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Background This study explores live and recorded music listening in the outpatient pain clinic. There is evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of live and recorded music in a hospital setting but a comparison study of this kind has yet to be conducted. Methods A multimethod survey study design was used. A questionnaire utilizing rating scales was self-administered across two outpatient pain clinic waiting rooms. Patients were included through convenience sampling. In one clinic, a playlist of recorded music curated by two of the authors was provided. In the second clinic, a music therapy student played live music using guitar, flute, and voice. The questionnaire gathered data on music's impact on pain and emotional states, as well as attitudes toward music in the waiting room. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data, gathered in the questionnaires open ended question, was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results The questionnaire was completed by 200 adult patients. Patients reported lowered levels of anxiety, stress, and pain in both clinics, as well as a shorter waiting time and more caring experience. Patients in the live music clinic reported that music lowered levels of stress, nervousness, agitation, and pain more than in the recorded music clinic. Conclusions Participants in this study identified that music is a useful tool in the pain clinic waiting room. This study contributes to evidence that music should be considered as a complimentary treatment for people living with pain and in the wider hospital setting. Additional research is warranted with a control group, pre- and posttesting, and studies of music in hospitals in a range of cultural contexts.

Background Care partners are key members of patients’ health care teams, yet little is known about their experiences accessing patient information via electronic portals. Objective To better understand the characteristics and perceptions of care partners who read patients’ electronic visit notes. Patient involvement Focus groups with diverse patients from a community health center provided input into survey development. Methods We contacted patient portal users at 3 geographically distinct sites in the US via email in 2017 for an online survey including open ended questions which we qualitatively analyzed. Results Respondents chose whether to answer as care partners (N = 874) or patients (N = 28,782). Among care partner respondents, 44% were spouses, 43% children/other family members, and 14% friends/neighbors/other. Both care partners and patients reported that access to electronic notes was very important for promoting positive health behaviors, but care partners’ perceptions of importance were consistently more positive than patients’ perceptions of engagement behaviors. Open-ended comments included positive benefits such as: help with remembering the plan for care, coordinating care with other doctors, decreasing stress of care giving, improving efficiency of visits, and supporting patients from a geographical distance. They also offered suggestions for improving electronic portal and note experience for care partners such as having a separate log on for care partners; having doctors avoid judgmental language in their notes; and the ability to prompt needed medical care for patients. Discussion Care partners value electronic access to patients’ health information even more than patients. The majority of care partners were family members, whose feedback is important for improving portal design that effectively engages these care team members. Practical value Patient care in the time of COVID-19 increasingly requires social distancing which may place additional burden on care partners supporting vulnerable patients. Access to patient notes may promote quality of care by keeping care partners informed, and care partner’s input should be used to optimize portal design and electronic access to patient information.

This paper tries to identify the significant impact of various demographic factors of consumers on the preferences towards the selection of online banking in day to day life. For that the primary research was conducted by designing the structure questionnaire by asking different open ended and close ended questions to the consumer for the usage of online banking. The findings of the paper is that majority of the consumer belongs to the male having the basic educational qualification of graduation or post-graduation. There is significant difference among few demographic factors with the preferences of consumer towards the online banking. The statistical tools applied for these are frequency distribution, crosstab and chi square test.

Why use open-ended questions? This chapter provides an up-to-date overview on the use of open-ended questions in novel rapid sensory methodologies and the potential applications in which they could provide unique benefits. Next, the step-by-step process is described (from task performance to analysis) with its pros and cons, with important considerations to follow. Examples with data from real, recently published case studies are provided to illustrate all the points raised in the chapter. Finally, the future trends of open-ended questions are discussed: Are social media currently useful for sensory science? How can the benefits of open-ended questions be boosted?

This study aims to assess the perception and attitude of health care personnel regarding integration of nursing education and nursing services. Using purposive and stratified random sampling technique, 92 medical faculty, 32 nursing faculty and 346 nursing officers were enrolled. A three-point Likert scale consisting of 15 items and six open ended questions was used to collect the data. Overall, the concept of integration of nursing education and nursing services at their institute was welcomed by 74.4% of health care personnel. Medical faculty (47.8%), nursing faculty (37.5%) and nursing officers (57.5%) scored the concept of integration as very good.

OBJECTIVE To assess resident and faculty interest in, as well as content and preferred format for, a leadership curriculum during obstetrics and gynecology residency DESIGN: From June to July 2019, a needs assessment survey on leadership training was distributed to residents and academic faculty at 3 United States obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. Open ended questions were analyzed for themes. SETTING Three ob/gyn residency programs across the United States: Kaiser Permanente East Bay in Oakland, California, Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, and Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, New York. PARTICIPANTS Surveys were distributed to all residents (n = 111) and affiliated academic faculty (n = 124) at each of the 3 participating sites. RESULTS Resident response rate was 71% (79/111) and faculty rate was 63% (78/124). Postgraduate year (PGY) 1 residents were more likely to believe there was sufficient leadership training during residency (17/23, 74%) compared to PGY 2-4s (16/56, 29%) and faculty (20/76, 26%; p < 0.01). Most residents (66/79, 84%) and faculty (74/78, 82%) expressed that residents would benefit from a leadership curriculum. Both deemed small group exercises and leadership case studies taught by physicians were the preferred format for this curriculum. Residents and faculty agreed on 3 of the top 4 topics for a leadership curriculum - effective communication, team management, and time management - while residents chose self-awareness and faculty chose professionalism as the fourth of their top domains. Open-ended survey questions revealed that leadership demands in obstetrics and gynecology are similar to other specialties but differ in emphasis on crisis management, situational awareness, and advocacy training. CONCLUSIONS Given unique aspects of leadership within the specialty, obstetrics and gynecology residents and faculty see benefit for specialty-specific formalized leadership training.

PURPOSE People with a disability may spend more time sitting and lying ("downtime") and less time standing and walking ("uptime"). Caregivers and therapists supporting individuals with Rett syndrome were surveyed, aiming to gather insights on how to support participation in "uptime" activities. METHOD An anonymous online survey including open ended questions about the enablers and barriers to "uptime" was administered to parent/caregivers and therapists/health professionals in an international sample. Responses were coded to the International Classification of Functioning, Health and Disability (ICF) framework identifying barriers, enablers, and strategies for increasing uptime activities. RESULTS Parents (N = 115) and therapists (N = 49) completed the survey. Barriers and enablers to "uptime" were identified for all ICF domains and additional data coded to enabling access to the physical environment. Strategies to promote "uptime" activities and participation particularly related to the individual's physical capacity and personal factors as well as social and physical environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS Findings can inform the design of interventions aiming to increase "uptime" in individuals with Rett syndrome. Strategies should create individualised support by considering how to build fitness using activities that are motivating, at the same time creating opportunities for social interactions within a range of environments.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION"Uptime" participation comprised a dynamic interaction of "doing" the standing or walking activity, with a sense of self-engagement with the activities and interaction with others.Strategies to promote "uptime" participation should consider how to create support for person-related attributes, including building physical capacity for a greater volume of "uptime" in activities that are enjoyable and motivating.Strategies to promote "uptime participation should also include creating a supportive environment, comprising opportunities for social interaction within a range of environments".

The research was aims to describe the problem solving in mathematics ability on open ended with circle material based on the early mathematical ability of the students at 9th grade junior high school 8 mataram. The type of the research is a descriptive study with quantitative approach. The research subject are 28 students which selected with purposive sampling. The subject is grouped according to early abilities of high, moderate, and low mathematics using the midterms. The data-collection method used is an open-ended problem-solving test on a loop of 2 terms of description and interview methods. The results were analyzed based on an indicator of problem solving capability according to Polya. Based on the data analysis, student problem solving capabilities with advanced mathematical abilities fall into good category, averaged 79.69. The student problem-solving capability with the early math skills is in good category, with an average score of 77.50. Student problem solving with early abilities of low math falls in the less category, with an average value of 48.30. The students with advanced math skills and are filling indicators of understanding the problem, planning a settlement and carrying out a completion plan, but have not yet met the checking indicator.

Purpose: The current study sought to establish the strategic adoption of corporate social responsibility on performance of plastic manufacturing firms in Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive survey research design and targeted plastic manufacturing firms registered by Kenya Association of Manufactures. A total of 23 firms were targeted where one manager, two supervisors and two junior staff from the strategic department of the respective firms were involved in the study making a total of 115 respondents. A 5 - point Likert scale questionnaire containing close ended questions was used for collecting data. The data collected was analyzed by employing both inferential analysis and descriptive statistics using MS Excel and SPSS software V22. A pilot study was conducted on three firms to assess the validity and reliability of the data collection instrument. Results: The results and findings of the analysis were presented in form of tables and figures. The study established that Environmental Conservation Initiatives, Ethical Labor Practices, Business Operators Involvement positively and significantly affects performance of plastic manufacturing firms in Kenya as depicted by Beta values of 2.874, 0.167 and 0.251 respectively. This implies that increase in one unit of each of the variables results to an increase in the performance levels with the respective beta values. Philanthropic initiatives however was found to influence performance but to insignificant levels. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that there is a need for plastic manufacturing firm to enhance their environmental conservation initiatives as an CSR activity, to promote ethical labor practices as an CSR activity, to enhance the level of involvement of business operators in CSR activities and to promote philanthropic initiatives as an CSR activity since the practices positively influences the performance levels of the firms.

Based on data triangulation, open-ended questions can be used to overcome a typical problem with data collection using surveys: Human behavior can only be captured as stated or intended, but not as real behavior. In this study on knowledge sharing in the workplace, a quantitative measure of behavioral intention was accompanied by such a qualitative, open-ended measure of behavior. The latter was used as a proxy for real instead of stated behavior. This item was coded according to the effort a participant made in answering. It is assumed that the greater the effort put into answering the open-ended question, the more likely it is that the described behavior will be performed in reality. A factorial experimental design was used to analyze the effect of rewards on employees’ knowledge-sharing behavior. As a within-subject design was used, participants had to answer three open-ended questions referring to different vignettes. A strong order effect appeared, leading to longer answers on average for the first vignette (baseline) compared to subsequent vignettes, independent of treatment. Therefore, this approach to operationalizing behavior in surveys might not be useful in within-subject designs. However, it can be used in between-subject comparisons when participants are asked to answer to a single vignette.Keywords: survey design, survey experiment, real-effort design, human behavior, order effect

As information technology rapidly changes workplaces and classrooms, the need for education has shifted from focusing on static skills to the ability to learn in a dynamic environment. Higher education institutions are looking for teaching practices to bridge performance gaps and meet the challenge of ensuring that students are prepared for careers after graduation. During this pandemic, more than 85% of jobs are computer-oriented, but a small percentage of students seek educated qualifications. The skills of the early twentieth century are essential to prepare students for these tasks. The purpose of this research is to determine a consensus on the composition of 21st century skills, measure the views of students and teachers, and determine the challenges students face in the learning process. This was a mix methods study. A perceptual survey accompanied by open-ended questions deepened analysis and understanding. The data was analyzed descriptively and open ended question responses were coded, categorized and analyzed using qualitative data analysis approach. The findings showed student’s the difficulties in developing 21st Century skills.

Student evaluation of teaching (SET) is applied in the vast majority of universities and higher education institutions. They are used to design professor training programs, evaluate teaching perfor...

The quality of herbs used to make herbal medicinal products largely influences the safety and effectiveness of these herbal treatments. It is therefore important to investigate the extent to which manufacturers are ensuring the quality supply of herbal medicine used in production of herbal medicine. This study examines how small and medium scale manufacturers assure the quality and continual improvement of the raw materials (raw materials) used for production of medicinal products in a developing economy, the state of Ghana, and the methods used by the company. The study adopted exploratory research design. Using interview quide with open ended questions, data was collected from 88 respondents (small and medium scale manufacturers and their representatives). The data was analysed using NVivo 11. Findings of the study indicated that herbs were collected from the wild (forest), physical inspection of the herbs and best manufacturing practices, good relationship management or collaboration were measures used to promote quality of raw material supply. Also, proper documentation or recording of processes and quality measures do not have much attention or acceptance among Traditional Medicine Practitioners (TMPs).

Objective Although there is some research on women’s choice of birthplace, most of this research has been conducted overseas. This study explored factors influencing the decision to use public or private maternity services within regional Australia. Methods This cross-sectional study consisted of a community-based, anonymous, online questionnaire focused on factors influencing a woman’s choice of birth location and included adult females who had given birth in the past 2 years within two regional areas. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse demographic characteristics and factors influencing decisions regarding birthplace. Pearson’s Chi-squared test was used to compare public and private births for multiple variables. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratio for each potential factor based on whether participants with private health insurance (PHI) elected to birth in the public or private regional hospitals. Open coding was used to group responses to open ended questions into themes. Results Data from 510 questionnaires were analysed. The three most frequently reported factors influencing a woman’s decision about birthplace were financial reasons, the ability to choose their doctor and not having PHI. Women with PHI who opted for birth in the public system were almost four-fold more likely to select access to intensive care services and 2.6-fold more likely to select a preference for a low-intervention birth as one of their top five most influential factors. The results highlight that women want access to midwifery continuity of care. Conclusion This study provides insights into the factors influencing a woman’s complex decision about where and with whom to birth and how health insurance affects that decision, an area where there is a paucity of peer-reviewed literature. This research highlights the importance of being able to choose one’s doctor and the desire for access to midwife-led models of care, and provides evidence to advocate for improved access to additional models of care in the private sector. What is already known? The viability of regional private maternity hospitals is in question because, once the birth rate goes below a certain threshold, providing private obstetric service becomes unviable. Closure of regional private hospitals means less choice in regional areas. Minimal information is available about the factors influencing a woman with PHI to give birth in the public system, and much of the evidence is anecdotal. What does this paper add? This study provides insight into how PHI status and other factors influence a woman’s decision to birth in the public versus private sector, an area where there is a paucity of peer-reviewed literature. It also highlights a desire from women for access to midwifery continuity of care in the private system. What are the implications for practitioners? This research provides evidence to advocate for improved access to additional models of care, especially for midwifery-led care in the private sector.

This study explored the levels of and relationship between ICT adoption readiness and ICT policy implementation in Secondary Schools in Mayuge District. The objectives included determining the level of ICT adoption readiness, establishing the level of ICT policy implementation and examining the relationship between ICT adoption readiness and ICT policy implementation. A cross-sectional survey research design employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches was used. A sample of 232 teachers was selected from both private and public secondary schools using simple random sampling technique to participate in the study. Three District Inspectors of Schools (DIS) selected purposively also participated in the study. A questionnaire containing closed ended questions was used to collect quantitative data from the teachers, while an interview guide was used to obtain qualitative responses from the DIS. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics: frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations, while the qualitative data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The results revealed a moderate overall level of ICT adoption readiness (M = 42.19, SD = 10.10), a moderate overall level of ICT policy implementation (M = 85.11, SD = 9.88), and a significant moderate positive relationship (r = .50, p < .01) between ICT adoption readiness and ICT policy implementation. From the results it was concluded that secondary schools in Mayuge District were in the early stages of domestication of ICT and ICT policy implementation. It was recommended that concerted effort be directed towards improving schoolsi¯ ICT adoption readiness in order to improve ICT policy implementation.

Text answers to open-ended questions are typically manually coded into one of several codes. Usually, a random subset of text answers is double-coded to assess intercoder reliability, but most of the data remain single-coded. Any disagreement between the two coders points to an error by one of the coders. When the budget allows double coding additional text answers, we propose employing statistical learning models to predict which single-coded answers have a high risk of a coding error. Specifically, we train a model on the double-coded random subset and predict the probability that the single-coded codes are correct. Then, text answers with the highest risk are double-coded to verify. In experiments with three data sets, we found that this method identifies two to three times as many coding errors in the additional text answers as compared to random guessing, on average. We conclude that this method is preferred if the budget permits additional double-coding. When there are a lot of intercoder disagreements, the benefit can be substantial.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify the main barriers to integrated care (IC) as reported by healthcare stakeholders from various linguistic regions and health system specificities, according to their reality of practice. METHODS Information was gathered through an open-ended question from a national survey conducted in Switzerland in 2019. Responses were analysed qualitatively with the IRaMuTeQ software. RESULTS Answers from 410 respondents were obtained. Respondents reported barriers at two levels: the system and professional level. Threat to financial benefits, concerns for patient data sharing and tensions between quality of care and benefits for patients versus costs were mentioned at the professional level, in their activity and in patient care. At the system level, limitations at the political level due to federalism and the lack of support and training for professionals were important barriers, in addition to the lack of recognition and compensation for professionals and the fragmented functioning of the health care system. CONCLUSION Our study underlines the importance of implementing innovative funding strategies and reimbursement schemes, as well as political willingness to move towards IC. The alignment between federal policies and cantonal specificities also appears as necessary to achieve involvement of professionals, promote integration of services and coordination of professionals for continuous and efficient care.

This study seeks to gain a better understanding of how the succession planning is undertaken in family owned businesses, most preferred qualities in the prospective successor and the transfer of tacit idiosyncratic firm knowledge from one generation to the next generation. The fact that family businesses contribution to the Indian economy is highly significant as well as the fact that most of the family businesses do not survive beyond three generations makes the study important. This study was conducted by distributing a quantitative survey containing numerous close ended questions to the family business owners, potential successors and successors. The survey asked respondents to explain how succession planning takes place in their firm, the most preferred qualities in the prospective successor and the mode of transfer of tacit idiosyncratic firm knowledge from one generation to another. The survey results provided insight into many important factors of succession planning such as the prospective successor being chosen with consensus of the all the family members, the process of succession being well communicated in the business and possessing leadership values is the most preferred quality sought in a successor. Learning by observing is the most preferred mode of transfer of tacit knowledge from one generation to another.

Background: Data for front-line health-care workers, risk of disease is limited so as the resources available. Although inspiring stories on doctors fighting against COVID-19-19 were covered we are still unaware of the challenges at ground level. The present study throws light on it and provides way through towards resolving the issues. Objectives:1. To assess the perceptions of the doctors towards the process of COVID-19-19 crisis management. 2.To identify the challenges and recommend solutions based on their views, suggestions. Methods: A cross sectional study on perception of doctors (94) involved in COVID-19 duty was conducted during July to September 2020, with the help of pre-validated semi-structured questionnaire through online google survey form. The questionnaire had demographic details, views on before, during and after the COVID-19 duty along with 4 open ended questions on their good and bad experiences, problems & suggestions. Descriptive statistics for quantitative & thematic analysis for qualitative data was used. Results: Nonresponse rate was 26%, mean age 27.55 year. Majority were from clinical departments (78%). 42% felt that training was proper, 60% adequate PPE kit, 52.6% were aware of management strategy, 86% stressed,82% found difficulties in communication. 42% were provided proper quarantine facility yet, 58% faced discrimination. Few themes emerged under challenges like lack of resources & training, stress & burnout, for which patient sensitization, refresher training, psychological & administrative support was suggested. Conclusion: Although COVID-19 pandemic has impacted life of doctors in either way, the challenges could easily be tackled by the recommended simple solutions. © 2021, Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine. All rights reserved.

Aim: To study stigmatization of healthcare workers due to COVID-19 pandemic Methodology: Using a cross-sectional study, a total of 134 healthcare workers were approached at Mayo Hospital, Lahore. An interview based, pre-tested, semi-constructed questionnaire consisting of both open and close ended questions were used for data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: Out of 134 healthcare workers, 40.3% were male and 59.7% were female. Distribution among doctors and nurses was 60.4% and 39.6% respectively. 51.5% of healthcare workers felt stigmatized due to working in the COVID-19 pandemic. 69.4% of healthcare workers knew of other people who faced similar stigmatization due to their exposure to COVID-19. Almost each age group and specialty faced such stigmatization. Conclusion: This study helped in understanding the stigma healthcare workers had to face during COVID-19 Pandemic which lead to significant distress and suffering for the healthcare workers. Keywords: COVID-19, pandemic, stigmatization, healthcare workers

This content analysis of open-ended survey responses compares and contrasts perceptions on supervision from supervisors with experience providing direct peer support services (PS) and supervisors without experience providing direct peer support services (NPS).A 16-item online survey was distributed via the National Association of Peer Supporters (N.A.P.S.) listserv and through peer networks and peer run organizations. Responses from 837 respondents, across 46 US states, were analyzed. Four open ended questions assessed supervisors' perceptions on differences supervising peer support workers (PSW) as compared to other staff, important qualities of PSW supervisors, roles when supervising a PSW, and concerns about PSWs in the organization. Among NPS and PS, three major differences in themes emerged: the knowledge required of supervisors, understanding of the role of the PSW, and supervisors' beliefs regarding PSW competencies. PS have a more nuanced understanding of the peer support worker role and the impact of lived experience in the role.

Objective-\ud \ud The primary aim of the study was to examine the automated linguistic analysis of the open-ended problem (PQ) and life-effects (LEQ) questionnaires to understand the psychological effects of tinnitus.\ud \ud Design-\ud \ud The study used a cross-sectional design. Participants completed online questionnaires which included demographic questions, several standardised patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and two open-ended questions focussing on PQ and LEQ related to tinnitus. The response to open-ended questions was analysed using the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) software to identify the frequency of text on various linguistic dimensions relevant to tinnitus.\ud \ud Study sample-\ud \ud 336 individuals with tinnitus.\ud \ud Results-\ud \ud The study results point to two broad findings. First, although PQ and LEQ have some similarities with PROMs (e.g. the linguistic dimension negative emotions having a weak positive correlation with anxiety and depression), no correlation with the number of dimensions suggests that the open-ended questions identify additional elements that are not captured in PROMs. Second, more linguistic dimensions from the PQ correlate with PROMs compared to LEQ suggesting that the current PROMs are problem-oriented.\ud \ud Conclusions-\ud \ud The study results support the idea that the use of open-ended questions in addition to PROMs may help optimise the efforts in examining the effects of chronic conditions such as tinnitus.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to qualitatively identify the mechanisms of change as young adults, whose parents have a mental illness and/or substance use issue, navigate their way through a 6-week, moderated online intervention. Methods Using a qualitative, grounded theory approach, data were collected and triangulated for analysis from participants before, during, and after engaging in the intervention. First, 31 young people’s motivations for enrolling in the intervention were identified from one open ended question on an online survey. Second, online chat sessions were analysed to identify those topics the 31 participants engaged in throughout the intervention. Finally, 19 interviews were conducted 2 weeks post-intervention, to ascertain participants’ perceptions of the impacts of the intervention and how the intervention promoted changes. Results The main storyline was that of participants “making sense” of their parents, themselves and other relationships, in collaboration with peers, in a safe online space. This storyline of “making sense” drove their motivation to join the intervention and was the focus of the online chats. After the intervention, some were closer to having “made sense” of their families while others struggled differentiating themselves away from their families. An anonymous, professionally moderated online site afforded participants opportunities to think about who they were and for some, who they wanted to be. Conclusion Generating an explanatory theory of how vulnerable young people navigate their way through an online intervention provides important information that can be used to inform future services, interventions, and research.

Background: In the light of the pandemic COVID 19, world’s attention has turned to the immune system and body’s defense force. Identification of the level of epidemic preparedness and understanding of Ayurvedic, Homeopathic and Siddha regimens among health care workers is required to utilize their services in main stream health care effectively. Aim: The aim of this study to access the knowledge and practices of possible Ayurvedic, Homeopathic and Siddha regimens during novel corona virus pandemic. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken among the health care workers with the help of 15 close ended questions. The one out of six-knowledge question were scored and analysed to identify differences with sociodemographic variables (age and occupation). Response to the three out of five questions on practices were analysed to Identify the differences, differing significantly in both knowledge and practice score. Result: Out of 286 responses, knowledge score significantly differed with age (P-value 0.04) and occupation (P-value 0.01). Practice scores significantly differed with age (P-value 0.01) and occupation (P-value 0.00). Our study shows that 70% of study population is aware of the medicinal properties of Neem, Tulsi and Ashwagandha against COVID 19 and 65% strongly believes the immune boosting effect of Vitamin C and 77% include citrus fruits in their diet. Conclusion: Adopting prophylactic and therapeutic strategies on the basis of Ayurveda, Homeopathy and Siddha are useful to the mankind in fighting against the COVID 19.

This research investigates on the use of technology to enhance ESL learners’ descriptive writing. The purpose of this study being carried out is to find out the underlying reasons behind ESL learners’ inability to write good descriptive writing. Apart from that, this research was also carried out to find out why technology was the approach chosen to solve the raised issues in descriptive writing as well as finding out students’ perception on the use of technology to act as an aid to their descriptive writing skill. This is an action research study in which thirty-four students of Form 4 participated. The instruments used to obtain data from students were open ended questions, semi structured interview and teacher’s reflective entry. Only three students were chosen for the semi structured interview session using purposive sampling method, the justification for this is that they vary in terms of their proficiency and the researcher had a time restriction to interview all thirty-four students. Data was analysed using thematic analysis method. The result of this study shows that the incorporation of technology has enhanced students’ performance in descriptive writing.

This study qualitatively compared the acceptability of intermittent preventive therapy with an alternative intervention - intermittent screening and treatment for prevention of malaria in pregnancy (MiP) among postpartum women in Edo State, Nigeria. Four focused group discussions were held with postpartum women who participated in a multi-center clinical trial that compared intermittent preventive therapy and intermittent screening and treatment for malaria in pregnancy between 2014 and 2015. The focus group discussions were guided by semi-structured open ended questions covering topics related to their experiences and choice of either interventions. Discussions were analyzed inductively based on emerged themes. Intermittent screening and treatment was most preferred and acceptable by the study participants compared to the intermittent preventive treatment approached. The quest to know their health status through the investigations was a motivation for their choice of the intervention. The rejection of intermittent preventive therapy was due to the general fear of medication use during pregnancy without apparent indication considering theside effects experienced with SP-based intermittent preventive therapy by women who considered themselves healthy. A properly designed and implemented intermittent screening and treatment programme could therefore be more effective in reducing the burden of malaria in pregnancy in the country. Keywords: Acceptability; Focus group discussions; Malaria prevention; Pregnant women

The purpose of this study is to explore the implementation of performance assessment in one of the Malaysian public secondary schools. Topics like what is a performance appraisal; the goal of having a performance appraisal in school; the processes for conducting performance appraisal at school; the benefits of having a performance appraisal in school; how performance appraisal affects school improvement; ways to improve performance appraisal in school; common problems with school performance appraisal are explored. There are six respondents have been selected in this case study including one principal and six teachers from an urban school in Malaysia. Eight open ended questions have been developed for the interview session with the principal and two open ended questions with teachers. Data were collected with personal in-depth interview and group interview. The results revealed that performance appraisal is important for the principal to track teachers’ productivity, to improve their career, provide a brighter career pathway and help teachers to improve their job quality. Teacher in the other hand thought that the performance appraisal should have stringent criteria and fair evaluation. It is recommended that this process need a highly cooperation and two-way communication between both parties of principal and teachers.

Background: The kind of attitude expressed by the nurses may have significant effect on the recovery process of the patient and on their decision to avail treatment. It is anticipated that by exploring the attitudes of the nurses towards AUD patients and understanding the factors which influences these attitudes, more effective interventions can be developed to provide help and support to this group of patient and also to the nurses in being effective and appropriate in responding to the needs of this group of patient.Purpose: The study was conducted to explore the prevailing attitudes of nurses towards AUD patients, and to further explore the factors influencing these attitudes.Methods: A total of fifteen nurses from Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hosiptal were recruited based on convenience and purposive sampling techniques. Qualitative approach was employed by means of conducting face to face in-depth interviews using open ended questions. The qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis method.Results: The findings from the study suggest that possessing adequate knowledge on alcohol and addiction, being regularly engaged with AUD patients or having few years of experience working with AUD patients were some of the factors which resulted in more positive attitudes among the nurses. On the contrary, insufficient skills and knowledge related to alcohol addiction and exhibition of aggressive behaviour by the patients could cause negative feelings and ultimately lead to negative attitudes.Conclusion: Therefore, it is of paramount importance that a curriculum on alcohol addiction is introduced in diploma and degree nursing courses offered in Bhutan.

Araştırmanın temel amacı, Covid 19 Pandemi sürecinde otel yöneticilerinin sergiledikleri liderlik davranışların belirlenmesidir. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek için İstanbul ilinde faaliyet gösteren sekiz adet beş yıldızlı otel müdürü ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Görüşme formunda yer alan beş adet açık uçlu soru literatürden hareketle ve uzman görüşler doğrultusunda hazırlanmıştır. 20 ile 35 dakika arasında gerçekleşen görüşmeler Ekim ve Kasım 2020 tarihleri arasında, telefonla ve online olarak yapılmıştır. Görüşme sonucunda elde edilen verilerin analizde betimsel analiz tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda otel liderlerini faaliyetlerini sürdürürken izledikleri liderlik tarzlarına bakıldığında genel olarak, personele ve ekip çalışmasına önem veren, strateji geliştiren, vizyon oluşturan bir liderlik davranışı sergiledikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Genel olarak Pandemi Türkiye’de yayılmadan önce otel işletmelerinin çok fazla stratejisi olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Son olarak çevreyi analiz edebilmek çalışanlara ve ekip çalışmasına önem vermek, strateji geliştirmek otel liderleri tarafından pandemi sürecinde bir liderin sahip olması gereken temel özellikler içerisinde belirtilmiştir.

The COVID pandemic required significant changes in the provision of youth mental health services during the period of lockdown/stay at home orders. Things which were identified as changing significantly during this period included: service via telehealth; working from home, split teams (to reduce infection risk), and social (physical) distancing. An online survey of clinicians was conducted involving both closed and open ended questions. Service staff identified significant benefits from the changes to the way services were delivered as well as some impediments and challenges. Advantages in the new way of working revolved around the flexibility of the virtual service, with appointments online enabling families to more easily overcome issues of transport, work commitments, childcare and disruption to routines and timing. The online platforms also enabled some family members to participate who otherwise might not have been able to come to appointments in person. Disadvantages included where there were issues with availability and access to appropriate technology or private spaces, or when the young person was very young, very unwell, unstable, isolated or at higher risk. This study suggests that telehealth and flexible working arrangements have become an essential new element in the clinicians' toolkit to be offered either alone or as a supplement to in person interventions.

The aims of this study were to find out the types of text of supplementary reading material chosen by students based on their preference and to investigate the students’ reasons in choosing the types of text of supplementary reading material at grade VIII of SMPN 1 Kepahiang. This research was categorized as descriptive quantitative and qualitative research. The subjects were the students of grade VIII who are chosen by using semi random sampling. The data was collected by using text types list and open ended questions. The researcher asked the students to choose types of text which were prefered by them, from total 50 texts the students must choose twenty texts. Then, to know the reason why they chose those texts, the researcher did an open ended questions to 20 students randomly. There were two findings of this research; (1) the type of text for supplementary reading material chosen by mostly students based on their preference at grade VIII of SMPN 1 Kepahiang was narrative text; (2) there were three students’ reasons in choosing the types of text for supplementary reading material at grade VIII of SMPN 1 Kepahiang, they were; the narrative text contains some stories which can entertain them, the narrative text is interesting to read, and the narrative text is easy to understand. Due to the limited sample taken in this research and the situation on Covid-19, it was suggested for further researcher to conduct similar research in more numbers of sample by conducting research in the classroom directly.

Background Information about pain and injury from equipment on a particular deployment is not disaggregated in the literature; thus, the nature of the issue is unclear. Aims To determine the prevalence of pain or injury during a particular deployment that military personnel attributed to equipment they used on this deployment; and to document the types of equipment they identified, the type of pain or injury and how they thought the pain or injury occurred. Methods This paper analyses data from a deployment and health survey of Australian Defence Force personnel. The participants are 8932 personnel who deployed to Iraq and 6534 who deployed to Afghanistan. Participants indicated whether they experienced pain or injury from equipment they used on deployment and detailed their experiences in response to an open-ended question (n = 563). Results Sixteen per cent of Iraq-deployed and 21% of Afghanistan-deployed participants reported pain or injury from equipment they used on deployment. Body armour was the most common equipment identified; however, a wide range of equipment was related to pain or injury. A new finding is that pain or injury related to armour was attributed to its wear in vehicles and during vehicle ingress or egress. Conclusions Knowledge of the nature of pain or injury related to equipment used on deployment may help inform improved designs and practices to reduce or prevent avoidable harm to serving personnel.

Mathematics communication is one of important abilities about conveying ideas in writing and orally which measured by providing open-ended questions to solve. One of factors which influenced it is reflective-impulsive cognitive style. The purpose of this study describes the mathematics communication of a reflective and an impulsive junior high school student in solving open-ended questions. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Data collected through test and interview. Subject was selected using purposive sampling. The results showed reflective students did written mathematics communication fluently, completely and tend to be accurate, but her oral communication tends to be influent, inaccurate and incomplete. Meanwhile, impulsive students did written communication fluently, completely but inaccurately, but her oral communication is fluent, complete, tends to be inaccurate.

BACKGROUND: Medical Council of India, introduced the Post Graduate (PG) curriculum as ‘Competency Based Medical Education’ (CBME). Feedback from the end users is a vital step in curriculum evaluation. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to develop and validate a Structured Feedback Questionnaire (SFQ) for postgraduates, encompassing all the components of the PG-CBME curriculum. METHODS: SFQ was developed with 23 Likert based questions and four open ended questions. Content validation was done by Lawshe method. After getting institutional ethics clearance and informed consent, SFQ was administered to 121 final year PGs (response rate 100%). We performed Principal component analysis (PCA), Structural equation modeling (SEM), Chi squared test (χ(2)/df); goodness-of-fit index (GFI); adjusted GFI; comparative fit index (CFI) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). Cronbach's alpha was done for estimating the internal consistency. RESULTS: The validation resulted in a three-factor model comprising of “curriculum” (42.1%), “assessment” (28%), and “support” (18.5%). Chi squared test (χ(2)/df ratio)

Aims Early treatment is crucial to successful therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Prehospital delay is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. There is little empirical evidence of patients’ reflections on prehospital symptoms of MI and timely treatment at the time of discharge from hospital. To explore patients’ reflections on prehospital symptoms of MI and their experiences of interaction with local hospitals, general practitioners, and laypersons. Methods and results An inductive explorative design with a qualitative method approach was used to conduct in-depth interviews of patients after confirmed MI. Twenty patients were purposefully selected based on age and gender. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted prior to hospital discharge. The interviews were organized around a set of predetermined, open-ended questions, transcribed verbatim and analysed using qualitative content analysis. There were patients who acted upon severe symptoms of MI by seeking medical assistance. Patients commonly experienced that the time from the onset of symptoms to treatment posed a transitional challenge. They did not take subtle signs of MI seriously; they underestimated symptoms of MI and delayed seeking medical assistance. Patients frequently experienced that healthcare professionals did not take them seriously, as they struggled to gain access to healthcare services. Conclusion This study highlights patients’ unique experiences of the pathway from symptom onset to confirmed MI. Severe chest pain is associated with MI and triggers an immediate need for care. However, patients often underestimated moderate chest pain or subtle signs and symptoms of MI. Existing knowledge gaps concerning the misinterpretation of symptoms in primary care need to be addressed in order to reduce this clinical challenge.

Phenomenon: The format of medical knowledge assessment can promote students’ use of effective learning strategies from the learning sciences literature, such as elaboration, interleaving, retrieval...

The level of students’ involvement in examination malpractice in Junior High Schools in Ghana has become increasingly worrying, problematic and threatening to the well-being of Ghanaian educational system. However, there seems to be paucity of studies on the causes and effects of examination malpractices among Junior High School students in Ghana and Adansi South District (New Edubiase) of the Ashanti Region of Ghana in particular. This research seeks to bridge this knowledge gap by identifying and discussing the causes and effects of examination malpractices among Junior High School students in New Edubiase. Study methods include the use of questionnaire (open and close ended questions). A total of ninety (90) respondents comprising of sixty (60) students and thirty (30) teachers who took part in this study were randomly and purposively selected. The results indicate that collusion, examination leakages, smuggling of answers scripts and late submission of parcels, sending foreign materials into the examination hall, impersonation, dubbing, writing on items (sheets of papers, handkerchief, erasers, and covers of calculator), writing answers on question papers and exchanging them with others to copy, communicating orally or through gestures during examination and using fake names index numbers, buying examination questions for students and offering money to examination authorities to assist their children and mass cheating are the nature of examination malpractices among Junior High School students in New Edubiase. The study revealed that examination malpractices brings total loss of trust in the educational system, reduced enrolmentof students in school, frequent cancellation of results, discourages good students/candidates from studying hard, derives innocent students’ opportunity for admission, decrease job efficiency, bring dissatisfaction on the part of the candidates, renders the goals of education invalid, examination cheats obtain certificates which they cannot defend, examination malpractice has reduced the quality and standard of education in the country, examination malpractice adversely affects national productivity as the certificates workers possess are not backed with commensurate knowledge, skills and values, examination malpractice makes employers of labour lose confidence in the educational system and the credentials that are paraded by job seekers and lastly examination malpractice leads to high educational wastage as those who cheat to pass examinations at a lower level, achieve very poorly at a higher level.Keywords: Causes, Effects, Examination, Malpractices, Junior High School, Students, New Edubiase, Ashanti Region, Ghana.

Objective: Job satisfaction affects productivity and professional performance in many aspects; however, there is limited data regarding pathologists' job satisfaction. Hence, in this study, we aimed to evaluate surgical pathologists' job satisfaction in Turkey. Materials and Methods: We conducted a 59-item web-based survey questioning respondents' institutional background, history of training, continuing education status/research activities, physical conditions, professional well-being, and job satisfaction level. Likert-type and open/close ended questions were asked and scored. The participants were also asked to complete the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form. Results: of the 321 respondents, 75% were female, the median age was 41 years (range 28-71 years), experience as a pathologist ranged between 0.12 and 44 years (mean 11.4 +/- 9.16 years). Academic pathologists, senior pathologists with >= 20 years of experience, and pathologists working at large institutions and living in developed cities expressed better physical conditions, higher satisfaction with working conditions and, therefore, higher overall job satisfaction (p80%) thought that patients barely know what pathologists do and other physicians rarely understand the difficulty and limitations in pathology practice. 82% were happy to have chosen pathology but 45% reported to experience the feeling of being "burnt out". Conclusions: Our findings suggest that younger pathologists are less satisfied with their jobs and a surgical pathologist's job satisfaction increases with the physical and technical quality of the pathology laboratory/institution, and years of experience. Pathologists seem to be aware of their important role in patient management although they think that pathology remains "invisible" to many physicians and patients.

Critical thinking skills are the 21st-century life skills that are needed by students. However, in elementary schools, there are no instruments that are truly effective and efficient to measure critical thinking skills. This research aims to develop an open-ended question assessment instrument to measure students’ critical-thinking skills, to test its validity, reliability, and practicality. The research method used is Research and Development with the ADDIE model by Borg and Gall (2003) includes the stage: analyze, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Data collection techniques used were test, questionnaire, and documentation methods. In this research, there are several points to be discussed namely: 1) research and information collection, 2) design, and 3) developing prototype, and 4) preliminary field test. The results of this research are in the form of question-items validity test that are valid and reliable criteria of 8 open-ended questions. Difficulty levels include difficult, moderate, and easy. The discrimination power is quite good. The students’ and teachers’ responses to the test instrument are categorized as high. The conclusion of this research is the open-ended question instrument for evaluating students' critical-thinking skills is valid, reliable, and practical. The open-ended question instrument is an effective assessment instrument to measure students' critical-thinking skills by taking into several important aspects such as learning materials in the curriculum, characteristics of students' cognitive development, and the functioning of the instrument and good grammar.

Intellectual property rights such as Copyright, Trademark, Patents and Trade secrets etc. help us to gain some protection against certain inventions by acknowledging the founder. In today's industry it is agreed that Intellectual Property Rights has a big role to play. This current study envisages the knowledge, attitude, practice regarding Intellectual Property Rights among dental task force attending private dental colleges.The survey was conducted among students of which were Interns, Post Graduates, faculty members and other dental surgeons attending private dental colleges in Navi Mumbai. The subjects of this study comprised of a total of 1020 students, faculty members and other dental surgeons from five different private dental institutes. The survey includes closed ended questions. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 17. Explaining calculations were used to summarize all the answers. A total of 889 students, faculty and other dental surgeons from private dental colleges responded. Results showed that about 83.5% believe the statement “Articles and other publications are protected by copyright.” 66.6% of participants would select trademark in order to protect their clinic or organization name. About 38.7% were aware of the term Intellectual Property Rights. It also suggests that only 10.9% have attended any seminar/conference pertaining to IPR. The students and faculty members have an overall sense of eagerness to learn and gain more knowledge based on IPR. Thus conducting more workshops and seminars based on IPR should be encouraged.

Background Despite established benefits, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate remains poor in India. This study measured the rate of early initiation of breastfeeding and EBF up to 42 days postpartum period and the reasons associated with early interruption of it. Methods In this study we followed a cohort 319 mother-newborn dyads, on a scheduled day of each week for six postpartum weeks (42 postpartum days), during May 2017 – March 2019. We used standard maternal 24 h recall method to collect data on newborn feeding practices. Additionally, using content the analysis method, we analysed the data captured through open ended question on current breastfeeding practice and reasons to identify the sociocultural facilitators/barriers of exclusive breastfeeding . Results Of the retained 306 newborns, early initiation of breastfeeding rate was 60% (184/306), whereas, EBF rate was 47% (143/306). Mothers’ educational level did not emerge as a risk for unsuccessful breastfeeding practices, whereas, father being not the major earner of the family (Relative risk [RR] 2.4; 95% Confidence interval [CI] 1.7,3.3), mothers who did not believe that effect of breastfeeding is longstanding (RR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3, 2.1) emerged as a risk for unsuccessful EBF practices. Lack of self-conviction about EBF among mothers; significant family members’ influence; cultural beliefs; emerged as major socio-environmental barriers of early interruption of exclusive breastfeeding. Repeated counselling by the healthcare provider particularly focusing on exclusive breastfeeding, supportive family environment in terms of the elders being aware of the positive health outcomes of it, and prior positive experience emerged as the socio-environmental facilitators for successful EBF until 42 postpartum days. Conclusions We conclude that the socio-environmental causes need to be addressed through the present healthcare delivery system for ensuring better infant feeding outcome.

The aim of this study is to determine students’ opinions about open-ended question exam practice during 2018-2019 academic year for the following programs of Anadolu University Open Education System: Economy, Hospitality Management, Philosophy, History, Sociology, and Turkish Language and Literature. The study was designed as a quantitative study that describes an existing situation. The measurement tool developed to achieve that purpose includes 5 Likert type questions, 8 closed-ended question – 3 of which are yes-no questions-, and 2 open-ended questions. The data were collected between February 14th 2020 and February 16th 2020 and 3236 students responded to the tool in total. Percentage-frequency tables and graphs were used for the analysis of the data collected. Since each question in the tool measured a different and independent dimension of the research, the tool was not taken as a scale, so each question was analyzed separately. The data were recoded for certain questions and chi-square analysis was done by using “age”, “gender” and “the program they attend” variables. The results of the study showed that majority of the participants find open-ended questions more difficult than multiple-choice questions and have negative opinions about open-ended questions in terms of measuring subject matter competency and fair assessment.

The basic objective of this study was to explore the issues of morality in the classroom environment and to look for the ways to teach moral values to the students during their classes. This small scale study has tried to provide some solutions to this issue. The present study has adopted a qualitative paradigm for the in-depth analyses of the issues regarding morality and classroom education. The study includes semi structured interviews taken from ten parents whose children are studying at the university level. Moreover ten university teachers were also interviewed to know about their views regarding the issue of how to teach moral values to the students in the classroom setting along with teaching. The interviewees were chosen through purposive sampling technique. The interviews were semi structured so that real views of the teachers and parents could be explored and also to make them feel relaxed. The interview consisted of five open ended questions. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed and then they were analysed by utilising the thematic analysis technique. The major themes which emerged after the analysis were that first of all, teacher should be a role model practicing the moral values himself/herself. Another theme was bridging the gap between parents and children, also enhancing friendliness among the teachers and their students so that students could be taught how to observe certain ethics and values in the classroom settings in an informal way like showing some videos or discussing some news which highlight some moral issues. Another theme was to develop a model based on moral education which should be incorporated into the curriculum of the educational institutes. The study provided some effective solutions which if incorporated in the classroom teaching can be helpful in solving the issue of morality among the students.

Narrative open-ended questions are suitable for gathering detailed information without limiting respondents to a predefined set of response categories. However, despite efforts to improve the quality of open-ended responses using different verbal and visual design features, respondents are often unwilling to expend effort on substantive and comprehensive responses. Based on a Web survey experiment conducted with opt-in panelists in Germany, we test whether placeholder text (i.e., lorem ipsum) in the answer box of a narrative open-ended question can be used as a visual stimulus to promote high-quality responses without discouraging respondents from answering the question. We find that, although placeholder texts that suggest long and extensive responses elicit more extensive responses, they also result in longer response times and less substantive responses. As the disadvantages of such lengthy placeholder texts thus appear to outweigh their advantages, we advise against using them. We further find that shorter placeholder texts do not provide any additional benefits. These findings also suggest that any kind of visual design feature should always be tested thoroughly before use.

Introduction: E-learning is the use of internet technologies to facilitate self directed learning and enhance knowledge and performance. Therefore e-learning resources can be used to promote active learning among medical students. Aims & Objectives: 1. To introduce e-learning in the department of Microbiology 2. To assess the perception of the students about e-learning Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology of our medical college. First all 150 students of 2nd prof. MBBS were sensitized about the concept of e-learning and their perception was taken in the form of a feedback questionnaire. Then 75 volunteers were selected and a Google group was formed. The study material was given in the form of power point presentations, photo quiz and text questions with help of Google document. At the end of two months feedback was taken from the students in the form of semi-structured pre-validated questionnaire and data obtained was analysed statistically. Questionnaire included both closed ended as well as open ended questions Results: Data obtained from feedback questionnaire showed that the programme was beneficial for them. Almost 100% students said that new teaching learning method increased the understanding of the topics covered under it and also that the topics covered were important for them. Conclusion: There was a positive response shown by the students towards new teaching learning method. Students found it interesting, relevant and beneficial. It increased their understanding of the topics covered under it. It also increased interaction between teacher and students. To conclude e-resources can be a useful supplement to conventional lecture-based teaching in the medical curriculum. Keywords: e-learning, Google groups, Internet technologies.

The current study evaluated the efficacy of free-recall, cognitive instruction and closed-ended questions with students (N = 50; ages 6–18) with developmental disabilities. After watching a magic s...

Understanding older adults perceptions of health and adaptation processes to ageing can allow for more culturally aligned services and better targeted care. The aim of this exploratory qualitative study was to examine older adults perceptions of physical, psychological and social health and further understand the processes of adaptation and self-management of these health perceptions. Semi-structured in depth interviews (IDI) were conducted with ethnically diverse older adults in Singapore, aged 60 and above. Participants were asked open ended questions about their physical health, psychological health and their current social health and relationships. They were also asked methods of adaptation to these age related changes. In total, forty participants were interviewed. A thematic analysis identified five main themes when exploring perceptions of physical, psychological and social health. These included; 1) Slowing down 2) Relationship harmony 3) Financial harmony 4) Social connectedness and 5) Eating together. Adaptation and self-management of these health perceptions included six additional themes; 1) Keep moving 2) Keep learning; where continued self-determination and resilience was a key method in adapting to negative thoughts about declining physical health 3) Adopting avoidant coping behaviours 4) ‘It feels good to do good’; where finding meaning in life was to help others 5) ‘Power of Prayer’; which highlighted how older adults relegated responsibilities to a higher spiritual power 6) Social participation; which included engaging in community and religious social activities that all contributed to self-management of older adults psychological health and social health. In conclusion, our study highlighted specific cultural nuances in older adults perceptions of health, particularly psychological and social health. These findings can help develop more targeted intervention programmes and better methods of measuring older adults health, which can assist with the global ageing phenomena.