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Understanding the formation of protective ceramic metal oxide (CMO) coatings (layers) on the surface of light alloys remains a pressing task in light of products operating in extreme conditions. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of light alloy surfaces has recently been modified by introducing various ceramic nanoparticles (NPs) into the electrolyte to perform hybrid plasma electrolytic treatment (HPET). In this work, the general and distinctive features of the interaction mechanisms of TiC, SiO 2 and ZrO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) with the CMO coating formed by HPET of Al–Si and Mg-based alloys were summarized and theoretically substantiated. The interaction of charged ceramic NPs accelerated by an electric field with the oxide layer is determined by transformation of the NPs kinetic energy into heating and plastic deformation, into phase transformations, as well as into the creation of new surface defects. One of the controlling factors is the ratio of the particle and the oxide layer hardnesses. In the case of SiO 2 in Al–Si alloys, the formed coating is harder than the ceramic NPs while in other cases, the NPs are harder than the CMO coating, which determines the different scenarios for the interaction of NPs with the coating under HPET. In summary 7 different scenarios for the interaction of ceramic NPs added to the electrolyte with the СМO layer during its formation put forward, which depending on the ratio of the hardness of the CMO layer and the added particles, temperature/pressure conditions of the phase transformations in the NP (including its melting), the particles size distribution and the base PEO process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the development of numerous coating techniques and materials, today’s anti-biofouling applications require coatings that are facile and mechanically robust in nature. Studies on the hydrophobicity of rare-earth oxides have risen due to their unusual chemical properties; ytterbium oxide is one such oxide substance. In this study, spray combustion was used to create a hydrophobic coating of ytterbium oxide (Yb2O3) on a stainless steel (SS) substrate, which was then vacuum-treated. GI-XRD analysis confirmed the sesquioxide cubic crystalline structure of Yb2O3. FESEM images displayed an underneath wavy morphological coating with discrete particles on the surface. The thickness and roughness were ~12 and ~0.17 µm, respectively. When 5 and 10 N loads were applied, the coating showed better scratch hardness than uncoated SS. Water contact angle (WCA) <10° indicated superhydrophilicity in the fabricated coating. After vacuum treatment, it became hydrophobic, and the WCA was 128°; because of the increment in the relative area fraction of the C–H bond. The proportion of area covered by blue–green algae (Phormidium sp.) on vacuum-treated Yb2O3 coating was only 3% compared to uncoated SS samples, 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of simple and complex carrier agents on the physicochemical, flow, and in vitro release properties of the encapsulated phenolic-rich extract from lemon myrtle leaves was investigated in this study. Polysaccharide-based complex coating (maltodextrin: gum arabic) offers the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) resulting in maximum retention of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties as compared to other coatings. However, all of the coatings provided above 97% of EE and passable/poor flow properties. The lightness of encapsulated extract was increased upon the incorporation of a protein-based coating with maltodextrin. The pure and encapsulated extracts indicate amorphous nature with a little degree of crystallinity. A similar release profile was observed for most of the samples in food simulants, initially slowly release and gradually increase to maximum release at around 36 h and then slowly decrease the release rate/availability of phenolics. All of the samples release the highest quantity of phenolics in lipophilic/fatty food simulant. In vitro analysis illustrate that the percent release of phenolics from an encapsulated sample can depend on the selection of coating and release medium. Therefore, appropriate coating material selection and optimization should be performed to get the desired output from the encapsulation of phenolic-rich extract. Polysaccharide and protein-based complex coatings enriched with phenolics could be applicable for the development of functional food products and nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of ceramic coatings is a complex process, impacted by the variability and uncertainty inherent in its operational parameters. This coating, applied to sand cores in the iron casting production of monoblocs, serves primarily to shield them from physical and chemical reactions with molten metal that could lead to penetration. This study tackles such complexity by employing a type-2 interval fuzzy logic system (IT2 FLS), notably integrating analysis of variance (ANOVA) for statistical inference within the model. This methodology facilitates a detailed and quantitative analysis of the operational variables' influence, enhancing both the understanding and the accuracy of the IT2 FLS model. The IT2 FLS implementation exhibited 96 % effectiveness in explaining the process variability, identifying the paint tank's density as the most influential variable, unlike ambient temperature, which had a lesser impact. Furthermore, the IT2 FLS model not only displayed superior fit ( R 2 = 0.96 ) compared to type-1 fuzzy logic systems ( R 2 = 0.80 ) and linear regression models ( R 2 = 0.49 ), but also revealed, through cross-validation, a significant predictive capacity ( R prediction 2 = 0.86 ). These results validate the robustness of the IT2 FLS against conventional methods and highlight the novelty of integrating ANOVA to deepen the statistical analysis of the IT2 FLS model. Such an approach provides an effective tool for understanding and enhancing complex manufacturing processes, offering value to industries aiming to optimize efficiency and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, polymer PTB7, small-molecule PC71BM and also their blend films have been deposited by ultrasonic spray method and studied the effect of substrate temperature on the resulting film morphology, coffee stain effect and the resultant solar cell performance. A coffee stain is a dark-coloured edge that remains on the surface when the solvent evaporates from a drop containing particles. We observed that at a lower temperature, the spray droplets coalesce in the resulting film and therefore large structures were seen in the pristine films. In addition, the coffee stain effect was more prominent for lower temperatures. For PTB7 and PC71BM droplets, the values are 13 and 135 μm at 40°C, and 3 and 7 μm at 60°C. In blend film, the coffee stain effect follows the same trend as pristine films but to a lesser extent. We also find that the coffee ring width was more (7 μm at 60°C) in droplets with PC71BM having a lower molecular weight compared to that of PTB7 (3 μm at 60°C). The solar cell performance however shows that at lower substrate temperatures the device performs better, indicating that the disadvantages of the coffee stain effect are compensated by active-layer properties coated at lower temperatures. The device performance at 42°C substrate temperature was best due to low Rs = 93 Ωcm2 and highest Voc = 0.64 V and Jsc = 3.53 mA cm–2 values. As the substrate temperature was increased to 48°C, the Rs value increased and was equal to Rsh (500 Ωcm2), which led to low Jsc = 1.70 mA cm–2 and Voc = 0.50 V and eventually the lowest PCE. However, when coated at too low substrate temperatures the devices were shorted. Variations of Jsc and Voc with irradiation intensity show enhanced recombination mechanisms in higher substrate temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many different processes have been developed to grow graphene film to protect metals. These processes are primarily based on chemical vapour deposition and are challenging to scale. In this paper, we have attempted to grow the reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-like film using the natural resin 'shellac' as a precursor through the simple process of dip coating of shellac varnish and annealing of coated substrates in a reducing atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Raman spectroscopy were used to establish the rGO phases grown in the coating. The corrosion studies of rGO films grown on cold-rolled interstitial-free steel are investigated with different loadings of shellac in the varnish solution and subsequent heat treatments. Scanning electron probe micro-analysis was done to do elemental analysis, and potentiometric studies were done to investigate the corrosion behaviour of the coatings. The structure–property correlation of the film has established the corrosion mechanism using different microscopy techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was aimed to investigate the utilization of mung bean starch as an innovative edible coating material to enhance the shelf‐life of cut papaya fruits. The study focused on the extraction process of mung bean starch and its subsequent characterization through various analyses. Particle size (142.3 ± 1.24 nm), zeta potential (−25.52 ± 1.02 mV), morphological images, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and thermal stability (68.36 ± 0.15°C) were assessed to determine the mung bean starch properties. The functional properties, such as bulk density (0.51 ± 0.004 g/cm3) and tapped density (0.62 ± 0.010 g/cm3), angle of repose (21.61°), swelling power (12.26 ± 0.25%), and minimum gelation concentration (4.01 ± 1.25%), were examined to detect its potential as a coating base material. Subsequently, the prepared mung bean starch coating solution (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) was applied to papaya fruits and the coated fruits' physicochemical characteristics evaluated during storage. These characteristics encompassed color, weight loss, pH shifts, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C content, fruit firmness, microbial analysis, and sensory attributes. The results revealed that starch coating on papaya maintained its color, reduced weight loss, preserved vitamin C, and delayed firmness loss, enhancing shelf‐life when compared to control sample. These findings demonstrated the effectiveness of mung bean starch coatings in preserving papaya fruits. The research made a significant contribution to the use of mung bean starch as a potential coating material for improving the shelf‐life of papaya fruits. This finding has great promise for the field of food preservation and quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papermaking, packaging, and printing industry are actively seeking sustainable material alternatives to address growing concerns about environmental consciousness and finite resources. Synthetic latex, a frequently utilized binder in paper coating formulations, present difficulties due to their dependence on fossil fuel resources and their reduced recyclability in comparison to eco‐friendly sustainable products. In this study, synthetic latex was replaced with a starch‐based nanoparticle (starch NP) binder at a 1:1 ratio in a coating formulation. Printing trials to assess colorimetric characteristics was made using electrophotography (EP) printing, given the current upward trajectory and expansion of EP technology into the label, packaging, and folding carton sectors. The in‐depth investigations reveal that incorporating starch NP binder result in improved optical, color, and dot characteristics. Moreover, it maintains consistent and comparable coefficients of friction. Partial replacement of synthetic latex with the starch NP binder yields significant enhancements in surface roughness and text quality. Importantly, the starch NP binder not only improves the dielectric relaxation properties of the paper and enhances toner transfer but also accelerates the distribution of the electrical field compared to synthetic latex, optimizing toner transfer and thereby enhancing color gamut volume. The study demonstrates that employing the starch NP binder leads to substantial improvements in colorimetric performance without any drawbacks in EP printing, making it highly advantageous to replace 50% of the synthetic binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of autonomous functions in road vehicles, there has been increased use of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems comprising various sensors to perform automated tasks. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is one of the most important types of optical sensor, detecting the positions of obstacles by representing them as clusters of points in three-dimensional space. LiDAR performance degrades significantly when a vehicle is driving in the rain as raindrops adhere to the outer surface of the sensor assembly. Performance degradation behaviors include missing points and reduced reflectivity of the points. It was found that the extent of degradation is highly dependent on the interface material properties. This subsequently affects the shapes of the adherent droplets, causing different perturbations to the optical rays. A fundamental investigation is performed on the protective polycarbonate cover of a LiDAR assembly coated with four classes of material—hydrophilic, almost-hydrophobic, hydrophobic, and superhydrophobic. Water droplets are controllably dispensed onto the cover to quantify the signal alteration due to the different droplets of various sizes and shapes. To further understand the effects of droplet motion on LiDAR signals, sliding droplet conditions are simulated using numerical analysis. The results are validated with physical optical tests, using a 905 nm laser source and receiver to mimic the LiDAR detection mechanism. Comprehensive explanations of LiDAR performance degradation in rain are presented from both material and optical perspectives. These can aid component selection and the development of signal-enhancing strategies for the integration of LiDARs into vehicle designs to minimize the impact of rain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hardness is one of the most crucial mechanical properties, serving as a key indicator of a material's suitability for specific applications and its resistance to fracturing or deformation under operational conditions. Machine learning techniques have emerged as valuable tools for swiftly and accurately predicting material behavior. In this study, regression methods including decision trees, adaptive boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and random forest were employed to forecast Vickers hardness values based solely on scanned monochromatic images of indentation imprints, eliminating the need for diagonal measurements. The dataset comprised 54 images of D2 steel in various states, including commercial, quenched, tempered, and coated with Titanium Niobium Nitride (TiNbN). Due to the limited number of images, non-deep machine learning techniques were utilized. The Random Forest technique exhibited superior performance, achieving a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.95, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.12, and Coefficient of Determination ( R 2 ) ≈ 1, surpassing the other methods considered in this study. These results suggest that employing machine learning algorithms for predicting Vickers hardness from scanned images offers a promising avenue for rapid and accurate material assessment, potentially streamlining quality control processes in industrial settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overly fast corrosion degradation of biodegradable magnesium alloys has been a major problem over the last several years. The development of protective coatings by using biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic material such as chitosan ensures a reduction in the rate of corrosion of Mg alloys in simulated body fluids. In this study, chitosan/TiO2 nanocomposite coating was used for the first time to hinder the corrosion rate of Mg19Zn1Ca alloy in Hank's solution. The main goal of this research is to investigate and explain the corrosion degradation mechanism of Mg19Zn1Ca alloy coated by nanocomposite chitosan-based coating. The chemical composition, structural analyses, and corrosion tests were used to evaluate the protective properties of the chitosan/TiO2 coating deposited on the Mg19Zn1Ca substrate. The chitosan/TiO2 coating slows down the corrosion rate of the magnesium alloy by more than threefold (3.6 times). The interaction of TiO2 (NPs) with the hydroxy and amine groups present in the chitosan molecule cause their uniform distribution in the chitosan matrix. The chitosan/TiO2 coating limits the contact of the substrate with Hank's solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor painted sculptures (OPSs) are a regular feature of public spaces and private collections throughout the world. Their painted finishes can appear deceptively simple, but their esthetic is a subtle combination of color, texture, and reflectance, making them challenging to care for and repair. OPSs are exposed to direct sunlight, rain, wind, pollutants, human interactions, and biological debris from plants and animals. Conservation of these artworks is a matter of preserving an artist’s esthetic intent, rather than the original paint system, which will inevitably need to be replaced. This paper discusses the development of the Getty Conservation Institute workshop Treatment Strategies for OPS, to develop skills in this specialized area of conservation. The full repainting of an artwork is expensive, laborious, logistically challenging, and includes the use of chemicals and processes with significant carbon footprints: improving the economic and environmental sustainability of these treatments has become imperative. The workshop teaches participants strategies that help stave off full repainting, such as working with specialized painters for lasting localized repairs, removing graffiti without altering the sculpture’s finish, and creating regular maintenance programs that help prevent deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coating was created on the surface of aramid fibers (AFs) by solution dip‐coating and in situ UV curable method, using a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent (PDES), dissolved poly(ethylene imine), and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry confirmed the successful construction of the coating on the AF surface, which accounted for 12%–17% of the total fiber mass. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images revealed a 2 μm increase in fiber diameter and a maximum fiber surface average roughness (Ra) of 263.7 nm when the polyethyleneimine content was 0.5% (AF‐PDES‐0.5). Based on these results, H pull‐out samples of fiber/rubber composites were fabricated. The results indicated that the H pull‐out force of AF‐PDES‐0.5 samples increased by 109.74% than that of untreated fiber, and reached 12.92 N of the maximum strength. In summary, the method is simple, rapid, non‐polluting, capable of continuous, and intelligent construction of coatings on the surface of AF. Thus, making it highly promising for application in the field of aviation tires. Highlights: Using PDES, green, and low‐carbon preparation processes.Solution dip‐coating and UV reaction for improved reaction speed and workability.Quantitative of interface thickness and modulus using EDS and AFM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol-Gel is formed by conversion of liquid precursor into a sol and then to a gel. This technique is a common process for forming porous materials via solidification from a real solution phase. Preparation of homogenous solution, hydrolysis, gelation, drying, densification are major steps in sol-gel formation. Sol-Gel derived materials include glasses, ceramics, and nanoparticles, each offering unique properties and characteristics tailored to particular applications. Sol-Gel offers a distinct pathway for creation of many new and conventional nanomaterials that had been improved by combustion or hydrothermal treatment. This review highlights sol-gel process, steps involved in preparation and applications in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intended to develop nano Cu-doped nano ZnO-modified ceramic glazes. In this scope, nano-sized ZnO and nano Cu powders were incorporated into a commercial glaze composition and then the modified glaze was applied to the surface using the spraying method. The glazed tiles were sintered in a laboratory furnace at 1210oC for 10 min. The surfaces of the sintered samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. X-Ray diffractometer, surface profilometer and contact angle goniometer. The study examined the influence of varying levels of Cu doping on the microstructural evolution and formation of phases, surface roughness, as well as the contact angle. Additionally, wettability conversion experiments were conducted under UV light. As a result, the addition of Cu increased the presence of Willemite crystals and also increasing the quantity and size of Plagioclase crystals. The contact angle of the sintered commercial glaze coated surface was measured to be 51.8o. However, when nano ZnO was added, the contact angle reduced to 44.4o. Likewise, the contact angle of the Cu doped nano ZnO coated surfaces decreased even further to approximately 33o. The inclusion of nano ZnO in commercial glaze resulted in a decrease in the Ra value, while doping Cu led to a modest increase in the Ra value. UV irradiation resulted in a reduction in the contact angles of all surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent description of well-defined molecular subtypes of breast cancer has led to the clinical development of a number of successful molecular targets. Particularly, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer with historically poor outcomes, mainly due to the lack of effective targeted therapies. Recent progresses in materials science have demonstrated the impressive properties of metal–organic framework nanoparticles (NPs) as antitumoral drug delivery systems. Here, in a way to achieve efficient bio-interfaces with cancer cells and improve their internalization, benchmarked MIL-100(Fe) NPs were coated with cell membranes (CMs) derived from the human TNBC cell line MDA-MB-468. The prepared CMs-coated metal–organic framework (CMs_MIL-100(Fe)) showed enhanced colloidal stability, cellular uptake, and cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-468 cells compared to non-coated NPs, paving the way for these human CMs-coated MIL-100(Fe) NPs as effective targeted therapies against the challenging TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aim to quantify coating uniformity and correlate fluorescence intensity to drug loading for drug-coated angioplasty balloons (DCB) coated with 5, 10, 15, or 20 layers of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NPs) entrapped with quercetin. Uniformity was quantified from histograms and horizontal line profiles of microscopic fluorescent images acquired with sample specific parameters, and cracks in the coating were measured and counted. The fluorescence of images acquired with global parameters was correlated with quercetin loading measured via gravimetric/HPLC analysis. More layers on DCBs may be associated with less uniform coatings, as indicated by differences in histogram standard deviations. The line profile percent deviation from average for each sample was <20%. Cracks were present on all balloons, but their length was not significantly different between samples. The 5-layer DCBs had the fewest cracks, whereas the 15-layer DCBs had the most cracks. A strong positive correlation (R = 0.896) was identified between fluorescence intensity and drug loading. A relationship between the number of layers and coating uniformity seems to exist, but further investigations are required for confirmation. Fluorescence intensity appears to strongly predict drug loading, demonstrating that fluorescent imaging may be a viable alternative to drug release studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al2O3f/SiO2 composites were fabricated by sol–gel process, with a density of 2.22 g/cm3, pyro carbon coating prepared via chemical vapor deposition. The interfacial bonding strength between the fiber and matrix was weakened, and the brittle fracture characteristics of the fiber under a high‐temperature environment were improved, ensuring the integrity and reliability of the structure. The mechanical property and failure mechanism of the composites were investigated using acoustic emission technology (AE). In the tensile test, microcracks first appeared in the sample matrix, followed by matrix damage, fiber matrix debonding, and partial fiber fracture near the peak load. It was worth noting that many fibers remained undamaged when the load suddenly declined. As the loading continued, these fibers were fully pulled out and consequently loaded until they gradually broke. In the shear test, the load increased to its peak and decreased rapidly, and the proportion of the AE signal generated was extremely small (≤.01). Owing to the brittleness of the matrix under shear force, the crack easily expanded along the interlayer instability such that the sample first showed significant interlayer damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the unique properties of titanium (Ti) and its alloys, it has a particularly wide range of applications in aerospace, automotive, medical and other fields. However, the problems of low surface hardness, high friction coefficient and low wear resistance of Ti alloys limit its development to a certain extent. The destruction of Ti and its alloys often occurs on the surface of materials such as wear damage, corrosion, and oxidation resistance. Therefore, the exploration and application of surface strengthening technology is particularly important. The cathodic plasma electrolytic deposition (CPED) technology, as a surface modification technology, can achieve better adhesion and facilitate the material to achieve better comprehensive performance. This paper briefly introduces the basic concepts, principles and development progress of CPED. Starting from the preparation of ceramic coatings, metal coatings, diamond-like carbon films and composite coatings, it summarizes the application of CPED in Ti and its alloys. Applications in alloys to improve thermal oxidation resistance, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and film-based adhesion. At the end, its development in the new era environment is prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to enhance the functional properties of Hessian fabric through resin finishing. Hessian bags made of lignocellulosic jute fiber are commonly used to pack, store and transport agro-commodities, including horticultural crops such as rice, potato, onion and wheat. However, because of high water affinity, these bags undergo degradation in properties due to moisture release by the stored commodities themselves. Exposure to natural elements, e.g. rain and dew, also causes moisture absorption in hessian bags. Once the bag gets moistened, degradation of jute bags starts due to microbial attack, leading to loss in tensile strength and change in extensibility, leading to ultimate breakage in warp and weft directions of the fabric. Design/methodology/approach: To overcome the degradation in the functional properties of hessian fabric due to exposure to moisture and microbial attack, the application of semi-synthetic polymeric materials was carried out. Findings: Tenacity, bursting strength, puncture resistance, tear strength and breaking load, as well as life cycle of resin-treated jute fabric was found to be better than control jute. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, no recent reports of resin finishing on jute (hessian) fabric with semi-synthetic resins are presently available, other than coating with rubber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how well reinforced concrete structures can be shielded against concrete carbonation using anti-carbonation coatings based on synthetic polymer. Design/methodology/approach: Applying free radical polymerization, an acrylate terpolymer emulsion that a surfactant had stabilized was created. A thermogravimetric analysis, minimum film-forming temperature, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and particle size distribution are used to characterize the prepared eco-friendly water base acrylate terpolymer emulsion. Using three different percentages of the acrylate terpolymer emulsion produced, 35%, 45% and 55%, the anti-carbonation coating was formed. Tensile strength, tensile strain, elongation, crack-bridging ability, carbon dioxide permeability, chloride ion diffusion, average pull-off adhesion strength, water vapor transmission, gloss, wet scrub resistance, QUV/weathering and storage stability are the characteristics of the anti-carbonation coating. Findings: The formulated acrylate terpolymer emulsion enhances anti-carbonation coating performance in CO2 permeability, Cl-diffusion, crack bridging, pull-off adhesion strength and water vapor transmission. The formed coating based on the formulated acrylate terpolymer emulsion performed better than its commercial counterpart. Practical implications: To protect the steel embedded in concrete from corrosion and increase the life span of concrete, the surface of cement is treated with an anti-carbonation coating based on synthetic acrylate terpolymer emulsion. Social implications: In addition to saving lives from building collapse, it maintains the infrastructure for the long run. Originality/value: The anti-carbonation coating, which is based on the synthetic acrylate terpolymer emulsion, is environmentally benign and stops the entry of carbon dioxide and chlorides, which are the main causes of steel corrosion in concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an environment‐friendly powder with good coloring performance, rare earth sulfide is one kind of the important choices to replace cadmium and lead colorants. In particular, γ‐Ce2S3 belongs to rare earth sesquisulfide, which has a bright red color. However, the uncoated γ‐Ce2S3 is easy to decompose and release H2S in a humid or acidic environment, and its air thermal stability is limited to 350°C. In this work, γ‐Ce2S3 powders coated with zinc oxide were prepared by heterogeneous precipitation method, and a dense protective layer was formed by ZnO to improve chemical and thermal stability. Moreover, silicon dioxide was deposited on the surface of the zinc oxide coating using the microemulsion process to strengthen the powder's acid resistance. The double shells structure greatly promoted thermal stability and acid resistance of γ‐Ce2S3 powders. The results showed that rare earth sulfide powders with double shells have good stability for coloring applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Sustainable and environment‐friendly polymer composite smart paints/coatings with polyurethane (PU) derived from castor‐oil (CO) as the matrix and barium titanate (BTO) microparticles as piezo‐active inclusions (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 vol.%) have been prepared employing ultrasonication and solvent casting, followed by contact DC poling method. Relative dielectric constants varied from 5.26 ± 0.37 for pristine COPU to 8.9 ± 0.36 for COPU/10 vol.% BTO composite, at a frequency of 1 kHz. Piezoelectric strain constant d33 of the poled films varied from 0.0 pC/N for pristine castor‐oil based polyurethane (COPU) to 1.2 pC/N for COPU/10 vol.% BTO (CPBT‐5) composite. Tensile tests showed that the elastic modulus varied from 1.98 ± 0.003 MPa for pristine COPU to 5.13 ± 0.02 MPa for COPU/10 vol.% BTO composite. Dynamic mechanical analysis confirmed the viscoelastic nature of the smart paints. Measurement of current–voltage response under different compressive loads indicates that COPU/10 vol.% BTO composite can generate a current of ~28 nA and voltage of ~8 V under a dynamic compressive load of 40 N, applied at a frequency of 1 Hz. These experiments were complemented by Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, finite element analyses based on periodic boundary conditions have been performed to predict the effective electro‐elastic properties of these piezoelectric smart composite coatings. Castor‐oil‐based PU piezoelectric composites with BTO inclusions were developed. Increase in BTO content up to 10 vol.% increases dielectric constant by ~1.7 times. COPU/BTO composites exhibit significantly increased piezoelectric response. Elastic and viscoelastic properties are also enhanced with increasing BTO content. Finite element models show a good match with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiC and crystalline (Ti,Nb) 3 SiC 2 based dual-layer is prepared on SUS430 alloy by DC magnetron sputtering followed by annealing at 1000 °C for 20 h. The oxidation of TiC/TNSC coated alloy at 800 °C for 500 h follows the parabolic law with a low rate constant of 5.4 × 10−15 g2 cm−4 s−1. The formed oxide scale is composed of Cr 2 O 3 /MnCr 2 O 4 dominated inner layer and outer layer of Nb-doped TiO 2 and SiO 2 uniform mixture. Owing to the barrier effect of TiC layer and dense oxide scale, outward diffusion of Cr and Mn is efficiently suppressed, resulting in the low Cr content in the outer oxide layer, which is beneficial to the reduced volatilization of Cr oxide. Furthermore, the ASR of the formed oxide scale at 800 °C is 15.87 mΩ cm2, suggesting excellent conductivity. It is concluded that the TiC/(Ti,Nb) 3 SiC 2 coating can significantly improve the oxidation resistannce and electrical property of SUS430 alloy, endowing it potential application as SOFC interconnect protective coating. • The TiC and crystalline (Ti,Nb) 3 SiC 2 based dual-layer coating is prepared. • The oxidation kinetics of coated alloy follows the parabolic law. • (Ti,Nb) 3 SiC 2 based coating is oxidized into a mixture layer of TiO 2 and SiO 2. • Outward diffusion of Cr is suppressed by the TiC and dense oxide layer. • The oxide layer possesses good electrical property with the ASR of 15.87 mΩ.•cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, an environmentally friendly oil- and water-resistant paper was developed using a holo-lignocellulosic nanofibril (LCNF)-based composite coating. The LCNF was prepared from wheat straw using a biomechanical method. Characterizations of oil- and water-resistant coated paper and the effect of LCNF content on the performance of the coated paper were confirmed by combining contact angle analysis, Cobb 300s, and mechanical performance tests. The results show that the barrier performance and mechanical strength of the coated paper were greatly improved with the increase of LCNF content. The contact angle of oil and water of coated paper containing 50% LCNF were 69° and 78°, respectively, while the contact angle of oil and water of the base paper were only 30° and 20°, respectively. Cobb 300s values reduced from 110 g/m2 to 30 g/m2 when the LCNF content increased from 50% to 90%. Moreover, under the coating amount of 20 g/m2, the tensile strength of the coating paper was 0.980 KN/m, an increase of 10.11% compared with the base paper. The bursting strength reached 701.930 KPa, which was 10.75% higher than the base paper. In short, it is feasible to prepare LCNF from wheat straw, and apply it to produce water-proof and oil-proof paper. The water-proof and oil-proof paper developed in this study not only offers a novel approach to addressing white pollution but also presents a new research avenue for exploring the potential applications of agricultural waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are some important advantages presented by metal specimens coated with WIP-C1 (Ni/CrC)-type materials. However, given the coating methods and the stress under dynamic loads, there are issues that need to be taken into account, particularly in terms of the behavior at the interface between the two materials. Using standardized cylindrical 1018 steel specimens uniformly coated with WIP-C1 (Ni/CrC) by cold spraying, this study investigated the fatigue behavior of the specimen as a whole, focusing on the interface areas of the two materials. The fatigue life diagram is given, to a large extent, by the behavior of the base material. As a result, in this work, we have focused not so much on the fatigue behavior of the assembly as on the integrity of the coating material and the defects, failures, etc., that may occur at the interface after a certain number of cycles. The applied load was cyclic fatigue through alternating–symmetric cycles. Scanning optical microscopy was used to observe plastic deformations and crack propagation during the breakage process. It was found that both the base material zone and the cover material zone presented good performance when the maximum stresses were at low values. A fatigue durability curve was also plotted, showing a conventional appearance for a metallic material, slightly influenced by the destruction of the base material interface. At higher maximum stress and, consequently, to large strains, a series of destructions at the interface of the two materials, of different types, were observed and will be highlighted in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are preferred materials for lightweighting, particularly for automotive and biomedical applications due to their outstanding biocompatibility and osseointegration properties. However, the use of Mg in many applications is constrained by its poor corrosion resistance; hence, intensive investigations are needed to improve its anti-corrosion stability. Among the methods for increasing anti-corrosion stability, a protective layer coating on Mg has been demonstrated to be very efficient. Herein, we provide an overview of the current state and development of chemical-based coatings applied to Mg alloys, including anodizing, plasma electrolytic oxidation, electrodeposition, electroless plating, chemical conversion coating, sol-gel coating, layered double hydroxide, and layer-by-layer assembly. The emerging progress in coating fabrication and corrosion performance breakthroughs are disclosed, and coating mechanisms and functional perspectives are explored. Because of significant progress in developing corrosion protection approaches for Mg alloys, there is a vast possibility of chemical-based coatings waiting to be explored. Despite significant advancements in the technology and development of future functional and smart coatings for Mg alloys, a traditional or conventional chemical-based coating retains comparative functional qualities, hence, necessitates a deeper understanding of several important aspects, including coating ease of fabrication, coating strength, and actual anti-corrosion performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the growing global demand for portable electronics and electric vehicles, there is an escalating interest in developing advanced battery technologies with superior energy density. Research efforts are focused on unveiling post‐lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) that outperform the performance of current LIBs through the use of innovative active electrode materials. Yet, these technological advancements face significant hurdles, primarily due to intricate interfacial issues within battery components. In laboratory‐scale studies, these challenges often lead to the utilization of excess electrolytes, which complicates the precise evaluation of battery performance. This review emphasizes the significance of designing future batteries that operate effectively under lean electrolyte usage conditions. It discusses essential principles, obstacles, and diverse strategies for interfacial modification, including in situ growth, coating of supportive layers, and embedding of active substances in pre‐structured templates. Furthermore, it compiles and examines data on the lean electrolyte conditions achieved in various battery systems, contrasting their energy densities with those of commercially established batteries. Ultimately, the potential of future batteries to achieve or even exceed the energy densities of existing commercial batteries is assessed, thereby offering a strategic roadmap for the progression of next‐generation battery technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharide coatings are of interest for marine antifouling applications because of their good marine antifouling properties and environmentally benign characteristics. However, the hydrophilic nature of polysaccharide coatings can lead to the adsorption of marine sediment, which can negatively impact their antifouling properties. Amphiphilic modification of polysaccharide coatings has been demonstrated to address these issues. In this study, we report a simple method for post‐modification of a sulfated polysaccharide carrageenan (CAR) coating to make it amphiphilic. A hydrophilic CAR coating is first formed on solid substrates, followed by grafting hydrophobic molecules onto the CAR‐coated surfaces through metal‐ion‐mediated coordinate bond formation. The resulting amphiphilic CAR coating effectively reduces both marine sediment (silt) adsorption and marine diatom adhesion, achieving a balanced marine antifouling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moina macrocopa is a natural food found in tropical waters. Ephippia can be stored and hatched at any time just like Artemia cysts. Embryo stability can be maintained by regulating water content through coating technology. Honey can be used as a coating because it has osmotic properties to prevent dryness during the dormancy period. This study aims to determine the effect of honey coating on the hatchability of ephippia and survival of M. macrocopa. This research is an experimental research with a completely randomised design (CRD) consisting of 6 treatments and 4 replications. The results showed a significantly different effect (p<0.05) on the hatchability of M. macrocopa ephippia using the optimal concentration of 10% honey. However, the coating did not have a significantly different effect on the survival rate of M. macrocopa naupli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of non-antibiotic antibacterial strategies in reducing medical apparatus and instruments related to bacterial infection and reducing the over reliance of antibiotics is of great significance. Surface functionalization of medical apparatus, which gives it antibacterial properties is adopted by way of commonly used in non-antibiotics antibacterial strategies. Polyelectrolyte complexes have the advantages in the simple construction of antibacterial coating, considering it could be soluble in ethanol and insoluble in water, not limited by the instrument structure. It is expected to be applied to all kinds of surface functionalization of medical apparatus and instruments. We report comprehensive analysis on the interaction of polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes (PSCX) that consist of sodium polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) and different alkyl tributylphosphonium (3BuCX, with chain lengths ranging from 8 to 16) based cationic surfactants, using several techniques with turbidimetry, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and so on. System assembly behavior of compound in aqueous solution was studied, as well as the intrinsic connection between the antibacterial properties of the preparation of compound coating with surfactant component and the hydrophobic carbon chain lengths. The results indicate that increasing the alkyl chain length of surfactant promotes the formation process of PSCX. By constructing complex coatings, we compared the antibacterial properties of PSCX with different alkyl chain lengths. For S.aureus, the antibacterial properties of PSCX corresponding three coatings were also improved with the antibacterial rates of 42. 9%,99. 97% and 99. 99%, respectively, which increased with the alkyl chain of the surfactant. For E. coli, with the increase of surfactant alkyl chain length, the better the antibacterial activity of the surfactant alone was achieved, while the antibacterial activity of the PSCX coating were decreased, with the bactericidal rates were 99. 3%,92. 3% and 64. 8%, respectively. These results indicate that the PSCX coating can be used to reduce the infection of medical devices by optimizing its structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two aluminum-coated silica adsorbents were evaluated using silica sand and microcrystalline silica as aluminum-oxide-based adsorbents with different crystalline silica base materials. The aluminum coating contained mainly amorphous aluminum oxides for both aluminum-coated silica adsorbents. The adsorption of fluoride onto both adsorbents was favorable according to the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption equations, while the physical adsorption of fluoride occurred for both adsorbents according to the Dubinin–Raduskevish (D-R) equation. The adsorption of fluoride was stronger for aluminum-coated silica sand based on adsorption parameters from the Langmuir, Freundlich, and D-R adsorption equations, with the stronger binding of fluoride likely due to the observed greater specific adsorption. The adsorption capacity determined using the Langmuir equation was about 7 times greater for aluminum-coated microcrystalline silica primarily due to the 1.22-orders-of-magnitude-larger surface area of aluminum-coated microcrystalline silica, whereas the surface-normalized adsorption capacity was 2.4 times greater for aluminum-coated silica sand, possibly due to more aluminum being present on the surface of silica sand. Fluoride adsorption occurred over a broad pH range from 3 to 10 for both adsorbents, with nearly the same pHPZC of 9.6, while aluminum-coated microcrystalline silica displayed a higher selectivity for fluoride adsorption from different natural water sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CaCO3 coating was applied to the surface of Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (CZF) nanoparticles by chemical co-precipitation method. CaCO3-coated CZF(CC@CZF) and bare CZF nanoparticles have been characterized by spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. XRD patterns indicate the pure cubic spinel structure of CZF nanoparticles and the growth of CaCO3 layer on the nanoparticle’s surface. The spherical shape and the size distribution of the nanoparticles were assessed to be ~ 30 nm before coating and ~ 60 nm after surface functionalization and confirmed by the FESEM microscopy technique. The magnetic characteristics of samples were investigated using the vibrating sample magnetometer technique, which revealed a drop in saturation magnetization from 45 to 32 emu/g. So, coated nanoparticles performed effectively as drug transporters under both normal and magnetic field circumstances. Hydrodynamic diameters of CZF nanoparticles are ~ 726 nm and decrease to ~ 370 nm due to the surface functionalization and cause reducing particle aggregation. An MTT test was used to assess the dose-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and viability of normal human skin cells (HSF 1184), which revealed that CC@CZF nanoparticles are less harmful than bare nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cavitation erosion poses a significant challenge in fluid systems like hydraulic turbines and ship propellers due to pulsed pressure from collapsing vapor bubbles. To combat this, various materials and surface engineering methods are employed. In this study, nano and micro scale particles of silicon carbide (SiC) or boron carbide (B4C) were incorporated as reinforcement at 6% and 12% ratios, owing to their exceptional resistance to abrasive wear and high hardness. Microparticles were incorporated to assess the damage incurred during the tests in comparison to nanoparticles. Wear tests were conducted on both bulk samples and coated aluminum sheets with a 1mm of composite. Additionally, cavitation tests were performed on coated aluminum tips until stability of mass loss was achieved. The results indicated a distinct wear behavior between the coatings and the bulk samples. Overall, wear tended to be higher for the coated samples with nanocomposites than bulk, except for the nano-composite material containing 12% SiC and pure resin. With the coatings, higher percentages of nanometric particles correlated with increased wear. The coefficient of friction remained within the range of 0.4 to 0.5 for the coatings. Regarding the accumulated erosion in the cavitation tests for 100 min, it was observed that for all nanocomposite materials, it was lower than in pure resin. Particularly, the composite with 6% B4C was slightly lower than the rest. In addition, the erosion rate was also lower for the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, batch hot-dip galvanized (HDG) steel has proven itself in practical applications due to the good corrosion resistance of its components. Despite the importance of the mechanical-load-bearing capacity of these coatings, the wear behavior has, so far, only been investigated very sporadically and not systematically, so a quantification of the wear behavior and statements on the mechanisms are vague. Therefore, two body wear tests with bonded abrasive grain were carried out. Varying the friction rolls, load, and total number of cycles, the wear behavior was investigated. The mass loss and the layer thickness reduction were measured at different intervals. After the test, the microstructure in the cross-section and the hardness according to Vickers (0.01 HV) were evaluated. The results showed that the wear behavior of HDG coatings against abrasive loads can be characterized with the selected test conditions. Initially, the applied load removed the soft η-phase. As the total number of cycles increases, the η- and ζ-phases deform plastically, resulting in a lower mass reduction compared to that expected from the measured layer thickness. The characteristic structure of a batch HDG coating with hard intermetallic Zn-Fe phases and an outer pure zinc phase has demonstrated effective resistance to abrasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible neural probes are attractive emerging technologies for brain recording because they can effectively record signals with minimal risk of brain damage. Reducing the electrode impedance of the probe before recording is a common practice of many researchers. However, studies investigating the impact of low impedance levels on high-quality recordings using flexible neural probes are lacking. In this study, we electrodeposited Pt onto a commercial flexible polyimide neural probe and investigated the relationship between the impedance level and the recording quality. The probe was inserted into the brains of anesthetized mice. The electrical signals of neurons in the brain, specifically the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, were recorded at impedance levels of 50, 250, 500 and 1000 kΩ at 1 kHz. The study results demonstrated that as the impedance decreased, the quality of the signal recordings did not consistently improve. This suggests that extreme lowering of the impedance may not always be advantageous in the context of flexible neural probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An NP‐GLIDE coating, featuring a liquid‐like polymer brush layer on its surface and nanopools of a grafted liquid ingredient for dewetting enablement within its matrix, is normally covalently cross‐linked (CX). This paper introduces a dually cross‐linked (DX) NP‐GLIDE coating, employing urethane bonds and H─bonds for crosslinking. Both the DX and CX coatings, utilizing poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) as the dewetting enabler, exhibit low ice adhesion strengths (τ). Post‐lubrication with silicone oil (SO), ice is readily shed under gravity from the coatings. The DX coating maintains low τ over numerous icing/de‐icing cycles, outlasting the CX coating. This durability is likely due to the lubricant‐loss‐responsive nature of the DX matrix. The matrix increases its H─bond cross‐links responding to lubricant loss and the cross‐linking density increase triggers additional lubricant release into the PDMS brush layer. This cyclic process persists over time. Under optimal conditions after 31 icing/de‐icing cycles, the lubricated DX coating demonstrates an impressively low τ of 1.8 ± 0.5 kPa. In contrast, the lubricated CX counterpart has a τ of 32 ± 11 kPa, while plain glass records a τ of 325 ± 14 kPa. This study underscores the significant potential of dual cross‐linking for enhancing ice‐shedding endurance of coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for micro-deep-drawn complex-shaped parts in biomedical, chemical analysis and microsystem technologies has been growing. Micro-deep drawing is a micro-plastic forming used to produce micro-parts from different materials. Researchers have worked upon several aspects of micro-deep drawing (MDD), namely the scaling effects, handling of micro-parts and process intermittency. The present work reviews some of these experimental and numerical studies on the MDD considering the size effects, forming limit diagram, parametric effect, lubrication and coating on punch and die surfaces. The topology modification of the deep drawing tool surface using macro/microstructured coated tool shows substantial potential for the lubricant-free micro-deep drawing. Further, micro-structuring of the blank via laser has emerged as another approach in the MDD process to reduce the effective contact area between tool and sheet and, hence, the friction forces. Finally, challenges and scope for further research in MDD are listed to implement these processes commercially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The weld inspection process under coating is complex and labour-dependent. Therefore, it is of great engineering significance to study weld defect inspection. Based on eddy current pulsed thermography (ECPT) method, this work theoretically analysed the mechanism of weld defect detection undercoating and proposed an inductor suitable for defect detection under weld coating to achieve non-contact, rapid and visual detection results. The simulation model for weld defect detection under coating was constructed, and the effect of coating on weld crack inspection was investigated. However, weld defect test blocks with different coating, thicknesses were verified by experiment, and the thermal characteristics of the circular hole area were analysed. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in weld defect detection, which provides a promising way to extend the application of ECPT to weld defect inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultra-smooth tantalum alloy surface is essential to prepare a high-quality coating. This work employed the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) technique to process Ta-12W alloy. The effect of H2O2 on the CMP performance was investigated. The results revealed that, as the H2O2 concentration increases at acidic pH, the material removal rate (MRR) of Ta-12W alloy gradually increases while the surface roughness sharply decreases and levels off. After adding 4 wt% H2O2, the surface roughness Sa reaches about 0.4 nm in 97.9 μm × 97.9 μm and 0.068 nm in 1 μm × 1 μm. The surface becomes ultra-smooth, and the substrate remains intact. For the CMP mechanism, adding H2O2 can promote the formation of a relatively uniform and passive film, mainly consisting of evenly distributed tantalum oxides and tungsten oxides, suppressing corrosion. Therefore, the surface quality improves. Compared with hard metallic tantalum and tungsten, their oxides can be removed readily by silica abrasive particles presumably through chemical bonds and mechanical abrasion. Hence, the MRR increases. Additionally, potassium ions may contribute to the removal of tantalum. This study provides a feasible method to attain tantalum alloys of high surface quality for coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties and activity of TiO2-based nanorods as an antifouling agent and a photocatalyst for the catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) have been investigated. A modification of TiO2 with SiO2 was first carried out to enlarge the surface area. In order to enhance the TiO2 photo response to the visible light region, a further modification of TiO2-SiO2 (TS) composites with polyaniline (PANI) was also conducted. The nanorod TiO2 exhibited an anatase structure based on the diffraction patterns. The TEM images showed that some TiO2 molecules were attached around SiO2 with a random orientation. The TiO2-SiO2-PANI (TS-PANI) exhibited the largest specific surface area (SBET) of about 256.85 m²/g. The profile on the AFM images of the composites showed that the nano-roughness of the coatings was confirmed. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated through the degradation of MB both on the powder and the coated composites. The photocatalytic activity on the coatings was verified due to further application as anti-fouling coatings involving photocatalytic mechanism. The degradation of MB using TS-PANI powder and TS-PANI coating composites was 89.5% and 90.2%, respectively, with the irradiation time on the coatings was 20 min longer. The antifouling activity through the photocatalytic mechanism and nano-roughness surface was confirmed by the inhibition of barnacle growth on the teakwood surface immersed for two months in the sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The self-healing and self-sensing coatings were developed based on pH stimuli. • The coating system shows excellent self-healing and self-sensing properties. • The cooperative effect of two inhibitors protects against steel corrosion. • The corrosion sensing ability is from the color change of Phen adsorbed on steel. Polyelectrolyte-encapsulated nanocontainers can effectively respond to changes of pH and thus control the on-demand release of corrosion inhibitors. A pH-responsive release system (Phen-Tpp@MTNs-PDDA) was developed based on the cationic polyelectrolyte poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDDA) encapsulated mesoporous TiO 2 nanocontainers (MTNs) loaded with 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) and tripolyphosphate ions (Tpp) corrosion inhibitors. The epoxy coating (EP) embedded with Phen-Tpp@MTNs-PDDA (Phen-Tpp@MTNs-PDDA/EP) demonstrates superior self-healing properties and confers long-term protection on the metal substrate through the cooperative effect of Phen and Tpp. Simultaneously, this hybrid coating is endowed with corrosion sensing capability based on the color development originating from the interaction of Phen and carbon steel. This self-healing and corrosion-sensing multifunctional coating provides an effective strategy for the corrosion protection of metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the effects of irradiation on Ti 3 SiC 2 -containing interphase or coating in SiC f /SiC using a cooperative experiment involving H and He ions. SiC/TiC/Ti 3 SiC 2 /Ti 5 Si 3 C x and SiC/Ti 3 SiC 2 were irradiated at room temperature and then annealed at 320 °C for 24 h. Results showed the lattice swelling in all phases. With increasing irradiation dose, SiC and Ti 5 Si 3 C x underwent amorphization, while TiC and Ti 3 SiC 2 remained stable due to their ionic bonds. Annealing facilitated the migration of collision products and H, He ions to grain boundaries and phase interfaces, reducing lattice swelling rates of TiC and Ti 3 SiC 2. The SiC/TiC interface displayed ion cluster accumulation, impacting the interface bonding strength, while the Ti 3 SiC 2 /Ti 5 Si 3 C x interface exhibited the formation of cavities. Conversely, the TiC/Ti 3 SiC 2 and SiC/Ti 3 SiC 2 interfaces were stable. These findings indicate that interphase or coating containing Ti 3 SiC 2 monolithic or TiC/Ti 3 SiC 2 multilayered structures possess strong irradiation resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High entropy silicide (Mo 0.2 Cr 0.2 Ta 0.2 Nb 0.2 W 0.2)Si 2 (named as MeSi 2) coating was successfully prepared on Ta substrate by slurry sintering method. Firstly, precursor powders were initially obtained through mechanical alloying of silicide powders. Then powder slurry was coated on Ta substrate, and then the samples were sintered. For comparison, TaSi 2 coating prepared by halide-activated pack cementation method was synthesized. Subsequently, the static oxidation resistance of both MeSi 2 coating and TaSi 2 coating was examined at 1200 °C, results revealing that the MeSi 2 coating demonstrates an effective protection time of more than 60 h. The protective effect and duration of the MeSi 2 coating on Ta substrate are significantly greater than that of TaSi 2 , indicating an improvement oxidation resistance due to the high entropy effect of the silicide coating. After oxidation, the coating evolved an outer SiO 2 layer, followed by MeSi 2 , Me 5 Si 3 , TaSi 2 , and Ta 5 Si 3 layers. As the oxidation progressed, MeSi 2 gradually transformed into Me 5 Si 3 , leading to a loss of the coating's antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a pigment coating on the mechanical properties of fluting paper. Design/methodology/approach: Two different calcium carbonate pigments were used in the preparation of the coated color, precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and ground calcium carbonate (GCC). Fluting paper produced by recycling waste paper was used as base paper. The effects of PCC and GCC pigments on mechanical properties were compared. Ring crush test (RCT), corrugating medium test (CMT), corrugating crush test (CCT), tensile and burst strength tests were applied to the coated papers, and the results were compared to the mechanical properties of base paper. Findings: The tensile and burst indices of the coated papers were found to be higher than base papers about 13.9% and 6.05%, respectively. While the coating process positively affected the RCT and CCT values, it did not show a significant impact on the CMT values. GCC, one of the pigments used in coating colors, had a more effective effect on the mechanical properties of fluting papers compared to PCC. Originality/value: These results suggest that coating of fluting papers has a positive effect on mechanical properties and the use of GCC as a pigment is more effective than PCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The silicone modifications of two-component epoxy resin coatings are commonly built on epoxy resins rather than on epoxy curing agents. The silicone-modified epoxy curing agent system is rarely reported yet. This study aims to prepare the polysiloxane (PS)-modified waterborne epoxy coatings based on aqueous curing agents technology. Design/methodology/approach: Waterborne epoxy curing agents with different contents of terminal epoxy PS were synthesized by reacting with triethylenetetramine, followed by incorporating of epoxy resin (NPEL-128) and polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. The waterborne epoxy coatings were prepared with the above curing agents, and their performance was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical characterization, gloss measurement, chemical resistance test and ultraviolet (UV) aging experiment. Findings: The results showed that the epoxy coating prepared by silicon-modified curing agent has higher gloss, better chemical resistance and UV resistance than the coating from unmodified curing agent with terminal epoxy PS and commercially available waterborne epoxy curing agent (Aradur 3986), as well as the competitive mechanical properties and heat resistance. Reduced water absorption on fibrous paper was also obtained with the help of silicon-modified curing agent. Originality/value: These findings will be valuable for resin researchers in addressing the modification issues about waterborne epoxy resin and curing agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current-carrying friction materials with excellent electrical conductivity and anti-wear ability are in constant demand in both academia and industry. In this work, the sliver-titanium nitride (Ag–TiN) composite ceramic coating was fabricated by an arc ion plating method. The microstructure, chemical composition, crystal structure, mechanical properties and current-carrying tribological behaviors of the Ag–TiN composite coating were systematically studied and the worn surfaces were also thoroughly investigated to analyze the possible tribological mechanisms in detail. The results showed that the Ag–TiN composite ceramic coating achieved uniformly distributed co-deposition of Ag and TiN compositions and exhibited excellent mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. The current-carrying tribological tests also revealed that the Ag–TiN composite coating exhibited exceptional friction reducing, anti-wear and conductive properties during the friction process. The analysis of the worn surface showed that the excellent current-carrying tribological behaviors of the Ag–TiN composite ceramic coating were related to the excellent electrical conductivity, the appropriate mechanical properties and the tribo-layer film formed on the worn surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise design and tuning of Zn hopping/transfer sites with deeper understanding of the dendrite‐formation mechanism is vital in artificial anode protective coating for aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (AZIBs). Here, we probe into the role of anode‐coating interfaces by designing a series of anhydride‐based covalent organic frameworks (i.e., PI‐DP‐COF and PI‐DT‐COF) with specifically designed zigzag hopping sites and zincophilic anhydride groups that can serve as desired platforms to investigate the related Zn2+ hopping/transfer behaviours as well as the interfacial interaction. Combining theoretical calculations with experiments, the ABC stacking models of these COFs endow the structures with specific zigzag sites along the 1D channel that can accelerate Zn2+ transfer kinetics, lower surface‐energy, homogenize ion‐distribution or electric‐filed. Attributed to these superiorities, thus‐obtained optimal PI‐DT‐COF cells offer excellent cycling lifespan in both symmetric‐cell (2000 cycles at 60 mA cm−2) and full‐cell (1600 cycles at 2 A g−1), outperforming almost all the reported porous crystalline materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the successful synthesis of a vibrant blue nanopigment derived from the metastable structure of Na‐heulandite zeolite. Employing ion exchange and coprecipitation methods with cobalt and zinc ions, followed by thermal treatment at 1100°C, resulted Co‐willemite and gahnite phases, confirmed by x‐ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. Optical analyses verified the blue coloration, with cobalt ion transitions evident. CIE L* a* b* colorimetric analysis placed the pigment in the blue region (L* = 49.19, b* = −22, a* = −11). Application to ceramic tiles, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) modification, produced a nearly superhydrophobic surface (contact angle 140°, sliding angle 8°), attributed to the nano–micro structure and SDS–silica interaction. Field emission‐scanning electron microscopy images confirmed the pattern‐like surface with small patterns. These findings indicate potential self‐cleaning capabilities when exposed to dirt or water, highlighting the research's promise in enhancing ceramic functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a high-performance electrode with low Ir loading for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) stands as the primary challenge in advancing proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). In this study, we designed an electrode comprising a self-supported interlayer of TiO 2 nanotubes (TiO 2 NTs) on Ti felt, followed by a coating of IrRuO x on TiO 2 NTs/Ti felt. Due to a significant electrochemical active area (ECSA) and lattice contraction, Ti/TiO 2 NTs/IrRuO x -20 V effectively boost the oxygen evolution activity, achieving an Ir loading of 85.1 μg cm−2 and an overpotential of only 190 mV@10 mA cm−2. Both the interlayer and IrRuOx coating contribute to increased durability. The stability test reveals that Ti/TiO 2 NTs/IrRuO x -20 V remains stable for up to 300 h@10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4. Moreover, the electrode lasts 260 h@500 mA cm−2 in a full cell. This study suggests a promising direction for the design of future electrodes. [Display omitted] • The interlayer serves to protect the Ti felt and supports the anodic catalyst. • The Ti/TiO 2 NTs/IrRuO x -20 V exhibits an optimum TiO 2 NTs length for enhanced activity. • TiO 2 interlayer reduces noble metal loading and improves OER performance. • The incorporation of the interlayer decreases crack width, resulting in improved stability of the electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]