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This article presents a comprehensive benchmarking analysis of merit performance factors in the Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP) of the textile industry. The study aims to identify and evaluate key factors that contribute to the efficient operation and performance of ETPs. The performance of ETP was analyzed by valuable data gained from figures of PH, Dissolved oxygen, Dissolved solids, Suspended solids, Density, COD and BOD. The technical trends showed the deviations in the working conditions of Effluent Treatment Plant by variation in temperature. This variation is achieved by varying the settling time of wastewater in the sedimentation tank during the working process. The required dosing, plant efficiency and economic factors were taken into account. The Plant efficiency was determined to be 83.5% at normal conditions of water entering at temperature of 30°C and pressure of 1 atm along with addition of coagulants and flocculants in the wastewater. While the efficiency of the ETP plant was calculated about 88% using a Compact photometer at elevated conditions of temperature such as > 45°C, while at other temperatures the efficiency decreases significantly due to several reasons. The operating time of water treatment was decreased due to the variations in temperature of wastewater while other conditions kept constant like pressure, flow rates of water and chemicals (Polyacrylamide and Polymeric Ferric Sulfate). The usage of coagulants and flocculants at optimum conditions has been discussed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snakebites inflict significant injuries on humans and animals, posing a severe global public health challenge due to high mortality and morbidity rates. This study presents results against the venoms of Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops neuwiedi using sixteen synthetic hybrid molecules containing thiophene and triazoles, designated as 6a–h and 7a–h. The compounds were assessed for their ability to inhibit proteolytic and plasma coagulant activities induced by the snake venoms, and their toxicity was analyzed. Most derivatives demonstrated nontoxicity through in silico analysis with the Osiris Property Explorer tool and in vitro cytotoxic hemocompatibility on red blood cells. Notably, only derivative 6e exhibited toxicity to erythrocytes, while 6b, 6d, 7c, and 7f displayed mutagenic, tumorigenic, or adverse effects on the reproductive system. Derivatives 6a, 6c–h, 7c–e, 7g, or 7h effectively inhibited the coagulating activity of B. jararaca venom, while 6a–b, 6d–e, 6h, or 7a–f inhibited coagulation induced by B. neuwiedi venom. All derivatives demonstrated inhibition of the proteolytic activity caused by B. jararaca venom, and derivatives 6a–d and 7e–f inhibited the activity of B. neuwiedi venom. Consequently, these derivatives exhibited varying degrees of efficacy in countering two crucial toxic effects of B. jararaca or B. neuwiedi venoms, suggesting their potential as antivenoms against both species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as a new type of carbon material with complete molecular structure, have great application potential in the field of nanocomposites. In this study, carbon nanotubes were first surface modified to give them good hydrophilicity. Subsequently, the nanocomposite coagulant (PASS-T) with different modified CNTs (m-CNTs) contents was prepared by alkaline titration method. The CNT, m-CNT, PASS and PASS-T were characterized by FTIR, XRD and XRF. Then the coagulant was applied to oily sewage, and the coagulation results showed that the PASS-T (0.1%) had the best oil reduction rate (92%) and turbidity reduction rate (97%). Appropriate addition of m-CNT can increase the local concentration of coagulant at the molecular level, making the flocs of oily sewage larger. It can be found by SEM that PASS-T produces large and knotted flocs in oily sewage. Finally, the residual turbidity and oil removal rate of the different coagulants were statistically analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate a natural coagulant, Moringa oleifera seeds (MOC), to reduce the color concentration in treated tequila vinasses (TVs). TV-A was the effluent of horizontal subsurface flow wetlands (HSSFW); TV-B was the effluent of vertical up-flow wetlands (VUFW); and TV-C was the effluent of vertical down-flow constructed wetlands (VDFW). Raw TVs were also evaluated with MOC. Jar tests were performed to find the optimal dose and pH value for apparent color (AC) removal. With the optimal dose and pH for each type of TV, tests were performed in triplicate to evaluate the removal of apparent color (AC), true color (TC), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and electrical conductivity (EC). For TV-A and TV-B, the optimal values were 1 g/L of MOC and pH 8, and the removals were 52%, 43%, 50% and 72% of AC, turbidity, TC, and TSS, respectively. For TV-C, the optimal values were 2.5 g/L and pH 5, with removals of 66%, 73%, and 98% for AC, TC, and TSS, respectively. For TV-D, the MOC had no coagulant effect in any of the experimental conditions evaluated, probably due to the high concentration of turbidity and TSS in the raw vinasses, which prevented the interaction between MOC and melanoidins. Deeper studies are required to understand and evaluate those factors that influence MOC efficiency so that the coagulation–flocculation process can be optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While several studies have focused on utilizing banana pseudostem waste (BPW) for wastewater treatment via bio-coagulation, this process still suffers from secondary pollution caused by the disposal of generated sludge. To avoid this pollution transfer issue, this study is the first to focus on the recyclability of post-coagulation sludge (PCS) to recover added-value products. For this purpose, BPW was used as a model bio-coagulant for the decontamination of laundry wastewater (LWW), followed by anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis schemes to recover biogas and biochar, respectively. In the first experiment, BPW succeeded in removing 55.44 ± 1.21%, 90.40 ± 3.09%, and 78.13 ± 2.44% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and surfactant, respectively, at the optimized condition (pH = 3.5, dosage = 2.34 g/L, stirring speed = 160.6 rpm, and settling time = 55.5 min). Inoculating the spent bio-coagulant with cattle manure (CM), with a mixing ratio of 1:1 (w:w), showed a biogas yield of 110.33 ± 6.02 mL/g COD. The synergetic effect of spent coagulant and microbes of CM was further validated by performing a COD mass balance, showing that about 31.52 ± 1.63% of CODfeed was converted to bio-CH4 (as COD). Further, the thermal treatment of digestate was successfully employed for biochar recovery at a yield of 0.58 ± 0.05 g biochar/g dry digestate. The study also revealed that the triple LWW treatment/biogas/biochar strategy could gain economic benefits with a payback period of 4.4 years. Hence, BPW could be used as a promising feedstock for pollution reduction, energy generation, and gaining profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wastewater treatment process for middle rank coal employed coagulation-flocculation technology with bio coagulants to efficiently reduce the concentration of contaminants. This method utilized Moringa oleifera L. seed powder as the main bio coagulant, in addition to papaya seeds (Carica papaya Linn.) and Ambon banana peel waste (Musa paradisiaca var.) as secondary bio coagulants, which are combined with the main bio coagulant. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics and effectiveness of bio coagulant compounds obtained from plants and waste materials. The study objective was also to investigate the effectiveness of combining biocoagulants derived from Moringa oleifera L., Carica papaya, and Musa paradisiaca var. in treating coal effluent. Biocoagulant is a natural alternative to chemicals like aluminum sulfate (Alum) that are detrimental to the environment. It is present in the ecosystem and serves as a substitute for these hazardous substances. The results revealed that the optimal dosage for combining bio coagulants was 1 gram per liter, with a composition ratio of 2 parts primary bio coagulant to 1 part auxiliary bio coagulant. The analysis of water pollutants showed a reduction in turbidity and total suspended solid (TSS) by 99.26% and 99.11% respectively. Additionally, there was a decrease in the levels of heavy metals iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) by 98.71% and 99.88% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The research of natural and sustainable solutions to improve rural water quality in developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa represents a major challenge. It is in this context that the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a biocoagulant/bioflocculant mixture based on Boscia senegalensis seeds powder and Aloe vera leaves extract for treating water intended for human consumption in rural areas. Methods: To do this, 100 g of Boscia senegalensis seeds powder and 50 g of Aloe vera leaves extract were prepared separately as aqueous solutions in 1 L of distilled water, then applied, respectively, as biocoagulant for Boscia and bioflocculant for Aloe to raw water samples in jar tests. The quality of the treated water was evaluated, and compared with WHO standards of acceptability. Results and discussion: Experimental results showed that the Boscia senegalensis biocoagulant (at 7 mL/L) initially reduced turbidity by 85% after 2 h of decantation. When combined with Aloe bioflocculant (at 0.4 mL/L), a 99% reduction was obtained after just 15 min of decantation. Quality control of the water treated with this biocoagulant/bioflocculant mixture showed perfect compliance of physicochemical parameters with WHO standards, and almost total elimination of pathogenic microorganisms. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of this new Boscia/Aloe mixture in the rapid potabilization of raw water intended for human consumption. However, prolonged storage of water treated with the Boscia/Aloe mixture at room temperature may lead to further bacterial proliferation due to the remaining organic matter. To avoid this problem, additional disinfection methods such as boiling, SODIS (Solar Disinfection) method or sand filtration are recommended for prolonged storage of treated water. Ultimately, the adoption of this environmentally-friendly biotechnology could not only improve public health, but also empower local communities in Sub-Saharan Africa by providing them with a local and effective methodology for tackling the growing challenges associated with access to drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Bleeding agents play a vital role in preventing complications from uncontrolled bleeding, such as death and organ damage. In addition to maximum coagulation speed and minimal blood loss, these compounds should have features such as biocompatibility, degradability, hemocompatibility, suitable mechanical properties, reasonable price, and ease of use. Recent research shows that some natural polymers such as oxidized cellulose, chitosan, starch, collagen and alginate have blood clotting properties. This study has investigated the binding performance, polymer source of these materials and products available in the market. Materials and Methods In this research, the role of bleeding coagulation by natural polymers was investigated in 55 authentic English and Farsi articles. International and Persian publications such as Elsevier, Springer, Wiley Online Library, ScienceDirect and SID were used. Keywords and functional words such as blood clots, sodium alginate, chitosan, hemostatic, oxidized cellulose, collagen and starch were used for searching. Results The first step in wound healing is ligation. Subsequent steps that contribute to tissue regeneration include inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. These materials are divided into synthetic and natural in the world market and research works. Natural coagulant polymers include oxidized cellulose, chitosan, collagen, starch, and alginate. Next, description of natural polymers, brief introduction of synthetic polymers, physical structure of binders and commercial samples have been discussed. Conclusions The use of natural polymers as hemostatic agents shows the high potential of these substances in improving therapeutic processes and reducing the side effects caused by synthetic substances, which can lead to the development of new and effective strategies in the management of acute bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the coagulation/flocculation process using chitosan as a natural coagulant to concentrate suspensions of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus subsalsus and enable biogas production from concentrated biomass. The chitosan performance was tested and compared with the inorganic ferric chloride (FeCl3) coagulant. Using the liquid fraction of the coagulation/flocculation process in subsequent biomass cultivations proved viable, with similar growths in culture media with up to 80% of the liquid fraction. At pH 6 and 400 mg/L FeCl3, the biomass concentrated almost seven times, increasing the total suspended solids (TSS) of the suspension from 0.4–0.6 g/L to 2.6–4.0 g/L. With 80 mg/L chitosan and pH 7, the TSS concentration attained values in the range of 7.0–9.7 g/L, an increase of more than 30 times, clearly showing that chitosan has a much higher capacity for biomass concentration at a lower concentration. A ratio of 0.3 g chitosan/g dry mass of the biomass was established to reach the maximum densification. The production of methane from chitosan-densified biomass proved to be feasible. Chitosan-densified biomass showed a two-phase cumulative methane production when digested, with slower methane production and 23% lower methane yield after 30 days of digestion (207 NmL CH4/g CODi) compared to the biomass from cultivation (non-densified, 270 NmL CH4/g CODi). However, optimizing the digestion conditions of the densified biomass should increase the methane yield and reduce process time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the treatment of surface water using a mixed natural (linseed) and chemical (alum)-based coagulant in terms of color, turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (%) removal in a laboratory jar test. Experimental results showed that using a combined coagulant has shown higher removal of color (99.72%) and turbidity (97.76%) at pH values of 3.5 using a 1.5 g/L dosage and a stirring time of 38.58 min. Similarly, at the same pH value and 2.5 g/L dosage, the COD removal was 96%. To determine the optimum value with the highest percent removal efficiency of the coagulation–flocculation process, several experimental parameters including blended dosage, pH, COD concentration, and initial turbidity have been studied in terms of the percent of color, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity removal. The optimum value was found for the highest removal of color-97.75%, turbidity-96.86%, and COD-90.33% with the pH values of 7.0, at a dosage of 2.5 g/L and a stirring time of 40 min, respectively. Statistical techniques of response surface methodology were used in experimental design and optimization, in order to calculate the confidence intervals to assess population parameter precision. An ANOVA-95% confidence interval ensures that the high reliability optimizes the result. The findings proved the excellent adsorption potential and high performance of the blended coagulant in the removal of contaminants from surface water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This article presents a comprehensive benchmarking analysis of merit performance factors in the Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP) of the textile industry. The study aims to identify and evaluate key factors that contribute to the efficient operation and performance of ETPs. The performance of ETP was analyzed by valuable data gained from figures of PH, Dissolved oxygen, Dissolved solids, Suspended solids, Density, COD and BOD. The technical trends showed the deviations in the working conditions of Effluent Treatment Plant by variation in temperature. This variation is achieved by varying the settling time of wastewater in the sedimentation tank during the working process. The required dosing, plant efficiency and economic factors were taken into account. The Plant efficiency was determined to be 83.5% at normal conditions of water entering at temperature of 30°C and pressure of 1 atm along with addition of coagulants and flocculants in the wastewater. While the efficiency of the ETP plant was calculated about 88% using a Compact photometer at elevated conditions of temperature such as > 45°C, while at other temperatures the efficiency decreases significantly due to several reasons. The operating time of water treatment was decreased due to the variations in temperature of wastewater while other conditions kept constant like pressure, flow rates of water and chemicals (Polyacrylamide and Polymeric Ferric Sulfate). The usage of coagulants and flocculants at optimum conditions has been discussed in this study.

The article presents letter to the editor focuses on the validation of a modified Nijmegen method for detecting cross-reactivity of human factor VIII antibodies to recombinant porcine factor VIII in patients with acquired hemophilia A and hemophilia A with inhibitors. Topics include laboratory testing of cross-reactivity using imidazole buffer and factor VIII-deficient plasma, and the clinical implications of antibody cross-reactivity on recombinant porcine factor VIII treatment.

Bleeding from a wound as a result of physical injury is a life-threatening condition. In pursuing new drug structures, the effect of crude fungal extracts fungal isolated from Jatropha multifida on wound healing and coagulation of mouse whole blood was investigated. Jatropha multifida leaves were sterilized, cut into small segments, and then incubated in Potato Dextrose Agar for seven days. Four isolates were purified and their morphologies were characterized. Identification of isolates was confirmed by a molecular protocol. Two crude extracts from Phlebiopsis gigantea (OK021602) and Phyllosticta sp (OK021603), which exhibited higher phytochemicals composition, were selected and evaluated using wound excision and coagulation of mouse whole blood, by administering 30 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL and 70 µg/mL crude extracts respectively. The percentage of wound healing in mice was higher (p<0.05) for the crude extracts of Phlebiopsis gigantea (OK021602) as compared to that of Phyllosticta sp (OK021603). The highest percentages of wound contraction were 99% at 70 µg/mL, and 53% at 70 µg/mL for Phlebiopsis gigantea (OK021602) and Phyllosticta sp (OK021603), respectively as compared to the control group which had 42% wound contraction at day 15 post-treatment. The results of the present study clearly indicate that Jatropha multifida leaves harbor endophytic fungi that produce pharmacologically important bioactive secondary metabolites with wound and hemostatic effects; therefore, further exploration is inevitable, particularly for the purification and identification of specific chemical structures of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrical conductivity of traditional medical fibers was enhanced through in-situ polymerization of dopamine, resulting in the fabrication of a PET@PDA flocking fabric using electrostatic flocking technology. The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the parameters of the flocking process, and regression models were established to analyze the relationship between flocking process parameters and flocking density, specific surface area. An evaluation was conducted on the appearance, mechanical properties, cell compatibility, and blood compatibility of PET@PDA flocked fabric. The results demonstrate that PET@PDA10-2 flocking fabric exhibits high vertical orientation, significant porosity, excellent compression recovery performance (98.10% recovery rate under 50% strain), as well as favorable cytocompatibility and blood compatibility with remarkable coagulant promoting ability. Therefore, the electrostatically flocked PET@PDA fabric holds promising potential for applications in anticoagulant materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy industry is classified, worldwide, as one of the main wastewater‐generating industries. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of parameters on the percentage of turbidity (TB) removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD), using as pretreatment a combined coagulation process using a biocoagulant composed of chitosan and Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage (OFI): chitosan‐mucilage (Q‐M from 1 to 9), and an electrocoagulation process with operational variables of biocoagulant dose (0.025, 0.05 y 0.1 g/L), current density (30, 40 y 50 mA/cm2), and time (10, 15 y 20 minutes). A monopolar glass reactor with aluminum electrodes was assembled by applying the response surface approach methodology. Additionally, using the Box–Behnken mathematical model for the removal of TB and COD, the effects and interactions of the factors and experimental design levels (considering control formulations using triplicates) were evaluated. An analysis of variance was performed to evaluate model responses and optimal conditions. The experimental results showed that the formulation of the compound biocoagulant Q‐M‐5 in doses of 0.99 g/L achieves 98.44% turbidity removal and 81.72% chemical oxygen demand removal. The dose of the compound biocoagulant has a significant positive effect as does the current density of 30 mA/cm2 and time of 19.05 min; that is, its efficiency in removing turbidity and chemical oxygen demand increases when using these parameters. It is concluded that the use of the biocoagulant composed of chitosan and Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage (Q‐M‐5) as the primary treatment of whey wastewater provides evidence for the literature, showing that it is also a low‐cost, ecological, and easy‐to‐apply natural coagulant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel composite coagulant, magnetic polymerized ferric magnesium chloride (MPFMC), was prepared based on traditional inorganic coagulants of polymeric ferric chloride (PFC). It was used to remove polystyrene (PS), a major component of microplastics that is easily suspended in water. The distribution of Fe species under different preparation conditions was investigated, and the physical and chemical properties of MPFMC were characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and VSM. The effects of dosage, pH and temperature on the removal of PS by MPFMC and the floc structures were also investigated. PS removal was maximized when n(Fe) : n(Mg) = 4 : 1, n(OH)/n(Fe + Mg) = 0.4 and MFe3O4 : MFe = 2 : 1. The content of Fe(b), the most critical component of the iron salt coagulant, increased compared with that of PFC after the introduction of appropriate amounts of magnesium salt and Fe3O4. In addition, MPFMC has a wide adaptability to pH and temperature. When the dosage of MPFMC was 0.12 mmol L−1 (pH of 4.5–9.5, temperature of 19–34 °C, rapid stirring at 300 rpm for 2 min, slow stirring at 100 rpm for 10 min, and external magnetic field settling for 10 min), the coagulation performance was excellent, and the removal of PS was greater than 85%. The fractal dimension peak value of the flocs formed reached 1.87, and the floc structure was dense. In conclusion, the modification of introducing magnetic particles and magnesium salt into PFC has proven to be an effective strategy for improving the removal efficiency of microplastics by iron salt coagulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the high-speed motion acquisition system, we studied the settling process of the coal flocs under different addition interval time. The gray value and zeta potential of supernatant generally increased as the interval time increased, proving the effect of interval time on coal slime sedimentation. Furthermore, the interval time 25 s presented the smallest floc amount. The floc size and zeta potential were measured via the inverted fluorescence microscope and the micro electrophoresis, respectively. The interval time 25 s presented the fastest settling velocity. The floc amount in supernatant roughly decreased as the zeta potential increased. The settling velocity decreased with the settling time. The results can provide valuable insight into the development of technology for coal slime sedimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quartz sand-enhanced coagulation (QSEC) is an improved coagulation method for treating water, which uses quartz sand as a heavy medium to accelerate the sedimentation rate of flocs and reduce the sedimentation time. The factors that influence the QSEC effect and can be controlled manually include the quartz sand dosage, coagulant dosage, sewage pH, stirring time, settling time, etc., and their reasonable setting is critical to the result of water treatment. This paper aimed to study the optimal conditions of QSEC; first, single-factor tests were conducted to explore the optimal range of influencing factors, followed by response surface methodology (RSM) tests to accurately determine the optimum values of significant factors. The results show that the addition of quartz sand did not improve the water quality of the coagulation treatment, it took only 140 s for the floc to sink to the bottom, and the sediment volume only accounted for 12.2% of the total sewage. The quartz sand dosage, the coagulant dosage, and sewage pH all had a significant impact on the coagulation effect, and resulted in inflection points. A QSEC-guiding model was derived through RSM tests, and subsequent model optimization and experimental validation revealed the optimal conditions for treating domestic sewage as follows: the polyaluminum chloride (PAC) dosage, cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) dosage, the sewage pH, quartz sand dosage, stirring time, and settling time were 0.97 g/L, 2.25 mg/L, 7.22, 2 g/L, 5 min, and 30 min, respectively, and the turbidity of the treated sewage was reduced to 1.15 NTU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum pollution is an urgent and serious problem that has a negative impact on environmental safety and the state of the environment. Petroleum products that enter water resources cause a number of negative consequences, including water and soil pollution, reduced quality of natural ecosystems, as well as threats to biodiversity and human health. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of methods for treating surface wastewater of a machinebuilding enterprise from poll ution by petroleum products. In the course of the work, the results of cleaning the surface wastewater of the machine-building enterprise from pollution by petroleum products, samples of which were taken from the rainwater intake well at different depths - 30, 60 and 80 cm. A purification scheme has been developed and optimized, which includes the introduction of Al2(SO4)3 coagulant and A-19 flocculant into wastewater. Purification efficiency is achieved at about 95% at optimal reagent doses of 60-80 mg/L coagulant and 2-2.5 mg/L flocculant. The advantage of the conducted studies is the possibility of using the obtained data and methods for the analysis of wastewater with a similar composition of contaminants. It has been experimentally established that the simultaneous administration of reagents or the use of only one of them has lower efficiency and leads to insufficient purification of water from petroleum products. Neutralization of ion resistance contributes to the formation of coagulation structures, and to increase them it is recommended to use a flocculant to form and increase the size of aggregates. The results of the studies confirmed the prospect of using flotation to further separate the emerging petroleum flocculi, which allows to reduce the amount of reagents used and improve the efficiency of water treatment. The obtained data are important for practical application in the field of wastewater treatment from petroleum products at machine-building enterprises, contributing to the improvement of the quality of water resources and compliance with environmental safety requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jornal of Biotechnology Research Center is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the effectiveness of sequentially applying coagulation and adsorption processes in treating soft drink industry wastewater was assessed based on COD removal. In the electrocoagulation method with iron electrodes, the highest COD removal occurred at 42%, achieved with a current of 9A and the natural pH of the wastewater at 5.51. In chemical coagulation, using FeCl3 •6H2 O as a coagulant, the highest removal rate of 23% was achieved at pH 5 with a coagulant dose of 2.5g/L. Activated carbon adsorption, in doses ranging from 10 to 40g/L, was applied to the effluents of both electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation at various contact times, up to 150 minutes, resulting in COD removal rates of 42% and 36%, respectively. According to the results, the COD removal efficiencies for the electrocoagulation-adsorption and chemical coagulation-adsorption systems were 66% and 51%, respectively. The findings of this study are important because they demonstrate the necessity of research on the use and development of physicochemical methods for the treatment of soft drink industry wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia y Educación (2707-3378) is the property of Duanys Miguel Pena Lopez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wastewater treatment of textile enterprises is a critical issue. The article reviews wastewater treatment methods of textile enterprises ensuring the achievement of such indicators of pollutants' content that later allow the reuse of wastewater in the system of recycling water supply or discharge into the municipal sewerage system. In the research and employment of an experimental plant, the physical and chemical characteristics have been revealed, as the quality standards of water and other. As studies have shown, reagent pressure flotation with the use of mineral coagulants in combination with thin-layer sedimentation and ozonation can effectively reduce the number of such pollutants as synthetic surfactants, suspended solids, significantly reduce the color of drains. Thus, the proposed treatment methods make it possible to achieve the required wastewater quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, persulphate and nanoscale zero-valent iron were activated by ultraviolet irradiation (PS/nZVI/UV), followed by formation of dynamic flocs with AlCl3–TiCl4 coagulant directly injected into a gravity-driven membrane (GDM) tank. Membrane fouling caused by typical organic matter fractions including humic acid (HA), HA together with bovine serum albumin (HA-BSA), HA combined with polysaccharide (HA-SA) and the HA-BSA-SA mixture at pH of 6.0, 7.5 and 9.0 were evaluated by specific flux and fouling resistance distribution. The results showed that GDM pre-layered with AlCl3–TiCl4 flocs exhibited the maximum specific flux, followed by AlCl3 and TiCl4. Pre-oxidation with 0.5 mM PS and 0.1 g nZVI under UV radiation for 20 min was beneficial to degrade HA and SA fraction with molecular weight >100 kDa and <30 kDa, and BSA fraction with <30 kDa. The presence of BSA attributed mostly to irreversible fouling, SA together with BAS could exacerbate irreversible fouling, while HA caused the least fouling. The irreversible resistance of a PS/nZVI/UV-GDM system was 62.79%, 27.27%, 58.03% and 49.68% lower than that of control GDM in the treatment of HA, HA-BSA, HA-SA and HA-BSA-SA, respectively. The PS/nZVI/UV-GDM system could achieve the highest foulants removal efficiency at pH of 6.0. Morphological observations confirmed the differences in biofouling layers in different water types. Over 30-day operation, the bacterial genera on the biofouling layer could affect the organic removals, while the type of organic matter that was present influenced the relative abundance of bacterial genera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper was to reveal the effect of aluminum (Al)-based coagulants on enhanced coagulation for the removal of algae and the synergistic optimization mechanism among different Al species. The formation, breakage, and regrowth processes of algal coagulation flocs formed by a series of monomeric Al-based coagulants (Al2(SO4)3, Al13, and Al30), Al13/Al30 composite coagulant and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/Al13 (PDADMAC/Al13) composite coagulant were studied. Results indicated that Al13 mainly employed a charge neutralization mechanism, which was conducive to the destabilization of algae and the regeneration of flocs, while Al30 mainly employed a sweep flocculation mechanism, which was conducive to the formation of algae and the strength of flocs. Meanwhile, the charge neutralization was the main mechanism during the algae coagulation process because it could effectively remove the soluble microbial products (SMP) component in the extracellular organic matter (EOM). Therefore, Al13 could achieve a higher coagulation performance than other monomeric Al-based coagulants. The Al13/Al30 composite coagulant could make up for the deficiency of the sweep flocculation mechanism in Al13 and charge neutralization mechanism in Al30, and achieve the best synergistic optimization performance at Al13:Al30-7:3. Additionally, PDADMAC, as a polymer, could further enhance the charge neutralization ability of Al13 at low dosages and the sweep flocculation ability of Al13 at high dosages, respectively. However, an excessive dosage would lead to charge reversal and thus reduce the coagulation effect. Therefore, controlling the dosage was key when using Al-composite coagulants. The findings of our research could offer a certain theoretical foundation for the development of inorganic polymer flocculants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary and secondary wastewater treatments from different sewage treatment plants are of great importance not only for removing pollutants but also for using treated water for different purposes. The latter involves using suitable coagulants and their optimal dosages for the treatment. Given this, the present study identified the most suitable coagulant for tertiary treatment and its optimal dosage to achieve the maximum total suspended solids (TSS) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) removal. We used six coagulants (alum, ferric chloride, polyaluminium chloride (PAC), Zetag4120, Mecafloc-25 and Rothfloc-27) and found that Zetag-4120 is the cost-efficient coagulant at varying coagulant dosage. We arrived at this conclusion based on several experiments using varying coagulant dosages. Furthermore, the regression prediction models for BOD and TSS removal for coagulant Zetag-4120 have been generated using statistical models and validated by calculating R² value, F-test and Lack-of-fit test using ANOVA. Optimization analysis suggests the optimal dosage, initial wastewater pH and settling time to be 1.86 mg/l, 6.73 and 89.12 min respectively. Furthermore, BOD and TSS removal efficiency values are 50.0% and 92.4% respectively. The treated wastewater has BOD and TSS equal to 12.27 and 5.66 mg/l respectively, conforming to the standard for re-usability of treated water for unrestricted irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fiber paper (CFP) is one of the most widely used gas diffusion layer materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) due to its excellent properties such as high conductivity, high strength, high air permeability and corrosion resistance. In this study, CFP was prepared using the phenolic resin (PF) in-pulp addition method. The effect of PF content on the properties of hot-pressed paper (HPP) and CFP was investigated. The results showed that when the dosage of polyethylene oxide (PEO) was 1.5 wt%, the flocculation effect of PEO on PF was basically complete, and the water filterability and retention of carbon fiber pulp were relatively optimal. After HPP was carbonized into CFP, the hydrophobicity, average pore size, porosity, and air permeability increased, while the resistivity and tensile strength decreased. With the increase of PF content, the tensile strength of CFP gradually increased, while the average pore size, porosity, air permeability and resistivity decreased. When the PF content was 250 wt%, the average pore size of CFP was 36.5 μm, the water contact angle was 127°, the porosity was 69.7%, the air permeability was 7.81 × 103 mL mm/(cm2·h·mmHg), the resistivity was 21.1 mΩ cm, and the tensile strength was 15.7 MPa. In addition, the CFP prepared using PF in-pulp addition method had a relativity uniform pore size distribution and high air permeability. Therefore, this work shows that the CFP prepared using this technique exhibits excellent comprehensive performance, and enables the manufacturing of CFP to be more efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. [Display omitted] • Carbon fiber paper was prepared efficiently using the phenolic resin in-pulp addition method. • Polyethylene oxide exhibits strong adsorption ability on phenolic resin in carbon fiber pulp. • The melting temperature of phenolic resin is a critical point in the preparation process of carbon fiber paper. • Carbon fiber paper possesses a relatively uniform pore size distribution and high air permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an innovative dual cross‐linking strategy for carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) latex using epoxy‐modified calcium silicate particles is presented. In their role as dual cross‐linker, the particles are able to form covalent bonds (nucleophilic ring opening of epoxy moieties) as well as ionic cross‐links (calcium ions of the inorganic core) across the carboxylic acid groups of the rubber. To characterize the curing efficiency, thin elastomer films are prepared by using a conventional coagulant dipping process and their cross‐link densities, curing kinetics, and tensile properties are investigated as a function of the concentration of the cross‐linker and curing time. The results show that latex films containing 5 phr of epoxy‐functional particles give the highest tensile strength, which is further improved by pre‐vulcanizing the liquid latex compound at 60°C for 30 min. The latex formulations are stable over 3 days and the pre‐cured films exhibit a high resistance against gamma sterilization and subsequent accelerated aging. Moreover, sterile films do not cause any skin irritation or skin sensitization reactions, showing the high potential of epoxy‐functional particles in the production of accelerator‐free hypoallergenic gloves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to evaluate the impact of Withania coagulans extracts [fruit (WFE) and root (WRE)], linseed oil (LO), and fish oil (FO) on growth performance, tibia bone characteristics, calcium and phosphorus content in tibia and serum, biochemical indicators of bone metabolism, and certain blood parameters in broilers. The study involved 720 male Ross 308 broilers, which were allotted to a completely random design containing 9 treatments with 8 replications of 10 birds each. The experimental treatments included a basal diet (Control), basal diet + 200 mg/kg WRE or WFE, basal diet + 2% fish oil or flaxseed oil, a diet containing 2% fish oil + 200 mg/kg WRE or WFE, and a diet containing 2% flaxseed oil + 200 mg/kg WRE or WFE. Body weight and body weight gain increased from 1-21 and 22-42 days with the addition of FO and WFE compared to the control group. The highest values of bone stiffness, ultimate load, and mineral density (BMD) were observed in birds supplemented with a mixture of FO + WFE, while the lowest values were observed in birds fed the basal diet without supplements. Diets containing fish oil supplemented with WC extracts led to increased serum calcium and tibia calcium levels compared to other groups (P≤ 0.05). Supplementation with LO and FO reduced PGE2 concentration compared to other treatment groups (P ≤ 0.05). No significant difference was observed in serum serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) levels across all experimental groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, the combination of oil source (FO) and extract (WFE) in the diet improved the performance of birds, increased bone characteristics and calcium levels in serum and tibia, and altered biochemical indicators of bone metabolism in serum, suggesting that this combination could be beneficial to the health and performance of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to improve COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity removal from Bingöl's leachate using a single‐reactor integrated electrocoagulation (EC)–coal‐based powdered activated carbon (CBPAC) process under various experimental conditions. In the EC‐CBPAC process, three stainless‐steel cathodes and three aluminum electrodes were connected to the negative and positive terminals of the power supply, respectively. The initial concentrations in the leachate were 1044 mg O2/L for COD, 204 mg/L for NH3‐N, and 57 NTU (or 71.25‐mg (NH2)2H2SO4/L) for turbidity, respectively. After a 40‐min EC‐CBPAC process, with a CBPAC dosage of 5 g/L and pH of 5 for COD and turbidity, and 9.5 for NH3‐N, the optimum removal efficiencies for COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity were achieved at 92%, 40%, and 91%, respectively. When the EC process was applied without CBPAC under the same experimental conditions, the removal efficiencies of COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity were 87%, 28%, and 54%, respectively. Before and after the EC‐CBPAC process, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, pore volume, and mean pore diameter of the CBPAC were found to be (888 m2/g, 0.498 cm3/g, and 22.28 Å) and (173 m2/g, 0.18 cm3/g, and 42.8 Å), respectively. The optimum pseudo‐first‐order (PFO) rate constants for COD, turbidity, and NH3‐N were determined to be 3.15 × 10−2, 4.77 × 10−2, and 8.8 × 10−3 min−1, respectively. With the current density increasing from 15 to 25 mA/cm2, energy consumption, unit energy consumption, and total cost increased from 68.7 to 122.4 kWh/m3, 6.948 to 15.226 kWh/kg COD, and 0.85 to 1.838 $/kg COD, respectively. Practitioner points: EC‐CBPAC process has greater COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity removal efficiency than EC process.COD and turbidity achieved their optimum disposal efficiencies at 92% and 91%, respectively, at pH 5The most efficient disposal efficiency for NH3‐N was observed to be 40% at pH 9.5.EC‐CBPAC process increased removal efficiencies for COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity by 20%, 19%, and 38%, respectively, compared with EC alone.The turbidity, NH3‐N, and COD disposal fitted PSO model due to high correlation values (R2 0.94–0.99). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two by-products resulting from the processing of cherry (stems and pits) were used as natural coagulants to promote the valorization of these wastes and treat olive mill wastewater (OMW). The efficacy of the plant-based coagulants (PBCs) in the coagulation–flocculation–decantation process (CFD) was evaluated through the removal of turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total polyphenols (TPh), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The CFD process was demonstrated to be effective in turbidity and TSS reduction in OMW. Using cherry stems (CSs), these reductions were 65.2% of turbidity and 58.0% of TSS, while cherry pits (CPs) achieved higher reductions, 78.6% of turbidity and 68.2% of TSS. To improve the effectiveness of OMW treatment, mainly regarding the removal of TPh and DOC, the CFD process was complemented with the adsorption process (using bentonite clay). The adsorption capacity of bentonite was higher in acidic conditions (pH 3.0) and, with a dosage of 3.0 g L−1, reached 17.3 mg of DOC and 13.8 mg of TPh per gram of bentonite. Several adsorption isothermal models were assessed, and the Langmuir (r2 = 0.985), SIPS (r2 = 0.992), and Jovanovic models (r2 = 0.994) provided the best fittings. According to the optimal operational conditions defined throughout the present work, the combination of CFD and adsorption removals were as follows: (1) 98.0 and 91.3% of turbidity, (2) 80.8 and 81.2% of TSS, (3) 98.1 and 97.6% of TPh and (4) 57.9 and 62.2% of DOC, for CSs and CPs, correspondingly. Overall, the results suggest that cherry by-products can be used as low-cost natural coagulants and, when combined with another natural, abundant, and cheap material, such as bentonite clay, can be a sustainable alternative for treating OMW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work is to analyze the possible use of banana peel waste as a natural coagulant and also to improve its coagulation effectiveness using an eco-friendly modification methodology the removal of synthetic water turbidity and river water purification. In this case, the modified banana peel powder hasan average particle size and diameters are 571 and 360 nm respectively. While the normal banana peel powder's size of particles and diameter were 978 and 602 nm, respectively. The effectiveness of the coagulation was examined at various pH values, dosages, sedimentation periods, and NaCl concentrations. With up to 90% turbidity removal, the ideal dose for modified banana peel was discovered to be 0.4 g/L. At small concentrations of less over 0.4 g/L, NaCl somewhat improved the coagulation performance; however, the activity decreased at higher concentrations, even when using the modified powder. In river water, banana peel powder act significantly hence reduced the color of the water, the total amount of dissolved and suspended solids, as well as the chemical and biochemical oxygen demand. However, for non-modified and modified powders, the turbidity reduction was only 75 and 83%, respectively. To look into and validate the coagulation mechanism, SEM and FT-IR analysis were done. Banana peel powder modified in this environmentally friendly way has a lot of potential as a cheap and accessible bio-coagulant and can likely help to decrease wastages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is an essential element for human survival, yet many individuals still lack access to treated water to meet their basic needs. To mitigate this situation, alternative water treatment technologies that are accessible and easy to handle are being explored. Among these, the use of Moringa oleifera seeds as a natural coagulant and the application of a helically coiled tube as a flocculation unit have been studied. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the turbidity removal efficiency using two different coagulants (Moringa oleifera and aluminum sulfate) in an alternative water clarification system. The system consists of a helically coiled tube flocculator (HCTF) coupled with a conventional decantation unit. It was observed that the coagulant solution from shelled seeds required a lower dosage to achieve efficiencies above 90% compared to the coagulant solution from seeds with shells. The optimal dosage was 30 mL/L of the coagulant solution from shelled seeds. This dosage resulted in high turbidity-removal efficiencies, ranging from 92% to 100%. The processing method of the seeds that yielded the highest efficiency in turbidity removal was the mortar and pestle, as opposed to a blender. The optimal configuration of the alternative water clarification system comprised using the lower HCTF in a horizontal orientation. The use of the alternative water clarification system, along with the natural coagulant, proves to be a promising alternative clean technology for water clarification in locations without access to conventional treatment, being efficient in turbidity removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical and chemical water characteristics show different effects of extreme hydrological events. Such events can cause water supply interruptions in rural areas, such as Vlasotince, south-eastern Serbia. Therefore, this paper examines the values of selected parameters such as ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand calculated from the amount of potassium permanganate, iron, manganese, temperature, pH value, colour, and aluminium at the measuring point of Vlasotince to identify changes in raw water quality parameters during extreme hydrological events. Over five years, fluctuations in water flow in the Vlasina River basin are considered. The interdependence between water flow and raw water quality parameters is assessed using a one-way analysis of variance and a post hoc Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test. Results reveal substantial differences in turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, nitrates, temperature, iron, colour, and manganese. Ammonia, nitrites, pH value, and aluminium exhibit no significant differences based on water flow intensity. Identifying and quantifying risk factors affecting water supply during extreme hydrological events allow for a more appropriate response to given challenges and the organisation of work in rural water supply systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus pollution poses a significant challenge in addressing water contamination. The coagulant is one of the effective methods to remove phosphorus from wastewater. Abundant Al and Fe oxides in sludge residue make it have great potential to synthesize water treatment coagulants. However, the utilization of sludge residue for preparation of coagulant was seldom investigated. In this study, we fabricated a novel coagulant, polyaluminum ferric chloride (SM-PAC), using sludge residue as a raw material through acid leaching and polymerization processes. Characterization results confirm that the parameters of SM-PAC meet the specifications outlined in the national standard (GB/T 22627–2022). We investigated the effects of pH, dosage, initial phosphorus concentration, and contact time on the removal efficiency of SM-PAC. As anticipated, the prepared SM-PAC exhibited a significant efficacy in removing phosphorus, meeting the discharge standards set for municipal sewage. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics analysis suggests that the predominant mode of phosphorus adsorption on SM-PAC is chemical adsorption. Furthermore, the SM-PAC was employed in the actual wastewater treatment plant and exhibited excellent efficiency in phosphorus removal. The utilization of SM-PAC can not only effectively address the issue of sludge disposal but also achieve the goal of "treating waste with waste." It is expected that the proposed method of reusing sludge residue as a resource can provide a sustainable way to synthesize a coagulant for phosphorus removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]