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Aims To investigate the convergent validity of a new questionnaire, the Developmental Coordination Disorder Checklist (DCDC), we examined the relationship between the DCDC score and Soft Neurological Signs (SNS) which highly correlated with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC), which is widely applied to assess fine and gross motor skills. Methods The patients were 70 elementary school children without intellectual disabilities who were referred to our clinic, examined for SNS, and whose parents completed the DCDC. The DCDC consists of 16 items that focus on three factors: fine motor, gross motor, and catch and throw. We used a previously described method to assess SNS, which included five tasks: (1) standing on one leg with closed eyes, (2) finger opposition test, (3) diadochokinesis, (4) associated movements during diadochokinesis, and (5) motor persistence (laterally fixed gaze). Results DCDC scores and SNS were strongly and positively correlated, with higher DCDC scores (indicating greater coordination problems) associated with a higher number of positive SNS. Conclusions DCDC scores have been proven to be strongly correlated with SNS, and these data suggest that DCDC has good convergent validity.

This research aims to find the characteristics of motor control at the level of body stability in skateboarding athletes from the city of Bogota through a Romberg test with eyes open and eyes closed. The present study is of a descriptive cross-sectional type and the sample selection for the development of this research was for convenience, for which a direct invitation was performed at different skateboarding clubs in the city and the league skating Bogota who supports the sport. The sample population corresponds to 30 people with an age between 22.86 +/- 7.88 years. Participants developed Romberg test with a duration of 30 s and under the modalities eyes open and closed on a platform of plantar pressure and stabilometry BTS P-Walk. Significant changes were found in comparison of the open and closed eyes tests in the lateral flexion of the spine (LSF) with p=0.018, body center of gravity with p=0.043, left center of gravity with p=0.018, showing improvements in body stability evaluation with eyes closed. It is evident that skateboarding athletes due to the dynamics and sports development on an unstable base present a high level of stability represented in mediolateral and anteroposterior stability and variability radii close to zero, additionally it is observed that work at eye level closed generates a better sports adaptation from the vestibular and peripheral system for motor control and balance.

Background: Static balance performance appears to detect differences between roles played in team sports. Static balance can also be influenced by the subject's height and age, and the type of test used. Research question: Could the static balance profile show differences among the role played depending on the specific test evaluated and the gymnasts' age? Methods: A cross-sectional design was applied. 46 acrobatic gymnasts (37 females and 9 males) were divided in four groups according to role (base or top gymnast) and stage of adolescence (early adolescent or midadolescent) during two different static tests: (1) unipedal with open and closed eyes (generic), and (2) headstand (specific). To test the effect of the role and the age group, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) between groups was performed. Centre of pressure (COP) measurements were obtained and normalised relative to participants height, including length travelled on the anteroposterior and mediolateral axis (AP_CoP and ML_CoP) and the mean speed (SP_CoP). Results: Base gymnasts obtained lower values in the CoP excursion than Top gymnasts but only in unipedal tests for all the variables analysed (5.536 ¿ F1,42 ¿ 10.589, 0.002 ¿ p ¿ 0.023), except for the AP_CoP in unipedal-closed. Mid-adolescent gymnasts obtained lower values in the CoP excursion regardless of the task than early adolescent (5.324 ¿ F1,42 ¿ 14.805, 0.000 ¿ p ¿ 0.026). Significance: It has been observed a clear effect of age on the static balance manifested in acrobatic gymnastics, regardless of the subject's height, the role played, and the test performed. The effect of the role played in this team sport has been different depending on the type of test performed., Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo

Introducción: La estabilidad postural es un factor clave en la funcionalidad motora del ser humano, con el envejecimiento se produce alteración del balance postural y una alternativa de evaluación son las pruebas de estabilidad unipodal. Objetivo: Determinar el rendimiento de adultos mayores con el Test unipodal para estabilidad corporal estática (TUPECE) en modalidad ojos abiertos y ojos cerrados; observando estrategias de estabilización en pie de apoyo, movimiento de miembros superiores y pie elevado. Métodos: Estudio de concordancia diagnóstica, de corte transversal; realizado en 60 adultos mayores inscritos en un centro deportivo, comuna de San Miguel, Región Metropolitana, Chile. Quienes ejecutaron el TUPECE con ojos abiertos y cerrados, junto con una consulta referida al test. Resultados: La concordancia entre evaluadores en función al TUPECE no presentó diferencias significativas, demostrándose simetría en la evaluación observacional. Se determinó diferencia significativamente alta comparando la prueba con ojos abiertos y cerrados (p0,05). Conclusión: El TUPECE presentó una alta confiabilidad interevaluador al valorar la estabilidad unipodal en adultos mayores. La prueba diferencia rendimiento con ojos abiertos y cerrados; demostró también diferencias por edad pero no por género. De acuerdo a los resultados y características de la prueba se expone como un procedimiento positivo para valorar la estabilidad unipodal estática con ojos abiertos y cerrados en adultos mayores. Abstract. Introduction: Postural stability is a key factor in the motor functionality of the human being, with aging there is an alteration of the postural balance and an evaluation alternative is the unipodal stability tests. Objective: To determine the performance of older adults with the Unipodal Test for Static Body Stability (TUPECE) in open and closed eyes mode; observing stabilization strategies in standing support, movement of upper limbs and raised foot. Methods: Diagnostic concordance study, cross-sectional; conducted on 60 older adults enrolled in a sports center, San Miguel commune, Metropolitan Region, Chile. Those who executed the TUPECE with eyes open and closed, along with a consultation about the test. Results: The concordance between evaluators in the TUPECE did not present significant differences, demonstrating symmetry in the observational evaluation. High significant difference was determined comparing the test with open and closed eyes (p0.05). Conclusion: TUPECE presented a high interevaluator reliability when assessing unipodal stability in older adults. The test differentiates performance with open and closed eyes; it also showed differences by age but not by gender. According to the results and characteristics of the test, it is exposed as a positive procedure to evaluate the static unipodal stability with open and closed eyes in older adults.

Objectives – to study the frequency of impairments of the ability to move in elderly patients – care recipients of a social inpatient institution of the Kyrgyz Republic. Material and methods. We examined 88 inmates of a social inpatient institution, among them there were 47 (53,4%) men and 41 (46,6%) women aged 65 to 74 years. The average age was 71,9±6,4 years. Results. Disorders of general motor activity were observed in 62 (70,5±5,31%) patients. The violations of stability and walking parameters were more pronounced, they were found in 70 (79,5±5,04%) and 71 (80,7±6,31%) patients respectively. When assessing the parameters of stability, the disturbances were observed in all positions; mostly they manifested themselves during the tests for standing with closed eyes (46,6±4,27; р

Otitis media is one of the most common infectious diseases of the middle ear in preschool age, but its relationship with vestibular dysfunction remains controversial. The aimof the study was to carry out a comparative analysis of stabilometric indicators of preschool children with suppurative and non-suppurative otitis media. Materials and methods:22 children with suppurative otitis media and 22 children with non-suppurative otitis media at the age from 4 to 7 years were examined by the method of static stabilometry on the device “MPFI Stabilograph 1” (LLC "ASTER IT", Kharkov, Ukraine). We took into account the indices of variation and distribution of the center of pressure, spectral and correlation indices of the stabilogram, as well as integral indices of stability (length, velocity and angle of postural oscillations) and the quality of the balance function in two sensory states (open and closed eyes), which were calculated in the software providing StabiliS. Results.In children with non-suppurative otitis media, the coordinates of the center-of-pressure corresponded (7.04 [2.16–10.09]; -1.14 [-28.90–9.11]), and with suppurative otitis media – (7.04 [3.30–16.16]; -13.72 [(-25.17)–(-10.30)]) with closed eyes. The averaged figure of the projection of the center-of-pressure in the test with eyes closed is actually represented by a circle in both groups, but with open eyes it is represented by an ellipse, which, in case of non-suppurative otitis media, is stretched along the sagittal axis, and in case of suppurative otitis media, along the frontal axis. In both sensory states, children with non-suppurative otitis media were characterized by large (p≤0.05) values of KurtosisX, Length and lower (p≤0.05) values of CC0X, Pup2Sigma compared with non-purulent otitis media. Conclusions:In preschool age, suppurative otitis media more significantly disrupts the balance function compared with non-suppurative otitis media, which was manifested by a significant decrease in the stability of the main stance and the predictability of oscillatory movements compared with non-suppurative otitis media

BACKGROUND: Parkour can be seen as a sport, an art, a philosophy, a state of mind, an art of living. Practitioners (known as “tracers”) have to overcome obstacles in their path by adapting their movements to the given environment to reach somewhere or something or to escape from someone or something. However, the knowledge about the underlying mechanisms related to postural control in tracers is still lacking. AIM: To examine the postural control in tracers using global, structural, and spectral stabilometric descriptors. METHOD: Five tracers and five controls, all-male, stood upright for 30 seconds, under different conditions of vision (open or closed eyes), surface (soft or rigid), and base of support (bipedal, semi-tandem, or Parkour stance). RESULTS: In more challenging conditions, the tracers compared to controls, showed a lower amount of sway, needed less postural commands, and used sensory information to control balance differently. CONCLUSION: Tracers have better postural control than controls. Moreover, although current findings are based on data from a small number of subjects, the results suggest that these differences between groups are related to different underlying physiological and biomechanical mechanisms related to postural control.

This study is the concept of home training for modern people who cannot exercise properly in the recent Corona 19 era. Unlike conventional BOSU balls, the handy mini BOSU Pods is easy to carry and can enjoy a variety of fun exercises by connecting nearby objects and maintenance pods regardless of any place indoors or outdoors. The purpose of this study was to see how it affects balance, vascular health, and risk factors for metabolic disease. Exercise consisted of 50 minutes per day 3 times a week for a total of 8 weeks. As a result, through the Bosu Pods exercise, unipedal standing (right) and (left) in the sense of balance increased in the exercise group, showing a significant difference in the measurement period, and there was an interaction effect between the measurement period and the groups. Closed eyes stand (right) and (left) also increased in the exercise group, showing a significant difference in the measurement period and group, and it was found that there was an interaction effect. Vascular health did not show any difference between the timing and the group, but it was found to have an interactive effect. Metabolic disease risk factors decreased in body weight and body fat percentage, showing a significant difference, and it was found that there was an interaction effect only in body fat percentage, and only waist circumference, fasting blood sugar, and TG decreased at the time of measurement, showing a significant difference. There were no statistically significant changes in vascular health, systolic, diastolic blood pressure, and HDL-C. Taken together from the above results, BOSU Pods exercise is thought to be an exercise that can improve balance and improve vascular health and risk factors for metabolic diseases for obese women. Therefore, I think that if these exercises are programmed for a longer period of time, positive effects will appear physically and mentally in the era of Corona 19.

Se determinó el efecto de los ejercicios FIFA 11+ sobre el balance postural estático en futbolistas juveniles. Se incluyeron 20 futbolistas juveniles que fueron evaluados usando el test de Romberg con ojos abiertos y cerrados sobre una plataforma de fuerza. Los jugadores fueron divididos aleatoriamente en un grupo control (n=10), quienes continuaron sus sesiones de práctica de fútbol y un grupo intervención (n=10), quienes continuaron sus sesiones de practica de fútbol y a quienes se les realizaron los ejercicios FIFA11+, supervisado, durante de 22 sesiones. En los resultados del estudio no se encontraron cambios estadísticamente significativos en el Centro de Presión Plantar (COP), el p-valor promedio obtenido en dos ejes fue de 0,7869 (p

Introdução: A esclerose lateral primária (ELP) é uma doença rara caracterizada por uma degeneração do neurônio motor superior ocorrendo geralmente na sexta década de vida com um início insidioso de uma paresia espástica simétrica, lentamente progressiva, frequentemente começando em membros superiores e inferiores. A prática de exercícios pode trazer benefícios a estes sujeitos levando a uma aprendizagem motora (AM) e melhorando o repertório motor insuficiente. Objetivo: Determinar o efeito de um protocolo de intervenção baseado na AM para melhorar a marcha e equilíbrio em jovem com ELP. Metodologia: É um estudo de caso composto por uma mulher, 29 anos, solteira, colombiana, branca, submetida à avaliação pré-teste (1 sessão), intervenção de protocolo (18 sessões) e pós teste (1 sessão). Para coleta de dados foram utilizados a Escala de Tinetti, Teste de Romberg, Timed Get Up And Go, Teste de alcance funcional, Baropodometria e Estabilometria. Resultados: A Escala de Tinetti (reação postural) mostrou melhora para balaço em um pé; na Escala de Tinetti (marcha) os resultados positivos foram encontrados em largura, simetria, continuidade e direção do passo; Testes de Romberg mostraram evolução para estabilidade sobre superfície plana com olhos fechados e sobre espuma de Fomy com olhos abertos; no teste Timed Get Up & Go o tempo de percurso foi reduzido de 13,64 segundos para 12,5 segundos. Conclusão: Após a aplicação do protocolo de intervenção baseado na AM houve avanços funcionais em marcha e equilíbrio de jovem com ELP.

Aim. We have developed a method for objective assessment of proprioceptive sensitivity (PS) based on determining the accuracy of reproduction with the eyes closed of the tested arm passive single-joint movements by active movements of the other arm during their execution. It was shown that healthy test subjects reproduce the passive movements with high accuracy, while post-stroke patients with hemiparesis reproduce a large proportion of paretic arm test movements with gross qualitative and quantitative errors. To make sure that the reproduction errors are associated with the state of PS but not with the cognitive factor or the functional state of the conditionally healthy arm, it was necessary to find out how accurately these patients are able to reproduce the test-movements under visual control. Materials and Methods. In 11 patients with a lesion in the right and in 9 patients in the left hemispheres of the brain and a control group of 23 healthy subjects, the accuracy of reproduction of the 5 elementary hand movements was studied: flexion-extension in the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints and abduction–adduction in the shoulder and wrist joints. The test person was subjected to a series of passive cyclic movements of the test hand during which he had to copy them with active movements of the other hand. The reproduction procedure for each test movement was performed first under visual control and then with the eyes closed. The angles in the test join and the same joint of the other arm were recorded. Qualitative and quantitative indicators were used to assess the degree of similarity of active and passive movements and to reveal the correspondence of copying accuracy to the previously developed conditional criterion of the norm (CCN) of PS in healthy test subjects. Results. It was shown that in healthy test subjects the accuracy of all movements copying in tests with closed eyes and 98% of movements in tests with opened eyes met the requirements of the CCN. In the group of patients in tests with eyes closed, copying only 61% of movements met this criterion. 20.4% of movements were reproduced with qualitative gross errors, 18.4% were copied qualitatively correctly but differed from CCN in quantitative indicators. In tests with visual tracking of passive movements, reproduction of 98% of movements was qualitatively correct and 83% of movements corresponded to CCN. Conclusions. The vast majority of single-articular movements of the paretic arm are copied by patients with unilateral brain damage under visual control qualitatively correctly and accurately (meeting the CCN). It means that in the course of the study of PS by the proposed method, they, as a rule, understand the motor task and can reproduce the tested movements with their conditionally healthy arm. From this it follows that the main cause of these movements impaired copying in tests with closed eyes is proprioceptive deficit.

An experimental study of яthe different wavelengths visual range electromagneticradiation effect on the brain of the visually impaired during their training in dermo-opticalperception was performed. The experiments involved 12 visually impaired children (at theirwish and with permission from their parents). The measurement of the state of various organsand the system of researches was carried out by means of the device “KSD” for registration andthe computer analysis of the electromagnetic quantities emitting by the organism. Comparisonof control measurements (before the beginning of experiments) with measurements carriedout during training by a dermo-optical perception allowed to reveal number of regularities.The retina of the eyes (which were closed with an opaque bandage) was activated by the palmcontact with paper of all colors except black. Some areas of the visual cortex were also activatedat same time. There was a simultaneous increase in the activity of the brain frontal lobe andbeta-rhythms at all experiment stages, which may indicate an increase in children’s attentionto the learning process. Analysis of changes in brain rhythms showed that blue color influenceon the palms skin (with the closed eyes) increases the attention concentration, as evidencedby the maximum beta-rhythm increase. The green color is calming under the same conditionsof action, which is confirmed by the high theta-rhythm activity level. The alpha-rhythm levelexceeded the level of both delta- and theta-rhythms when the palm skin touched red andpurple (in which spectra the red component was determined), which was the activation markof the central nervous system. The experiments also showed a synchronous increase in the IIIpyramidal brain cortex layer activity in the areas involved in the processing of somatosensoryand visual information (areas 3 and 17 according to Brodmann). The obtained results maybe a confirmation of the mechanisms presence in humans that provide dermo-optical colorperception, which requires further diligent and comprehensive studies.

Purpose: The anatomical parameters of normal lacrimal puncta and vertical canaliculus using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the OCT imaging features of punctal lesions were analyzed to provide a basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods: From June to September 2019, 40 volunteers (80 eyes) from Tongji Hospital were enrolled. The external punctal diameter (ELP) was measured using slit-lamp microscopy and OCT. The internal lacrimal punctal diameter (ILP) at 100 μm, vertical canalicular length (VCL), and tear meniscus depth were measured by OCT with open eyes. Twenty-eight volunteers (56 eyes) underwent the same examinations with their eyes closed. The OCT imaging features of 26 patients (27 eyes) with lacrimal lesions were examined. Results: The ELP of the right and left healthy eyes under slit-lamp microscopy were 564.40 and 555.40 µm respectively. Under OCT, the ELP, ILP, and VCL of the right and left eyes were 628.20 um and 616.85 µm, 343.40 µm and 346.95 µm, 731.95 um and 709.20 µm respectively. The ELP was larger when measured by OCT than slit-lamp microscopy (p

The aim is to study the features of brain activity in patients with affective disorders, depending on the response to therapy. Material and methods. The study included 84 patients with affective disorder. All patients received syndrome-induced psychopharmacotherapy, which included antidepressants and normotimic drugs. The severity of affective disorder was assessed using the Hamilton depression scale. The criterion for the effectiveness of therapy (sensitivity) was an improvement in clinical symptoms by 50% or more, estimated using the Hamilton scale. The study was performed in two stages (points): at the first point, patients were examined upon admission to the Department before taking medications (electroencephalogram recording and filling in the Hamilton scale were performed), the second point was performed after a 4-week course of treatment of patients in the hospital (filling in the Hamilton scale). Registration and analysis of bioelectric activity of the brain was carried out using a 16-channel encephalograph. The signals were processed using fastFourier transform, and the values of absolute spectral power (mV2) for θ — (4 — 7 Hz), α — (8 — 13 Hz) and β — (14 — 30 Hz) rhythms were analyzed.Results. Analysis of the spectral power of electroencephalographic rhythms at rest with closed eyes showed statistically significantly higher values of alpha-rhythm in the frontal(p=0.044) and parietal (0.049) cortex, beta-rhythm in the frontal cortex (p=0.048) and theta-rhythm in the frontal (p=0.0004), Central (p=0.009), parietal (p=0.003) and occipital (p=0.001) cortex in patients who were not sensitive to therapy for compared to respondents.Conclusion. Our study revealed significant differences in quantitative electroencephalogram parameters between patients with affective disorders, depending on the sensitivity to the therapy. The results show that there are aspects of quantitative electroencephalogram thatare related to the response to pharmacological treatment of affective disorders.

BACKGROUND Facial activity during pain is composed of varying combinations of a few elementary facial responses (so-called Action Units). A previous study of experimental pain showed that these varying combinations can be clustered into distinct facial activity patterns of pain. In the present study, we examined whether comparable facial activity patterns can also be identified among people suffering from clinical pain; namely, shoulder pain. METHODS Facial expressions of patients suffering from shoulder pain (N = 126) were recorded while twice undergoing a battery of passive range-of-motion tests to their affected limbs (UNBC-McMaster Shoulder Pain Expression Archive Database), which elicited peaks of acute pain. Facial expressions were analysed using the Facial Action Coding System to extract facial Action Units (AUs). Hierarchical cluster analyses were used to look for characteristic combinations of these AUs. RESULTS Cluster analyses revealed four distinct activity patterns during painful movements. Each cluster was composed of different combinations of pain-indicative AUs, with one AU common to all clusters, namely, "narrowed eyes". Besides these four clusters, there was a "stoic" pattern, characterized by no discernible facial action. The identified clusters were relatively stable across time and comparable to the facial activity patterns found previously for experimental heat pain. CONCLUSIONS These findings corroborate the hypothesis that facial expressions of acute pain are not uniform. Instead, they are composed of different combinations of pain-indicative facial responses, with one omnipresent response, namely, "narrowed eyes". Raising awareness about these inter-individually different "faces of pain" could improve the recognition and, thereby, its diagnostic training for professionals, like nurses and physicians. SIGNIFICANCE Similar to experimental pain, facial activity during evoked pain episodes in shoulder pain patients could be clustered into distinct faces of pain. Each cluster was composed of different combinations of single facial responses, namely: narrowed eyes, which is displayed either alone or in combination with opened mouth or wrinkled nose, or furrowed brows and closed eyes. These distinct faces of pain may inform the training of professionals and computers how to best recognize pain based on facial expressions.

Introdução: Sabe-se que o equilíbrio é reduzido no envelhecimento, no entanto, as alterações do equilíbrio em portadores de úlceras venosas é pouco conhecido. Objetivo: Avaliar a oscilação do centro de pressão, mobilidade funcional e equilíbrio de portadores de úlcera venosa em membros inferiores. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal. Participaram do estudo 8 pacientes portadores de úlceras venosas crônicas (66,87 ± 8,82 anos) de ambos os sexos, que apresentavam úlcera venosa unilateral ou bilateral. O equilíbrio foi avaliado pela escala de equilíbrio de Berg, a mobilidade funcional pelo Timed Up and Go e a oscilação do centro de pressão (COP) pela plataforma de baropodometria e estabilometria. Resultados: Observou-se risco de quedas em pacientes com feridas venosas em ambos os membros inferiores enquanto ausência de risco de quedas foi observada em pacientes com úlcera venosa crônica unilateral, maior oscilação do COP ântero-posterior em comparação à médio lateral na condição de olhos abertos e fechados em pacientes com úlcera venosa crônica unilateral, enquanto percebeu-se maior oscilação do COP ântero-posterior em comparação à médio lateral apenas na condição de olhos fechados no grupo de pacientes com feridas nos dois membros inferiores. Conclusão: Esses achados apontam para a necessidade de se repensar as intervenções direcionadas para pacientes portadores de ulceras venosas crônicas, com utilização de estratégias empregadas para promover a cicatrização da ferida e a melhora do equilíbrio e reduzir riscos de quedas, proporcionando o cuidado integral da saúde desses indivíduos.

The purpose of the study was to determine the place of motor skills in the motor fitness structure of 9-year-old boys. Materials and methods. The study participants were 48 9-year-old boys. The children and their parents were informed about all the features of the study and gave their consent to participate in the experiment. The study used the following research methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observations, testing of motor fitness, probabilistic approach to assessing the learning process, methods of mathematical statistics. In the experiment, the study controlled the level of proficiency in the following exercises: “Rope climbing in two steps”, “Rope climbing in three steps”, “One leg swing upward circle”. Results. The level of fitness of the 9-year-old boys is homogeneous by the development of “agility”, “movement coordination”, “speed strength”, and “endurance”; inhomogeneous – by the development of flexibility, arm strength, vestibular stability, and the level of proficiency in rope climbing. The most informative indicators that determine the level of 9-year-old boys’ motor fitness are: No. 12 “Rope climbing in two steps, level of proficiency” (r = 0.960); No. 13 “Rope climbing in three steps, level of proficiency” (r = 0.960); No. 14 “One leg swing upward circle, level of proficiency” (r = 0.875); No. 10 “Maintenance of stable posture – standing on one leg with closed eyes, s” (r = 0.683). Conclusions. Based on factor analysis, it was found that the level of proficiency in the exercises determines the variation of testing results by 24.287%, and the development of motor skills is a priority in the educational process at primary school. The level of proficiency in rope climbing shows that the exercises are difficult for 9-year-old boys to perform. Based on the data analysis, it can be argued that the comprehensive development of motor abilities ensures the formation of motor skills, and the improvement of the level of development of 9-year-old boys’ arm flexors will positively influence the educational process effectiveness.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of cyclopentolate 1% administered as a spray in pediatric patients between 3 and 6 years old. Methods: In this prospective, randomized, parallel group study, healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive cyclopentolate 1% as a single drop or a single puff into closed eyes. Results: There were 61 patients included in the study; 31 received cyclopentolate 1% as drops and 30 received cyclopentolate 1% as spray. The mean age at presentation was 4.5 ± 1.07 years (range: 3 to 6 years) and 4.2 ± 1.06 years (range: 3 to 6 years) in the drops and spray groups, respectively. The distress level was significantly lower at the time of receiving cyclopentolate as a spray ( P < .0001), with the exception of patients aged 6 years. There were no significant differences in pupil diameter between the two groups ( P = .51), whereas 5 of 30 patients (16.6%) with dark irises who received cyclopentolate spray did not have adequate cycloplegia to allow for accurate refraction. Conclusions: Cycloplegia achieved with cyclopentolate 1% administered as a spray may be an option in uncooperative children because it is less distressing compared to cyclopentolate 1% drops. However, physicians should be aware that cycloplegia obtained is only partially effective in children with dark irises. [ J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus . 2020;57(5):301–304.]

Purpose: The growing popularity of media devices such as smartphones and computers has made humankind to acquire forward head posture increasingly. This study aimed to compare static and dynamic postural stability between people with and without forward head posture. Methods: 15 male students with normal posture (24±4 years, 173±6 cm and 70±6 kg) and 15 male students with forward head posture (25±3 years, 178±7 cm and 68±5 kg) were selected purposefully according to the Cranio-vertebral angle. Biodex Stability System was evaluated used to measure Static and dynamic postural stability. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the two groups in dynamic postural stability in both open and closed eyes conditions(P0.05). Conclusion: Individuals with forward head posture performed weaker in dynamic postural stability than normal ones, as a result, forward head posture is considered as one of the factors disturbing dynamic postural stability.

Sleepiness during driving is a dangerous problem faced by all countries. Many studies have been conducted and stated that sleepiness threatens the driver himself and other peoples. The victim not only suffered minor injuries but also many of them ended in death. Nowadays, there are many kinds of studies to improve sleep detection methods. But it faces difficulties such as lack of accuracy, and poor performance of detection; thus the system inadequate works in real-time. Recently, automobile companies have begun manufacturing special equipment to recognize sleepiness driver. However, the technologies are only implemented in certain cars since the price is still quite expensive. Therefore, a system with a comprehensive method is needed to discover the driver's sleepiness accurately at an affordable price. This study proposed driver sleepiness detection implemented on a smartphone. The system is capable to identify closed eyes using the extraction of Facial Landmark points and analysis of a calculation result of the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR). The System qualified works in real-time since it uses a particular library designed in a mobile application. Based on some experiments that have been done, the proposed method adequate to identify sleepy drivers accurately by 92.85%.

Conjunctivitis is a common problem among red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) with improper husbandry care. A 30 grams T. s. elegans was presented with complaints of anorexia, dullness, inflamed, and closed eyes. The owner informed that the turtle was kept indoors without ultraviolet B (UVB) light or sunlight exposure and the water was not changed by the owner for a week. Clinical examination showed inflammation and watery discharge was found on the left eye. Conjunctivitis was diagnosed based on history and clinical examination. Treatments consist of topical antibiotic drops, vitamin A and B-complex, and husbandry care improvement. The turtle started eating five days after treatment. Ten days after the treatment the turtle was brought back for a checkup and eye have recovered.

The purpose of the study was to determine the structure of motor fitness of 7-year-old girls. Materials and methods. The study participants were 27 7-year-old girls. The children and their parents were informed about all the features of the study and gave their consent to participate in the experiment. The research methods used in the study include analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observations, testing of motor fitness, probabilistic approach to assessing the learning process, methods of mathematical statistics. The study recorded the primary schoolchildren’s level of proficiency in gymnastic exercises. The coefficient was determined by the formula: p = (m/n)×100, where p is the level of proficiency, m is the number of successfully performed exercises, n is the total number of attempts to perform the exercise. In the experiment, the study controlled the level of proficiency in the following exercises: forward roll; backward roll; shoulderstand with bent legs. Results. The level of fitness of the 7-year-old girls is homogeneous by the development of “agility” and “movement coordination”, inhomogeneous – by the development of flexibility, arm strength, and vestibular stability, level of proficiency in gymnastic exercises. The analysis of the coefficients of variation points to heterochrony in the development of the 7-year-old girls’ motor abilities. Based on the data analysis, it can be argued that the development of vestibular stability ensures the formation of motor skills in girls. Based on factor analysis, it was found that the most informative indicators of motor fitness of the 7-year-old girls are the level of proficiency in acrobatic exercises, the results of test No. 7 “Mixed hang rope pull-ups, times” (r = 0.872) and test No. 10 “Maintenance of stable posture – standing on one leg with closed eyes, s” (r = 0.870). Conclusions. Based on factor analysis, it was found that the level of proficiency in exercises determines the variation of testing results by 29.772%, and the development of motor skills is a priority in the educational process at primary school. The development of vestibular stability ensures the formation of motor skills, and the level of general physical fitness is the reserve in training girls aged 7, which will make it possible to increase the effectiveness of the educational process.

Purpose of work: to evaluate the reactivity of the spectral density of electroencephalogram theta rhythm power in military seafarers of the submarine fleet during the sanatorium-resort rehabilitation.Materials and methods: on the first and 20th day of the sanatorium-resort rehabilitation on the basis of the Crimean Sanatorium-Resort Complex and Sudak Health Center, the background activity of the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded with closed eyes and when performing a cognitive task in 60 seafarer divers.Results: analysis of variance showed significant changes in the spectral power of the EEG theta rhythm density in all experimental situations studied. In conditions of relative rest, the changes were expressed mainly in a decrease in the theta rhythm power. At the same time, when performing a cognitive task, multidirectional changes in the spectral density of the theta rhythm power were noted: an increase in the fronto-parietal direction of the predominantly left hemisphere and a decrease in other regions of the cerebral cortex.

One of the potential approaches to lessen the quantity of mishaps in rush hour gridlock is to follow the driver's condition. In this paper, a new driver observing calculation, which works on a video caught from the camera situated in the instrument board in the vehicle, is introduced. The calculation analyzes the nearness of the driver's head in each edge and checks whether the driver has bizarrely long closed eyes, regardless of whether the driver looks sideways, and whether the driver's head has dropped for quite a while. The calculation is tried utilizing ten unique recordings recorded under various light conditions. The calculation for the most part accomplishes superior, while for a few lighting conditions a specific calculation redesigning would be vital to keep up an elevated level of precision.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of manual technique of NeuroSensory Posturotherapy (PNS) applied indirectly to vestibulocochlear nerve in the balance regulation of elderly. Across-sectional study, including 53 elderly, with average age 73.5±7.0 years old, evaluated preand postthe application of the PNS on the Cyber-Sabots stabilometric platform, withopened eyes (OE) and closed eyes (CE).For the analysis of the variables obtained pre and posttechniquewith OE and CE,the Wilcoxon test was used. The results showed that after applying the PNS with OE and also CE there was a decrease ofposterior-anterior displacement (p

The analysis of monosynaptic Hoffman’s reflex (H-reflex) involves recording the response to electrical stimulation of Ia-afferent fibers from the muscle spindle. The H-reflex can be used as a probe to study spinal neuronal pathways and mechanisms at rest and during movement in humans. The purpose of this study was to analyze the feasibility of the assessment of the H-reflex in people with Down syndrome (DS), and to compare it between adult dancers and non-dancers with and without DS. Twenty-five participants were included and divided into four groups (6 non-dancers and 6 dancers with DS and, 7 non-dancers and 6 dancers without DS). The H-reflex was recorded at the level of the soleus muscle in its central area. We analyzed the H response in three different conditions: decubitus prone, static standing position with open eyes and closed eyes. Non-dancers with DS showed a faster H-reflex latency than both groups without DS (all p

Drug-resistant epilepsy can be most limiting for patients, and surgery represents a viable therapy option. With the growing research on the human connectome and the evidence of epilepsy being a network disorder, connectivity analysis may be able to contribute to our understanding of epilepsy and may be potentially developed into clinical applications. In this magnetoencephalographic study, we determined the whole-brain node degree of connectivity levels in patients and controls. Resting-state activity was measured at five frequency bands in 15 healthy controls and 15 patients with focal epilepsy of different etiologies. The whole-brain all-to-all imaginary part of coherence in source space was then calculated. Node degree was determined and parcellated and was used for further statistical evaluation. In comparison to controls, we found a significantly higher overall node degree in patients with lesional and non-lesional epilepsy. Furthermore, we examined the conditions of high/reduced vigilance and open/closed eyes in controls, to analyze whether patient node degree levels can be achieved. We evaluated intraclass-correlation statistics (ICC) to evaluate the reproducibility. Connectivity and specifically node degree analysis could present new tools for one of the most common neurological diseases, with potential applications in epilepsy diagnostics.

Resumen Introducción: la señal del EEG suele interpretarse desde una mirada lineal, sin embargo, desde hace algunas décadas se estudia la actividad eléctrica cerebral como un sistema dinámico, basado en la teoría del caos, con matemáticas no lineales. Objetivo: analizar la estabilidad de las correlaciones de los índices de Hurst a través del tiempo en sujetos en reposo con los ojos cerrados. Métodos: se evaluaron 13 varones universitarios con el dispositivo cerebro-interfaz Emotiv Epoc® con frecuencia de muestreo de 128 Hz. Se analizaron los rangos de frecuencia delta (1-3 Hz), theta (3,5-7 Hz), alfa (8-12 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz) y gamma (>30 Hz). Resultados: los resultados muestran estabilidad en el porcentaje de correlaciones en todas las bandas estudiadas en la mayoría de los sujetos. esta situación ocurre en ventanas temporales de 10, 30 y 60 segundos. Conclusiones: este estudio exploratorio muestra la persistencia en el tiempo de procesos meta-sincrónicos no-lineales que obedecen a la dinámica del balance caos/orden global del cerebro, en condiciones de reposo, basal con ojos cerrados. Abstract Introduction: the signal of the EEG is usually interpreted from a linear perspective, however, for some decades now the electrical activity of the brain has been studied as a dynamic system, based on the theory of chaos, with non-linear mathematics. Objective: analize the stability of correlations of hurst indices over time in resting subjects with closed eyes. Methods: 13 male university students were evaluated with the brain-interface device Emotiv Epoc® with sampling frequency of 128 Hz. the frequency ranges delta (1-3 Hz), theta (3.5-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz) and gamma (>30 Hz) were analyzed. Results: the results show stability in the percentage of correlations in all the bands studied in most of the subjects. this situation occurs in temporary windows of 10, 30 and 60 seconds. Conclusion: this exploratory study shows the persistence intime of non-linear meta-synchronous processes that obey the dynamics of balance chaos/global order of the brain, in resting conditions, basal with closed eyes.

Road accidents claim millions of lives every year. This statistics calls for a drowsiness detection system that can aid in detecting a lousy driver and help save thousands of lives every year. In this work, a Computer Vision-based approach leveraging Static vector machine (SVM) is adapted in order to produce an innovative solution for the same. The proposed project performs facial feature detection using an incoming live stream of a driver, detects and localizes open and closed eyes. Driver Distraction and Drowsiness Detection System focuses on detecting whether the driver is drowsy and thus distracted from the road using facial feature metrics. It may be used to assign drivers a rating indicating how drowsy a person gets while driving and then this rating can further be used to assign a driver who is less likely to fall asleep. This technology can be provided to companies that provide services like peerto-peer ridesharing and ride service hailing. This will be beneficial to both companies as well as customers. Customers who prefer traveling at night will be the most benefited ones as they will be assigned a more attentive and seasoned driver.

El objetivo de este estudio fue el determinar los efectos de un programa de ejercicios de control postural sobre el equilibrio estático y la precisión de lanzamiento del tiro con arco en atletas de la serie infantil (12-14 años) y cadetes (15-17 años). Participaron 12 deportistas para cada serie. Se realizó la prueba de medición de equilibrio a través del Standing Stork Test (ojos abiertos/cerrados) y de la prueba asertividad en la precisión de lanzamiento (6 rondas) en el blanco previo y posterior a la intervención de ejercicios. Ésta última consistió en un programa de entrenamiento de equilibrio bi/unipodal durante 8 semanas. Los resultados mostraron un aumento significativo del equilibrio unipodal con ojos abiertos del grupo infantil en ambas piernas; pero sin cambios en la modalidad de ojos cerrados. La serie cadetes arrojó una diferencia significativa en la prueba de equilibrio unipodal con ojos abiertos sólo en la pierna dominante (derecha); sin cambios en la pierna izquierda, como tampoco diferencias en la modalidad ojos cerrados. La prueba de asertividad del tiro con arco sólo mejoró en el grupo infantil, pero no en la serie cadetes post intervención. Es posible que el entrenamiento de equilibrio postural estático haya optimizado patrones de control postural y visomotores en edades tempranas (bajo los 15 años) en comparación al grupo de cadetes, para así mejorar la precisión del tiro. Se recomienda el potenciar estos ejercicios en edades tempranas para fomentar las destrezas propias del deporte de tiro con arco.Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a postural control exercise program on static balance and accuracy of archery throwing in infant (12-14 years old) and cadet (15-17 years old) categories. A total of 12 athletes per each category took part in the study. As measurement tests, we used the Standing Stork Test (open / closed eyes) for balance and the assertiveness in target launch precision test (6 rounds) before and after the exercise intervention. This consisted of a bi / unipedal balance training program lasting 8 weeks. The results showed a significant increase in unipedal equilibrium with open eyes in the infant group and for both legs; however, no changes were detected in the closed-eye modality. The cadet category showed significant differences in the unipedal equilibrium test with open eyes only for the dominant leg (right); no changes were found for the left leg, nor in the closed-eye modality. The assertiveness test of the archery only improved in the infant group, whereas in cadets it did not change at post-test. It is possible that static postural balance training optimized patterns of postural and visuomotor control at early ages (under 15 years old) compared to the group of cadets, and therefore the throwing accuracy was enhanced. It is recommended to endorse these exercises at early ages so to empower the skills needed in the sport of archery.

Introduction. The increasing maritime activities in Russia require more healthy marine professionals, which is the scope of marine medicine. Objective. To evaluate the influence of visual control on stabilometric parameters in healthy volunteers depending on gender and age. Examined: healthy volunteers in the «free» stand, at a standardized workplace: male, Group 1 (n=31, age 22,0±0,6 years); Group 2 (n=30, age 51,7±2,3 years); female: Group 3 (n=31, age 21,9±0,6 years); Group 4 (n=33, age 49,5±2,2 years). The following parameters have been studied: EllS, mm2; KoefRomb, %; LFS, 1/mm; the quality of equilibrium function — KFR, %; VFY; R, mm; deviation of the center of pressure on the frontal or sagittal planes — Q(x) and Q(y), mm; the coefficient of sharp change in the direction of movement — KRIND, % in the Romberg and Target tests. It has been established that with open eyes, the parameters almost do not depend on age and sex. In the «Target» test, EllS significantly increases only in men and women of the older age group, and with closed eyes, EllS is significantly lower in women than in men. With closed eyes, the KFR values of women in both groups are significantly higher as compared with the corresponding (same age) groups of men. The KFR index in the Target test is significantly higher in young women than in young men. With the vision «turned off», a significant backward shift of the center of gravity has been noticed only in men of the older age group (60,7%) as compared with the corresponding group of women (27,3%). With open eyes, only young men have a reliable maximum KRIND relative to other groups. Evaluation of stabilometric parameters without taking into account the age, sex, visual control can lead to false conclusions when comparing patients with healthy people. It has been found that the visual analyzer and its deprivation significantly affect the whole complex of postural control depending on gender and age.

Topicality. Computer stabilometry is used to investigate the functional system of equilibrium maintenance. The method has a wide range of applications such as evaluation of the restoration of musculoskeletal system functions after prosthetisation, diagnosis of vestibular disorders, substantiation of verticalization criteria for patients with acute myocardial infarction, clarification and optimization of motor activity. It is also a mandatory component of the monitoring system in the regenerative treatment of patients with hemiparetic form of cerebral palsy. In sport studies, stabilometry is used to get general information about the athlete's condition, to perform an accurate analysis of separate actions, to monitor the form, to evaluate objectively the individual typological characteristics of each athlete, to monitor the functional state of the athlete. Study Objective. To study the features of computer stabilometry taking into account the length of the stabilograms recording for the assessment of the functional state, on anexample of males, aged 16–17 years. Research Methods. The study was performed on male subjects aged 16–17 years. Stabilograms were recorded using a stabilometric platform. Results. The analysis of stabilometry parameters in the subjects surveyed using artificial feedback showed a statistically significant difference (p

Introduction. Vibration disease (VD) is one of the leading occupational diseases. One of the manifestations of this disease when exposed to general vibration may be a violation of balance.The aim of the study is to identify the imbalance and the causes of their occurrence in patients with vibration disease.Materials and methods. 3 groups of patients were examined. The first group consisted of 50 patients diagnosed with VD associated with combined exposure to local and general vibration (age 48.7±3.1 years); the second group consisted of 50 patients diagnosed with VD associated with exposure to local vibration (age 48.9+2.8 years); the control group consisted of 50 relatively healthy men not in contact with vibration (age 49.1+2.5 years). Survey on electronic stabilometer ST–150 (Biomera, Russia). Patients performed the Romberg test standing barefoot vertically on a stabilometric platform with a “European” stop position. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the software package “Statistica 10.0” (StatSof, USA, 2011). Methods of descriptive statistics included estimation of median, lower and upper quartiles. The statistical significance of the differences was determined using the nonparametric Wilkinson method. Differences were considered statistically significant at pResults. In the analysis of the obtained stabilometric parameters found that in the first group of patients marked imbalance.Moreover, in comparison with the second group and the control group in the phase with eyes closed, patients are more difficult to maintain a given posture, which increases the length of statokinesigram (p=0.02 and p=0.005), increasing the speed of movement of the center of pressure (p=0.03 and p=0.004) and the square of the deviation of the center of pressure (p=0.03 and p=0.004). When closing the eyes, patients put more effort to maintain balance, which affects the rate of mechanical work (p=0.001 and p=0.001). When comparing the second group with the control group, no statistically significant difference was found in the main stabilometric indicators.Conclusions: In the group of patients with VD associated with the combined effects of local and general vibration, marked (64%) and moderate (36%) postural disorders, especially in the phase of closed eyes. In the group of patients with VS associated with local vibration exposure and in the control group, imbalance was detected in 10% and 6%, respectively. The leading role in the occurrence of postural disorders in patients with VD, associated with the combined effects of local and general vibration, plays the formation of a focus of stagnant excitation in the centers of vibration sensitivity. In the future, the pulse can spread to nearby centers of pain, temperature sensitivity and proprioception, which contributes to the emergence of lower limb polyneuropathy and impaired stability in patients with vibration disease.

Light touch is the combination of cutaneous and kinesthetic inputs. The literature suggests that light touch compensates for a reduced amount of center of pressure information in older peoples, blind subjects and patients with neurological disorder. This study investigated the effects of light touch applied to an external bar, on the postural sway in individuals with hemiparetic stroke. We used a cross sectional study, fifteen individuals with stroke and 15 healthy age-matched adults stood as still as possible on a force plate. Experimental trials (duration, 30 s) included two visual conditions (open eyes and closed eyes), two somatosensory conditions (no touch and light touch) and two support surface conditions (firm and foam surfaces). The area of center of pressure (COP) and the mean velocity of COP in the medio-lateral and anterior-posterior directions were assessed. For both groups, COP velocity and area decreased with light touch regardless of the visual or surface conditions. The effects of light touch were similar in both groups. In addition, results show that the effectiveness of light touch in reducing postural sway was greater on a foam surface than on a firm surface. Our findings indicate that light touch could be beneficial in postural control for individuals with hemi-paretic stroke

People usually listen music to refresh, relax and help sleep. While humans are in various states of minds, there are different frequencies of brain waves detected. Some music can resonate with human brain waves to achieve the better effect on someone's state of mind. Among brain waves, the alpha wave predominantly appears when people are in wakeful relaxation with closed eyes. There has been several medical reports demonstrated that some specific music, called alpha wave music, can resonate with the alpha wave and strengthen it. Therefore, when people take the rest and listen to the alpha wave music at the same time, it can be very helpful to achieve better relaxing. However, the alpha wave music album is not popular on the market because it only can be classified manually by expertise. Until now, there is still very little research on the automatic identification of alpha wave music. This study analyses the music characterizations and tries to categorize the alpha wave music by Self Organizing Map (SOM) reduction.

This paper examined the statistical features of the alpha rhythm in the EEG signal of subjects with sleep disorders in comparison with conventionally healthy people. The experiment included subjects with insomnia and normal sleep patterns (as a control group). The experiment was a simple response to a audio stimulus. The response time to the stimulus correlates with the amplitude of the alpha rhythm in all subjects. It was shown that in subjects suffering from insomnia there are a number of statistical features for the amount of energy falling within the frequency range of the alpha rhythm in the EEG signal. The data obtained indicate that subjects with insomnia better retain their attention to the task at hand during the experiment and cannot relax even when recording a EEG signal before the start of the experiment (when the subject is at rest with closed eyes).

It is known that enhanced somatosensory function leads to improved balance, and somatosensory function can be enhanced by the appropriate level of mechanical, visual, or auditory noise. In this study, we tested the potential benefit of an auditory noise on balance control. We first assessed static balance by measuring 10 times the duration of standing on the toes of one leg with closed eyes. For the 18 healthy adult participants, the median standing times ranged from 2.1 to 45.6 s, and the median of the distribution was 9.9 s. From the above, the participants were divided into two groups: lower (below 10 s, n = 9) and higher (above 10 s, n = 9) balance groups. We then investigated the effect on balance control of an auditory white noise emitted at the detection threshold. Each individual performed 20 trials. The auditory noise was applied in half the trials, while the remaining trials were conducted without noise. The order of the noise and no-noise trials was quasi-random. In the lower-balance group, the median standing time significantly increased during the noise trials (10.3 s) compared with the time in the no-noise controls (5.2 s). On the other hand, noise had no significant effect in the higher-balance group, presumably because of a ceiling effect. These findings suggest that static balance in the lower-balance participants can be improved by applying a weak noise through cross-modal stochastic resonance., Somatosensory, Sensory-motor interaction, Static balance, Subliminal noise, Subthreshold signal detection.

The aim of this research was to assess relationships between the level of vocabulary and selected elements of sensory integration and balance in 5-year-old girls and boys, showing the differences between them. The study group consisted of 290 5-year-old children (172 boys and 118 girls) with different levels of vocabulary development and selected disturbances in sensory integration and balance processes. To evaluate the developmental deficits of speech with regard to vocabulary, the Children’s Dictionary Test was used. The Clinical Test of Sensory Integration and Balance was also employed. In our research’s overall assessment, 118 children, i.e., 41%, had a low level of vocabulary, while 108 (37%) had an average level and 64 (22%) had a high level. However, the average score of all examined children (3.71 stens) indicates a low level of vocabulary development. Less developed vocabulary skills included the ability to create subordinate words and define concepts. There were no significant differences in the level of vocabulary between girls and boys. We observed disorders concerning selected elements of sensory integration and balance in most of the children, and more often in boys. There were statistically significant relationships between the level of vocabulary and selected disorders of sensory integration and balance, however, they were not unambiguous. Children with the lowest level of vocabulary in overall assessment obtained significantly the worst results in the Clinical Test of Sensory Integration and Balance (CTSIB) open eyes, hard surface test. However, in the closed eyes, hard surface test, the lowest score was obtained by children with a high overall assessment. In turn, in the open eyes, soft surface test, the lowest score was noted for children with average overall assessment. In the complex CTSIB test, the lowest score was achieved by children with low ability to define concepts. The problem of the relationship between vocabulary level of and sensory integration as well as balance requires further research. The demonstrated significant relationships between some aspects of vocabulary level and selected elements of sensory integration as well as balance confirm the need to care for the overall psychomotor sphere of a child.

In recent years, electroencephalogram (EEG) signals have been used as a biometric modality, and EEG-based biometric systems have received increasing attention. However, due to the sensitive nature of EEG signals, the extraction of identity information through processing techniques may lead to some loss in the extracted identity information. This may impact the distinctiveness between subjects in the system. In this context, we propose a new self-relative evaluation framework for EEG-based biometric systems. The proposed framework aims at selecting a more accurate identity information when the biometric system is open to the enrollment of novel subjects. The experiments were conducted on publicly available EEG datasets collected from 108 subjects in a resting state with closed eyes. The results show that the openness condition is useful for selecting more accurate identity information.