84 results on '"Clovice Kankya"'
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2. Descriptive analyses of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding rabies transmission and prevention in rural communities near wildlife reserves in Uganda: a One Health cross-sectional study
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Collins G. K. Atuheire, James Okwee-Acai, Martha Taremwa, Odoch Terence, Sarah N. Ssali, Frank N. Mwiine, Clovice Kankya, Eystein Skjerve, and Morten Tryland
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Rabies ,Rural communities ,Wildlife reserves ,Knowledge ,Attitudes ,Practices ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 - Abstract
Abstract Background Despite urban (domestic dog) rabies cycles being the main target for rabies elimination by 2030, sylvatic (wildlife) rabies cycles can act as rabies spillovers especially in settlements contiguous to wildlife reserves. Rural communities next to wildlife reserves are characterized by unique socio-demographic and cultural practices including bat consumption, hunting for bushmeat, and non-vaccination of hunting dogs against rabies among others. This study aimed to compare the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) related to rabies transmission and prevention in the three districts of Uganda; (1) Nwoya, neighboring Murchison Falls National Park (MFNP) in the north, (2) Kamwenge neighboring Kibaale National Park (KNP), Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) and Katonga Game Reserve (KGR) in the west, and (3) Bukedea, neighboring Pian Upe Game Reserve (PUGR) in the east of Uganda. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in settlements contiguous to these wildlife reserves. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, data were collected from 843 households owning dogs and livestock. Data were collected between the months of January and April 2023. Stratified univariate analyses by district were carried out using the Chi-square test for independence and Fisher’s exact test to compare KAPs in the three study districts. Results The median age of study participants was 42 years (Q1, Q3 = 30, 52) with males comprising the majority (67%, n = 562). The key findings revealed that participants from the Nwoya district in the north (MFNP) had little knowledge about rabies epidemiology (8.5%, n = 25), only 64% (n = 187) of them knew its signs and symptoms such as a rabid dog presenting with aggressiveness and showed negative attitudes towards prevention measures (15.3%, n = 45). Participants in the Kamwenge district-west (KNP, QENP, and KGR) had little knowledge and negative attitude towards wildlife–human interaction pertaining to rabies transmission and prevention especially those with no or primary level of education (20.9%, n = 27) while participants from Bukedea in the east (PUGR) had remarkedly poor practices towards rabies transmission, prevention, and control (37.8%, n = 114). Conclusions Rabies from sylvatic cycles remains a neglected public health threat in rural communities surrounding national parks and game reserves in Uganda. Our study findings highlight key gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to rabies transmission and prevention among such communities. Communication and action between veterinary services, wildlife authority, public health teams, social science and community leaders through available community platforms is key in addressing rabies among the sympatric at-risk communities in Uganda.
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- 2024
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3. Molecular and serological prevalence of Leptospira spp. among slaughtered cattle and associated risk factors in the Bahr El Ghazal region of South Sudan
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David Onafruo, Jörn Klein, Joseph Erume, Clovice Kankya, Ambrose Jubara, Ikwap Kokas, Terence Odoch, Musso Munyeme, Lordrick Alinaitwe, Estella Kitale, Peter Marin, Esther Sabbath, and Anou Dreyfus
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Leptospira ,Serology ,Real-time PCR ,South Sudan ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Abstract Introduction Leptospirosis is a neglected emerging and zoonotic disease reported worldwide. This study sought to determine the molecular and serological prevalence of Leptospira spp. and the associated risk factors in slaughtered cattle from the Bahr El Ghazal region of South Sudan. Materials and methods Between January 16th and February 25th, 2023, blood and urine samples were collected from 402 cattle at the Lokoloko Municipal Slaughterhouse in Western Bahr El-Ghazal State. Serum samples were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), with a panel of 12 serovars (sv) from 12 serogroups (sg) and 4 species (spp) of Leptospira spp. These serovars had been previously identified in Sudan and the East African region. Simultaneously, 400 corresponding urine samples were screened using qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the shedding of Leptospira spp. in urine. To identify the associated risk factors, the age, sex, breed and body condition score of each sampled cattle was noted at the time of sampling and subsequently analysed using logistic regression models. Results Among the 402 serum samples screened, a substantial 81.8% (329/402, 95% CI 77.9–85.3) displayed seropositivity for Leptospira spp. with a MAT titre ≥ 100. The prevalence of urine shedding determined by PCR was 6% (23/400, 95% CI 3.8–8.4), while probable recent leptospirosis with a MAT ≥ 1:800 was observed in 33.1% (133/402, 95% CI 28.6–37.8) of the cattle. Multiple reactions were detected in 34.8% (140/402, 95% CI 30.6–39.5) serum samples. The seropositivity was against L. borgpetersenii sg. Tarassovi (78.6%; 316/402, 95% CI 74.4–82.3), followed by L. borgpetersenii sg. Ballum at 20.4% (82/402, 95% CI, 16.7–24.4%), L. kirschneri sg. Autumnalis At 8.7% (35/402, 95% CI 5.7–11.7), L. interrogans sg. of Pomona at 7.0% (28/402, 95% CI 4.5–9.5), and L. interrogans sg. Hebdomadis was 5.0% (20/402, 95% CI 2.8–7.2). Several risk factors are associated with seropositivity. Older animals (≥ 2 years) had 2.0 times greater odds (95% CI 1.14–3.5) of being seropositive than younger animals (
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- 2024
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4. Non-typhoidal Salmonella among slaughterhouse workers and in the pork value chain in selected districts of Uganda
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Velma Kivali, Kristina Roesel, Ian Dohoo, Lordrick Alinaitwe, James Katamba Bugeza, Jolly Justine Hoona, Denis Rwabiita Mugizi, Clovice Kankya, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Istvan Szabo, Uwe Rösler, Anika Friese, and Elizabeth A. J. Cook
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non-typhoidal Salmonella ,slaughterhouse workers ,pork value chain ,NTS serovars ,Uganda ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
IntroductionNon-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, often associated with meat consumption and meat processing. Research on NTS infection and circulating serovars in meat value chains in Uganda is limited. We aimed to establish NTS prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and risk factors among slaughterhouse workers, and to identify potentially zoonotic serovars in the pork value chain.Material and methodsWe conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey, collecting 364 stool samples from livestock slaughterhouse workers and 1,535 samples from the pork value chain: mesenteric lymph nodes, fecal samples, swabs of carcass splitting floor, cleaning water, meat handlers hand swabs, carcass swabs, raw pork, cooked pork, and mixed raw vegetables. Samples were cultured for isolation of NTS, and subsequently serotyped according to White–Kauffmann–Le Minor scheme. Antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined using tube microdilution and Sensititre® EUVSEC3® plates. Semi- structured questionnaires with 35 questions were used to collect data on demographics, work related risk factors and activities outside the slaughterhouse.Results and discussionOverall NTS prevalence was 19.2% (365/1899). Proportions at slaughter were; 46.7% in floor swabs, 30.5% in carcass swabs, 20.5% in pig faeces,19.2% in mesenteric lymph nodes,18.4% in hand swabs, 9.5% in water and 5.2% in slaughterhouse workers. At retail, proportions were 33.8% in pork chopping surface, 33.1% in raw pork, 18.9% in hand swabs, 4.0% in cooked pork and 0.7% in vegetables. Sixty-one serovars were identified, with significant overlap between humans and the pork value chain. Overall, zoonotic S. Zanzibar, monophasic serovars of S. subspecies salamae (II) and subspecies enterica (I), S. Typhimurium and S. Newport, were the most prevalent. S. Typhimurium was predominant in humans and exhibited multi-drug resistance. NTS infection was significantly associated with eating, drinking, or smoking while working (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 0.67-2.90%, p = 0.004). The detected NTS serovars in slaughterhouse workers could be a potential indicator of circulating serovars in the general population. The persistent presence of NTS along the pork value chain highlights occurrence of cross-contamination and the potential for transmission to consumers and slaughterhouse workers. This emphasizes the need to reduce Salmonella prevalence on pig farms and improve hygiene and pork handling practices at slaughter and retail points.
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- 2024
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5. Knowledge, perceptions, and exposure to bats in communities living around bat roosts in Bundibugyo district, Uganda: implications for viral haemorrhagic fever prevention and control
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Lesley Rose Ninsiima, Luke Nyakarahuka, Steven Kisaka, Collins GK. Atuheire, Lawrence Mugisha, Terence Odoch, Javier Sánchez Romano, Jörn Klein, Siobhan M. Mor, and Clovice Kankya
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Knowledge ,Perceptions ,Bats ,Bat-exposure ,Bat roosts ,Uganda ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Bats are a reservoir for many viruses causing haemorrhagic fevers. Proximity to bats is a risk factor for virus spillover to animals and humans. We conducted this study to assess knowledge, perceptions, and exposure to bats in communities living near bat roosts in Bundibugyo District, Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional study using mixed methods with both quantitative and qualitative data was conducted between September and December 2022. Participants for the quantitative data (survey) (n = 384) resided near bat caves and/or roost sites and were selected using multistage random sampling. The survey investigated participants’ prior exposure to bats, as well as knowledge and perceptions of bat exposure. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with bat exposure. Participants for the qualitative data (focus group discussions) (n = 10, 6–8 participants each) were purposely selected based on engagement in guano mining, hunting, and farming activities. Perceived risk associated with bat-related activities were identified and ranked in the focus group discussions using participatory epidemiology tools. Results In total, (214/384, 55.7%) had a history of bat exposure and (208/384, 54.2%) had poor knowledge of risk factors associated with bat exposure. Increased exposure to bats was associated with being male (OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.4 p-value = 0.038), staying in urban areas (OR = 1.9; p-value = 0.010), hunting (OR = 10.9; p-value = 0.024), and positive perception to bat guano being safe as fertiliser (OR = 2.5; p-value = 0.045). During the proportional piling process, a total of 7 risk factors were identified by 10 groups with hunting during an outbreak and consumption of bats being the most frequently identified. Overall, there was a strong statistical agreement in the ranking across the 10 focus groups (W = 0.52; p
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- 2024
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6. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus in cattle and humans in farming communities of Isingiro and Kamuli districts, Uganda
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Joseph M. Kungu, Sarah S. Tegule, Ilyas A. Awke, Josephine Namayanja, Edity Namyalo, Joseph Oposhia, William Olum, Luke Nyakarahuka, Clovice Kankya, Dieudonné Dahourou, and Agricola Odoi
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is fast becoming a big challenge as resistance to multiple drugs is rising rapidly. The emergence of resistant Staphylococcus aureus worldwide is life-threatening in both humans and animals and yet little is known about the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in developing countries including Uganda. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant S. aureus among humans and animals as well as assess the perceptions and practices of farmers in Kamuli and Isingiro districts in Uganda regarding AMR of S. aureus. A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and September 2020 in 147 randomly selected cattle-keeping households in Isingiro and Kamuli districts. A structured questionnaire uploaded in the Kobo-collect online data collection tool was used to assess farmers’ perceptions and practices pertaining to AMR in each of the selected households. Nasal swabs (n = 147) were collected from both cattle and humans (farmers). Bacterial isolation and confirmation was done using Gram-staining and biochemical tests. This was followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Only 14/147 (9.5%) cattle samples and 45/147(30.6%) human samples tested positive for S. aureus. All cattle S. aureus isolates were resistant to Nitroimidazoles while 92.9% were resistant to Penicillins. None of the isolates were resistant to Fluoroquinolones and Aminoglycosides. All the 14 isolates exhibited AMR to at least one of the assessed antibiotics and 92.9% (13/14) showed evidence of multidrug resistance (MDR). Likewise, S. aureus human isolates showed high levels of resistance to Nitroimidazoles (100%) and Penicillins (93.3%), with none of the isolates having resistance to Aminoglycosides, and only one exhibiting resistance to Fluoroquinolones (2.2%). All the 45 human isolates exhibited AMR to at least one antibiotic while 93% (42/45) had MDR. Most farmers had good perceptions of AMR, with a significantly higher proportion of respondents from Isingiro than Kamuli showing a better understanding of AMR. Antibiotic prophylaxis was reported to be the least practiced measure of diseases and parasites control (17.0%), with more farmers in Isingiro (33.3%) undertaking it than those in Kamuli (1.3%) (p
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- 2024
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7. Households neighboring wildlife protected areas may be at a higher risk of rabies than those located further away: a community-based cross-sectional cohort study at Pian Upe game reserve, Bukedea district, Eastern Uganda
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Collins G. K. Atuheire, James Okwee-Acai, Martha Taremwa, Paul Ssajjakambwe, Musso Munyeme, Clovice Kankya, Odoch Terence, Sarah N. Ssali, Frank N. Mwiine, Kayla J. Buhler, and Morten Tryland
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rabies ,wildlife-human interface ,Uganda ,Pian-Upe ,Bukedea ,cross-sectional cohort study ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 - Abstract
IntroductionThis study examines rabies incidence and associated risk factors at the interface between wildlife and human communities near Pian-Upe game reserve in Eastern Uganda. We hypothesized that human settlements in closer proximity to the reserve would exhibit higher rabies risk compared to those located further away.MethodsUsing a standard questionnaire, households within 14 km from the Pian Upe game reserve in Bukedea District were interviewed. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, recent rabid animal bites, and suspected human and livestock rabies cases for the past year (2023) were collected after seeking informed consent. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze socio-demographic information and incidence data, while separate binomial generalized linear models with log-link function were used to identify predictors of rabies incidence and mortality.ResultsBetween January and March 2023, 302 participants were interviewed. Respondents had an average age of 44 years with 34% (n=103) being female. All households owned at least one dog, though only 47% (n=142) had vaccinated their dogs against rabies in the past year. Additionally, 39% (n=118) of respondents used dogs for hunting. Rabies annual incidence increased with decreasing distance to the game reserve (7.5 to 15.7% for humans, for the dogs, and 5.0 to 9.8% for livestock, including cows, goats and sheep). Significant factors associated with rabies in humans included primary education level (aRR=3.8, 95%CI 1.0-23.7) and grazing livestock in the reserve (aRR=5.30, 95%CI 1.0-40.3). Mortality was associated with fetching firewood from the game reserve (aRR=4.7, 95%CI 1.3-17.5).ConclusionsThis study reveals that there is an increased risk of rabies for domesticated animals and people located within proximity to the game reserve. Further efforts to prevent the spread of rabies could include increasing education and awareness for communities along with targeted dog vaccination in settlements surrounding wildlife protected areas.
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- 2024
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8. Sero-prevalence and risk factors associated with occurrence of anti-Brucella antibodies among slaughterhouse workers in Uganda.
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James Katamba Bugeza, Kristina Roesel, Denis Rwabiita Mugizi, Lordrick Alinaitwe, Velma Kivali, Clovice Kankya, Ignacio Moriyon, and Elizabeth Anne Jessie Cook
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
IntroductionBrucellosis is a febrile zoonosis occurring among high-risk groups such as livestock keepers and abattoir workers and is a public health priority in Uganda. The technical complexities of bacteriological and molecular methods make serological approaches the cornerstone of diagnosis of human brucellosis in resource limited settings. Therefore, proper application and interpretation of serological tests is central to achieve a correct diagnosis.Materials and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the seroprevalence and factors associated with anti-Brucella antibodies among slaughterhouse workers processing ruminants and pigs in three regions of the country with serial testing using a combination of the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and the BrucellaCapt test. An authorized clinician collected 543 blood samples from consenting abattoir workers as well as attribute medical and social demographic data. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine factors associated with anti-Brucella sero-positivity.Results and discussionThe sero-prevalence among ruminant slaughterhouse workers ranged from 7.3% (95% CI: 4.8-10.7) using BrucellaCapt to 9.0% (95% CI: 6.3-12.7) using RBT. Slaughterhouse workers from the Eastern regions (AOR = 9.84, 95%CI 2.27-69.2, p = 0.006) and those who graze animals for alternative income (AOR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.91-6.63, p = 0.040) were at a higher risk of exposure to Brucella. Similarly, those who wore Personal Protective Equipment (AOR = 4.83, 95%CI:1.63-18.0, p = 0.009) and those who slaughter cattle (AOR = 2.12, 95%CI: 1.25-6.0, p = 0.006) were at a higher risk of exposure to Brucella. Those who slaughter small ruminants (AOR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.32-4.01, p = 0.048) were also at a higher risk of exposure to Brucella.Conclusions and recommendationsOur study demonstrates the combined practical application of the RBT and BrucellaCapt in the diagnosis of human brucellosis in endemic settings. Both pharmaceutical (e.g., routine testing and timely therapeutic intervention), and non-pharmaceutical (e.g., higher index of suspicion of brucellosis when investigating fevers of unknown origin and observation of strict abattoir hygiene) countermeasures should be considered for control of the disease in high-risk groups.
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- 2024
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9. Cross-sectional serosurvey of Leptospira species among slaughter pigs, goats, and sheep in Uganda.
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Lordrick Alinaitwe, Christopher Joshua Aturinda, Ashiraf Lubega, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Wainaina, Martin H Richter, Jolly Justine Hoona, Kristina Roesel, Anne Mayer-Scholl, Elizabeth Anne Jessie Cook, Clovice Kankya, and Salome Dürr
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
IntroductionLeptospira are a group of bacteria, including pathogenic types that cause leptospirosis. In Uganda, Leptospira exposure has been reported in humans, with domesticated animals being speculated as the source. However, comparable evidence of Leptospira prevalence and circulating serovars/serogroups in animals is only documented for cattle, and dogs. Our study determined Leptospira seroprevalence, associated risk factors and serogroups circulating among slaughtered pigs, goats, and sheep in Uganda.MethodsDuring an 11-month cross-sectional survey in selected slaughter facilities in three regions of Uganda, we collected blood from 926 pigs, 347 goats, and 116 sheep. The age, sex, breed, and origin of each sampled animal were noted. The samples were tested for anti-Leptospira antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test, based on a panel of 12 serovars belonging to 12 serogroups.ResultsLeptospira seroprevalence was 26.67% (247/926, 95%CI 23.92-29.61) among pigs, and 21.81% (101/463, 95%CI 18.29-25.80) in goats and sheep (small ruminants). L. interrogans Australis and L. kirschneri Grippotyphosa were the commonest serovars among pigs, as was L. borgpetersenii Tarassovi in small ruminants. Pigs sourced from the Eastern (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.82, 95%CI 1.84-4.30) and Northern (OR = 3.56, 95%CI 2.52-5.02) regions were more likely to be seropositive, compared to those from the Central region. For small ruminants, being female (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.69-4.57) and adult (OR 4.47, 95% CI 1.57-18.80) was significantly more associated with Leptospira seropositivity. Conclusion/significance: Detection of a moderate seroprevalence, and several Leptospira serogroups among pigs, sheep, and goats from all regions of Uganda, supports existing reports in cattle and dogs, and implies widespread Leptospira exposure in domestic animals in Uganda. These findings may inform future programs for the control of leptospirosis in livestock in Uganda.
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- 2024
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10. Antimicrobial Resistance and Phylogenetic Relatedness of Salmonella Serovars in Indigenous Poultry and Their Drinking Water Sources in North Central Nigeria
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Nancy M. Sati, Roderick M. Card, Lisa Barco, Maryam Muhammad, Pam D. Luka, Thomas Chisnall, Idowu O. Fagbamila, Giulia Cento, Nnaemeka E. Nnadi, Clovice Kankya, Innocent B. Rwego, Kokas Ikwap, Lawrence Mugisha, Joseph Erume, and Frank N. Mwiine
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indigenous poultry ,multidrug resistant ,North Central Nigeria ,Salmonella serovars ,serotyping ,susceptibility testing ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
There is scant information on Salmonella in indigenous poultry in Nigeria. We investigated the occurrence and characterized Salmonella serovars in indigenous poultry and their drinking water sources to enhance the monitoring of the infection in poultry and to promote public health. We collected 1208 samples, poultry droppings (n = 1108), and water (n = 100) across 15 markets in North Central Nigeria. Salmonella spp. were isolated following World Organisation for Animal Health guidelines. Salmonella spp., confirmed through invA gene detection by a polymerase chain reaction assay, were 6.8% (75/1108) droppings and 3% (3/100) water. Susceptibility testing against 13 antimicrobials showed 60.3% (47/78) susceptibility to all the antimicrobials tested while 14.1% (11/78) were multidrug resistant. Serotyping and whole-genome sequencing were carried out on 44 of the isolates, and 23 different serovars were identified. Genomes of serovars Luedinghausen, Laredo, Widemarsh, and Lansing are being documented in Africa for the first time. Twenty (20) antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene markers encoding for resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulphonamides, quinolones, trimethoprim, penicillins and phenicols were found. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed close relatedness among isolates from different sources. This study shows both low Salmonella prevalence and AMR, but since uncommon serovars are circulating, continuous monitoring is recommended so as to ensure food safety and poultry health.
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- 2024
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11. Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium Species in Wildlife and Humans at the Wildlife-Human Interface around Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda
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Claire Mack Mugasa, Bernadette Basuta Mirembe, Sylvester Ochwo, Joseph Nkamwesiga, Christian Ndekezi, Tobias Tusabe, Abubakar Musoba, and Clovice Kankya
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cryptosporidiosis ,PCR ,human-wildlife interface ,Uganda ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
To date, information on Cryptosporidium spp. infection status among people and wild animals living at the wildlife-human interface such as Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) is scarce. The aim of this study is to document the molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild animals, and people, around QENP in the Kasese District. A total of 308 patients from four health centres and 252 wildlife animals from six species across 13 sampling areas were analysed microscopically and with PCR for Cryptosporidium spp. detection. The parasitological and molecular prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans was 40% and 53%, respectively; Kasenyi Health Centre recorded the highest percentage of positive stool samples for both tests. Wildlife species had an overall molecular percentage positivity of 30.16%; however, considering individual animal species that were sampled, the Waterbucks had the highest positivity rate, that is, 54.54%. All the samples were confirmed as genus Cryptosporidium with less species discrimination as our PCR target was a short fragment. There is a need to investigate the risk factors that predispose to high Cryptosporidium infection in the study area, especially in Kasenyi. In-depth investigation of the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. circulating at the human, livestock, and wildlife interface is imperative in devising disease management strategies.
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- 2023
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12. Molecular and serological survey of paratuberculosis in cattle in selected districts of Western Uganda
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Judah Ssekitoleko, Lonzy Ojok, Saint Kizito Omala, Mohammed Elwasila Mukhtar, Kamal H. Eltom, El Sagad Eltayeb, Clovice Kankya, Magid Kisekka, Uwe Truyen, Claus-Peter Czerny, Ahmed Abd El Wahed, and Julius Boniface Okuni
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Paratuberculosis ,Prevalence ,Western Uganda ,Recombinase polymerase amplification ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Abstract Knowledge of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) herd infection status is important to plan appropriate control and prevention strategies for Paratuberculosis (PTB); however, in Uganda MAP infection status of most herds is unknown. This study aimed at determining the MAP infection status of cattle herds and the associated risk factors for MAP infection in six western districts of Uganda. The survey covered a total of 93 herds where faecal and blood samples were collected from 1814 cattle. A Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) and an antibody-based (ELISA) assays were used to test for the presence of MAP DNA in faeces and MAP antibodies in serum, respectively. The apparent cow-level prevalence of MAP infection was 3.2 and 2.7% using ELISA and RPA respectively and the true cow-level prevalence using ELISA and RPA was 4.9 and 3% respectively. A herd-level prevalence of 43% (ELISA) and 40.8% (RPA) and a within-herd prevalence of 3.8 ± 2.1% based on ELISA were obtained. Among the risk factors investigated, long dry spells were significantly associated with high MAP infection (p
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- 2022
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13. Utilization of health belief model in comprehending diarrheal disease dynamics: a case of cryptosporidiosis in Uganda
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Clovice Kankya, Justine Okello, Rogers Wambi, Lesley Rose Ninsiima, Methodius Tubihemukama, Christine Tricia Kulabako, Richard Asaba, James Natweta Baguma, Musso Munyeme, and James Muleme
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Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Diarrheal diseases contribute greatly to the reported global childhood mortality and morbidity with related social, economic consequences. This study was conducted to analyze the utilization of the Health Belief Model (HBM) theory to comprehend diarrheal disease dynamics in Uganda. Methods Our study utilized a qualitative cross-sectional design among adult livestock farmers in selected farming communities. A total of 80 individuals were recruited and interviewed through Focus Discussion Groups (FDGs) (n = 6) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) (n = 8) to evaluate diarrheal disease dynamics. The scope of dynamics included but not limited to exposure risks, knowledge, and attitudes. Our results were presented using the five (5) constructs of the HBM. Results Perceived susceptibility; communities believed that both humans and their animals are at high risk of different kinds of diarrheal infections. The farmers believed that majority of these diarrhea infections are hard to treat especially among animals. Perceived severity; farmers believed that diarrheal diseases are characterized by loss of weight, fever, emaciation, dry eyes, severe prolonged diarrhea and sudden death. Perceived barriers; limited knowledge and misconceptions about the diarrheal infections were great inhibitors to successful disease prevention and control. Self-efficacy; farmers had fear of laxity that interventions being suggested and put in place to curb diarrheal diseases such as cryptosporidiosis would wither away with time thus endemicity of the problem in the community. Modifying factors and cues to action; most of the farmers treat animals by themselves based on; probability, traditional knowledge and previous experience. Conclusion Sustained public health interventional activities should therefore be undertaken by both human and animal health sectors with maximum community involvement. Communities suggested the need to increase preventive measures and promote household hygiene efforts to always wash hands with soap and running water in order to reduce the burden of diarrhea diseases such as cryptosporidiosis.
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- 2022
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14. Poultry health constraints in smallholder village poultry systems in Northern Ghana and Central Tanzania
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Emily Awuor Ouma, Clovice Kankya, Michel Dione, Terra Kelly, Dolapo Enahoro, Gaspar Chiwanga, Yakubu Abukari, Peter Msoffe, Boniface Baboreka Kayang, and Huaijun Zhou
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village poultry systems ,local chicken ecotypes ,participatory epidemiology ,Newcastle disease ,Ghana ,Tanzania ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
IntroductionSmallholder poultry production is a major contributor to food security and rural livelihoods in low-and middle-income countries. However, infectious diseases limit improvements to smallholder poultry production and performance of the sector in general. Infectious diseases of poultry, especially viral diseases, have major impacts on the health and productivity of flocks and account for significant morbidities and mortalities of birds each year.MethodsThis study utilized participatory epidemiology approaches to better understand the poultry health constraints and challenges faced by smallholder poultry producers in village poultry systems in Northern Ghana and Central Tanzania.ResultsThe results show dominance of small-scale semi-intensive and extensive scavenging poultry production systems in the study areas. Newcastle disease ranked as the highest cause of morbidity and mortality in chickens in the two countries. The disease occurred mainly during the months coinciding with the dry season in both countries. Other health challenges among poultry flocks included worm infestation, fowl pox, coryza, and coccidiosis. Producers, especially in rural locations, had poor access to veterinary services and critical inputs necessary for poultry production. In the Northern region of Ghana, producers lacked definitive diagnoses for sick poultry due to a shortage of veterinary personnel and diagnostic laboratories.DiscussionThese challenges point to the need for increased investment in poultry disease control and prevention programs, particularly in rural areas. Interventions focused on expansion of veterinary and agricultural extension services and diagnostic laboratory capacity in rural areas and increased gender-sensitive training to enhance smallholder knowledge in poultry husbandry and disease prevention measures will support the development of the smallholder village poultry systems. Tapping into the diverse genetic reservoir of local chicken ecotypes with enhanced resistance to Newcastle disease through genomic selection, coupled with models for enhancing ND vaccination supply and use in the rural areas are potential future avenues for addressing ND constraints to production.
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- 2023
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15. Sero-prevalence and factors associated with anti-Brucella antibodies in slaughter livestock in Uganda
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James Bugeza, Kristina Roesel, Ignacio Moriyon, Denis Mugizi, Lordrick Alinaitwe, Velma Kivali, Clovice Kankya, and Elizabeth Anne Jessie Cook
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antibodies ,Brucella ,Brucellosis ,false positive serological reaction ,livestock ,sero-prevalence ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
IntroductionBrucellosis is endemic in Uganda and is a major cause of production losses in livestock. Early detection and quantification of the disease is vital for its control and eradication. The aim of this study was to assess the sero-prevalence and factors associated with anti-Brucella antibodies in slaughtered livestock.Materials and methodsSera from 886 cattle, 925 small ruminants, and 900 pigs were collected from regional abattoirs in Northern, Eastern and Central Uganda. To estimate sero-prevalence, sera were serially tested using a combination of the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and Native Hapten (NH) immunoprecipitation test. True sero-prevalence was estimated using the Rogan-Gladden estimator considering the sensitivity and specificity of the NH immunoprecipitation test. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with seropositivity for anti-Brucella antibodies.Results and discussionSmall ruminants showed the highest seroprevalence (6.7%, 95% CI = 4.2-7.1) followed by cattle (3.8%, 95% CI = 2.4-4.9) and pigs (2.8%, 95% CI = 1.1-2.9). Seropositivity for anti-Brucella antibodies was associated with region of origin (OR = 4.6,95%CI=1.49-17.75, p = 0.013) for cattle; sex (OR = 2.90, 95% C = 1.5-6.34, p = 0.004), age (OR=4.04, 95% CI = 1.07-8.52, p = 0.006) and species (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.08-6.98, p = 0.048) for small ruminants; and finally sex for pigs (OR = 2.88, 95% CI = 1.07-8.52, p = 0.041). Progressive control interventions must include both cattle and small ruminants since they play a bigger role in the maintenance and dissemination of Brucella. The interventions should adopt a risk-based approach with regions at higher risk being given top priority. Bacteriological and molecular studies should be undertaken to clarify the role of pigs and the goat-cattle cross infections in the epidemiological cycle of brucellosis in Uganda.
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- 2023
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16. Epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli at the human-animal-environment interface in a farming community of central Uganda.
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James Muleme, David Musoke, Bonny E Balugaba, Stevens Kisaka, Frederick E Makumbi, Esther Buregyeya, John Bosco Isunju, Rogers Wambi, Richard K Mugambe, Clovice Kankya, Musso Munyeme, and John C Ssempebwa
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Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
BackgroundExtended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) represents a significant global public health concern. The epidemiology of ESBL-Ec in Uganda is not well understood although it is harbored by humans, animals, and the environment. This study explains the epidemiology of ESBL-Ec using a one health approach in selected farming households in Wakiso district, Uganda.MethodologyEnvironmental, human, and animal samples were collected from 104 households. Additional data were obtained using observation checklists and through interviews with household members using a semi-structured questionnaire. Surface swabs, soil, water, human and animal fecal samples were introduced onto ESBL chromogenic agar. The isolates were identified using biochemical tests and double-disk synergy tests. To assess associations, prevalence ratios (PRs) were computed using a generalized linear model (GLM) analysis with modified Poisson and a log link with robust standard errors in R software.ResultsApproximately 83% (86/104) households had at least one positive ESBL-Ec isolate. The overall prevalence of ESBL-Ec at the human-animal-environment interface was approximately 25.0% (95% CI: 22.7-28.3). Specifically, humans, animals and the environment had an ESBL-Ec prevalence of 35.4%, 55.4%, and 9.2% respectively. Having visitors (adj PR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.04-1.36), utilizing veterinary services (adj PR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.20-1.61) and using animal waste for gardening (adj PR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05-1.60) were positively associated with household ESBL-Ec contamination. Covering the drinking water container with a lid (adj PR = 0.84 95% CI: 0.73-0.96) was associated with absence of ESBL-Ec in a household.ConclusionThere is wider dissemination of ESBL-Ec in the environment, humans, and animals, indicating poor infection prevention and control (IPC) measures in the area. Improved collaborative one health mitigation strategies such as safe water chain, farm biosecurity, household and facility-based IPC measures are recommended to reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance at community level.
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- 2023
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17. Antimicrobial resistance among farming communities in Wakiso District, Central Uganda: A knowledge, awareness and practice study.
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James Muleme, John C Ssempebwa, David Musoke, Clovice Kankya, Solomon Tsebeni Wafula, Justine Okello, Lesley Rose Ninsiima, Rogers Wambi, James Natweta Baguma, Grace Lubega, Brenda Wagaba, and Sonja Hartnack
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
BackgroundAntibiotics are increasingly becoming ineffective as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to develop and spread globally-leading to more difficult to treat infections. Countries such as Uganda are still challenged with implementation of AMR related strategies due to data paucity. This includes a lack of data on the prevailing knowledge and awareness of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use among farming communities, both commercial and subsistence, which are instrumental in the implementation of targeted interventions. The aim of our study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices on AMR among subsistence and commercial farmers in Wakiso district, central Uganda.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire in Wakiso district, Central Uganda in between June and September 2021. Polytomous latent class analyses were performed to group participants based on their responses. Multivariable regression and conditional inference trees were used to determine the association between demographic factors and knowledge on antibiotics and AMR.ResultsA total of 652 respondents participated in the study among whom 84% were able to correctly describe what antibiotics are. Subsistence farmers (OR = 6.89, 95% CI [3.20; 14.83]), and to a lesser extent, farming community members which obtained their main income by another business (OR = 2.25, 95% CI [1.345; 3.75]) were more likely to be able to describe antibiotics correctly than individuals involved in commercial farming. Based on the latent class analysis, three latent classes indicating different levels of knowledge on AMR, were found. Subsistence farming, higher educational level and younger age were found to be associated with belonging to a class of better knowledge.ConclusionThe majority of participants were able to correctly describe antibiotics and aware of AMR, however there was some degree of misunderstanding of several AMR concepts. Targeted AMR interventions should improve awareness and also ensure that not only subsistence farmers, but commercial farmers, are included.
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- 2023
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18. Awareness, Knowledge, and Perceptions Regarding Rabies Prevention Among Rural Communities in Masaka District, Central Uganda: A Qualitative Study
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Clovice Kankya, Salome Dürr, Sonja Hartnack, Charlotte Warembourg, Justine Okello, James Muleme, Walter Okello, Tubihemukama Methodius, Grace Alobo, and Terence Odoch
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dog bites ,participatory epidemiology ,Masaka district ,key informant interview ,focus group discussion ,perception ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is mainly transmitted to humans through dog bites. It remains a major public health threat in many Asian and African countries, including Uganda. The main objective of this study was to investigate awareness, knowledge, and perceptions of communities toward human and dog health related to rabies prevention, as well as dog management practices within Masaka district, central Uganda. Data collection involved nine key informant interviews (KIIs) and six focus group discussions (FGDs). Methods used during focus group discussions included qualitative interviews (using open-ended questions), simple ranking, and proportional piling. Data from KIIs and FGDs were analyzed using content analysis in NVivo (version 12.0). This study reveals that community members in the rural settings uses herbal concoctions in replacement or as an alternative to dog vaccination. Furthermore, the study reveals that dogs play the vital roles in the households like as they offer protection to people and household properties, despite being ranked second least among the household animals. The commonest livelihood activity was a small-scale mixed farming. Most of the households kept dogs, but they are ranked at second lowest in terms of economic value among all domestic animals. Free roaming and tethering were the common dog-keeping systems, and home-based feed (food leftovers, bones) was provided mainly to the tethered dogs. Rabies, also locally known as “Eddalu Lyembwa” (that can be translated as “madness of the dogs”), was ranked as the disease of most important among dogs, besides other common diseases such as skin diseases, venereal diseases, worm infestations, and tick infestations. Inadequate vaccination services for both humans and dogs were reported, and dog bite victims traveled a long distance to seek for post-exposure prophylaxis after dog bites. It can be concluded that there is a clear request for periodic mass vaccination campaigns against rabies among dogs, and access to vaccines within reasonable distances by humans after a rabies exposure, but also pre-emptive vaccination for those at high risk, such as veterinarians, needs to be improved.
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- 2022
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19. Sero-prevalence of brucellosis among slaughterhouse workers in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan
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Nuol Aywel Madut, Moses Ocan, Adrian Muwonge, John Bwalya Muma, George William Nasinyama, Jacques Godfroid, Ambrose Samuel Jubara, and Clovice Kankya
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Brucellosis ,Slaughterhouse worker ,Sero-prevalence ,South Sudan ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Brucellosis is an infectious zoonotic disease and is common especially among pastoral communities in most low and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine sero-prevalence, and risk factors of Brucella infection among Slaughterhouse workers, in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted among Slaughterhouse workers in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan from December 2015 to May 2016. A pre-tested questionnaire was used in data collection. Each randomly selected participant was interviewed and a venous blood sample collected. The blood samples were screened for Brucellosis infection using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and confirmed using Competitive Enzyme link Immuno Sorbet Assay (c-ELISA). Data was analyzed using Stata version 13 at 95% level of confidence. Results A total of 234 Slaughterhouse workers were screen for Brucella infection. Overall, a third, 32.1% (75/234) of the participants were sero-positive for brucellosis. The prevalence of brucellosis was higher, 17.1% (40/234) in Wau state compared to other states. There was high prevalence among males, 28.6% (67/234) compared to females 3.4% (8/234). The mean age of study participants was 34.4 ± 9.6 years. A high proportion, 12.8% (30/234) of participants with confirmed brucellosis infection were 31–40 years of age. Brucellosis prevalence was high among butchers, 14.5% (34/234), and meat handlers, 9.0% (21/234). Conclusions Brucellosis is common among animal slaughterhouse workers in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan. There is need for public awareness campaigns and educational programs to help sensitize communities on Brucella infection.
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- 2019
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20. Leptospira Seroprevalence Among Ugandan Slaughter Cattle: Comparison of Sero-Status With Renal Leptospira Infection
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Lordrick Alinaitwe, Clovice Kankya, Dianah Namanya, Patrick Pithua, and Anou Dreyfus
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leptospirosis ,microscopic agglutination test ,renal Leptospira infection ,slaughter cattle ,seroprevalence ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Despite evidence of both human and animal Leptospira exposures in Uganda, the epidemiology of the disease is still not well-investigated. Contact with animals and their environments have been pointed out as potential source of infection with Leptospira species in humans; and cattle may be an important reservoir in Uganda. In this cross-sectional study, we estimated the prevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies by the standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT); and associated risk factors among slaughtered cattle. We also compared the performance of the MAT used in this study against a lipL32 based real time PCR (qPCR) assay previously conducted on the kidneys and urine of the same slaughter cattle as tested in this reported study. Of 500 cattle sampled, 27.8% (95% CI 23.9–32.0) tested positive (titer ≥ 100) to at least one Leptospira serovar, with the majority of seropositive cattle reacting to serovars Tarassovi (sg Tarassovi) (11.6%), Sejroe (Sg Sejroe) (7.8%), and Australis (Sg Australis) (5.2%). Older animals had 2.8 times (95% CI 1.0–8.2, p-value 0.055) greater odds of being seropositive than younger ones (
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- 2020
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21. Dynamics of tuberculosis in Wau, South Sudan during a period of armed conflict
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Caeser Sobe Jermano Boyong, Clovice Kankya, Muleme James, M Munyeme, AS Jubara, D Ndoboli, G Ekuka, and A Muwonge
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Diseases of the respiratory system ,RC705-779 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Background: South Sudan has endured decades of armed conflict, with the most recent in 2016. This has left the health system and infrastructure overstretched by a myriad of infectious diseases like tuberculosis. Our study aimed at quantitatively and qualitatively documenting TB dynamics and challenges with access to health care during a period of civil unrest in Wau. Materials & Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out between January and February 2016 at Wau Teaching Hospital (WTH). Sputum was randomly collected from 207 of the 1035 TB suspects and analyzed using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and Fluorescent Microscopy (FM), Culture, Capilia MTBC Neo, and DST. The laboratory results and questionnaire metadata were used for descriptive statistics, logistic regression in R version 3.4.2. These results were presented along with results from a qualitative assessment of the situation at WTH. Results: Of 207 TB suspects, 39 (18.8%) were positive on FM with bacilli growth on culture, later confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Only 5.4% of the cases were resistant to Isoniazid. Age; 20–45 OR = 13 (95%CI = 2.4–25.6, p = 0.011), > 46 OR = 3 (95%CI = 0.5–58, p = 0.005) and raw milk consumption OR = 2.2 (95%CI = 0.37–42.48, p = 0.005) were associated with being TB positive. The qualitative evaluation reveals that gunfights in the surroundings of Wau influenced the number of patients attending WTH, with some travelling up to 545 km to seek medical attention. Conclusion: We report a high prevalence of tuberculosis among patients who presented at WTH, with approximately 1 out of 5 individuals testing positive for tuberculosis. This is likely an underestimation given the challenges patients had to endure as they sought medical attention. Tuberculosis epidemiology is likely to be driven by individual and household factors, but further investigations are needed to fully understand the risk profile. The tools in use were adequate for TB diagnostics and we observed a remarkably low prevalence of drug resistance, a statistic that is worth preserving. We therefore call for action from all stakeholders. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Armed conflict, Wau, South Sudan
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- 2018
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22. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and risk factors associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella on Ugandan layer hen farms
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Terence Odoch, Yngvild Wasteson, Trine L’Abée-Lund, Adrian Muwonge, Clovice Kankya, Luke Nyakarahuka, Sarah Tegule, and Eystein Skjerve
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Non-typhoidal Salmonella ,Antimicrobial susceptibility ,Risk factor ,Layer hens ,Prevalence ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Abstract Background Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are among the leading global foodborne pathogens and a significant public health threat. Their occurrence in animal reservoirs and their susceptibilities to commonly used antimicrobials are poorly understood in developing countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, determine antimicrobial susceptibility and identify risk factors associated with NTS presence in laying hen farms in Uganda through a cross-sectional study. Results Pooled faecal samples were collected from 237 laying hen farms and these were analysed for NTS following standard laboratory procedures. In total, 49 farms (20.7%; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 15.6–25.6%) were positive for NTS presence. Altogether, ten Salmonella serotypes were identified among the confirmed 78 isolates, and the predominant serotypes were Salmonella Newport (30.8%), S. Hadar (14.1%), S. Aberdeen (12.8%), S. Heidelberg (12.8%), and S. Bolton (12.8%). Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was detected in 45(57.7%) of the isolates and the highest resistance was against ciprofloxacin (50.0%) followed by sulphonamides (26.9%) and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (7.7%). Resistance was significantly associated with sampled districts (p = 0.034). Resistance to three or more drugs, multi-drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 12 (15.4%) of the isolates, 9 (75%) of these were from Wakiso district. A multivariable logistic model identified large farm size (OR = 7.0; 95% CI: 2.5–19.8) and the presence of other animal species on the farm (OR = 5.9; 95% CI: 2.1–16.1) as risk factors for NTS prevalence on farms. Having a separate house for birds newly brought to the farms was found to be protective (OR = 0,4; 95% CI: 0.2–0.8). Conclusion This study has highlighted a high prevalence and diversity of NTS species in laying hen farms in Uganda and identified associated risk factors. In addition, it has demonstrated high levels of antimicrobial resistance in isolates of NTS. This could be because of overuse or misuse of antimicrobials in poultry production. Also importantly, the insights provided in this study justifies a strong case for strengthening One Health practices and this will contribute to the development of NTS control strategies at local, national and international levels.
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- 2017
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23. How severe and prevalent are Ebola and Marburg viruses? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the case fatality rates and seroprevalence
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Luke Nyakarahuka, Clovice Kankya, Randi Krontveit, Benjamin Mayer, Frank N. Mwiine, Julius Lutwama, and Eystein Skjerve
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Ebola virus disease ,Marburg virus disease ,Case fatality rate ,Meta-analysis ,Systematic review ,Seroprevalence ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Ebola and Marburg virus diseases are said to occur at a low prevalence, but are very severe diseases with high lethalities. The fatality rates reported in different outbreaks ranged from 24–100%. In addition, sero-surveys conducted have shown different seropositivity for both Ebola and Marburg viruses. We aimed to use a meta-analysis approach to estimate the case fatality and seroprevalence rates of these filoviruses, providing vital information for epidemic response and preparedness in countries affected by these diseases. Methods Published literature was retrieved through a search of databases. Articles were included if they reported number of deaths, cases, and seropositivity. We further cross-referenced with ministries of health, WHO and CDC databases. The effect size was proportion represented by case fatality rate (CFR) and seroprevalence. Analysis was done using the metaprop command in STATA. Results The weighted average CFR of Ebola virus disease was estimated to be 65.0% [95% CI (54.0–76.0%), I2 = 97.98%] whereas that of Marburg virus disease was 53.8% (26.5–80.0%, I2 = 88.6%). The overall seroprevalence of Ebola virus was 8.0% (5.0%–11.0%, I2 = 98.7%), whereas that for Marburg virus was 1.2% (0.5–2.0%, I2 = 94.8%). The most severe species of ebolavirus was Zaire ebolavirus while Bundibugyo Ebolavirus was the least severe. Conclusions The pooled CFR and seroprevalence for Ebola and Marburg viruses were found to be lower than usually reported, with species differences despite high heterogeneity between studies. Countries with an improved health surveillance and epidemic response have lower CFR, thereby indicating need for improving early detection and epidemic response in filovirus outbreaks.
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- 2016
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24. The Epidemiology of Zoonotic Brucellosis in Bahr el Ghazal Region of South Sudan
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Nuol Aywel Madut, James Muleme, Clovice Kankya, George William Nasinyama, John Bwalya Muma, Jacques Godfroid, Ambrose Samuel Jubara, and Adrian Muwonge
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human ,brucellosis ,cattle ,risk groups ,epidemiology ,South Sudan ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Background: In this study, we focused on three zoonotic brucellosis risk groups; abattoir workers, febrile cases at Wau hospital and cattle herders, in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan. Competitive c-ELISA was used to detect anti-Brucella antibodies in 725 individuals between December 2015 and May 2016. In addition, questionnaire metadata, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to characterize the epidemiology of zoonotic brucellosis in this region.Results: Overall, we estimate 27.2 % (95% CI = 23.9–30.6) brucellosis sero-prevalence; 32.1% (95% CI = 26.2–38.4), 23.0% (95% CI = 19.1–27.4) and 34.6% (95% CI = 24.4–46.3) among abattoir workers, febrile cases, and herders, respectively. Marital status (Single, OR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.36–0.91, P = 0.02) and ethnicity (Kerash OR = 6.01, 95%CI: 1.97–21.10, P = 0.003 and Balanda, OR = 3.78, 95%CI: 1.42–12.02, P = 0.01) were associated with brucellosis. While gender and ethnicity were important factors for general awareness of zoonotic diseases. Highly ranked occupations at risk included veterinarian, butchers and milk handlers. We also identified covariate patterns for clinical diagnostics and public health interventions.Conclusion: We report the highest sero-prevalence of zoonotic brucellosis in three risk groups in the East African region. All this is not only occurring in a population with limited awareness that brucellosis is a zoonotic disease but also where one in nine health workers tested was sero-positive. We identified social demographic associations with brucellosis, however, the qualitative analysis suggests these are more complex and nuanced. Therefore, future studies could benefit from the use of the mixed methods approach to add extensiveness and depth to our understanding of zoonotic disease drivers, in order to implement mitigating measures such as cattle vaccination.
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- 2019
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25. Temporal, spatial and household dynamics of Typhoid fever in Kasese district, Uganda.
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Bernadette Basuta Mirembe, Stella Mazeri, Rebecca Callaby, Luke Nyakarahuka, Clovice Kankya, and Adrian Muwonge
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Typhoid fever affects 21 million people globally, 1% of whom succumb to the disease. The social, economic and public health consequences of this disease disproportionately affect people in Africa and Asia. In order to design context specific prevention strategies, we need to holistically characterise outbreaks in these settings. In this study, we used retrospective data (2013-2016) at national and district level to characterise temporal and spatial dynamics of Typhoid fever outbreaks using time series and spatial analysis. We then selected cases matched with controls to investigate household socio-economic drivers using a conditional logistic regression model, and also developed a Typhoid fever outbreak-forecasting framework. The incidence rate of Typhoid fever at national and district level was ~ 160 and 60 cases per 100,000 persons per year, respectively, predominantly in urban areas. In Kasese district, Bwera sub-county registered the highest incidence rate, followed by Kisinga, Kitholhu and Nyakiyumbu sub-counties. The male-female case ratio at district level was at 1.68 and outbreaks occurred between the 20th and 40th week (May and October) each year following by seven weeks of precipitation. Our forecasting framework predicted outbreaks better at the district level rather than national. We identified a temporal window associated with Typhoid fever outbreaks in Kasese district, which is preceded by precipitation, flooding and displacement of people. We also observed that areas with high incidence of Typhoid fever also had high environmental contamination with limited water treatment. Taken together with the forecasting framework, this knowledge can inform the development of specific control and preparedness strategies at district and national level.
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- 2019
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26. The sero-prevalence of brucellosis in cattle and their herders in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan.
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Nuol Aywel Madut, Adrian Muwonge, George William Nasinyama, John Bwalya Muma, Jacques Godfroid, Ambrose Samuel Jubara, James Muleme, and Clovice Kankya
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide recognized bacterial zoonotic disease. There is currently no information on bovine brucellosis sero-prevalence in South Sudan regardless of the economic, social and public health impact on populations. Therefore, for the first time in 33 years, we report the sero-prevalence of brucellosis in cattle and their herders. Furthermore, we characterize the drivers associated with the disease at the human-animal interface in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan.A total of 893 and 87 animal and human sera respectively were examined between December 2015 and May 2016. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Competitive Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (c-ELISA) were used in parallel to detect anti-Brucella antibodies. Questionnaires were administered to collect relevant metadata used for the association analysis in R version 3.2.3. Odds Ratio (OR) and Confidence Intervals (CI) were determined.Overall bovine brucellosis prevalence was 31% (95%CI = 28.0-34.2), with the highest 63% (95%CI = 53-70) and lowest 10% (95%CI = 4.5-20.1) prevalence estimates in Wau and Gogrial states respectively. The bovine sero-prevalence was approximately equally distributed among the male 30.4% (26.9-34.2) and the females 32.5% (26.8-38.7). Poor body condition (OR = 0.22; 95%CI = 0.07-0.54) and larger herd sizes (OR = 0.05; 95%CI = 0.008-0.173) were protective factors for brucellosis, while the opposite was true for the second (OR = 1.70; 95%CI = 1.08-2.67) and third (OR = 2.5; 95%CI = 1.46-4.47) lactation stage. The overall brucellosis sero-prevalence in herders was estimated at 33.3% (23.9-44.3).We report a high prevalence of anti-Brucella antibodies in cattle and their herders in Bahr el Ghazal, indicating an enzootic status in the cattle population being an important source of infection for humans. This represents a genuine public health challenge. Therefore, there is need to raise awareness and build capacity and infrastructure in this fragile state to underwrite future public health strategies for brucellosis.
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- 2018
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27. Prevalence of brucellosis among patients attending Wau Hospital, South Sudan.
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Nuol Aywel Madut, George William Nasinyama, John Bwalya Muma, Kenneth L L Sube, Moses Ocan, Adrian Muwonge, Jacques Godfroid, Ambrose Samuel Jubara, and Clovice Kankya
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of public health importance; its prevalence varies globally. In low-income countries, brucellosis is an endemic and neglected disease affecting both animals and humans. This study was intended to establish brucellosis sero-prevalence among patients attending Wau hospital, South Sudan. Across sectional study, was done among randomly selected patients attending Wau hospital. Data was collected using questionnaires and laboratory investigations. Rose Bengal plate Test (RBPT), Serum agglutination test (SAT) and Competitive Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (c-ELISA) was used in the analysis of blood samples serially starting with RBPT which is more sensitive and least specific then SAT. c-ELISA test which is most specific and less sensitive compared to RBPT and SAT was then used to confirm presence of Brucella antibodies in the samples. A total of 416 participants out of 1664 were enrolled to this study. The majority of participants were between 7-to-76 years of age with mean age of 30.72 (SD+/- 12.83). The sero-positivity of patient's blood samples for brucellosis using c-ELISA was 23.3% (97/416) among patients presenting to Wau hospital. Socio-demographic characteristics, occupation, clinical signs of disease and types of animals reared by animal owners showed no significant correlation with occurrence of sero-positivity among patient's blood samples for brucellosis. While ethnicity (Nilotic), knowledge of zoonotic disease, and consumption of animal urine were statistically significant (p
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- 2018
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28. A Framework for Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Data in Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Studies: A Case Study of Pesticide Usage in Eastern Uganda
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James Muleme, Clovice Kankya, John C. Ssempebwa, Stella Mazeri, and Adrian Muwonge
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knowledge ,attitudes ,practices ,quantitative and qualitative ,methodology ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) studies guide the implementation of public health interventions (PHIs), and they are important tools for political persuasion. The design and implementation of PHIs assumes a linear KAP relationship, i.e., an awareness campaign results in the desirable societal behavioral change. However, there is no robust framework for testing this relationship before and after PHIs. Here, we use qualitative and quantitative data on pesticide usage to test this linear relationship, identify associated context specific factors as well as assemble a framework that could be used to guide and evaluate PHIs. We used data from a cross-sectional mixed methods study on pesticide usage. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 167 households representing 1,002 individuals. Qualitative data were collected from key informants and focus group discussions. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis was done in R 3.2.0 as well as qualitative thematic analysis, respectively. Our framework shows that a KAP linear relationship only existed for households with a low knowledge score, suggesting that an awareness campaign would only be effective for ~37% of the households. Context specific socioeconomic factors explain why this relationship does not hold for households with high knowledge scores. These findings are essential for developing targeted cost-effective and sustainable interventions on pesticide usage and other PHIs with context specific modifications.
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- 2017
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29. Knowledge and attitude towards Ebola and Marburg virus diseases in Uganda using quantitative and participatory epidemiology techniques.
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Luke Nyakarahuka, Eystein Skjerve, Daisy Nabadda, Doreen Chilolo Sitali, Chisoni Mumba, Frank N Mwiine, Julius J Lutwama, Stephen Balinandi, Trevor Shoemaker, and Clovice Kankya
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
BackgroundUganda has reported five (5) Ebola virus disease outbreaks and three (3) Marburg virus disease outbreaks from 2000 to 2016. Peoples' knowledge and attitude towards Ebola and Marburg virus disease impact on control and prevention measures especially during outbreaks. We describe knowledge and attitude towards Ebola and Marburg virus outbreaks in two affected communities in Uganda to inform future outbreak responses and help in the design of health education and communication messages.MethodsThe study was a community survey done in Luweero, Ibanda and Kamwenge districts that have experienced outbreaks of Ebola and Marburg virus diseases. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire and triangulated with qualitative participatory epidemiology techniques to gain a communities' knowledge and attitude towards Ebola and Marburg virus disease.ResultsOut of 740 respondents, 48.5% (359/740) were categorized as being knowledgeable about Ebola and Marburg virus diseases, whereas 60.5% (448/740) were having a positive attitude towards control and prevention of Ebola and Marburg virus diseases. The mean knowledge and attitude percentage scores were 54.3 (SD = 23.5, 95%CI = 52.6-56.0) and 69.9 (SD = 16.9, 95%CI = 68.9-71.1) respectively. People educated beyond primary school were more likely to be knowledgeable about Ebola and Marburg virus disease than those who did not attain any formal education (OR = 3.6, 95%CI = 2.1-6.1). Qualitative data revealed that communities describe Ebola and Marburg virus diseases as very severe diseases with no cure and they believe the diseases spread so fast. Respondents reported fear and stigma suffered by survivors, their families and the broader community due to these diseases.ConclusionCommunities in Uganda affected by filovirus outbreaks have moderate knowledge about these diseases and have a positive attitude towards practices to prevent and control Ebola and Marburg viral diseases. The public health sector should enhance this community knowledge gap to empower them more by supplying educational materials for epidemic preparedness in future using appropriate communication channels as proposed by the communities.
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- 2017
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30. Participatory evaluation of delivery of animal health care services by community animal health workers in Karamoja region of Uganda.
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James Bugeza, Clovice Kankya, James Muleme, Ann Akandinda, Joseph Sserugga, Noelina Nantima, Edward Okori, and Terence Odoch
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
An evaluation exercise was carried out to assess the performance of Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWs) in the delivery of animal health care services in Karamoja region, identify capacity gaps and recommend remedial measures.Participatory methods were used to design data collection tools. Questionnaires were administered to 204 CAHWs, 215 farmers and 7 District Veterinary Officers (DVOs) to collect quantitative data. Seven DVOs and 1 Non Government Organization (NGO) representative were interviewed as key informants and one focus group discussion was conducted with a farmer group in Nakapiripirit to collect qualitative data. Questionnaire data was analyzed using SPSS version 19. Key messages from interviews and the focus group discussion were recorded in a notebook and reported verbatim.70% of the farmers revealed that CAHWs are the most readily available animal health care service providers in their respective villages. CAHWs were instrumental in treatment of sick animals, disease surveillance, control of external parasites, animal production, vaccination, reporting, animal identification, and performing minor surgeries. Regarding their overall performance 88.8%(191/215) of the farmers said they were impressed. The main challenges faced by the CAHWs were inadequate facilitation, lack of tools and equipments, unwillingness of government to integrate them into the formal extension system, poor information flow, limited technical capacity to diagnose diseases, unwillingness of farmers to pay for services and sustainability issues.CAHWs remain the main source of animal health care services in Karamoja region and their services are largely satisfactory. The technical deficits identified require continuous capacity building programs, close supervision and technical backstopping. For sustainability of animal health care services in the region continuous training and strategic deployment of paraprofessionals that are formally recognised by the traditional civil service to gradually replace CAHWs is recommended.
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- 2017
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31. Leptospira Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Health Centre Patients in Hoima District, Western Uganda.
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Anou Dreyfus, Jonathan W Dyal, Raewynne Pearson, Clovice Kankya, Charles Kajura, Lordrick Alinaitwe, Steven Kakooza, Katharine M Pelican, Dominic A Travis, Michael Mahero, David R Boulware, and Lawrence Mugisha
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
BACKGROUND:The burden of human leptospirosis in Uganda is unknown. We estimated the seroprevalence of Leptospira antibodies, probable acute/recent leptospirosis, and risk factors for seropositivity in humans in rural Western Uganda. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:359 non-pregnant adults visiting the Kikuube and Kigorobya Health Centers were sequentially recruited during March and April 2014. A health history survey and serum were collected from consented participants. Overall, 69% reported having fever in the past year, with 49% reporting malaria, 14% malaria relapse, 6% typhoid fever, 3% brucellosis, and 0% leptospirosis. We tested sera by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) against eight Leptospira serovars representing seven serogroups. Leptospira seroprevalence was 35% (126/359; 95%CI 30.2-40.3%) defined as MAT titer ≥ 1:100 for any serovar. The highest prevalence was against L. borgpetersenii Nigeria (serogroup Pyrogenes) at 19.8% (71/359; 95%CI 15.9-24.4%). The prevalence of probable recent leptospirosis (MAT titer ≥1:800) was 1.9% (95%CI 0.9-4.2%) and uniquely related to serovar Nigeria (serogroup Pyrogenes). Probable recent leptospirosis was associated with having self-reported malaria within the past year (p = 0.048). Higher risk activities included skinning cattle (n = 6) with 12.3 higher odds (95%CI 1.4-108.6; p = 0.024) of Leptospira seropositivity compared with those who had not. Participants living in close proximity to monkeys (n = 229) had 1.92 higher odds (95%CI 1.2-3.1; p = 0.009) of seropositivity compared with participants without monkeys nearby. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:The 35% prevalence of Leptospira antibodies suggests that exposure to leptospirosis is common in rural Uganda, in particular the Nigeria serovar (Pyrogenes serogroup). Leptospirosis should be a diagnostic consideration in febrile illness and "smear-negative malaria" in rural East Africa.
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- 2016
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32. Molecular epidemiology, drug susceptibility and economic aspects of tuberculosis in Mubende district, Uganda.
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Adrian Muwonge, Sydney Malama, Tone B Johansen, Clovice Kankya, Demelash Biffa, Willy Ssengooba, Jacques Godfroid, Berit Djønne, and Eystein Skjerve
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health problem whose effects have major impact in developing countries like Uganda. This study aimed at investigating genotypic characteristics and drug resistance profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from suspected TB patients. Furthermore, risk factors and economic burdens that could affect the current control strategies were studied. METHODS: TB suspected patients were examined in a cross-sectional study at the Mubende regional referral hospital between February and July 2011. A questionnaire was administered to each patient to obtain information associated with TB prevalence. Isolates of M. tuberculosis recovered during sampling were examined for drug resistance to first line anti-TB drugs using the BACTEC-MGIT960(TM) system. All isolates were further characterized using deletion analysis, spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR analysis. Data were analyzed using different software; MIRU-VNTR plus, SITVITWEB, BioNumerics and multivariable regression models. RESULTS: M. tuberculosis was isolated from 74 out of 344 patients, 48 of these were co-infected with HIV. Results from the questionnaire showed that previously treated TB, co-infection with HIV, cigarette smoking, and overcrowding were risk factors associated with TB, while high medical related transport bills were identified as an economic burden. Out of the 67 isolates that gave interpretable results, 23 different spoligopatterns were detected, nine of which were novel patterns. T2 with the sub types Uganda-I and Uganda-II was the most predominant lineage detected. Antibiotic resistance was detected in 19% and multidrug resistance was detected in 3% of the isolates. CONCLUSION: The study detected M. tuberculosis from 21% of examined TB patients, 62% of whom were also HIV positive. There is a heterogeneous pool of genotypes that circulate in this area, with the T2 lineage being the most predominant. High medical related transport bills and drug resistance could undermine the usefulness of the current TB strategic interventions.
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- 2013
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33. Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiograms of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface Using a One Health Approach Among Households in Wakiso District, Uganda
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James Muleme, Clovice Kankya, Musso Munyeme, David Musoke, John C Ssempebwa, John Bosco Isunju, Rogers Wambi, Bonny Enock Balugaba, Tahalu Sekulima, Richard K Mugambe, Simeon Cadmus, and Henry M Kajumbula
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Pharmacology ,Infectious Diseases ,Infection and Drug Resistance ,Pharmacology (medical) - Abstract
James Muleme,1,2 Clovice Kankya,2 Musso Munyeme,3 David Musoke,1 John C Ssempebwa,1 John Bosco Isunju,1 Rogers Wambi,2,4 Bonny Enock Balugaba,1 Tahalu Sekulima,5 Richard K Mugambe,1 Simeon Cadmus,6 Henry M Kajumbula7 1Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; 2Department of Biosecurity Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda; 3Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; 4Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; 5Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, Veterinary Microbiology Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda; 6Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Center for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; 7Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, UgandaCorrespondence: James Muleme, Email mulemej@gmail.comBackground: The occurrence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria such as Escherichia coli has increasingly become recognized beyond hospital settings. Resistance to other types of antibiotics limits treatment options while the existence of such bacteria among humans, animals, and the environment is suggestive of potential zoonotic and reverse-zoonotic transmission. This study aimed to establish the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) from human, animal, and environmental isolates obtained among farming households within Wakiso district using a One Health approach.Methods: A total of 100 ESBL-EC isolates from humans 35/100 (35%), animals 56/100 (56%), and the environment 9/100 (9%) were tested for susceptibility to 11 antibiotics. This was done using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Data were analyzed in STATA ver. 16 and graphs were drawn in Microsoft excel ver. 10.Results: Most of the ESBL-EC isolates (98%) were resistant to more than two antibiotics. ESBL-EC isolates were most susceptible to meropenem (MEM) (88.0%), and imipenem (82.0%) followed by gentamicin (72%). ESBL-EC isolates from humans were most susceptible to meropenem (MEM) followed by imipenem (IPM)> gentamicin (CN)> ciprofloxacin (CIP). Animal samples were more susceptible to MEM, IPM, and CN but were highly resistant to cefotaxime (CTX)> cefepime (FEP)>other antibiotics. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was mostly reported among households keeping goats under intensive husbandry practices. Seven percent of the isolates exhibited carbapenem resistance while 22% showed aminoglycoside resistance. Similar resistance patterns among humans, animals, and environmental samples were also reported.Conclusion: Our study provides baseline information on non-hospital-based MDR caused by ESBL-EC using a One Health approach. ESBL-EC isolates were prevalent among apparently healthy community members, animals, and their environment. It is important to conduct more One Health approach studies to generate evidence on the drivers, resistance patterns, and transmission of ESBL-producing organisms at the human-animal-environmental interface.Keywords: antibiogram, community, ESBL-producing, Escherichia coli, one health, Wakiso
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- 2023
34. Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards antibiotic use and resistance in Kyegegwa district, Uganda – a questionnaire study
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Mary Ann Kahunde, Terence Odoch, David Okello Owiny, Clovice Kankya, Marisa B. Kaelin, and Sonja Hartnack
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BackgroundAntimicrobials are widely used to protect human and animal health. Wide scale misuse can lead to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In low and middle-income countries, knowledge, attitudes and practices are assumed to contribute to AMR.ObjectiveTo provide empirical data on knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use and resistance in livestock farmers, human and animal health professionals in Kyegegwa district, Uganda. To assess which factors (farming, education, affiliation with health-related ministries, gender, keeping cattle, goats, pigs, poultry or sheep) are associated with poor knowledge.MethodsA questionnaire related to antibiotic usage (AMU) and AMR, as well as demographic data was developed and administered to health practitioners of both the humanmedical and the livestock sector, and (semi)-intensive livestock farmers. Polytomous latent class analysis was used to cluster respondents - based on their responses - in different classes of knowledge and attitudes. The association between the probability of belonging to latent classes and demographic data was assessed by multinomial regression models and conditional inference trees.ResultsIn total 1022 responses were available (response rate 68.1%). More than 50% of the cattle received antibiotics at least three times during the last six months and in 39.1% members of the respondents’ households of this study were on antibiotics. Three latent classes related to attitude towards antibiotic access, usage and disposal; and two classes regarding resistance have been revealed. Class membership was associated with a number of socio-demographic factors.ConclusionInadequate knowledge and inappropriate practices as evidenced in this study should support further policy formulations and strategies to regulate AMU. It will also be useful in refining the implementation of local and national action plans and efforts to control AMR. A key component of this will require promotion of One Health approach and effective communication to tackle prevailing misconceptions.
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- 2023
35. Antimicrobial Resistance profiles of staphylococcus aureus in farming communities of Isingiro and Kamuli districts, Uganda
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Joseph M Kungu, Sarah S Tegule, Ilyas A Awke, Josephine Namayanja, Edity Namyalo, Joseph Oposhia, William Olum, Luke Nyakarahuka, Clovice Kankya, Dieudonné Dahourou, and Agricola Odoi
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Background: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is fast becoming a big challenge as resistance to multiple drugs is rising rapidly. The emergence of resistant Staphylococcus aureus worldwide is life-threatening in both humans and animals and yet little is known about the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in developing countries including Uganda. Therefore, the aims of this study were to: (a) determine the prevalence of AMR in S. aureus among humans and animals in two districts of Uganda; (b) assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) of farmers in Uganda regarding AMR of S. aureus. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between July and September 2020 in 147 randomly selected cattle keeping households in Isingiro and Kamuli districts. A structured questionnaire uploaded in Kobocollect online data collection tool was used to assess farmers’ perceptions and practices pertaining to AMR in each of the selected households. Nasal swab samples were collected from both animals and humans (farmers), placed in Stuart Transport medium and taken to the laboratory for processing. Bacterial isolation and confirmation was done using gram-staining and biochemical tests. This was followed by Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. A cleaned Ms excel data file from Kobocollect tool was imported into STATA version 14 to generate descriptive statistics of the AMR patterns, farmers’ perceptions of AMR as well as the practices associated with AMR occurrence in the two districts. Results: Only 14/147 (9.5%) cattle samples and 45/147(30.6%) human samples tested positive for S. aureus and, were assessed for AMR. All (100%) cattle S. aureus isolates were resistant to Nitroimidazoles while 92.9% were resistant to Penicillins. None of the isolates were resistant to Fluoroquinolones (0.0%) and Aminoglycosides (0.0%). All the 14 isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to at least one of the assessed antibiotics and 92.9% (13/14) showed evidence of multidrug resistance (MDR). Likewise, S. aureus human isolates showed high levels of resistance to Nitroimidazoles (100%) and Penicillins (93.3%), with none of the isolates having resistance to Aminoglycosides (0.0%), and only 1 exhibiting resistance to Fluoroquinolones (2.2%). All the 45 human isolates exhibited AMR to at least a one antibiotic while 93% (42/45) had MDR. Most farmers had good perceptions about AMR, with a significantly higher proportion of respondents from Isingiro showing a better understanding of AMR than those from Kamuli. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of occurrence of AMR to antibiotics commonly used in both humans and livestock in Isingiro and Kamuli districts. There is a need to promote appropriate stewardship of antibiotics to minimize the risk of AMR.
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- 2023
36. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Cryptosporidiosis Among Livestock and Dogs in Kasese District, Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study
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Clovice Kankya, Justine Okello, James Natweta Baguma, Rogers Wambi, Lesley Rose Ninsiima, Methodius Tubihemukama, Christine Tricia Kulabako, Musso Munyeme, Sonja Hartnack, Walter Okello, James Bugeza, and James Muleme
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BackgroundCryptosporidiosis is a common cause of diarrheal disease in livestock and dogs, and it can result in significant economic losses due to decreased productivity and higher treatment costs. The cryptosporidiosis burden in livestock and dogs is largely unknown and underexploited. We designed a cross-sectional research study to determine the prevalence and factors associated with cryptosporidiosis in livestock and dogs.MethodsThe questionnaire data was downloaded from the Kobotoolbox server in excel format for cleaning and analysis. Laboratory results were matched with the questionnaire data and statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 14 and R version 4.2.2. Descriptive statistics were conducted to determine the frequencies, percentages, and proportions of the different study variables. For the categorical variables, 95% binomial and multinomial confidence intervals were obtained using the commands BinomCI(), with Jeffreys approach, and MultinomCI() available in the DescTools package. To adjust for potential clustering within household, a logistic mixed model approach with household as random effect was chosen and performed using the package glmmTMB. The outcome was a positive or negative test result of each dog. A likelihood ratio test using the lmtest package was used to determine if a predictor was significantly associated with the outcome. To adjust for multiple comparisons, the multcomp package with Tukeys approach was used. First all variables were included in a univariable approach. Second all variables with p-values ResultsDogs were over 50times more likely to have the cryptosporidium infection compared to goat. With aOR 56.07, 95%CI= [10.2569,306.5307] and p-value ConclusionCryptosporidiosis still remains a big public health problem in Kasese District. Dogs are more at risk of having cryptosporidiosis whereas drinking from river ponds was highly attributed to acquiring cryptosporidiosis.
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- 2023
37. Health workers’ perspectives on the occurrence and management of antimicrobial resistance at the human-animal-environment interface in Uganda
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James Muleme, Simon P.S. Kibira, John C. Ssempebwa, Richard K. Mugambe, Clovice Kankya, Musso Munyeme, Stevens Kisaka, John Bosco Isunju, Lesley Rose Ninsiima, and David Musoke
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Background The role of human, animal and environmental health workers is increasingly being recognized and linked to the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Little has been done in low and middle-income countries despite the seriousness of this public health challenge. Our study explored the perspectives of health workers on the occurrence, transmission, and management of AMR at the human-animal-environment interface. Methods We conducted a descriptive qualitative study within Wakiso district, central Uganda between August and October 2022, using focus group discussions (4) with village health teams (VHTs) and key informant interviews (12) with other cadres of health workers. Data were managed in NVivo 12 and analyzed using thematic network analysis exploiting both deductive and inductive approaches. Findings: Animal health workers had better knowledge of AMR occurrence compared to their counterparts from the human and environmental health sectors. VHTs had a limited understanding of the AMR concept, even though they believed that drug-resistant infections were a growing concern in the community. Advancement in technology was viewed as being both a facilitator and a barrier to AMR occurrence and management. Cultural norms underlying animal production and close interactions between humans and animals were reported as key drivers for AMR spillover and amplification. Laxity in policy implementation, unskilled human resource, and weak surveillance systems for AMR were reported to be the underlying gaps in its management. Most participants advocated for a One Health strategy in combatting AMR at a community level. Conclusion Culture-driven solutions, diagnosis before treatment, more sensitization of community health workers, and improved regulation of drug use as well as multi-sectoral collaborations may create a suitable environment for the implementation of one-health approaches in the management of AMR.
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- 2023
38. Spatial and Temporal distribution of Foot and Mouth disease in cattle in Uganda from 2010 – 2021 (A retrospective study)
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Justine Okello, Walter Okello, Sulman Muhanguzi, Clet Kakuru, Esther Nambo, Michael Omodo, Rose Anna Ademun, Felix Lakor Opiyo, Terence Odoch, Clovice Kankya, Frank Mwiine, and Andrew Nsawotebba
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Background: Foot and Mouth disease is a notifiable trans-boundary disease, which is endemic in a large area of Sub-Saharan Africa, including Uganda. Recently, the disease has emerged from new areas, with high impact, hence threatening the food security and livelihoods of different animal owners. This study described the temporal and spatial distribution of FMD in Uganda, and factors associated with its occurrence Methods: Data previously archived at the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) in Uganda, from 2010 to 2021, were analyzed using Microsoft Excel, QGIS and R software Results: A total of 22,690 FMD cases were reported in Uganda between 2010 and 2021 with an average and median of 1169 and 37 outbreaks per year respectively. In this period, FMD was reported at least once in 58 districts (43%) of all districts of the country (n = 135). The occurrence of FMD outbreaks was found to be seasonal with peak outbreaks in November and a low in August. FMD was reported all over the country, with the majority of cases 45% (10,211) reported from Eastern, 38% (8,685) from western region, 6% (1,354) from northern region and 11% (2,440) from central region. Most FMD cases were reported during the dry month of November, January, and February. Conclusion: FMD occurred in all the four regions of the country and showed statistically significant decrease in the long-term trend. Numbers of outbreaks were relatively higher during dry season. The spatial and temporal distribution identified in this study should be considered in controlling the disease. As unregulated and frequent animal movements are the likely causes of high outbreak occurrence during the dry season, animal movement regulations should be considered for the long-term control of FMD. Recommendation: Strategic vaccination of animals should commence at least a month prior to the onset dry season to ensure immunity against the virus, together with restrictions on animal movements during dry season and farmers have to be aware about the risk of unrestricted animal movement.
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- 2022
39. Epidemiology of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producingEscherichia coliat the human-animal-environment interface in Wakiso district, Uganda
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James Muleme, David Musoke, Bonny E. Balugaba, Stevens Kisaka, Frederick E. Makumbi, Esther Buregyeya, John B. Isunju, Wambi Rogers, Richard K. Mugambe, Clovice Kankya, Musso Munyeme, and John C. Ssempebwa
- Abstract
BackgroundExtended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producingEscherichia coli(ESBL-PE) represents a significant global public health concern. Much as humans, animals and environments harbor ESBL-PE, its epidemiology in Uganda is still not well understood. This study explains the epidemiology of ESBL-PE using the one health approach in selected farming households in Wakiso district, central Uganda.MethodologyEnvironmental, human, and animal samples were collected from 104 households. Additional data were obtained using observation checklists and through interviews with household members using a semi-structured questionnaire. Surface swabs, soil, water, human and animal fecal samples were introduced onto ESBL chromogenic agar. The isolates were identified using biochemical tests and double-disk synergy tests. To assess associations, prevalence ratios (PRs) were computed using a generalized linear model (GLM) analysis with modified Poisson and a log link with robust standard errors in R software.ResultsA total of 82.7% (86/104) households had at least one positive ESBL-PE isolate. The overall prevalence of ESBL-PE at the human-animal-environment interface was approximately 25.0% (95% CI: 22.7-28.3). Specifically, animals, environment and humans had an ESBL-PE prevalence of 35.4%, 5.8%, and 45.4% respectively. Having visitors (adj PR= 1.19, 95% CI: 1.04-1.36), utilizing veterinary services (adj PR= 1.39, 95% CI: 1.20-1.61) and using animal waste for gardening (adj PR= 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05-1.60) were positively associated with ESBL-PE contamination. However, covering the drinking water container with a lid (adj PR= 0.84 95% CI: 0.73-0.96) was associated with absence of ESBL-PE.ConclusionThere is wider dissemination of ESBL-PE in the environment, humans, and animals, indicating poor infection prevention and control (IPC) measures in the area. Improved collaborative one health mitigation strategies such as safe water chain, farm biosecurity, household and facility-based IPC measures are recommended to reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance at community level.
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- 2022
40. Evaluation of Bacterial Contamination of Beef Carcasses in Namwala and Lusaka Districts of Zambia
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Wizaso Mwasinga, Musso Munyeme, Chisoni Mumba, Clovice Kankya, and John Bwalya Muma
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Veterinary medicine ,Carcass contamination ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Significant difference ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,food and beverages ,Total Viable Count ,Biology ,Contamination ,Animal origin ,fluids and secretions ,Dietary protein ,Hygiene ,Hazard analysis and critical control points ,media_common - Abstract
Background Abattoirs have been purported to be ideal areas were possible microbial contamination of meat products is likely to occur. Food of animal origin, mainly beef, has been identified as a source of dietary protein for humans albeit it being a source of food-borne diseases including zoonoses. This study was carried out to evaluate bacterial contamination and the risk factors associated with contamination of beef carcasses during processing. A total of four abattoirs were sampled within three months with one in Namwala and three in Lusaka districts. A total of 314 beef carcass surface swabs were obtained from the neck region by swabbing the carcasses, immediately after evisceration and after washing. Results The results of mean total viable counts (TVC) of carcass contamination were enumerated as the mean log from 4.7 Log10 cfu/cm2 in an abattoir where Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) was practiced to 5.8 Log10 cfu/cm2 without HACCP. Bivariate analysis showed a significant difference in carcass contamination when town abattoirs (Lusaka) were compared with rural ones (Namwala); χ2 = 43.87, P < 0.0001. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified poor hygiene practices, the absence of antemortem inspection, and lack of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) implementation as significant factors associated with carcass contamination. Conclusion A high microbial load as determined by the Total Viable Count is an indicator that beef is being produced under poor abattoir hygiene conditions. Therefore, beef carcasses with high bacterial loads are potential sources of foodborne pathogens leading to foodborne disease and hence there is need for advocating for good hygiene practices in the abattoirs.
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- 2021
41. Social Dynamics of Ebola Virus Disease: A Case of Bundibugyo District, Uganda
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Daisy Nabadda, James Muleme, Consolata Kabonesa, Clovice Kankya, Samuel Okware, Luke Nyakarahuka, and Richard Bagonza Asaba
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Social dynamics ,Ebola virus ,Infectious disease (medical specialty) ,medicine ,Outbreak ,Stigma (botany) ,Disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Focus group ,Demography ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Background: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) presents with a high global mortality and is known to be a highly infectious disease with devastating and gendered effects on the social fabric, yet most of the science has focused on the disease’s biology. However, little has been documented with regard to the gender and social aspects of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in two sub counties (Kikyo and Bundibugyo Town Council) in Bundibugyo District in Western Uganda. The study was set to examine the gender differences in the level of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about EVD. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional design using both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. A structured questionnaire was administered to 254 respondents, 50% of whom were women. Simple random sampling was used to select the participants. Questionnaire data were analysed using SPSS at univariate and bivariate levels. Qualitative methods such as key informant interviews (with 6 participants) and Focus Group Discussions (three, one with men alone, another with women alone and the last one with both men and women) were also used to collect additional information from participants. Results: The findings indicated that socio-demographically, the majority (35%) of the respondents were aged between 20 and 29 years, 53% of whom were females. More women (about 56%) compared to men (44%) attained secondary education while more men (about 51% versus 49% of the women) reported that they were married. In terms of religion, the majority of the survey participants were Catholics (59% females and 49% males). With regard to communities’ knowledge about EVD, there was no significant relationship between men and women in terms of prior knowledge about EVD, risk factors and control measures. However, slightly more males (about 51%) than females (49%) had heard about EVD and more males (about 52%) than females (48%) admitted that they were at risk of contracting the disease. On the control measures, slightly more females than males (about 53% vs. 47% respectively) proposed avoiding contact with infected persons. The results further revealed that more males (about 51%) than females (49%) were willing to relate with EVD survivors, and this was due to the latter’s fear of contracting the disease. The major devastating effects of EVD that were reported included loss of lives, disruption of peoples movements, isolation of people, disruption of children’s school activities, stigma and discrimination of survivors. More females (about 52%) than males (about 48%) reported that EVD survivors were discriminated during the EVD outbreak in Bundibugyo District. Conclusions: This study has shown that whereas both men and women demonstrate average knowledge about EVD, there is need for more training and sensitization targeting women who have delusions about the severity of the disease, its risk factors, stigma and the integration of survivors in the affected communities. Communities also need to be sensitized about the gender roles that increase both the burden of EVD and the risk of men and women contracting the disease. This will lead to more culturally sensitive responses to EVD outbreaks in future.
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- 2019
42. The prevalence and genetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium isolates from cattle in Kiruhura district, South Western Uganda
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Sylvester Ochwo, Gloria Akurut, Sarah Gift Witto, Anne J. N. Kazibwe, Clovice Kankya, and Claire M. Mugasa
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Veterinary medicine ,biology ,Cryptosporidium infection ,business.industry ,Cryptosporidium ,Ribosomal RNA ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Real-time polymerase chain reaction ,parasitic diseases ,Genotype ,Herd ,medicine ,Parasitology ,Livestock ,Original Article ,business ,Genotyping - Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an emerging opportunistic zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrheal illness in a wide range of hosts including livestock and humans. This study set out to establish the prevalence of Cryptosporidium as well as the circulating genotypes in order to elucidate the potential role of cattle in the spread of human cryptosporidiosis. Rectal coprological samples from 363 cattle in 11 households in Kiruhura district, Southwestern Uganda were collected and screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts using the phenol auramine staining method followed by fluorescent microscopy. DNA was extracted from the microscopy positive samples and the COWP gene amplified using PCR. PCR products were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Additionally a multiplex realtime PCR was used to identify the Cryptosporidium spp. Multivariable mixed effect logistic regression models were used to identify potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 7.7% (95% CI 5.1–10.9), and herd level prevalence was 33.3% (95% CI 18.5–52.2). We found a statistically significant difference (OR = 30.78, 95% CI 4.31–219.95, p = 0.001) between infection in bulls as compared to cows. There was no significant difference in the prevalence among the different cattle breeds sampled. All the sequenced COWP gene DNA amplicons were confirmed to be C. hominis, with 93%-100% identity to sequences in the GenBank. The amplification of the small subunit rRNA by multiplex realtime PCR further established that the isolates in this study are C. hominis. This study represents the first time naturally occurring C. hominis has been detected from cattle in Uganda.
- Published
- 2021
43. Preview on Bovine Tuberculosis Prevelance and It's Zoonotic Perception among Tuberculosis Patients in Wau-South Sudan
- Author
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Caeser Sobe Jermano Boyong, Muwonge, Adrian, Jubara, Ambrose, Clovice Kankya, Musso Munyeme, Muleme, James, Dickson Ndoboli, and G Ekuka
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Tuberculous and Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria in Cattle at a Slaughterhouse in Wau, South Sudan
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Caeser Sobe Jermano Boyong, Muwonge, Adrian, Clovice Kankya, Jubara, Ambrose, Dickson Ndoboli, Musso Munyeme, G Ekuka, and Muleme, James
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Dynamics of tuberculosis in Wau, South Sudan during a period of armed conflict
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D Ndoboli, Clovice Kankya, Muleme James, G Ekuka, Adrian Muwonge, Ambrose Samuel Jubara, Caeser Sobe Jermano Boyong, and Musso Munyeme
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Microbiology (medical) ,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Tuberculosis ,Armed conflict ,Cross-sectional study ,030231 tropical medicine ,Wau ,Logistic regression ,Article ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Health care ,Epidemiology ,Medicine ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,030212 general & internal medicine ,South Sudan ,lcsh:RC705-779 ,biology ,Descriptive statistics ,business.industry ,lcsh:Diseases of the respiratory system ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Infectious Diseases ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex ,Sputum ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Background: South Sudan has endured decades of armed conflict, with the most recent in 2016. This has left the health system and infrastructure overstretched by a myriad of infectious diseases like tuberculosis. Our study aimed at quantitatively and qualitatively documenting TB dynamics and challenges with access to health care during a period of civil unrest in Wau. Materials & Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out between January and February 2016 at Wau Teaching Hospital (WTH). Sputum was randomly collected from 207 of the 1035 TB suspects and analyzed using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and Fluorescent Microscopy (FM), Culture, Capilia MTBC Neo, and DST. The laboratory results and questionnaire metadata were used for descriptive statistics, logistic regression in R version 3.4.2. These results were presented along with results from a qualitative assessment of the situation at WTH. Results: Of 207 TB suspects, 39 (18.8%) were positive on FM with bacilli growth on culture, later confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Only 5.4% of the cases were resistant to Isoniazid. Age; 20–45 OR = 13 (95%CI = 2.4–25.6, p = 0.011), > 46 OR = 3 (95%CI = 0.5–58, p = 0.005) and raw milk consumption OR = 2.2 (95%CI = 0.37–42.48, p = 0.005) were associated with being TB positive. The qualitative evaluation reveals that gunfights in the surroundings of Wau influenced the number of patients attending WTH, with some travelling up to 545 km to seek medical attention. Conclusion: We report a high prevalence of tuberculosis among patients who presented at WTH, with approximately 1 out of 5 individuals testing positive for tuberculosis. This is likely an underestimation given the challenges patients had to endure as they sought medical attention. Tuberculosis epidemiology is likely to be driven by individual and household factors, but further investigations are needed to fully understand the risk profile. The tools in use were adequate for TB diagnostics and we observed a remarkably low prevalence of drug resistance, a statistic that is worth preserving. We therefore call for action from all stakeholders. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Armed conflict, Wau, South Sudan
- Published
- 2018
46. Seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis and associated risk factors in Nakasongola district, Uganda
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Musso Munyeme, Phillip Lasuba, Clovice Kankya, Adrian Muwonge, Jacques Godfroid, and James Bugeza
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Farms ,040301 veterinary sciences ,030231 tropical medicine ,Wildlife ,Animals, Wild ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Brucella ,Biology ,Logistic regression ,Brucellosis ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Bovine brucellosis ,0302 clinical medicine ,Food Animals ,Risk Factors ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Environmental health ,Epidemiology ,Prevalence ,medicine ,Animals ,Lactation ,Seroprevalence ,Uganda ,Rose Bengal ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Antibodies, Bacterial ,Production systems ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Logistic Models ,Herd ,Cattle ,Female ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Rangeland tenure - Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out between November 2015 and January 2016 to determine the seroprevalence of Brucella antibodies in cattle raised under communal, fenced farms and tethering systems and the associated factors. Seven hundred twenty-eight bovine sera were collected and tested with rose Bengal test as a screening test and the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a confirmatory test. Animal- and herd-level data were collected and binary logistic regression was used to assess the potential risk factors. True animal- and herd-level prevalence was highest in the fenced farms (4.5% (95%CI, 2.3–6.9) and 19.5% (95%CI, 8.2–32.7) respectively). The risks for natural brucellosis infection were sharing water with wild animals (OR = 0.21, 95%CI, 0.104–0.83), herd size (medium: OR = 0.089, 95%CI 0.017–0.449; large: OR = 0.024, 95%CI 0.003–0.203), fenced farms (OR = 3.7, 95% CI, 1.7–7.9), sex (OR = 0.03, 95%CI, 0.01–0.079), and lactation (OR = 0.013, 95%CI, 0.004–0.049). Changes in rangeland tenure and the shift towards intensive cattle production have influenced brucellosis epidemiology. Future studies should aim at identifying the infecting Brucellae and examining the role of wildlife in brucellosis epidemiology.
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- 2018
47. How severe and prevalent are Ebola and Marburg viruses? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the case fatality rates and seroprevalence
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Eystein Skjerve, Randi I. Krontveit, Julius J. Lutwama, Frank Norbert Mwiine, Clovice Kankya, Benjamin Mayer, and Luke Nyakarahuka
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Zaire ebolavirus ,Case fatality rate ,viruses ,030231 tropical medicine ,Ebola virus disease ,Seroprevalence ,medicine.disease_cause ,Severity of Illness Index ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Marburg virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Marburg virus disease ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,medicine ,Prevalence ,Animals ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Ebolavirus ,Ebola virus ,biology ,business.industry ,Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Bundibugyo ebolavirus ,Meta-analysis ,Infectious Diseases ,Africa ,Systematic review ,business ,Demography ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Ebola and Marburg virus diseases are said to occur at a low prevalence, but are very severe diseases with high lethalities. The fatality rates reported in different outbreaks ranged from 24–100%. In addition, sero-surveys conducted have shown different seropositivity for both Ebola and Marburg viruses. We aimed to use a meta-analysis approach to estimate the case fatality and seroprevalence rates of these filoviruses, providing vital information for epidemic response and preparedness in countries affected by these diseases. Methods Published literature was retrieved through a search of databases. Articles were included if they reported number of deaths, cases, and seropositivity. We further cross-referenced with ministries of health, WHO and CDC databases. The effect size was proportion represented by case fatality rate (CFR) and seroprevalence. Analysis was done using the metaprop command in STATA. Results The weighted average CFR of Ebola virus disease was estimated to be 65.0% [95% CI (54.0–76.0%), I2 = 97.98%] whereas that of Marburg virus disease was 53.8% (26.5–80.0%, I2 = 88.6%). The overall seroprevalence of Ebola virus was 8.0% (5.0%–11.0%, I2 = 98.7%), whereas that for Marburg virus was 1.2% (0.5–2.0%, I2 = 94.8%). The most severe species of ebolavirus was Zaire ebolavirus while Bundibugyo Ebolavirus was the least severe. Conclusions The pooled CFR and seroprevalence for Ebola and Marburg viruses were found to be lower than usually reported, with species differences despite high heterogeneity between studies. Countries with an improved health surveillance and epidemic response have lower CFR, thereby indicating need for improving early detection and epidemic response in filovirus outbreaks.
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- 2016
48. Sero-prevalence of brucellosis among slaughterhouse workers in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan
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George William Nasinyama, Moses Ocan, Adrian Muwonge, Nuol Aywel Madut, Ambrose Samuel Jubara, Clovice Kankya, John Bwalya Muma, and Jacques Godfroid
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Adult ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Sero-prevalence ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Meat ,Adolescent ,Cross-sectional study ,030106 microbiology ,Prevalence ,Brucellosis ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Occupational Exposure ,Zoonoses ,Environmental health ,VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480 ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Seroprevalence ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,South Sudan ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Slaughterhouse worker ,medicine.disease ,Brucella ,Sero prevalence ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Infectious Diseases ,Ghazal ,Tropical medicine ,Female ,business ,Abattoirs ,Research Article ,VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 - Abstract
Source at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4066-4. © The Author(s). 2019 Background - Brucellosis is an infectious zoonotic disease and is common especially among pastoral communities in most low and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine sero-prevalence, and risk factors of Brucella infection among Slaughterhouse workers, in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan. Methods - A cross sectional study was conducted among Slaughterhouse workers in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan from December 2015 to May 2016. A pre-tested questionnaire was used in data collection. Each randomly selected participant was interviewed and a venous blood sample collected. The blood samples were screened for Brucellosis infection using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and confirmed using Competitive Enzyme link Immuno Sorbet Assay (c-ELISA). Data was analyzed using Stata version 13 at 95% level of confidence. Results - A total of 234 Slaughterhouse workers were screen for Brucella infection. Overall, a third, 32.1% (75/234) of the participants were sero-positive for brucellosis. The prevalence of brucellosis was higher, 17.1% (40/234) in Wau state compared to other states. There was high prevalence among males, 28.6% (67/234) compared to females 3.4% (8/234). The mean age of study participants was 34.4 ± 9.6 years. A high proportion, 12.8% (30/234) of participants with confirmed brucellosis infection were 31–40 years of age. Brucellosis prevalence was high among butchers, 14.5% (34/234), and meat handlers, 9.0% (21/234). Conclusions - Brucellosis is common among animal slaughterhouse workers in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan. There is need for public awareness campaigns and educational programs to help sensitize communities on Brucella infection.
- Published
- 2019
49. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium hominis in cattle bordering the Lake Mburo National Park in Kiruhura district, Western Uganda
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Sarah Gift Witto, Sylvester Ochwo, Clovice Kankya, Anne J. N. Kazibwe, and Gloria Akurut
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Veterinary medicine ,biology ,National park ,business.industry ,Cryptosporidium ,biology.organism_classification ,law.invention ,law ,Genotype ,parasitic diseases ,Herd ,Livestock ,business ,Cryptosporidium hominis ,Genotyping ,Polymerase chain reaction - Abstract
BackgroundCryptosporidiumis an emerging opportunistic zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrheal illness in a wide range of hosts including livestock and humans. Globally there is exponential increase in livestock production to meet the worlds’ demand for animal protein as well as for financial reasons. However, there is raised concern of the public health threat due to contamination of the environment by livestock waste carrying zoonotic pathogens such asCryptosporidium. This study set out to establish the prevalence ofCryptosporidiumas well as the circulating genotypes in order to elucidate the potential role of cattle in the spread of human cryptosporidiosis. We collected rectal coprological samples from 363 cattle in 11 households in Kiruhura district, Southwestern Uganda. The samples were screened for presence ofCryptosporidiumoocysts using the phenol auramine staining method followed by fluorescent microscopy. DNA was then extracted from the microscopy positive samples and the COWP gene amplified using PCR. Amplified gene products were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis.ResultsThe overall animal level prevalence ofCryptosporidiumwas 7.7% (95% CI: 5.1-10.9), and herd level prevalence was 33.3% (95% CI: 18.5-52.2). We found a statistically significant difference (p=0.02) between infection in bulls as compared to cows. There was however no significant difference in the prevalence among the different cattle breeds sampled, with the following prevalence’s observed in Crosses 9.2%, Ankole 5.7%, Friesian 7.1%, and Boran 2.8% respectively. The COWP gene was successfully amplified from 20 of the 28 microscopy positive samples. All the sequenced DNA amplicons were confirmed to beC. hominis, with 98%-100% identity to sequences in the GenBank.C. hominiswas the only genotype isolated from this study, further asserting that cattle could be a potential high risk source of human cryptosporidiosis.ConclusionThis study represents the first time naturally occurringC. hominishas been isolated from cattle in Uganda. This further provides evidence of cattle possibly being biological reservoirs forC. hominisand cattle could be a potential high risk source of human cryptosporidiosis.
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- 2019
- Full Text
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50. Listeria Contamination of Raw Bovine Milk and the Factors Influencing Its Occurrence in Greater Luweero District, Uganda
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Jesca L. Nakavuma, Clovice Kankya, and David Mukasa
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0301 basic medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,Veterinary medicine ,Bovine milk ,biology ,030106 microbiology ,Listeria ,General Medicine ,Contamination ,biology.organism_classification - Published
- 2016
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