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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) co-operative systems are complex cyber-physical systems that integrate a high-level control algorithm with pre-existing closed implementations of lower-level vehicle kinematics. In model-driven development, simulation is one of the techniques that are usually applied, together with testing, in the analysis of system behaviours. This work proposes a method and tools to validate the design of UAV co-operative systems based on co-simulation and formal verification. The method uses the Prototype Verification System, an interactive theorem prover based on a higher-order logic language, and the Functional Mock-up Interface, a widely accepted standard for co-simulation. In this paper, results on the co-simulation and proofs of safety requirements of a representative co-ordination algorithm are shown and discussed in a scenario where quadcopters are deployed and perform space-coverage operations.

Homoleptic pyridyl-3(N) functionalized dithiocarbamate complexes namely, [Zn(L1)2]2 1 (L1 = (C5H4NCH2)2NCS2) and [Cd(L2)2] ∞ 2 (L2 = CH3C6H4CH2NCS2CH2C4H3O) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and different spectroscopic techniques. Single crystal structural studies reveal that compound 1 is binuclear while, 2 is polymeric structure. The presence of weak interactions between complexes and solvent molecules in the lattice results in one-dimensional and three-dimensional supramolecular structures of 1 and 2 respectively. In the case of complex 2, a rare and significant S···Cl chalcogen bonding interaction was found, which involve the solvent molecule in chain motifs. Complex 2 is a unique example of homoleptic metal dithiocarbamate complexes exhibiting such types of interactions. Complexes showed emission in the solid state. The TGA studies of complexes revealed that complex 1 would be a good precursor for the preparation of ZnS thin film via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).

A co-operative driving system for road junctions is an example of a vehicle cyber–physical system. It integrates the cyber systems in vehicles with their physical systems to optimise co-operative driving at traffic intersections. Depending on ‘vehicle-to-everything’ technology, the system can facilitate co-operation between moving vehicles and traffic control systems, improve traffic operation and management, and help vehicles negotiate junctions safely and efficiently. To optimise the system, an improved membrane-computing-based multi-vehicle optimisation method is proposed in this paper. The method is a potential solution to the multi-vehicle optimisation problem with constrained conditions and incommensurable objectives. It can better guarantee the safety of multiple moving vehicles at a junction than several traditional multi-objective optimisation methods. Experimental analyses show how the method can reduce delays at junctions, increase junction throughput and shorten overall journey times.

Every nation has to move towards the constant progression of growth. The Co-Operative Banks as part of the banking system operating in Rural and Urban areas in reduced scales, caters the financial needs of Rural and Urban sector particularly agriculture and allied activities, trade and commerce and consumer finance. This paper aims to study the efficiency in sanction and disbursement made by Bijapur District Central Co-Operative Bank Ltd. Vijayapur, Karnataka during 2013-14 to 2017-18.The overall performance is efficient in sanction and disbursements of advances as the total advances shows increasing trend and the bank is disbursing loans to every talukas, all areas, and each category of loans. The Bank has managed efficiently to allocate the funds to Priority Sector as well as Non-Priority sectors; this helps the Bank to maintain high profitability by adhering the guidelines of RBI in sanction and disbursement of advances. The performance of the Bank can improve further by enhancing the loan facilities, improving the quality, introducing new products, and attracting the unreached customers.

The ‘co-operative principles’ are a set of operating and aspirational guidelines for co-operative businesses that originated in England in the 1840s and are used worldwide today. We evaluate alternative explanations for their emergence and spread. One hypothesis is that the co-operative principles constitute institutional adaptations helping co-operatives survive and spread. Alternatively, the principles might be adaptively neutral but spread fad-like between co-operatives, or they may spread even while hampering co-operative survival, constituting a maladaptation. We use established empirical rubrics to identify the preconditions and signatures of adaptive evolution in the co-operative principles in their 170-year historical record. Historical analysis provides compelling evidence of the variation, transmission and selection of the co-operative principles in various periods and environments. We document that the principles arose and have been modified via intentional innovation, that they sometimes work to facilitate cooperation among the members of a co-operative, and that in some cases they have spread due to their beneficial effects on the co-operatives which adopt them. We also report macro-evolutionary patterns which suggest adaptive evolution may have occurred, including patterns of descent with modification and the adaptive radiation of the principles into worker co-operatives. The patchwork evidence is consistent with a mix of evolutionary processes varying over time, and some principles may have been selected against. We conclude that the co-operative principles likely constituted institutional adaptations as a whole in 1840s England and 1950s Spain but may have only been adaptive in a piecemeal fashion otherwise. We conclude by proposing that the co-operative principles can be revised and improved scientifically.

Co-operatives are seen as an essential economic platform for supporting development programs, and its viability is depending on members' active participation in co-operative governance. Since member participation in co-operative governance is fundamental to the organization's survival, it is necessary to review and synthesize studies from the last ten years in order to enhance our understanding of the components of member participation in co-operative governance. Following the “PRISMA Statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)” technique, a comprehensive search of the Scopus and Web of Science databases discovered 13 relevant papers that match to the study objectives. An examination of the articles revealed two major aspects: the "supporter" who attends general meetings and the "believer" who serves on a board or committee, with these two themes forming a total of seven sub-themes. This study contributes significantly by providing an overview of the research trend in terms of member participation in cooperative governance. Second, the elements of member participation that have been studied are highlighted in this systematic review. The findings revealed that the majority of the studies focused mainly on members' participation in annual general meetings ("supporter"), with ten studies indicating that research on the participation of members serving on the board is still inadequate. Some recommendations for future research are provided to examine other elements of member participation, particularly their participation as the board members.

Agriculture being the backbone of Indian economy also acts as the core of Bihar’s economy, employing 77 per cent of the work force and generating 35 per cent of the state domestic product. Meanwhile, the modernization and improvement of agriculture needs considerable investment. Whereas, Indian agriculture remained as poor man’s occupation institutional credit plays an important role in agricultural development. Thus, Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) provide cheaper credit to agriculture. Descriptive research design is adopted. 120 respondents from Baruna, Chipra and Faziabad in Sampatchak block of Patna district in Bihar was purposively selected for the study since it had more number of co-operative society are present as compared to others. The primary data were collected with the help of interview schedule and the responses were recorded, classified and tabulated and appropriate statistical tools were employed. The results indicated that 48.33 per cent of the respondents were aware of the functions of the co-operative society and 45 per cent of the respondents opined that the co-operative society performance was average in marketing of agricultural products. It also implied that rules, regulations and laws should be enacted and standardized for better regulation of co-operative societies. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i8.001

We report the design, synthesis, and crystal structure of a conjugated aryleneethynyl molecule, 2-(2-{4,5-dimethoxy-2-[2-(2,3,4-trifluorophenyl)ethynyl]phenyl}ethynyl)-6-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethynyl]pyridine, C30H17F3N2O2, that adopts a planar rhombus conformation in the solid state. The molecule crystallizes in the space group P-1, with Z = 2, and features two intramolecular sp2 -C—H...N hydrogen bonds that co-operatively hold the arylethynyl molecule in a rhombus conformation. The H atoms are activated towards hydrogen bonding since they are situated on a trifluorophenyl ring and the H...N distances are 2.470 (16) and 2.646 (16) Å, with C—H...N angles of 161.7 (2) and 164.7 (2)°, respectively. Molecular electrostatic potential calculations support the formation of C—H...N hydrogen bonds to the trifluorophenyl moiety. Hirshfeld surface analysis identifies a self-complementary C—H...O dimeric interaction between adjacent 1,2-dimethoxybenzene segments that is shown to be common in structures containing that moiety.

Purpose Though certain characteristics of micro-firms affect the likelihood of their participation in external relationships, how cooperation in craft enterprises differs from low and high-tech enterprises has not been investigated yet. Therefore, this study aims to fill the above gap in the literature. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a descriptive approach by extensively reviewing relevant literature to explore the unique characteristics and nature of micro-firm's co-operative behavior. The theoretical approach of this research is grounded in resource-based view and dynamic capabilities theories. Findings This study finds that handicraft micro-firms possess special and unique characteristics that differentiate them from low- and high-tech firms. Further, handicraft micro-firms' co-operative behavior also differs from other firms in terms of cooperation motives, breadth, depth and factors that inhibit or promote cooperation. Additionally, in small handicraft firms, the co-operation is more informal, personal and through social networks, whereas in the corporate sector, it is more formal, direct and through supply chains. This study also argues that contrary to handicraft and low-tech firms, high-tech firms are more likely to cooperate with external partners and invest heavily in R&D for new product development (often radical in nature). Originality/value This study enriches our understanding of handicraft micro-firms' special and unique characteristics that differentiate them from low- and high-tech micro-firms. This research also provides in-depth knowledge to understand the handicraft micro-firms’ co-operative behavior and how it differs from low- and high-tech firms.

Dairy sector has great contribution to the GDP of the country has come from the milk dairy cooperative sector. Milk and milk products are perhaps one of the very few consumption items common in all cultures around the world. Indian dairy Co-operative Societies sector contributes the large share in agricultural gross domestic products. Presently there are around 70,000 village dairy cooperative societies across the country. The main aim of this paper is to analyses the performance of Milk procurement and sales by dairy co-operative societies in Kerala. The study based on secondary data has been collected from dairy co-operative society’s annual reports and the period of study from 1995 to 2018 and 2018 to 2020, expressed that the procurement has shown an increasing trend throughout the state of Kerala.

Background: Cognitive radio can be described as a radio system where it familiarizes to the situations of the environs by some procedure like analyzing, observing and learning. Cognitive radio can basically recycle the unused white space in the license spectrum through sensing the network thus the method can achieve the maximum implementation of the radio bandwidth. Objective: The motivation of this research is to improve the performance of spectrum sensing of a group of users in every cluster where various channel environment will be presented in comparison with the conventional weighted sensing. Methods: With the intention of lessening the fading and shadowing, co-operative detection is favored over independent detection. Clustered based cooperation has been employed to expand the sensing enactment moderately. Sensing of co-operative spectrum which is weighted has been used to boost the cluster cooperation scheme. To crack the critical problem this research proposed a weighted cluster based co-operative sensing in which the weight calculation is performed at FC reducing all available redundancies. Results: From the simulation it is found that our proposed algorithm has better probability of detection (i.e, at -6 dB of SNR, clustered, Weighted Clustered and Novel Weighted Clustered probability of detections are 67%,84% and 95% respectively). Even if Novel Weighted Clustered has the lower False Alarm probability. Conclusion: Proposed novel weighted co-operative spectrum sensing algorithm for cognitive radio network spectrum sensing scheme can attain better performance under different fading environments.

This article, drawn from an ethnography of a rural farming co-operative in the East of England, argues that the temporal experience of the digital is one of a-temporality rather than acceleration. In using the term a-temporality, the article is elaborating on a concept briefly discussed by Mark Fisher to denote an alienation from time, combining it with Natasha Dow Schull’s writings on casino capitalism. Schull suggests that Las Vegas capitalism has moved from streamlining time to deforming it, rendering it tensile and pliant. A similar temporal distortion is apparent in the community’s experience with digital devices. The article explores the relationships of coping the community members form with their devices, arguing that they utilize them to self-medicate emotional distress and in doing so open new ways of existing in time. In this way, the article makes sense of the fact that the group – environmentalists largely sceptical of other forms of technology – has adopted the digital so readily.

Fisheries in India has high potential for economic growth, nutritional security and socioeconomic development. This country is bestowed with diverse fishery resources. Traditionally, the fishery activities have been performed by fishermen through generations in this country and for collective production and better management of fishery activities, fishermen cooperatives have been formed.The fishermen cooperatives are organized into various tiers with PFCS at the bottom and FISHCOPFED at the top. Large number of fishermen cooperatives have been formed in India as revealed by the FISHCOPFED database. Scattered studies have been made by different authors about the condition and mode of functioning of fishermen cooperatives in this country. The important findings of the recent studies related to status of fishermen cooperatives in India have been discussed in this paper. It was found that there were regional imbalances in the mode of functioning of fishermen cooperatives, some were well managed under active monitoring and support of government but many cooperatives were facing different constraints for their survival. For the increase in fish production as well as socio-economic development of fishermen, sustainable management of fishermen cooperatives are very important. To achieve this, a comprehensive study throughout the country, focussing on various aspects of fishermen cooperatives has been proposed. The need for suitable policy implications for sustainable management of fishermen cooperatives in congruence with the modern technological development in the field of fisheries, environmental pollution and climate change have been mentioned.

The present study investigates the effectiveness of distribution channels in the marketing perspective of a co-operative dairy plant. The study was conducted to improve the effectiveness of the distribution channel by identifying the pitfalls in the present system. The descriptive type of research is employed, and the questionnaire method was used to collect the agents’ data. Analyzing the collected data, it is understood that the distribution channel is satisfied with the service in the organization, and it is also insisted that the need for further improving the delivery service of the distribution channel would certainly lead to a better outcome.

Co-operatives are member driven and democratic in nature and played a pioneering role in providing agricultural credit to a very large rural population, especially in remote areas. The State Co-operative Banks (SCBs) are the apex level co-operative credit institutions and play a significant role in the functioning and growth of the co-operative credit structure in the respective states. Financial assistance from Reserve Bank of India and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) are mainly routed through the state co-operative banks and hence they have to ensure efficiency in their lending operations. The study has used the benchmarking technique DEA and revealed higher deviations in efficiency scores among state co-operative banks. The problems and challenges of SCBs differ from state to state. Hence in every state, the management and the regulating authorities should work on transforming the co-operative credit system into a viable and self- sustaining system by identifying and addressing their core inefficiencies.

Over the last 30 years, research on Management Accounting Change as a way to understand the circumstances, forces and consequences related to the develop-ment and implementation of new techniques has grown in popularity. Accounting practices are context-dependent, as are changes to such practices. They require setting-specific studies that pay attention to the complexity of their enactment and to the elements that shape these practices. This paper presents a retrospective lon-gitudinal case study of a management accounting change project undertaken by a co-operative firm, and includes descriptive and explanatory aims. The factors po-tentially influencing the firm's decision to invest in management accounting change were related to a requirement for managerial efficiency, the need to legiti-mize the company to its external stakeholders, and the behavioral aptitude of in-dividual employees in the accounting and management sections. Against propo-nents' expectations, the project proved difficult to implement because of different forms of resistance and opposition, some explicit, others less obvious, encountered during implementation.. The study provides insights into the role played by man-agement control systems in creating and fostering trust in innovation and change.

The study explores the effect of financial engineering on financial performance of deposit taking Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (SACCOs) in Kenya. Population constituted of 163 SACCOs and a sample of 45 was considered. The results depicted that SACCOs have adopted financial engineering practices in three forms: product engineering, process engineering and financial solutions engineering. In terms of their effect on performance, only process engineering was found to have a positive and significant relationship with financial performance. Product engineering and financial solutions engineering were found to have a positive but insignificant relationship was obtained. The study recommends that SACCOS should adopt financial engineering practices so as to improve their performance. More focus should be on process engineering. As such, SACCOs should automate their operations, adopt paperless services, use mobile banking services platform, use electronic funds transfer and install ATMs so as to improve their performance. In terms of control variables, the amount of loans were found to positively and significantly influence financial performance. As such, SACCOs should strive to derive products that can increase their level of loans. Keywords: Financial engineering, Financial performance, SACCOs, Kenya.

Member participation is a significant element in spurring activity and for maintaining a unifying bond in a co-operative. This study explores service quality's effect on member participation in the primary employee co-operative (primkopkar) Manunggal. This type of research is explanatory with a quantitative approach. The population in this study were members of the Manunggal co-operative, and the sample in this study was 98 people. The data analysis tool used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), which was processed with the Linear Structural Relationship (LISREL) statistical program. The results showed that service quality had a significant effect on increasing the participation of co-operative members.

This article shows success criteria for joint HR projects of hotel companies and universities for recruiting and retention management. Influenced by demographic developments and a changed preferenc...

Dynamic models of ships have been widely used for model-based control and short-term prediction in the past. Identifying the parameters of such models has mainly been done through scaled model tests, full scale tests or computational fluid dynamics software. This is a challenging task due to the many aspects that influence the ship dynamic behaviour and thus one would expect a certain degree of mismatch between the actual motion of the ship and the modelled behaviour. The mismatch in the dynamic model may be due to unmodelled effects, but also the lack of measurements of waves and ocean current. To make up for the discrepancies the authors propose to create a co-operative hybrid model consisting of the dynamic model and a neural network, where the neural network predicts the acceleration error of the dynamic model. The approach is tested on real data originating from the Research Vessel (RV) Gunnerus performing a shutdown of thrusters during station keeping. The subsequent task is to predict the propagation of position and heading while drifting due to wind, wave and current forces. Comparing the motion of the real ship and the modelled ship, shows the improved prediction accuracy of the hybrid model. Open Access CC-BY

A co-operative inquiry was established to explore the experience of a panpsychic world of sentient beings rather than inert objects, a world in which mind—sentience, subjectivity, and the will of self-realization—is a fundamental aspect of matter, just as matter is a fundamental aspect of mind. The nature of worldviews, the fundamental basis of our perceiving, thinking, valuing, and acting, is addressed and a brief outline of living cosmos panpsychism offered. The inquiry asks, could we humans, through intentional engagement, relate to the rivers as beings, subjects, or other-than-human persons in their own right? How might we engage with the rivers through personal relationship, ceremony, and invocation? What are the possibilities for reciprocal communication? In short, how might rivers speak?.

The paper examines the contributions of co-operative and saving societies in poverty reduction in Lango and Kigezi sub-region. The study adopted a comparative and cross-sectional survey design where bivariate and multivariate data analyses were used to analyze the data. Specifically, correlation and regression analysis were done to determine the relationship between financial contribution by savings and credit co-operative (SACCOS), saving culture and poverty reduction. The findings established that low-income households had inadequate access to cheap and affordable credit. In the two regions, the available credits offered by SACCOS were not cheap per say and the SACCOS offered credit at 10% per month, which translated into 120% per annum. The study reveals that microcredits create long-term indebtedness among the rural poor, and yet households are not competent in managing their finances. The saving culture in Kigezi sub-region is associated with political motivations and support from politicians. In contrast, in Lango sub-region, saving culture is associated with response to government programs that were aimed at reconstructing northern Uganda after the two decades of insurgency. The provision of more financial services would contribute to poverty reduction and training of households on the utilization of financial credit. Key words: Cooperative and saving societies, savings and credit co-operative (SACCOS), financial services, poverty reduction.

The biggest problem for Indian farmers, which is the root cause of every other problem, is middlemen. Middlemen pay very less amount to farmers for their produce and sell it to customers for a high price. Agricultural marketing cooperative societies, which allow a group of farmers to join together and perform all the activities concerned with moving the produce from the producers to the consumers, are the ultimate tool to uplift farmers. Indian farmers hesitate to join Agricultural marketing cooperative societies despite they prefer to be exploited by the middlemen. This research work is therefore aims to find out the roots for this kind of thinking so that the policy makers/government can know exactly what is needed in order to make agricultural marketing cooperatives popular and successful among farmers, so that the conditions of farmers can be improved. In this research work with the help of multistage sampling technique Bidaraka village, from Iglas tehsil of Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh has been selected and the data has been collected from 311 farmers in that village. This sample size was determined using appropriate formula. Furthermore, with the help of focused interview technique this study identify six variables which influence farmer’s decision to join/form agricultural marketing cooperative societies and with the help of multi linear regression model the study analysed these variables in order to find out the extent to which these identified variables are the predictors of the farmers’ willingness to join /form agricultural marketing cooperatives. Findings indicate that general and procedural knowledge, cooperation and coordination and willingness to try something new are the major factors that influence farmers’ willingness to join/form agricultural Marketing cooperatives followed by family influence, benefits in being a member and freedom in being a member.

A good relationship between management and employees within an organization has always been the best ingredient every entity should aspire for. Management alone cannot run the organization, and similarly, employees. There is therefore, the need for good rapport to exist between them for a successful management of the organization. The functions of management are quite distinct from employees, and similarly that of employees. When an organization is not able to achieve its goals / objectives, both management and employees would suffer, as they would lose their jobs. Management, as leaders of the organization, must make sure there is harmony within the organization for the achievement of goals. It is good idea for a union to be set up within the organization to enable good communication amongst the employees, but not to coerce management for unnecessary demands. Similarly, management should not threaten the employees with unnecessary dismissals. There is the need for good formulation of policies, strategies and conditions of service for effective administration of the organization.

In countries worldwide, limited access to affordable housing is fuelling interest in collectivist solutions. Different organizational models are being developed to enable groups of people to own and control housing collectively. The benefits of such models have been widely promoted, not least in terms of delivering enhanced housing affordability for residents. However, evidence to support such claims is scarce and it remains unclear whether affordability is the product of collective forms and functions, or some other factor(s). To address this gap in knowledge, the paper presents findings from three case studies of English and Canadian housing collectives. Applying realist theories of causation, the processes affecting housing affordability are explained, conceptualizing two causal mechanisms which depict how organizational form, internal rules and regulatory activity, along with the unique role of the resident-owner, influence the setting of rents and prices. Further research is required to understand the prevalence of these mechanisms and their general application.

This article tries to analyse the financial performance of Odisha State Co-operative Bank (OSCB) for the period of 1949–1950 to 2014–2015. The methodology employed for the empirical analysis on this study involves autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips–Perron (PP). Statistical significant of the coefficient of the lagged error-correction term shows about 44 per cent correction in short-run dynamics to the long-run equilibrium. Using the ARDL approach, the study finds that owned fund, borrowing, advance and working capital, share capital and reserve are statistically significant in the short run; and deposits, share capital and reserve are statistically significant in the long run. The empirical results suggest that deposits and advances impact the profits of OSCB positively while cost of management, capital and reserves lead to lower profits. Hence, the study proposes the OSCB to follow a proactive management of capital with higher deposit generation and larger advances strategy to become a strong bank and grow steadily. JEL: C01, C1

بالتدقيق في محتوى هندسة المرحلتين الابتدائية، والإعدادية نجد أنه يتمثل بدرجة کبيرة في مناشط استقصائية حول العلاقات الهندسية من خلال القيام ببعض العمليات الرياضياتية کالنمذجة، والتصور، والتحويل، والمقارنة، وتصنيف الأشکال الهندسية، والتي تعتمد بدورها على الحس المکاني، و تعتبره مستهدف أساسي من مستهدفات هذه المرحلة العمرية. وتعد المقدرة على الحس المکاني هدفا لکثير من الدراسات، والبحوث التي استهدفت تحديد طبيعتها، وکيفية التعرف عليها، وقياسها من جانب، ودراسة سبل تنميتها من جانب آخر؛ ومن الدراسات والبحوث التي حاولت وصف تلک المقدرة، والمتغيرات المرتبطة بها، فضلا عن بناء اختبارات مقننة لقياسها: دراسة "تزريل، وإيجوزي" TzurielE Among the studies and research that attempted to describe this ability, and the related variables, as well as building standardized tests to measure it: Tzuriel & Egozi (2010) and Young, et al. (2018). It is also planned to engage learners into investigative activities centered on mathematical education software; Such as: GeoGebra, Cabri, Sketchpad are contemporary trends emphasized by the workshops and conferences concerned with the endoing of educational technology in the context of learning school mathematics. So, the current research came as an attempt to develop spatial sense and geometrical understanding using investigative activities designed in light of some modern mathematics education software. More specifically, the current research is an attempt to identify the feasibility of using the technology-based collaborative Inquiry in teaching sixth-grade geometrical content for developing level of spatial sense and geometrical understanding among a sample of sixth-grade primary school students in Alexandria Governorate. The results of the research indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of students in the experimental and control groups with regard to both spatial sense and geometrical understanding, and that this difference amounts to the degree of effectiveness; Where the values of the Eta square is greater than 0.15, which in turn confirms the significant effect of experimental Modeling (collaborative Inquiry activities centered on mathematical education software) in the variables of the research

This study analyzes how the new online platform-selling format affects the optimal co-operative advertising choices of both the manufacturer and the e-commerce platform (e-tailer), and explores the...

Technology-driven change has generated new, even revolutionary business models, characterized by high levels of user participation. In the finance field, business models based on crowdfunding have seen significant growth and entered use as an alternative means of extending access and gaining financing for various types of projects. Nonetheless, current crowdfunding practices have been subject to criticism for issues such as information asymmetry, lack of trust and transaction costs, spurring discussion of how to develop and improve these practices. One way of speaking to the criticism has been a suggestion that platforms could be owned by the ones who use them. While the associated way of thinking, referred to as platform co-operativism, has seen some inroads in practice, its novel and practical nature means that a clear knowledge gap remains with regard to its potential for dealing with challenges of platform economy. Consequently, the aim of this study is to examine the relevance and potential of the co-operative company form for crowdfunding arrangements. Our conceptual study utilizes existing research on co-operatives and considers features of crowdfunding from three different perspectives: asymmetry of information and of trust, interaction frequency and homogeneity of interests. As a result, we provide three taxonomies for outlining future research on co-operative platforms. Technology-driven change has generated new, even revolutionary business models, characterized by high levels of user participation. In the finance field, business models based on crowdfunding have seen significant growth and entered use as an alternative means of extending access and gaining financing for various types of projects. Nonetheless, current crowdfunding practices have been subject to criticism for issues such as information asymmetry, lack of trust and transaction costs, spurring discussion of how to develop and improve these practices. One way of speaking to the criticism has been a suggestion that platforms could be owned by the ones who use them. While the associated way of thinking, referred to as platform co-operativism, has seen some inroads in practice, its novel and practical nature means that a clear knowledge gap remains with regard to its potential for dealing with challenges of platform economy. Consequently, the aim of this study is to examine the relevance and potential of the co-operative company form for crowdfunding arrangements. Our conceptual study utilizes existing research on co-operatives and considers features of crowdfunding from three different perspectives: asymmetry of information and of trust, interaction frequency and homogeneity of interests. As a result, we provide three taxonomies for outlining future research on co-operative platforms.

The performance of order picking in a warehouse is crucial in modern logistics. Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) have been developed recently and are in operation in many warehouses. Human pickers ...

Cooperative Communication Systems and Relay Selection approaches are recent techniques of wireless communication system that enhance the quality of service (QoS). This research paper probes the execution of the Radio-Frequency and Free Space Optical (RF/FSO) Co-operative system using network of relays. The Co-operative relay system is typically composed of node of a source, the nodes of relays and node of a destination. The source and relay link (S-R link) follow the Generalized-K Fading distribution channel. The link connecting the relay node/device and the destination (R-D link) follows - Fading distribution channel. The relay is considered to adopt according to DF i.e Decode and Forward method of relaying and cooperatively assists in transmission to the destination node from the source node. The channel capacity is modelled using PDF (Probability Density Function) for the - distribution channel of fading for evaluation of the Dual-hop Asymmetric RF-FSO system. The performance and the analytical expressions of the new system proposed i.e. RF/FSO system were verified and validated using Monte Carlo simulation method.

This article explores the internationalism of the Women’s Co-operative Guild (WCG) during the interwar years. Drawing on the records of the national and international Guild, alongside the minute books of a local branch based in Darlington, County Durham, it positions the WCG in the vibrant political culture in Britain during the 1920s and 1930s. Building on recent literature that has sought to examine the phenomenon of interwar internationalism, this article sheds light on an organization that represented the interests of working-class women. Internationalist in outlook, the association demonstrates how internationalist ideals played out on a day-to-day basis. The article demonstrates that the WCG played a unique and complementary role within both the British and international women’s movements.

The publication of Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum in 1891 established a tradition of Catholic social teaching concerned with the moral obligations that should exist between capital and la...