The majority of lymphangiomas are present at birth and nearly all present before the age of two years. We report a case of giant cystic retroperitoneal lymphangioma in a patient who first presented with symptoms at the age of 7, underwent surgery, and who then suffered a recurrent mass 11 years later.

The incidence of tuberculosis in Western countries is rising, and continued vigilance together with an awareness of its protean manifestations is essential. Cutaneous tuberculosis is a relatively rare manifestation of the disease, accounting for only 1% of extrapulmonary cases of tuberculosis and 0.14% of all reported cases of tuberculosis. A 19-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic with skin lesions both at the front and at the back of his body. With clinical findings, histopathology, polymerase chain reaction, PA lung graph, and computerised tomography, the patient was diagnosed with metastatic tuberculosis abscess associated with lung tuberculosis and Pott's disease. Antituberculosis drugs were administered. An increased awareness of the re-emergence of cutaneous tuberculosis will allow for the proper diagnosis and management of this increasing common skin disorder.

Objective: To investigate etiological role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in breast cancer., Materials and Methods: The presence of EBV DNA in 57 breast cancer tissues was investigated with a sensitive PCR assay. The breast cancer tissues were from invasive ductular (n=28), lobular (n=20) and other miscellaneous carcinomas (n=9). Tissues from normal breasts and patients with various benign breast diseases (n=55): fibrocystic disease (n=34), fibroadenoma (n=16), hyperplasia, and granulomatous mastitis (n=5), were used as control samples., Results: EBV DNA was detected in 13 (23%) cancerous tissues (7 ductular, 4 lobular, 2 other carcinoma) and 19 (35%) in the control tissues. The difference between EBV presence in malignant and benign tissues was not statistically significant (p>0.05)., Conclusion: The presence of EBV DNA was detected almost equally in both breast cancer and normal tissues, which indicates no etiological role for EBV in breast cancer. We suggest further etiological studies., (Copyright (c) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Dermoid sinuses and meningoceles are seldom encountered in the cervical region. Besides, to the best of our knowledge, the coexistence of these types of congenital abnormalities with recurrent meningitis, as well as with mirror movement, has never been reported before. A 14-year-old female with the diagnosis of recurrent meningitis was referred to our clinic from the Department of Infectious Diseases. She had a cervical meningocele mass that was leaking cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) and an associated mirror movement symptom. Spina bifida, dermoid sinus and meningocele lesions were demonstrated at the C2 level on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). She underwent an operation to remove the sinus tract together with the sac, and at the same time the tethered cord between the sac base and the distal end of the spinal cord was detached. The diagnosis of dermoid sinus and meningocele was confirmed histopathologically. These kinds of congenital pathologies in the cervical region may also predispose the patient to other diseases or symptoms. Herein, a case of meningocele associated with cervical dermoid sinus tract which presented with recurrent meningitis and a rare manifestation of mirror movement is discussed. Neurosurgeons should consider the possible coexistence of mirror movement and recurrent meningitis in the treatment of these types of congenital abnormalities.

The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism of injury of abducens nerve at petroclival region in severe head trauma. Twenty specimens provided from 10 autopsied cases due to severe head trauma were investigated macroscopically and histopathogically. The slices of the abducens nerve taken consecutively along its course at petroclival region were stained with Hematoxylline-Eosin and evaluated under light microscope. In addition, coexisting cervical injuries in these cases were assessed macroscopically. Edema and perineural hemorrhagia of abducens nerve were identified in all cases. Nerve injury was found more exaggerated at the sites of dural entry point and petrous apex than any other parts of the abducens nerve. Furthermore, microscopically, also remarkable perineural hemorrhage of the abducens nerve was observed at the site of its anastomoses with the sympathetic plexus on the lateral wall of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Abducens nerve is injured at the sites of dural entry point, petrous apex and lateral wall of the ICA, directly proportional with the severity of the trauma. This finding is also significant in verification of the severe head trauma.

Purpose: To compare the toxicities of cyclosporin A, octreotide acetate, mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil to the ciliary body., Method: We applied sponges soaked in these compounds to the open scleras of rabbit eyes. Histopathological specimens were obtained from the operation site and at 180 degrees from it on the 14th day after surgery., Results: Mean ciliary epithelial thickness in the study groups was as follows: 12.29 +/- 2.69 microm in group 1 (mitomycin C), 13.85 +/- 4.56 microm in group 2 (5-fluorouracil), 17.71 +/- 3.09 microm in group 3 (cyclosporin A), 11.64 +/- 2.92 microm in group 4 (octreotide acetate), 11.92 +/- 2.89 microm in group 5 (topically applied octreotide acetate) and 21.85 +/- 4.29 microm in group 6 (control). The ciliary epithelial thickness in groups 1, 2, 4 and 5 was statistically different from that in the control group. Intracellular vacuolisation and degenerative changes of the non-pigmented epithelium, and pigment loss of the pigmented epithelium, were found mostly in group 1 and moderately in group 2 and 3., Conclusion: Octreotide acetate and cyclosporin A are less toxic alternatives to mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil in glaucoma filtration surgery.

The goal of this study was to determine the membranous protection of the abducens nerve in the petroclival region. The petroclival portion of the abducens nerve was studied in ten dissections from five cadaveric head specimens. One of the heads was used for histological sections. Four heads were injected with colored latex for microsurgical dissections. The histological sections were prepared from petroclival dura mater, embedded in paraffin blocks, stained, sectioned in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes, and evaluated by light microscopy. The abducens nerve was covered by a dural sleeve and arachnoidal membrane during its course within the petroclival area. Following the petrous apex, the abducens nerve was fixed by a sympathetic plexus and connective tissue extensions to the lateral wall of the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery and to the medial wall of Meckel's cave. Fibrous trabeculations inside the venous space were attached to the dural sleeve. The lateral clival artery accompanied the dural sleeve of the abducens nerve and supplied the petroclival dura mater. The arterioles accompanying the abducens nerve through the subarachnoid space supplied the nerve within the dural sleeve. The arachnoid membrane covered the abducens nerve within the dural sleeve to the petrous apex, and arachnoid granulations found on the dural sleeve protruded into the venous space. The extension of the arachnoid membrane to the petrous apex and the presence of arachnoid granulations on the dural sleeve suggest that the subarachnoid space continues in the dural sleeve.

We present a case of laryngeal neurofibroma associated with neurofibromatosis type 2. Although laryngeal neurofibromas have previously been reported in cases of neurofibromatosis type 1, their presence has never been described in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 2.

A 17-year-old male presented with a wound on the right temporal region, oozing hemorrhagic necrotic brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid, following a fall. Computed tomography showed temporoparietal and petrous apex fractures on the right. Neurological examination revealed abducens nerve paresis, ptosis, and myosis on the right side. The patient was treated surgically for the removal of the free bony fragments at the fracture site and to close the dural tear. The abducens nerve paresis, ptosis, and myosis persisted at the 3rd monthly postoperative follow-up examination. The anatomy of the abducens nerve at the petroclival region was studied in four cadaveric heads. Two silicone-injected heads were used for microsurgical dissections and two for histological sections. The abducens nerve has three different angulations in the petroclival region, located at the dural entrance porus, the petrous apex, and the lateral wall of the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery. The abducens nerve had fine anastomoses with the trigeminal nerve and the periarterial sympathetic plexus. There were fibrous connections extending inside the venous space of the petroclival area. The abducens nerve seems to be vulnerable to damage in the petroclival region, either directly by trauma to its dural porus and petrous apex or indirectly by stretching of the nerve through the nervous and/or fibrous connections. Concurrent functional loss of the abducens nerve and the periarterial sympathetic plexus clinically manifested as incomplete Horner's syndrome in our patient.

In the ovary, epidermoid cysts are rare and their origin is controversial. This rare lesion was uniformly an incidental finding in the study of hysterectomy specimens. The patient was a 48-year-old woman. Because of multiple leiomyomas she had a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy operation. A Epidermoid cyst was found incidentally in the right ovary on the microscopic examination.