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ABSTRAK Lidah merupakan salah satu organ vital yang terdapat dalam rongga mulut. Lidah mempunyai selaput alami ketika sehat. Tetapi jika kegagalan sel terjadi, maka menimbulkan infeksi pada permukaan lidah berwarna putih disebut lidah berlapis. Pembersihan lidah untuk mencegah terjadinya infeksi tersebut. Oleh karena itu, masyarakat perlu mendapatkan edukasi mengenai istilah lidah dengan edukasi virtual. Praktek kesehatan gigi dan mulut tetap harus ditingkatkan. Salah satunya dengan memberukan edukasi virtual. Edukasi virtual mengacu pada proses pembelajaran melalui jaringan internet yang menanganinya untuk mengatasi masalah keterpisahan ruang dan waktu antara siswa dan pengajar melalui smartphone. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh edukasi virtual menyikat lidah terhadap kondisi lidah yang dilapisi pada siswa SMP Negeri I Pematang Tanah Jawa di masa pandemi tahun 2020. Jenis penelitian adalah eksperimen semu (eksperimen semu) dengan desain pretest dan posttest. Jumlah sampel 20 orang. Penentuan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Uji analisis yang digunakan adalah wilcoxon. Pada penelitian ditemukan kondisi kondisi lidah terlapis sebelum dan sesudah edukasi virtual adalah p value = 0,000

Objective This a cross-sectional study to evaluate the association between oral health findings and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) among critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICU). Material and methods Data were collected from medical records, and a detailed oral physical examination was performed on 663 critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation. Data were statistically analysed using univariate and logistic regression models relating the development of VAP with the oral findings. Results At oral physical examination, the most frequent findings were tooth loss (568–85.67%), coated tongue (422–63.65%) and oral bleeding (192–28.96%). Patients with a coated tongue or oral bleeding on the first day of ICU hospitalization developed more VAP than did patients without these conditions (20.14 vs 13.69%, p = 0.02; 23.44 vs 15.50%, p = 0.01, respectively). In the logistic regression, a coated tongue and oral bleeding were considered independent risk factors for VAP development (OR = 1.61 (1.03–2.51) and OR = 1.69 (1.08–2.66), respectively). Conclusions The presence of a coated tongue and oral bleeding in ICU admission could be considered markers for the development of VAP. Clinical relevance The results of this paper reinforce the importance of proper maintenance of oral hygiene before intubation, which may lead to a decrease in the incidence of VAP in the ICU.

Background and Objective. A normal variant of the oral cavity in humans, especially when aging, indicates how the body adapts to the environment, a lifestyle, and irritation. This study aimed to examine the distribution of normal variants among elderly patients who visited Airlangga University Dental Hospital. Method. This was a descriptive observational design study. Examination of oral soft tissue was performed on elderly dental patients who came to the hospital from January to December 2019. Results. Sixty-eight (68) elderly patients, 60 years of age and over, 35 males and 33 females. The study identified 138 normal oral variations of soft tissues and oral structures. The three highest distributions obtained were coated tongue, lingual varicosities, and fissured tongue. Conclusion. The normal variants of oral mucosa and oral structure in the elderly resulted from how the body adapted to the environment and the awareness of the systemic disease that might occur.

Introduction: Mouth and tongue are prone to various changes resulting from inflammatory reactions, due to their contact with various factors,. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of helicobacter pylori infections and its relationship with coated tongue in the patients referring for urease breath test. Materials & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 606 patients including 70 men (i.e.,34.7%) and 132 women (i.e.,65.3%) referring to Liver and Digestive research center of Sanandaj Tohid Hospital during the last season of 2015 and the first season of 2016 for urea breath test. The participants were selected through randomized systematic method (i.e., one out of three individuals).In this regard,202 patients meeting the inclusion criteria and expressing their consent were evaluated. The data were analyzed in SPSS software so that the questions were examined using descriptive statistics and the hypotheses were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression test. Findings: The result indicated that men and women constituted 70 (i.e., 34.7%) and 132 (i.e.,65.3%) of the sample group. The average age of the patients was 30.77 and the standard deviation was 17.40, ranging from 7 to 75 years old. In addition,it was revealed that 41.1% of the patients with coated tongue had Helicobacter pylori infection, whereas this value was 22.7% in the participants with non-coated tongue. The findings showed that there was a significant relationship between coated tongue and Helicobacter infection (P=0.025). Meanwhile, logistic regression test confirmed the coated tongue as a prognostic(P=0.015). Discussion & Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, there was a higher risk of Helicobacter pylori infection in women with coated tongue who were older than 30. However, more research is recommended for more reliable results.

Purpose To evaluate oral and dermal tolerance following use and user acceptability of an experimental denture-cleansing wipe. An exploratory objective was to develop a method to assess denture wipe effectiveness in removing debris from denture surfaces. Materials and methods This was a single-center, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, examiner-blind study in participants with ≥1 full/partial denture. Participants were randomized to clean their dentures with the denture wipe (n = 76) or water (n = 76) up to 4 times per day for 14 days. Tolerability was assessed by treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), oral soft tissue examination, and lead hand dermatological assessment. Acceptability was assessed by questionnaire. The feasibility of a methodology to assess the efficacy of the wipe at removing food particles was also evaluated through determination of the mass of chewed peanut particles that the wipe removed after a single use (n = 31). Results The proportion of participants experiencing oral TEAEs by day 14 was 0.039% with the denture wipe (lip injury [n = 1], mouth injury [n = 2]) and 0.013% with the water rinse (coated tongue [n = 1]). There were no dermal TEAEs and no TEAE-related study withdrawals. Skin irritation scores with the denture wipe remained unchanged from baseline. Comparing before vs. after cleaning with the denture wipe, a higher proportion of participants rated their dentures as feeling extremely/very fresh (28.9% pre-/85.5% post-cleaning), feeling extremely/very clean (34.2%/86.8%) and looking extremely/very clean (43.5%/85.5%). More denture-wipe group participants than water-rinse group participants were extremely/very satisfied with the amount of debris removed from their dentures (88.1% vs 72.4%). The methodology used to assess the weight of peanut particles captured from the wipes/dentures appeared to be a feasible investigation technique. Conclusions The denture wipe was generally well-tolerated and had good user acceptability. The methodology for assessing the mass of peanut particles removed by denture wipes was successful.

Objective This study aimed to perform an epidemiological survey of the cases of oral lesions diagnosed in a Brazilian dental school. Materials and methods An epidemiological survey was carried out at the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Passo Fundo (FOUPF), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between March 2015 and June 2017, characterizing the patients in terms of gender, age, and ethnicity. A total of 3,200 records were evaluated, from which 716 presented information on oral lesions diagnosed and treated at the clinics of the FOUPF. The data were evaluated by descriptive statistics of frequency. Results The most frequent change was the coated tongue (13.83%). The majority of the patients were female (56%), white (31.57%), in the sixth decade of life (21.65%). Regarding the classification of lesions, the most frequent group was developmental changes (25%). Conclusion It is considered that the sample studied presented a significant index of oral lesions and normality changes, considering that 716 (22.38%) patients studied showed some type of change in the oral cavity. Clinical significance The sample studied presents peculiar characteristics regarding the number of oral lesions/conditions diagnosed. It is also considered that Schools of Dentistry are valuable environments for carrying out epidemiological surveys in stomatology, providing the diagnostic exercise, as long as the students are stimulated for this purpose.

The tongue is an important muscular organ with different functions such as mastication, speaking, and swallowing. The tongue may be affected by internal diseases before other organs and also may be involved by other environmental, genetical, and developmental disturbances. This study has been performed to evaluate the prevalence of the more common anomalies of the tongue among medium school students with ages 13-15 years old in Fallujah city, Anbar governorate, Iraq. 1650 pupils were selected from medium schools, selected by randomized stratified clustered. The study subject was divided into 3 age groups and in each group 550 students (275 boys and 275 girls) were examined. Examination was performed in quiet condition with the natural light. Lips and cheeks were retracted with disposable mirror. The results were analyzed with chi-square statistic test in SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 22. The prevalence of all tongue anomalies was 30.12% (fissured tongue 8.2%, geographic tongue 2.12%, Macroglossia 2%, tongue tie 10.9%, median rhomboid glossitis 0.42%, hairy tongue 0.2% and coated tongue 6.2%). The prevalence of tongue anomalies was more than one fourth of the total sample, with no significant relation to age and sex. The more prevalent anomalies were tongue tie, fissure tongue, and coated tongue. It is recommended to motivate optimal oral hygiene and avoid the local factors that could precipitate symptoms, such as acidic foods, spicy, irritants in mouth rinses and toothpastes.

Background Halitosis is a term that defines any foul odor emanating from the oral cavity. The origin may be local or systemic. The aim of the proposed protocol is to determine whether treatment with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and treatment with probiotics are effective at eliminating halitosis. Materials and methods Eighty-eight patients, from 18 to 25 years old with a diagnosis of halitosis (H2S≥112 ppb, determined by gas chromatography) will be randomly allocated to four groups (n = 22) that will receive different treatments: Group 1 –treatment with teeth brushing, dental floss and tongue scraper; Group 2 –brushing, dental floss and aPDT; Group 3 –brushing, dental floss and probiotics; Group 4 –brushing, flossing, aPDT and probiotics. The results of the halimetry will be compared before, immediately after, seven days and thirty days after treatment. The microbiological analysis of the coated tongue will be performed at these same times. The normality of the data will be determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Data with normal distribution will be analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Non-parametric data will be analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The Wilcoxon test will be used to analyze the results of each treatment at the different evaluation periods. Clinical trail registration NCT03996044.

Background. Population aged 60 years old and above are growing in number; a fact that will have an impact on general and oral health in the future. Oral health is often overlooked in the management of geriatric patients but it is vital to have a knowledged-based practice in order to increase the quality of life of elderly patients. Objective. The purpose of this study is to determine the number and types of oral mucosal lesions in geriatric patients who come to the Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital. Methods. This is an observational descriptive study with cross-sectional design. Intraoral soft tissue examination was performed on geriatric patients coming to the hospital between March and December 2018. Results. One hundred twenty-four (124) new geriatric patients came to the hospital. A total of 152 oral lesions from 63 geriatric patients (50.81%) were identified. Overall, coated tongue (55.56%) was the most frequently detected lesion, followed by linea alba buccalis (31.74%) and lingual varicosities (26.98%). Conclusion. Coated tongue or white tongue is the most frequently detected oral mucosal lesion, often caused by poor oral hygiene. The dentist should be able to recognize and differentiate them from the worrisome lesions and decide on the appropriate treatment in geriatric patients.

espanolLa halitosis ha sido definida como un olor ofensivo y fetido en el aliento producidopor factores como: mala higiene oral, infecciones dentales u oralesy/o la ingestion de ciertos alimentos. El objetivo de esta revision es evaluarel estado actual del diagnostico, clasificacion y tratamiento de la halitosis,y brindar estrategias y herramientas correctas para abordar una problematicaque es tan comun en la consulta odontologica. La prevalencia de lahalitosis es alta y varia dependiendo de la poblacion estudiada y el metodode diagnostico usado (escalas subjetivas, mediciones organolepticas, halimeter,cromatografia de gas, test BANA ). Existen 3 tipos de halitosis: Lahalitosis genuina (fisiologica y patologica), la pseudohalitosis y la halitofobia.La etiologia es multifactorial y existe un acuerdo en que principalmenteocurre por el metabolismo de las bacterias. La produccion de compuestosvolatiles y no volatiles es comun en los humanos y esta influenciada porfactores geneticos, dieta, estres, enfermedades y/o desordenes presentesen los individuos. Los dos tratamientos mas utilizados y tradicionales parael control de la halitosis son el control mecanico de la lengua saburral yel uso de agentes antimicrobianos. La halitosis afecta una gran parte dela poblacion, puede crear desventajas sociales y sicologicas, y aunque esde origen multifactorial su principal causa se encuentra en la cavidad oral,principalmente por factores como la placa bacteriana, gingivitis y periodontitis. El objetivo de este articulo es revisar las herramientas actuales para eldiagnostico y tratamiento de la halitosis. EnglishHalitosis has been defined as an offensive and fetid breath odor causedby factors such as poor oral hygiene, dental or mouth infections and / oringestion of certain foods. The aim of this review is to assess the currentstate of diagnosis, classification and treatment of halitosis, providing theright strategies and tools to address a problem that is so common in dentalpractice. Halitosis prevalence is high and varies depending on the populationstudied and the diagnostic method used (subjective scales, organolepticmeasurements, halymeter, gas chromatography, BANA test). There are3 types of halitosis: Genuine halitosis (physiological and pathological), thepseudohalitosis and halitophobia. The etiology is multifactorial and thereis an agreement about the cause primarily by bacterial metabolism. Theproduction of volatile and nonvolatile compounds in humans is common and is influenced by genetic factors, diet, stress, diseases and / or disorders presentin individuals. The two most used and traditional treatments to control halitosisare the mechanical control of coated tongue and the use of antimicrobial agents.Halitosis affects a large part of the population may create social and psychologicaldisadvantages, and although it is of multifactorial origin its main cause is in the oralcavity, being mostly intraoral factors such as plaque, gingivitis and periodontitis. Theaim of this article is to review current tools for diagnosis and treatment of halitosis.

Objectives: The aim of this research is to find the clinical features and the predisposing factors of coated tongue among clinical dental students in Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Padjadjaran. Material and Methods: The research is a descriptive type where students with coated tongue were observed and specific scores were given based on Miyazaki classification and Gomez classification to measure the distribution and discoloration of the coating on the tongue. For the predisposing factor, a questionnaire was given out to find out the most influential predisposing factor. Results: In this research, 68 clinical dental students were found with coated tongue. Based on Miyazaki classification, 28 have score 1, 29 have score 2 and 11 have score 3. Based on Gomez classification 63 have score 1 (92.6%), 3 have score 2 (4.4%) and 2 have score 3 (3%). coated tongue occur due to soft diet on 29 students (42.6%), medication intake on four students (5.9%), less water intake on 26 students (38.2%) and less fiber intake on nine students (13.2%). Conclusion: Among all clinical dental students in Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Padjadjaran, most of the sample have scored 2 for Miyazaki classification and score 1 for Gomez classification. For the predisposing factors, coated tongue highly occured due to soft diet followed by less water intake, less fiber intake and medication intake.

In WM, black coated tongue is associated with smok -ing, the use of medication such as antibiotics or cortico-steroids, radiotherapy, or poor oral hygiene. It is consid-ered a benign change resulting from decreased apoptosis of the epithelium on the dorsum of the tongue, with consequent elongation of the papillae and modification of the local flora, with an increase of fungi and chromo-genic bacteria.

2 Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of gargling with S-solution and gargling with A-solution on salivary pH, coated tongue, and dental plaque index in preschool children. Methods: Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used to select the participants. 99 preschool children were divided into three groups. Dependent variables were recorded at baseline, 30 min- utes, and 7 days after the first treatment was given. The data were analyzed using X 2 -test, ANOVA, and repeated measures of ANOVA. Results: There were no significant differences in dependent variables in pre-test. However, the salivary pH in the S-solution group had significantly increased after 30 minutes (p < .05) and then again 7 days (p < .01) after the first treatment. Also, the S-solution and A-solution groups had greater decrease in dental plaque index after 30 minutes and again 7 days after the first treatment (p < .001) than the control group. With respect to coated tongue, there were no significant differences among the three groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that essential oil gargling after brushing is helpful in improving oral health due to auxiliary oral hy- giene effects with natural products. Specifically, gargling with S-solution is more effective than A-solution on oral health in preschool children by neutralizing salivary pH and reducing dental plaque index.

Herpetic stomatitis as well as many other infections of the orofacial region in everyday practice represent an important percentage of pathology. These diseases can be a major problem for therapists in terms of early diagnosis and, consequently, in determining the correct treatment. The disease belongs to a group of droplet infection, caused by the herpes simplex virus, with characteristic changes in the skin and mucous membrane in children and adults. A relatively small percentage, 10-15% of primary infections are manifested with clinically distinct symptoms. At the oral mucosa occurs triad of symptoms: generalized catarrhal gingivitis, coated tongue and erosions dispersed all over oral epithelium of the oral cavity.

ResumenObjetivoDescribir la prevalencia de alteraciones linguales y factores relacionados en niños que asisten a las clínicas odontológicas de la Universidad de Cartagena, Colombia.MétodosEstudio descriptivo de corte transversal, se examinaron aleatoriamente 134 niños que consultaron en el segundo semestre del año 2011. Se realizó examen clínico al niño, revisión de su historia clínica médica y una encuesta a la madre, para evaluar la presencia de alteraciones linguales, clasificación, características sociodemográficas y los posibles factores relacionados (ingesta de medicamentos, anemia, problemas nutricionales, déficit de vitamina B, alergias, estrés, psoriasis e higiene bucal). Se utilizaron proporciones, intervalos de confianza y la prueba estadística ÷2, asumiendo una significancia menor a 0.05.ResultadosLa prevalencia de alteraciones linguales fue de 79.9%, siendo las lesiones más frecuentes la lengua saburral con el 74.6% y anquiloglosia con el 5.2%. No hubo relación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de alteraciones linguales y los factores evaluados.ConclusiónLas alteraciones linguales en niños tuvieron una alta prevalencia en especial la lengua saburral, en este sentido se deben implementar protocolos de manejo para incentivar en los niños y los padres conductas de higiene bucal saludables enfatizando en la superficie dorsal de la lengua.AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to describe prevalence of tongue alterations and related factors observed in child patients attending the University of Cartagena, Colombia.MethodsThe present study was of a crosssectional, descriptive nature. 134 children were randomly examined after attending consultation during the second semester of 2011. Selected children were subjected to clinical examination, their medical history was reviewed and their mothers were interviewed, in order to ascertain presence of tongue alterations. A classification was undertaken and sociodemographic characteristics were noted as well as possibly related factors (drug intake, anemia, nutritional problems, vitamin B deficiencies, allergies, stress, psoriasis and oral hygiene. Proportions, confidence intervals and ÷2 statistical test were used, assuming significance lesser than 0.05.ResultsPrevalence of tongue alterations was 79.9%. Most frequent lesions were coated tongue (74.6%) and ankyloglossia (5.2%). No statistically significant relationship was found between presence of tongue alterations and assessed factors.ConclusionTongue alterations in children were highly prevalent, especially coated tongue cases. Bearing this in mind parents and children should be encouraged to implement healthy oral hygiene habits stressing hygiene of the tongue’s dorsal surface.

Culture may be defined as a shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioural expectations that provide social structure for daily living. Much of the woman's behaviour during the postpartum period is strongly influenced by her cultural background. This study was conducted to identify the cultural practices among the postnatal mothers in selected hospitals at Mangalore. The data was collected from 200 samples between 17-09-12 and 03-11-12 in various hospitals at Mangalore. Descriptive survey research approach was adopted, and collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Distribution of the samples based on demographical characteristics revealed that 49% of the samples were in the age group of 25-29 years, 48.5% of the samples had primary education, 49.5% of the samples were from Muslim religion, 89% of the home makers, 65.5% of the joint family and 76% of the rural mothers were participated in the study. Majority of the mothers were consumed home medicine, restricted to use cold water, restricted to perform spiritual activities, 16.5% of the mothers had a practice of applying herbal medicine to hasten the cord to dry during the postnatal period. 59.5% of the mothers were following unhygienic practice that using a cloth soaked in baby's urine to remove the coated tongue. Hence the study concluded that the postnatal mothers had followed some of the cultural practices mostly in rural areas.

Aim The current study was designed to determine prevalence of various tongue lesions and their association with age, gender, systemic illness, deleterious habits, and distribution over the surfaces of tongue. It also explored the awareness and knowledge of subjects in relation to presence of tongue lesions, etiological factor, symptoms, and treatment received if any. Methods The present study was conducted on 1360 randomly selected dental outpatients from 1/10/2013 to 30/09/2014. Examination of tongue included surface changes, size, movements, and the presence of mucosal lesions. The subjects were asked about the knowledge, symptoms, and treatment obtained in case of awareness regarding the lesion. Results The prevalence of tongue lesions was found to be 13.75%. The most prevalent lesion was found to be coated tongue. The majority of the lesions were located on dorsum of tongue and not related with age, gender, habit, and systemic condition. A considerable number of subjects were aware of the changes on their tongue but negligible number sought any treatment. Conclusions The presence of tongue lesions in the study population was found be significant. Hence, general dental practitioners and health care providers should be educated about the diagnosis, etiology, investigations, and proper management of such tongue lesions.

Objective: To assess the psychosomatically subjective symptoms of subjects with neurotic tendencies complaining of halitosis. Design: Breath malodour was measured in 368 patients using organoleptic test and gas chromatography. Neurotic tendency and subjective symptoms were assessed using the Cornell Medical Index (CMI). Results: Of the 79 subjects who met the criteria for neurotic tendencies according to CMI scores, 58 (73.4%) had oral malodour, whereas 21 (26.6%) did not. Coated tongue, periodontal pocket, and daily drinking were significantly more common in subjects with oral malodour. On the CMI questionnaire, subjects with no oral malodour more frequently responded ‘yes’ to questions about fatigue and psychological problems in their families. Additionally, many answered that they had perceived their own bad breath. Conclusions: Difficulties experienced by subjects with neurotic tendencies and oral malodour may manifest primarily in oral conditions, whereas those experienced by individuals with neurotic tendencies and no oral malodour may manifest primarily in psychosomatic symptoms.

Pendahuluan: Kehamilan adalah suatu kondisi yang dapat mempengaruhi perubahan fisiologis, perubahan pola makan, dan perubahan psikologis. Hal ini secara tidak langsung dapat mempengaruhi status kebersihan mulut dan selaput lidah. Sebagian besar wanita hamil ditemukan menderita beberapa penyakit mulut yang diketahui terkait dengan kehamilan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara oral hygiene dengan coated tongue pada ibu hamil di Puskesmas Garuda Bandung. Metode: Jenis penelitian analitik korelatif dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel yang memenuhi kriteria adalah sebanyak 69 orang yang diperoleh dengan teknik purposive sampling. Data diperoleh dengan menghitung Oral Hygiene Index Simplified dan Coated Tongue Index, kemudian data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman menggunakan aplikasi MegaStat. Hasil: Hubungan antara oral hygiene dan coated tongue pada kelompok ibu hamil di Puskesmas Garuda Bandung, mempunyai nilai korelasinya (rs) sebesar 0,259 menunjukkan Nilai signifikan secara statistik dengan p-value sebesar 0,00158567 (p

Background: Oral mucosal lesions in children caused by nutritional problems, dental infection, poor oral hygiene and trauma. Oral health in children as the next generation of the nation should always be maintained. However there is still lack of data on the emergence of oral mucosal lesions in Indonesian children. Purpose. To describe an overview of the caries experience, Haemoglobin/Hematokrit (Hb Ht), weight (BB) and height (TB) in children aged 6-7 years in several elementary schools at Tanjungsari, Sumedang. Result: 44 of 137 students who had oral mucosal lesions, had complete supporting data. Total of 43 students had an average caries experience of 8.4 teeth/child (1-17 teeth/child), while 1 student was caries-free. The average of weight = 19.3 kg, height = 115.5 cm, and Hb/Ht = 12.5/36.5%. Oral lesions found were plaques on the tongue, ulcers, macules, nodules, pustules and desquamatives. Discussion: The condition of untreated dental caries can cause pain and discomfort, so the child will have difculty eating and interfere with the growth process. This can be seen through the child’s caries experience with data on weight and height. Tooth decay affects the nutrient intake and was estimated to lead to a decrease in Hb/Ht. Oral mucosal lesions due to trauma and poor oral hygiene were not expected to affect systemic conditions. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the caries experience was very high, the average value of weight and height were normal below the ideal, Hb/Ht levels within normal limits, while Coated tongue was the common diagnosis found from subjects

Splenogastric hygropyrexia syndrome, a common syndome in clinical practice, responds well to the therapy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In view of the complexity of TCM syndrome formation, proceeding from different aspects such as Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, expression of inflammatory factors, mucosal protection and change in micro-ecosystem, the authors proposed that Hp infection in gastric mucosa, nuclear factor-kappa B activation, over-expression of heat shock protein 70, and "excessive evil, dyssplenism and confliction between healthy energy and evils" due to disequilibrium between Hp and lactobacillus acidophilus in gastric mucosa and coated tongue may be the important links in the formation of Hp related gastrosis with splenogastric hygropyrexia syndrome.

Background The influence of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection on the development of oral pathoses remains unclear. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of gastric H. pylori infection on occurrence of halitosis and coated tongue. Materials and methods Ninety-eight patients with dyspepsia were included in the study and their salivary samples and gastric biopsies were analyzed for the presence of H. pylori by Nested-PCR. Halitosis and coated tongue were assessed at the initial examination and 3 months after systemic eradication therapy against H. pylori. Results Gastric biopsies of 66 patients were positive for H. pylori. Only one saliva sample was H. pylori positive. At initial examination, halitosis was observed in 20 patients (30.3%) out of 66 who had gastric H. pylori infection and in only 3 patients (9.4%) out of 32 without H. pylori infection (p = 0.0236). Coated tongue was diagnosed in 18 (27.2%) patients with the infection compared to only 2 (6.25%) patients negative for gastric H. pylori (p = 0.0164). Patients with gastric infection were treated with the triple eradication therapy (Amoxicillin, Clarythromycin, Pantoprazol) and their gastric biopsies and oral status were examined 3 months later. Halitosis was significantly more prevalent in the group of patients with persistent H. pylori infection (42.1%) compared to only 6.4% of patients in the group where infection was successfully eradicated (p = 0.0012). Coated tongue was diagnosed in 47.4% of patients where H. pylori was still present after eradication therapy and in only 6.4% where eradication succeeded (p = 0.0003). Conclusion Our findings suggest that eradication of gastric H. pylori significantly alleviates halitosis and coated tongue, the two oral conditions that may be considered as extragastric manifestations of this common chronic bacterial infection. How to cite this article Zaric S, Bojic B, Popovic B, Milasin J. Eradication of Gastric Helicobacter pylori ameliorates Halitosis and Tongue Coating. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(3):205-209.

Objective: There is an increase in the frequency of occurrence of Developmental dental Anomalies of oral cavity in all populations. The study was carried out to find the Prevalence of developmental dental anomalies and to assess of oral health status of children upto 15 years of age. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among total of 6000 children which comprised of equal males and females (3000 each). Clinical assessment of oral cavity was done for the presence of any developmental disorder in the children. Demographic information was recorded for each subject: age, gender, and education for study subjects and the occupation and income of their parents, on a structured profoma. The data collected was than tabulated and subjected to descriptive statistics Results: Out of total study subjects 1731 (28.8%) had developmental dental anomalies whereas 4269 (71.2%) had no anomalies. Developmental dental anomalies was seen in (27.8%) of males and 29.8% of females). Tongue disorders were seen in 480 (8%) of the subjects, among them the prevalence of coated tongue was 265 (55%), Conclusions: Parents of children with developmental anomalies should be educated about the type and cause of anomaly and they should even be motivated to get the possible treatment done for the same.

Tobacco smoking is one of the most important risk factors for the development of oral mucosal lesions such as leukoplakia and hairy tongue. Controversy exists in the literature, however, about the prevalence of oral lesions in smokers. The aim of this study was to evaluate oral lesions in male smokers compared with nonsmokers in Hamadan. A total of 516 male participants were assessed, 258 of whom were smokers and 258 of whom were healthy nonsmokers. The prevalence of lesions was evaluated by clinical observation and biopsy. We found that the most prevalent lesions among smokers were gingival problems and coated tongue; smokers had significantly more lesions than did nonsmokers. Malignant and premalignant lesions were found in a higher age range. Among all participants in our study, we found a large number of oral mucosal lesions in smokers that had a strong correlation with smoking. Dental services need to implement care and health education for smokers to promote health.

Shisha is a water pipe that tobacco extract and fruit scented burnt using coal. It produces the smoke through the vessel and inhaled using a hose with good taste. The culture of shisha smoking is popular in Midle East country that curently has been also entering Indonesia. The side effect of shisha smoking habit is still very rare reported. Aim of this study is to describe the oral mucosa condition of shisha user. A preliminary observasional study was conducted at several sisha cafe at South Jakarta. Under informed consent, subject with habit of tobacco and shisha smoker were included. Sociodemographic data (age, gender, duration, frequency of smoking), salivary flow rate and oral mucosa changes were documented. Eighteen subjects were recruited into this study. Most of shisha smoker was also tobacco smoker. Shisha was more practiced by male at age (15-24 years old). The oral mucosa changes such as keratosis, melanosis, leukoedema, coated tongue, gingivitis and xerostomia were found on subject with habit of tobacco smoking habit only or both shisha and tobacco smoking. In conclusion apparently the shisha smoking habit may casue oral mucosa changes almost the same with tobacco smoking habit

The diagnosis of enteric fever poses several problems due to the non-specific and wide array of clinical features. A five-year retrospective study enrolling 136 culture-proven cases of enteric fever was undertaken in order to estimate the clinical and laboratory characteristics, fever clearance time and outcome. The common symptoms and signs were: fever, vomiting, cough, anorexia, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and coated tongue. Enteric fever should be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile patients with abdominal symptoms.

Kampo medicine (Japanese traditional herbal medicine) can identify “Mibyou” (disease-oriented state) based on visual tongue inspection by a trained physician. Surface colors of uncoated tongue provide essential features. A hyperspectral imaging system which performs regional image analysis of the tongue color spectrum was developed to automatically inspect the uncoated tongue. Hyperspectral tongue surface images were acquired by a camera equipped with an integrating sphere. The color spectrum from 4 tongue areas—uncoated tongue, coated tongue, lip, and perioral areas—were quantified. The average spectrum of each area was determined and 4 images calculated by focusing on the differences between respective spectra; highlight, shadow, tongue coat, and lip-weighted images were calculated. The uncoated tongue area was extracted by subtraction. Reproducibility was evaluated by applying the camera and extraction algorithm to 44 images from human subjects. Eighty-two percentage were judged as acceptable by a Kampo medicine physician expert. Using a hyperspectral camera and extraction algorithm, the tongue color of the uncoated part was automatically extracted. This technique is suitable for tongue color analysis and may help non-trained users to identify “Mibyou”.

Long standing hyperglycaemia besides damaging the kidneys, eyes, nerves, blood vessels, heart, can also impair the function of the salivary glands leading to a reduction in the salivary flow. When salivary flow decreases, as a consequence of an acute hyperglycaemia, many buccal or oral alterations can occur such as: a) increased concentration of mucin and glucose; b) impaired production and/or action of many antimicrobial factors; c) absence of a metalloprotein called gustin, that contains zinc and is responsible for the constant maturation of taste papillae; d) bad taste; e) oral candidiasis f) increased cells exfoliation after contact, because of poor lubrication; g) increased proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms; h) coated tongue; i) halitosis; and many others may occur as a consequence of chronic hyperglycaemia: a) tongue alterations, generally a burning mouth; b) periodontal disease; c) white spots due to demineralization in the teeth; d) caries; e) delayed healing of wounds; f) greater tendency to infections; g) lichen planus; h) mucosa ulcerations. Buccal alterations found in diabetic patients, although not specific of this disease, have its incidence and progression increased when an inadequate glycaemic control is present.

The purpose of this study was to investigate self-perception of halitosis among high school students, identify halitosis-related factors, and provide basic data that could help develop a plan to prevent halitosis and remove it efficiently. A survey on subjective self-perception of halitosis, the intra- and extra-oral factors, and the oral hygienic management behavior factors was conducted in a total of 458 high school students from June to August 2012, drawing the following conclusion: 1. 49.7% of the boys had self-perception of halitosis sometimes and 55.9% of the girls had none of it, showing significant differences (p

On a recent trip to Bolivia our team of visiting physicians was told of a rapidly spreading outbreak of an unidentified hemorrhagic fever, which local medical officials were treating as dengue. Over several days, about 600 people in the rural area developed different degrees of fever, headache

Coated tongue is important in visual diagnosis as a symptom of systemic conditions and disorders. Above all, relations between tongue coating and digestive tract disorders as an attachment factor have been discussed for a long time. However, such relations have not yet been elucidated.The authors have classified the degree of attachment of tongue coating into the four degrees; 1, 2, 3, and 4. Using the classification, the authors surveyed and reviewed the actual situation of tongue coating in patients with digestive tract disorders observed by endoscopy.The rate of tongue coating was 1.69% in healthy patients, and 53.8% in patients with digestive tract disorders. Thus, there was a remarkable difference in the rate of tongue coating between the two groups of patients, although few patients were conscious of tongue coating.By the disordered site of digestive tract, the rate of tongue coating increased in the order of gastric, duodenal and gastroduodenal disorders, while, to the contrary, the degree of tongue attachment decreased in the above order. By disorder, the rate of tongue coating in gastric and duodenal ulcers was higher than in atrophic and erosive gastritises.These results suggest that digestive tract disorders are an important factor in tongue coating.

The treatment of various disorders with toxine inoculations is as yet in its infancy—it may turn out to be a fallacy. It can not be denied, however, that it has in a number of well-authenticated instances achieved remarkable results, and there is sufficient justification for its use, at least in sickness where all the usual remedies have proved unavailing. When a number of such cases shall have been collected in the literature, establishing favorable effects, this method of treatment will find more general introduction and the statistics of a larger number will then assign it its proper place. This is my reason for publication of this case: J. F. H., aged 23, after two weeks of prodromal symptoms—headache, general aching, irregular chills followed by short attacks of fever, loss of appetite, was admitted to hospital with a temperature of 103.4, severe headache, loose discharges, heavily coated tongue, roseola over abdomen—a

All physicians encounter patients who have symptoms that are difficult to treat because the mechanisms which produce them are poorly understood. Gastroenterologists deal with a number of such symptoms, among which may be listed not only the many varieties of abdominal pain but also such complaints as belching, flatulence, malodorous breath, a bad taste in the mouth, coated tongue and heartburn. Although these are usually considered to be of minor significance, they may cause great annoyance and, by their resistance to treatment, create troublesome problems for both the patient and the doctor. Heartburn, the subject of this discussion, is such a symptom of vague causation. Although much has been done to explain its origin, there still exists a need to evaluate the clinical significance of heartburn and of the factors which cause it, so that satisfactory therapy can be planned. The various studies already carried out in investigating the origin

Our friends of the local committee have done me the honor of requesting a few words upon several patients whom they have brought before this Section. LEUCOPLAKIA. The first is an example of a rather rare affection. This man, 41 years of age, has white patches upon each lateral half of the tongue. The lesions occupy the larger part of the anterior half of the organ and occur in no other situation. They have been present for years. They occasion no suffering in general, but smart when hot, sour or highly seasoned food is eaten. The man declares his health to be good, but he has a heavily coated tongue, his bowels are habitually constipated, his appetite is capricious, he is troubled by flatulence and often experiences torpor after a meal. He is a victim, in other words, of chronic gastro-intestinal catarrh. There is no disorder of heart, lungs or

R. H., age 35 years, an artist by profession, first consulted me March 3, 1890. The patient, a wellnourished and intelligent man of good habits, had never been sick from childhood, and reported a remarkably good family history. For some time previous he had noticed a gradual deterioration of health, as manifested by persistent insomnia, coated tongue, loss of appetite, mental and physical lassitude and an increasing tendency to constipation. A careful physical examination gave no clue to the cause of the above symptoms, save visual evidences of a rather pronounced anemia. Examination of the blood gave 2,500,000 red corpuscles to the c. m., while the hemoglobin remained about normal, 85 per cent. Some slight accentuation of the movements of the heart was discernible. The urine was concentrated, reddish in color, specific gravity 1018, with absence of both albumin and sugar. Three days later (March 6) I was hastily summoned