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OBJECTIVE. Children with ADHD often exhibit marked impairment in their social skills, but evidence-based psychosocial interventions for ADHD have shown limited efficacy in remediating these deficits. Co-occurring psychopathology exacerbates social deficits in children with ADHD and is a plausible moderator of treatment response. To identify factors contributing to variable social skills treatment response, we examined co-occurring externalizing, depression, and anxiety symptoms as moderators of social skills outcomes in a randomized controlled trial of the Collaborative Life Skills (CLS) program, an evidence-based collaborative school-home ADHD intervention. METHOD. Participants were 159 children with ADHD (M age = 8.35 years, 28.3% girls) at 27 schools in an urban public school district. Twenty-three schools were randomly assigned to CLS or usual services, with an additional four schools assigned to Spanish-adapted CLS or usual services. Multi-informant measures of co-occurring psychopathology and social skills were collected at baseline and post-treatment. RESULTS. Parent-rated externalizing and depression symptoms moderated treatment effects on social skills, whereby higher symptomatology in each domain was unrelated to social skills improvement in the CLS group but predicted worsening social skills in response to usual services. In contrast, teacher-rated anxiety moderated treatment effects on social skills, whereby higher anxiety predicted greater social skills improvement in response to CLS but was unrelated to social skills outcomes following usual services. CONCLUSIONS. Findings reflect novel evidence that child psychopathology domains exhibit unique moderating effects on social skills treatment response in children with ADHD. We discuss implications for optimizing evidence-based interventions to target social impairment in this population.

TDs can substantially impact daily child functioning across social, familial, and academic domains leading to a significant public health impact of TDs. Additionally, an overwhelming majority of children with a TD have at least one co-occurring disorder. In particular, over 60% of children with a TD also meet criteria for ADHD. Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) is a first-line treatment for youth with TDs. It has been shown to be effective in reducing the frequency, duration, and severity of tics in children and adolescents. Nonetheless, access to trained CBIT providers remains limited, and common comorbid conditions are not addressed in the standard CBIT. Thus, there is a need for interventions that can simultaneously increase CBIT access and incorporate treatment strategies for TDs and common comorbidities. To address the critical need for increasing access to CBIT and simultaneously treating common comorbidities, the current case study presents and evaluates a two-week intensive approach to simultaneously address tic and ADHD symptoms in an 11-year-old male. The patient’s parents reported significant improvements in tic and ADHD symptoms following the end of treatment, which were maintained throughout two follow-up booster sessions Clinical implications and future directions to modify and improve the proposed treatment are discussed.

People with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders experience poor outcomes and incur high costs in multiple domains. Efforts to develop and disseminate evidence-based integrated programs for people with such co-occurring disorders began to wane in the past decade as efforts shifted toward integrating primary health care. Several recent trends underscore the need to refocus efforts on providing integrated care for people with both mental and substance use disorders. The authors summarize what is known about integrated care for people with these co-occurring disorders and recommend advancing implementation and research on integration and improving outcomes with existing resources.

Background&aimsSpecial Operations Forces Veterans (SOFV) have unique treatment needs stemming from multiple repeated forms of combat exposure resulting in a complex sequela of problems including alcohol misuse and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Current approved pharmacologic treatments for alcohol misuse and PTSD are lacking in adherence and efficacy, warranting novel treatment development. The current study examined the correlations between psychedelic treatment and changes in alcohol misuse among trauma exposed United States SOFV.MethodAn anonymous internet-based survey was conducted among SOFV who completed a specific psychedelic clinical program in Mexico. Retrospective questions probed alcohol use and post-traumatic stress symptoms during the 30-days before and 30-days after the psychedelic treatment. A total of 65 SOFV completed treatment and were eligible for contact. Of these, 51 (78%) completed the survey, and 27 (42%) reported alcohol misuse (≥4 on the AUDIT-C) in the 30 days prior to treatment and were included in analyses (Mean Age = 40; male = 96%; Caucasian/White = 96%).ResultsThere were significant and very large reductions in retrospective reports of alcohol use (P< 0.001;d= –2.4) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (P< 0.001;d= –2.8) and a significant and large increase in psychological flexibility (P< 0.001;d= –1.8), from before-to-after the psychedelic treatment. In the 30 days after treatment, 85% reduced their alcohol consumption to non-risky levels (33% abstinent; 52% non-risky drinking). Increases in psychological flexibility were strongly associated with reductions in alcohol use and post-traumatic stress symptoms (rs range 0.38–0.90; ps < 0.05).ConclusionRigorous longitudinal studies should be conducted to determine whether psychedelic-assisted therapy holds promise as an intervention in this population.

In the context of global change, it is important to know the physiological limits and behavioural responses of species to environmental changes, especially for those living in extreme environments such as supratidal rockpools. Our main study objective was to determine the thermal tolerance of 3 beetle species (Ochthebius quadricollis, O. subinteger and O. lejolisii) co-occurring on the western Mediterranean coast using physiological and behavioural thermoregulatory responses to predict their sensitivity to climate change. To this end, we: (1) compared the heat coma (HC) among species and populations; (2) explored the effect of salinity on HC in adults and larvae of O. quadricollis and O. lejolisii; and (3) determined the temperature thresholds for avoidance responses (water emersion and flight) of adult stages against heat and salinity stressors. We found significant interspecific and interpopulation differences in HC. O. quadricollis larvae and adults were the most heat tolerant, showing similar HC values under different salinity conditions. In O. lejolisii, high salinity (90 g l-1) conferred greater thermal tolerance in larvae but lower tolerance in adults. The temperature thresholds for avoidance responses were generally lower than 40°C, but interspecific variation followed their obtained HC patterns. In both of these species, salinity affected the sublethal temperature thresholds for water emersion. An additive effect of temperature and salinity was observed for the frequency of emergence and flight in both species. Our results provide relevant information for estimating thermal safety margins and developing mechanistic predictive models for the survival of these species when faced with current and future climate change scenarios.

Trout and salmon commonly coexist in stream networks. Exploring similarities and differences among species can help explain coexistence and invasive ability. Here, we describe spatial distribution, cohort strengths and size-at-age of three co-occurring species in a small stream network. Spatial distributions varied dramatically among species; native brook trout (Salvellinus fontinalis) occupied all stream reaches, naturalized brown trout (Salmo trutta) were found in the mainstem and lower portions of tributaries and fry-stocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were limited to the mainstem. Size-at-age also differed among species, Atlantic salmon were consistently the smallest, brook trout were intermediate in size and brown trout were the largest. Despite size differences, mean lengths of brook trout and brown trout were highly correlated among years. Cohort strengths varied considerably across years but were also highly correlated for the two trout species, suggesting strong environmental control on cohort strength and a reduced role for species interactions. At low densities, we observed strong negative effects of density on body sizes and weaker effects otherwise. Overall, these results suggest differences in spatial distribution combined with similarities in response to environmental variation contribute to species coexistence in this small steam network.

There is increasing recognition that the high rates of co-occurring mental disorders among clients of substance use treatment services require alcohol and other drugs (AOD) workers to be skilled in their identification, management, and treatment. Despite advances in e-learning, to our knowledge, based on our review of the literature, there are no training programs with the capacity to build foundational knowledge, attitudes, and confidence in mental health, essential to the provision of evidence-based practice. The current study evaluated an evidence-based online program developed to address this gap, in a pre–post-design. One-hundred-fifteen Australian AOD workers completed pre- and post-training online surveys. Participants rated level of agreement with statements assessing comorbidity-related knowledge, attitudes, and confidence, which were reassessed immediately post-training. The overwhelming majority of participants found the training useful (94%), were satisfied (97%), and reported having gained knowledge that would enable them to work more effectively with comorbidity-related issues (95%); 89% reported having used skills gained in clinical practice. The starkest improvements were observed in relation to improved confidence and knowledge following training completion. Findings illustrate that online training programs, such as this could be used to improve the capacity of the current workforce, as well as the next generation of clinicians, to respond to comorbid mental health conditions.

The prevalence of prosopagnosia and developmental coordination disorder/DCD in people with aphantasia.

Invasions by multiple nonnative species threaten native communities worldwide. We know that interactions among nonnative species influence nonnative success. However, we know relatively less about the influence of community assembly history on the interactions within nonnative species and thereby invasion success. To investigate this, we transplanted seedlings of two highly invasive shrubs, Rosa rubiginosa (hereafter ‘rose’) and Cytisus scoparius (hereafter ‘broom’), at two different times into mesocosm communities of native and nonnative species. We conducted priority and delay treatments that consisted of the early and late arrival of the invasive shrubs, respectively. We gave full priority/delay to each invasive shrub (rose early/late arrival, broom early/late arrival) and simultaneous priority/delay (simultaneous early/late arrival). We predicted that if assembly history were important, the invasive shrubs will benefit from early-arriving and will be disadvantaged by late-arriving and that arriving before the co-invader shrub will be more beneficial than arriving before the rest of the community. We also predicted that assembly history treatments that gave an advantage to invasive shrubs will more negatively affect native species than nonnative species. We found that the invasive shrubs did not benefit by early-arrival, but they were hindered by the early-arrival of the co-invader. The rose paid a high cost for late-arrival, but the broom was only impaired when its late-arrival implied arriving after the rose. Contrary to our predictions, natives paid a lower cost than nonnatives by arriving late. In general, our mesocosm experiment showed that the success of invasive species depended more on not arriving later than other invaders than on arriving early in the community. We suggest that community assembly history modulates the sign and strength of nonnative species interactions whose consideration might improve management practices.

We previously reported increased pain and gastrointestinal (GI) medication prescription claims among persons with Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) and peripubertal increase in opioid and anti-emetic claims among women with EDS. Herein, we hypothesized a higher proportion of respiratory and co-occurring respiratory and GI medication prescription claims among persons with EDS compared to their matched controls with increases among peripubertal women with EDS. We compared the proportions of respiratory and co-occurring respiratory and GI medication prescription claims among persons with EDS (aged 5-62) against their age-, sex-, state of residence-, and earliest claim date-matched controls using 10 years of private prescription claims data. Prescription claims among persons with EDS versus matched controls were increased for eight medication classes (p

Along Northeast Atlantic coasts, the genus Laminaria dominates kelp forests. Two species, L. digitata and L. hyperborea, are cold temperate whilst the third, L. ochroleuca, is warm temperate. In northern France and the southern British Isles, all 3 species now co-occur, with a gradual rise in predominance of L. ochroleuca evident over recent decades due to climate-driven range shifts. Despite recent focus on the export of photosynthetically viable macroalgal detritus, the effect of decomposition on detrital pigment concentration remains unknown for northern hemisphere kelps. Furthermore, notwithstanding their importance in determining habitat suitability, the photosynthetic pigments of all 3 species have not yet been assessed comparatively within the same forest. Here, we present results of a field experiment aimed to test potential changes in the pigments of decomposing kelp blade fragments. Using spectrophotometry and Gaussian peak spectral deconvolution to quantify pigments, we found that shallow benthic decomposition over 1 mo did not affect major photosynthetic pigment concentrations in any of the examined species. Moreover, the 2 boreal species were similar in their sporophyte pigment stoichiometry and had more chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, fucoxanthin and minor carotenoids (β,β-carotene and zeaxanthin) than L. ochroleuca. This resulted in total pigment content that was 82 and 74% higher in L. digitata and L. hyperborea than in L. ochroleuca. These differences correspond approximately to each species’ latitudinal distribution and photosynthetic performance. Our results suggest photosynthetic viability of Northeast Atlantic kelp in the initial detrital phase and a potential reduction of forest-scale photosynthetic capacity under continued ocean warming.

We characterized substance use patterns and co-occurring substance use disorders among active cocaine base paste (CBP) users in Santiago, Chile using data from respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in three areas of Metropolitan Santiago. Recruitment began with nine seeds, reaching 398 active CBP users (18% women; mean age 37.7 years), defined as persons consuming CBP at least twice per week in the last three months. Population proportions and uncertainty were estimated accounting for individuals' social network and homophily. The median CBP age of initiation was 21 years, and the median number of years using CBP was 7 for women and 15 for men. The median days of use in the past month was 25 days, with a median of 56 doses per week. The proportion of monthly income spent on CBP was 65%. The prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) were: 98% for CBP, 67% for alcohol, 60% for marijuana, and 41% for cocaine hydrochloride. Heavy polydrug use patterns and co-occurring SUDs are frequent among active CBP users in the metropolitan area of Santiago. Traditional surveillance strategies may have underestimated polysubstance use and co-occurring SUDs in active CBP users. RDS proved to be a feasible methodology that could be effectively used for substance use surveillance among hard-to-reach populations.

Born out of a recognition that minority youth have the lowest access to care and disproportionally high rates of related deleterious outcomes, the Comprehensive Adolescent Rehabilitation and Educat...

Sexual trauma is common and increases risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance use disorders (SUD), and depression among veterans. Limited research has examined the impact of sexual harassment and assault during deployment on treatment outcomes among veterans with co-occurring PTSD and SUD. The current study examined frequency of exposure to sexual harassment and assault during deployment as a predictor of treatment outcomes among a primarily male sample of U.S military veterans diagnosed with current PTSD and SUD. A secondary analysis was performed using data from a randomized clinical trial examining the efficacy of Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) compared to Relapse Prevention (RP). Data from 69 veterans (91.3% male) who were deployed while in the service were analyzed using mixed models to determine whether frequency of exposure to sexual harassment and assault during deployment impacted changes in PTSD symptom severity, percent days using substances, and depressive symptoms during treatment. Over one-third of the sample (36.2%) reported exposure to sexual harassment and/or assault during deployment. Frequency of exposure to sexual harassment and assault during deployment was not a predictor of treatment outcome in any of the models, suggesting a similar response to treatment among those with varying frequency of exposure to sexual harassment and assault during deployment. Veterans with co-occurring PTSD and SUD who have been exposed to sexual harassment and assault during deployment may benefit from integrated trauma-focused treatments and treatments focused on decreasing SUD symptoms.

Fatigue seems deeply associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) as reflected by the preferred terms ‘autistic fatigue’ and ‘autistic burnout’. In ASD there is also a greater prevalence of sens...

Co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder (PTSD/AUD) is associated with poorer psychosocial functioning than either disorder alone; however, it is unclear if psychosocial functioning improves in treatment for PTSD/AUD. This study examined if psychosocial functioning improved in integrated treatments for PTSD/AUD, and if changes in PTSD severity and percentage heavy drinking days (PHDD) during treatment were associated with functioning outcomes. 119 veterans with PTSD/AUD randomized to receive either Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders using Prolonged Exposure or Seeking Safety completed measures of functioning (Medical Outcomes Survey SF-36), PTSD (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5), and alcohol use (Timeline Follow-Back) at baseline, posttreatment, 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Our findings suggest that psychosocial functioning improved to a statistically significant degree with no significant differences between conditions. Reductions in PTSD severity during treatment were associated with psychosocial functioning improvements, whereas reductions in PHDD were associated with improvement in role impairment at posttreatment. Although psychosocial functioning improves to a statistically significant degree in interventions designed to treat PTSD/AUD, these improvements do not represent clinically meaningful improvements in patients’ abilities to navigate important roles. Findings underscore the need to study how to best treat psychosocial functioning impairment in PTSD/AUD.

BACKGROUND: No studies have examined vocational identity among individuals with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders. OBJECTIVE: Influenced by Blustein’s relational theory of working (2011), this study examined the relationships between several social-environmental variables (external/relational conflicts, employment barriers, substance abuse stigma) and vocational identity. METHODS: Eighty-four veterans receiving treatment from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) for co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders participated in this survey study. RESULTS: Education, employment, clinical, disability, and substance abuse factors were not associated with vocational identity, but external/relational conflicts, employment barriers, and substance abuse stigma were. Multiple regression analysis found that these variables accounted for 34%of the variance in vocational identity and that external/relational conflicts was the only significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that more conflictual messages about work from external/relational sources is related to less clarity around one’s vocational interests, goals, and talents.

The investigation of user preferences through user comments has attracted significant attention. Although topic models have been verified as useful tools to facilitate the understanding of textual contents, they cannot be directly applied to accomplish this task because of two problems. The first problem is the severe data sparsity suffered by user comments because they are generally short. The second problem is the mixture of opinions from both user comments and the original documents the users commented on. To simultaneously solve the data sparsity problem and explore clean user preferences, we propose an author co-occurring topic model (AOTM) for normal documents and their short user comments. By considering authorship, AOTM allows each author of short texts to have a probability distribution over a set of topics represented only short texts. Accordingly, the individual user preferences can be investigated based on these author-level distributions. We verify the performance of AOTM using two news article datasets and one e-commerce dataset. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the AOTM outperforms several state-of-the-art methods in topic learning and topic representation of documents. The potential usage of AOTM in exploring individual user preferences is further illustrated by drawing user portraits and predicting user posting behaviors.

Multiple factors contribute to co-occurring issues such as violence, HIV, and mental disorders among people who inject drugs (PWID), particularly those residing in limited resource settings. Using ...

Predicting the effect of a mutated gene before the onset of symptoms of genetic diseases would greatly facilitate diagnosis and potentiate early intervention. There have been myriad attempts to predict the effects of single-nucleotide variants. However, the applicability of these efforts does not scale to co-occurring variants. Furthermore, an increasing number of protein therapeutics contain co-occurring nucleotide variations, adding uncertainty during development to the safety and efficiency of these drugs. Co-occurring nucleotide variants may often have synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects on protein attributes, further complicating the task of outcome prediction. We tested four models based on the cooperative and antagonistic effects of co-occurring variants to predict pathogenicity and effectiveness of protein therapeutics. A total of 30 attributes, including amino acid and nucleotide features, as well as existing single-variant effect prediction tools, were considered on the basis of previous studies on single-nucleotide variants. Importantly, the effects of synonymous variants, often seen in protein therapeutics, were also included in our models. We used 12 datasets of people with monogenic diseases and controls with co-occurring genetic variants to evaluate the accuracy of our models, accomplishing a degree of accuracy comparable to that of prediction tools for single-nucleotide variants. More importantly, our framework is generalizable to new, well-curated datasets of monogenic diseases and new variant scoring tools. This approach successfully assists in addressing the challenging task of predicting the effect of co-occurring variants on pathogenicity and protein effectiveness and is applicable for a wide range of protein therapeutics and genetic diseases.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducted an Arsenic Demonstration Program (ADP) whereby 50 full, small-scale arsenic removal treatment systems were evaluated for removing arsenic to below the maximum contaminant level of 10 μg/L and their operating cost for a minimum of 1 year. The majority (28) of the systems installed were adsorptive media (AM) technology with the media replaced when exhausted. This paper reports on the results of two ADP projects and two laboratory rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs) using the iron-based media, Bayoxide E33 (E33) AM for the removal of arsenic (As) and the co-occurring contaminants (COCs) of vanadium and to a lesser degree fluoride (F) and nitrate (NO3). The ADP studies found that the AM effectively removed the COC of V, but with a lower removal capacity than of As. One ADP study found the AM to be ineffective for the removal of F and NO3. The RSSCT conducted on two other source waters also found vanadium to be removed by the same AM. The study results suggested the AM selectively sequence of As > V > F = N. The study also investigated the AM to achieve an As limit of 5 μg/L. The AM was found to reduce As to below 5 μg/L with around 30% shorter treatment run lengths., Graphical Abstract

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of electropalatography (EPG) intervention in targeting specific phonemes/words in seven adolescents aged 14:10-18:06 with co-occurring speech sound and language disorders. Progress on individualised targets versus controls was evaluated following intervention undertaken as part of the participants' usual speech and language therapy provision. As a group, the participants showed significantly greater progress on their targets than controls, indicating that the EPG intervention was effective. However, performance varied between participants, targets and school terms. Factors that may have influenced the effectiveness of intervention include spending more time on targets and focusing on a specific phoneme. Overall, the results suggest EPG should be considered as an intervention approach for this client group, even in the late teenage years.

Children with perinatal stroke are at increased risk for developmental language disorders, learning difficulties, and other mental health conditions. However to date, autism (ASD) prevalence in this group has not been reported. Given that early identification of ASD is essential to promoting optimal outcomes, our goal was to establish prevalence of ASD in children with perinatal stroke.A prospectively enrolled, single-center stroke registry maintained at our institution since 2005 was queried for all potentially eligible patients with a history of perinatal stroke. Information regarding stroke features, ASD diagnosis/concern, intellectual disability/global developmental delay, cerebral palsy/hemiparesis, epilepsy, and language disorder were collected via retrospective chart review from electronic health records.311 children were identified, of which 201 complete records were analyzed. Twenty-three cases were formally diagnosed with ASD (11.4%). First concerns were noted in toddlerhood (Mage = 2.66 years), yet the average age of diagnosis was 6.26 years. Children with ASD were more likely to have earlier diagnoses of intellectual disability/global developmental delay or a mixed receptive-expressive language disorder (Children with perinatal stroke have an increased prevalence of ASD (11.4%) than in the general population. ASD concerns arise at a similar age as the general population, yet ASD is diagnosed almost two years later than the general population and 3.60 years after first concerns present. Co-occurring neurological conditions are common. Clinicians must be aware of increased prevalence and implement screening as part of routine care for all pediatric patients with perinatal stroke.

Global changes such as atmospheric CO2 enrichment often facilitate exotic plant invasions and alter soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community. However, it is still unclear whether the effects of CO2 enrichment on exotic plant invasions are associated with its effects on root-AMF symbiosis of invasive and native plants. To address this issue, the annual invasive plant Xanthium strumarium and two phylogenetically related annual natives were compared under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations for three consecutive years. Atmospheric CO2 enrichment increased AMF colonization rates for the species only in few cases, and the invader did not benefit more from CO2 enrichment in terms of AMF colonization. Under ambient CO2 concentration, however, the invader had a higher AMF colonization rate than the natives in the first year of the study, which disappeared in the second and third year of the study due to the increase of AMF colonization rates in the natives but not in the invader. The influences of species, CO2 concentrations and planting year on AMF colonization were associated with their effects on both soil nutrient and AMF community, and the former may be more important as it also influenced the latter. Our results indicate that the invader could more quickly form symbiosis with soil AMF, contributing to adaptation and occupation of new habitats, and that it is necessary to consider the roles of AMF and the effects of time when determining the effects of global changes such as atmospheric CO2 enrichment on exotic plant invasions.

Anxiety and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly co-occur, but school-based assessment practices surrounding identification of co-occurring presentations are not well understood. This study exam...

Teachers who work with students with targeted, co-occurring academic and behavior differences require the knowledge, tools, and support for effective interventions across both domains. This article provides a research-informed, three-step process to support teachers in designing and implementing integrated targeted interventions for mathematics and self-monitoring needs in an elementary, co-taught classroom. This strategic approach includes: (a) screening and diagnostic assessment, (b) delivering academic and behavioral strategies and interventions, and (c) monitoring progress to inform instructional decisions. A case example of a second-grade classroom during supplemental small group linear measurement instruction and self-monitoring integrated Tier 2 intervention is provided for context.

This study examined developmental patterns of co-occurrent alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs use during adolescence and the associated preadolescent risk factors in a longitudinal sample of 926 boys from low-socioeconomic, urban neighborhoods. Latent growth mixture modeling revealed six developmental patterns: non-/low-alcohol and non-illicit drug users (61% sample) and five polysubstance user-groups varying in severity based on onset, frequency and type of substances used. In comparisons with non-/low-users, several preadolescent risk factors were associated with increasing severity of polysubstance use. Higher sensation-seeking and lower anxiety were associated with all user-groups. Low self-esteem and family-related risk factors differentiated all user-groups from later-onset users. Higher impulsivity and school problems characterized early-onset and frequent polysubstance users. Impulsive sensation-seekers with lower anxiety and self-esteem cumulated a larger number and higher severity of risk factors and were at risk of early-onset frequent polysubstance use, emphasising the importance of indicated prevention for these high-risk boys.

Repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to reductions in measures of neural responses. This phenomenon, termed repetition suppression (RS), has recently been conceptualized using models based on predictive coding, which describe RS as due to expectations that are weighted toward recently-seen stimuli. To evaluate these models, researchers have manipulated the likelihood of stimulus repetition within experiments. They have reported findings that are inconsistent across hemodynamic and electrophysiological measures, and difficult to interpret as clear support or refutation of predictive coding models. We instead investigated a different type of expectation effect that is apparent in stimulus repetition experiments: the difference in one’s ability to predict the identity of repeated, compared to unrepeated, stimuli. In previous experiments that presented pairs of repeated or alternating images, once participants had seen the first stimulus image in a pair, they could form specific expectations about the repeated stimulus image. However they could not form such expectations for the alternating image, which was often randomly chosen from a large stimulus set. To assess the contribution of stimulus predictability effects to previously observed RS, we measured BOLD signals while presenting pairs of repeated and alternating faces. This was done in contexts whereby stimuli in alternating trials were either i.) predictable through statistically learned associations between pairs of stimuli or ii.) chosen randomly and therefore unpredictable. We found that RS in the right FFA was much larger in trials with unpredictable compared to predictable alternating faces. This was primarily due to unpredictable alternating stimuli evoking larger BOLD signals than predictable alternating stimuli. We show that imbalances in stimulus predictability across repeated and alternating trials can greatly inflate measures of RS, or even mimic RS effects. Our findings also indicate that stimulus-specific expectations, as described by predictive coding models, may account for a sizeable portion of observed RS effects.

Background and aims Males with fragile X syndrome display many behavioral features of autism spectrum disorder. Despite this overlap, our understanding of autism spectrum disorder symptoms and severity in fragile X syndrome is limited due to variation in assessment methods in the literature. Furthermore, the relationship between autism spectrum disorder symptoms and child characteristics, like age, language, and cognitive abilities, are not well understood in individuals with fragile X syndrome. Therefore, the first research aim was to compare the rates of autism spectrum disorder classifications from three commonly reported autism spectrum disorder assessments in the literature. Our second research aim was to examine the relationship between autism spectrum disorder characteristics and other child characteristics. Methods The present study compared autism spectrum disorder classifications and symptoms using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised, and Childhood Autism Rating Scale, second edition in a sample of 33 school-age and adolescent boys with fragile X syndrome. In addition, the participants completed nonverbal IQ testing, expressive vocabulary and grammar tests, and a conversation language sample. Results The majority of the participants met criteria for autism spectrum disorder on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (96.97%) and Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (90.91%), while only half met criteria for autism spectrum disorder on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, second edition. Sixteen boys (48.48%) met criteria for autism spectrum disorder on all three measures, and all participants met criteria for autism spectrum disorder on at least one measure. Expressive vocabulary accounted for a unique amount of variance in Childhood Autism Rating Scale, second edition and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule scores. Additionally, grammatical complexity accounted for a unique amount of variance in Childhood Autism Rating Scale, second edition scores. None of the child variables accounted for the variance found in Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised scores. Although nonverbal IQ scores did not account for a significant amount of variance on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised, and Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition, boys who met criteria for autism spectrum disorder on all three measures had lower nonverbal IQ compared to the boys who did not. Additionally, mean length of utterance and expressive vocabulary scores were lower in the boys who met criteria for autism spectrum disorder on all three measures than those who did not. Conclusions Our findings identify areas of overlap and difference in the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised, and Childhood Autism Rating Scale, second edition when used with males with fragile X syndrome. Variation in assessments may differentially identify the phenotypic behaviors of boys with fragile X syndrome that lead to a co-diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, which contributes to the variation in reported co-morbidity of fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. Also, expressive language abilities, especially expressive vocabulary, are associated with autism spectrum disorder symptomatology. Implications: When interpreting comorbid fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder rates in the literature, it is important to consider the assessment tool that was used. Although the assessments that we used in the present study yielded scores that were highly correlated (i.e. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and Childhood Autism Rating Scale, second edition), their categorical classifications did not align perfectly. Our findings also highlight the importance of considering language skills when assessing autism spectrum disorder severity in fragile X syndrome.

Emerging adults are at high risk for opioid-use disorders (OUDs); however, their service use and co-occurring needs are infrequently described. This study analyzed county-level Medicaid claims acro...

Estimates indicate that nearly half of rural jail detainees meet the criteria for co-occurring disorders (COD). It is critical to examine factors of recidivism among detainees with COD in rural communities. This exploratory study aimed to examine factors of recidivism among adults in rural jails. Administrative data sources were utilized to assess postyear recidivism among 191 individuals with COD who participated in a jail-based intervention. Results indicated that a greater number of previous jail bookings and not receiving continuity of care were the strongest associations of overall recidivism, and a greater number of previous jail bookings was associated with of multiple recidivism events. The protective effect of receiving continuity of care was diminished in reducing recidivism 4- to 12-months following jail release. Re-entry services should consider developing or further expand specialized psychiatric care parole and connections to evidence-based integrated dual diagnosis treatment with a focus on programs with adaptability for rurality.

Cyanobacteria represent a potential risk to human health, as they can produce an array of toxic compounds. Proliferations of potentially toxic benthic marine cyanobacteria are predicted to increase in frequency and spread geographically with climate change and eutrophication, especially in tropical lagoons. Benthic cyanobacterial mats harbour many species of other bacteria and eukaryotic organisms, some of which have been linked to human poisonings after consumption of contaminated seafood. Metabarcoding was used to characterize the taxonomic diversity of 66 benthic cyanobacteria-dominated mats collected from six islands in three different countries of the South Pacific: French Polynesia, the Cook Islands and Kingdom of Tonga. Twenty-five potentially toxic cyanobacteria genera were recorded. Although core bacterial communities (excluding cyanobacteria) remained constant amongst mats, there were significant differences both within and between islands, even when the mats were dominated by the same cyanobacteria genera. Dinoflagellata and Ciliophora were the most dominant eukaryotes and seven potentially toxic genera of dinoflagellates co-occurred in the mats. This is the first baseline survey to use metabarcoding to demonstrate the co-occurrence of potentially toxic marine cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates in the Pacific. The results highlight that further research is needed to evaluate the toxicity of the mats in these regions.

This investigation examined patterns of codeveloping internalizing and externalizing problems from early childhood through adolescence (i.e., Grades 1 to 12). Subgroups of children with heterogeneous developmental trajectories (i.e., pure and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems) were identified and their long-term associations with teacher-child relationship quality and academic (math and reading) performance were assessed. Findings were based on a sample of 784 children (52.6% girls) who were followed from Grade 1 (Mage = 6.57) to Grade 12 (Mage = 17.57). Children’s internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and teacher-child relationship quality were assessed annually from Grades 1 to 12, and their academic performance was assessed from Grades 1 to 9. Results revealed four distinct trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems including chronic co-occurring, moderate co-occurring, pure-externalizing, and low-risk groups. Children with chronic co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems exhibited more sustained teacher-child conflict, lower teacher-child warmth, and lower math and reading performance. Children with pure externalizing and moderate co-occurring problems were also at risk for scholastic difficulties, but to a lesser magnitude than children with chronic co-occurring problems. Compared to children in the low risk group, those in all three risk groups exhibited patterns of scholastic maladjustment that were either sustained or worsened after the transition to middle school. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Purpose Assessing children with hearing loss and co-occurring medical disorders can be challenging. The purpose of this clinical focus article is to highlight multidisciplinary decision making and evaluation considerations when assessing communication skills of children with hearing loss and co-occurring disorders: velopharyngeal insufficiency, childhood apraxia of speech, and autism spectrum disorder. Method Case examples are described to illustrate multidisciplinary decision-making processes for assessing the communication skills of children with hearing loss who have co-occurring velopharyngeal insufficiency, childhood apraxia of speech, or autism spectrum disorder. Conclusions Clinicians must have knowledge of speech sound development, language development, and social communication for differential diagnosis and treatment planning for children with hearing loss and co-occurring disorders. A team-based approach is recommended when assessing and treating children with hearing loss. Speech-language pathologists and audiologists should feel comfortable recommending other professionals to help with differential diagnosis and treatment considerations when appropriate. Continued assessment and monitoring by a multidisciplinary team for individuals with hearing loss is recommended across the life-span.

The current study explores functioning in individuals with co-occurring Autism Spectrum Disorder and Down Syndrome (ASD+DS; n = 23), individuals with ASD and cognitive impairment (ASD+ID; n = 99) and individuals with idiopathic ID (n = 38). ANCOVA results revealed that individuals with ASD+DS showed strengths in behavioral functioning compared to individuals with ID and more similar behavioral functioning to those with ASD+ID (η2 = 0.12), with the exception of disruptive behaviors. Cognitive functioning (ɸc = 0.41) and ASD symptomatology (η2 = 0.11) were more comparable for children with ASD+DS and ASD + ID than for individuals with ID. Individuals with ASD+DS had the lowest overall adaptive skills (η2 = 0.11). Findings highlight similarities between ASD+DS and ASD+ID groups, emphasizing the importance of ASD identification within the DS population to provide access to specific interventions.

The interactive effect of seasonal temperatures and water potential (Ψ) were examined on the germination of four co-occurring Eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus melanophloia F.Muell., E. pilligaensis Maiden, E. populnea subsp. bimbil L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill and E. viridis R.T.Baker) from the Brigalow Belt South bioregion of New South Wales. These eucalypts are important canopy species, and are a key inclusion for restoring native vegetation to areas that have had significant landscape modification. Final germination, time to first germination, and time to 50% germination were recorded at three alternating temperature regimes for winter (day/night, 19/5°C), spring–autumn (27/12°C) and summer (34/20°C), and eight different Ψ treatments between saturation point (0 MPa) and permanent wilting point (–1.5 MPa) under controlled laboratory conditions. Final germination was highest in all species when seeds were incubated at winter conditions, but spring–autumn and summer temperatures had mixed effects on final germination, depending on the species. Final germination consistently declined with lower Ψ across all temperatures for E. pilliagaensis, E. populnea subsp. bimbil and E. viridis, whereas E. melanophloia displayed a mixed response to temperature and Ψ. No germination occurred when Ψ was lower than –0.25 MPa. Time to first germination and time to reach 50% germination (t50) were lowest at summer temperatures for all species, and all species except E. pilligaensis experienced higher time to first germination and t50 (i.e. slower germination rates) as Ψ decreased from 0 to –0.25 MPa. Our results indicate that all four eucalypts should be treated as drought-sensitive species with a higher probability of field recruitment during cooler and wet conditions.

Background: The need for a more community-based occupational therapy approach to clients’ addiction recovery is supported by Killeen et al. (2015), who concluded that U.S. health care reform will require the delivery of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment by providers who specifically address addiction as a comorbidity. Stoffel (2013) argued this a few years earlier with a call to action for occupational therapists in behavioral health treatment and recovery. For this study, the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool (MOHOST) was used to explore therapists’ perceptions of competence working with patients diagnosed with co-occurring SUDs. Prior research supports concepts of treatment and recovery for individuals with SUDs and opioid addictions; however, there is little research on the role of occupational therapy for clients with co-occurring SUDs. Method: Data was collected and qualitatively analyzed from four participants in a large metropolitan area in the Northeast who were from multiple occupational therapy clinical settings. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and modeled on the MOHOST. The purpose of this qualitative instrumental case study design was to more fully understand the therapists’ perceptions of competence working with patients diagnosed with co-occurring SUDs. Results: Emergent coding resulted in the discovery of three themes: the power of the MOHOST, urban city considerations, and on-the-job training. These themes reflect multiple practice settings and the novel use of the MOHOST with patients co-diagnosed with SUDs. Conclusion: The results indicate that the participants came to realize the value of using the MOHOST, particularly in an urban practice area, to increase awareness of their own competence treating patients with co-occurring SUDs.

Adolescents and young adults are often active participants in their health care, but our understanding of health literacy needs in this population is limited. The significance of this gap in the li...

We use large-scale corpora in six different gendered languages, along with tools from NLP and information theory, to test whether there is a relationship between the grammatical genders of inanimate nouns and the adjectives used to describe those nouns. For all six languages, we find that there is a statistically significant relationship. We also find that there are statistically significant relationships between the grammatical genders of inanimate nouns and the verbs that take those nouns as direct objects, as indirect objects, and as subjects. We defer deeper investigation of these relationships for future work.

This article explores how suffering and lack of choice play a role in suicide among individuals with co-occurring substance use disorders and mental health conditions. People who experience profoun...

To meet the increasing demand for rare earth elements (REEs) essential for low carbon-intensity energy technologies, new methods are needed for selective REE extraction from unconventional resource...

In the Atacama Desert from northern Chile (19–24°S), Prosopis (Leguminosae) individuals are restricted to oases that are unevenly distributed and isolated from each other by large stretches of barren landscape constituting an interesting study model as the degree of connectivity between natural populations depends on their dispersal capacity and the barriers imposed by the landscape. Our goal was to assess the genetic diversity and the degree of differentiation among groups of Prosopis individuals of different species from Section Algarobia and putative hybrids (hereafter populations) co‐occurring in these isolated oases from the Atacama Desert and determine whether genetic patterns are associated with dispersal barriers. Thirteen populations were sampled from oases located on three hydrographic basins (Pampa del Tamarugal, Rio Loa, and Salar de Atacama; northern, central, and southern basins, respectively). Individuals genotyped by eight SSRs show high levels of genetic diversity (H O = 0.61, A r = 3.5) and low but significant genetic differentiation among populations (F ST = 0.128, F ST‐ENA = 0.129, D JOST = 0.238). The AMOVA indicates that most of the variation occurs within individuals (79%) and from the variance among individuals (21%); almost, the same variation can be found between basins and between populations within basins. Differentiation and structure results were not associated with the basins, retrieving up to four genetic clusters and certain admixture in the central populations. Pairwise differentiation comparisons among populations showed inconsistencies considering their distribution throughout the basins. Genetic and geographic distances were significantly correlated at global and within the basins considered (p, We assess the genetic diversity and the degree of differentiation among groups of Prosopis individuals of different species from Section Algarobia and putative hybrids co‐occurring in isolated oases from the Atacama Desert (19–24°S) in Chile. Genetic results are discussed in relation to the fragmented landscape, considering both natural and non‐natural (humans) dispersal agents that may be moving Prosopisin the desert.

Reductive dechlorination is the most efficient way for depletion of chlorinated organic pollutants (COPs) in anaerobic environment, where the methanogenesis is usually mass-produced. Both processes...