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Simple Summary: Different strategies for the termination of pregnancy in humans have proven to be efficient and safe. However, few studies have investigated the utility of these regimens in non-human primates. Therefore, this review discusses the most relevant research reporting the termination of viable and non-viable pregnancies in primates. An overview of the clinically applicable drugs is presented, including dosage, administration route, safety, and efficacy. Limited information is available concerning the termination of pregnancy in non-human primates. Thus, a comprehensive review of this topic will be beneficial for veterinary staff in laboratories, zoos, and wildlife rehabilitation centers. The most relevant studies concerning the termination of viable and non-viable pregnancy in non-human primates were analyzed, and dosages, administration routes, adverse effects, and the efficacy of the drugs used are reported. The literature revealed that termination of pregnancy is most commonly performed in marmosets and macaques. The combination of mifepristone and misoprostol was reported to be effective and fast-acting in terminating first-trimester pregnancy in macaques, while cloprostenol was identified as the best agent for use in marmosets. This review also provides insights about the limitations of previously described methods of pregnancy termination and discusses potential alternatives and areas for future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the time course of biodegradation of an intracameral, biodegradable, sustained-release bimatoprost implant that lowers intraocular pressure without the need for daily eye drops. Methods: In 2 identically designed, randomized, phase 3 clinical trials, adults with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension and open iridocorneal angles inferiorly in the study eye were administered 10- or 15-μg bimatoprost implant (day 1 and weeks 16 and 32) or twice-daily topical timolol 0.5%. Implants were assessed on gonioscopy throughout the studies. Investigators reported whether implants were visible, estimated the size of visible implants relative to their initial size at implantation, and reported the implant location. Data for 10-μg implant placed on day 1 were pooled from both studies for analysis. Results: A total of 372 patients received the 10-μg bimatoprost implant. The degree of implant biodegradation at each follow-up time point was variable among patients. The implant frequently swelled during the initial phase of biodegradation from 6 to 28 weeks. Accelerated biodegradation occurred between 31 and 52 weeks, resulting in 82% of implants absent or ≤25% of initial size by 52 weeks. By month 20, 95% of implants had biodegraded to absent or ≤25% of initial size. The implant was predominantly located inferiorly in the iridocorneal angle. Conclusions: Bimatoprost implant biodegradation in phase 3 studies showed some degree of variability among patients. Clinically significant implant biodegradation was observed in the majority of patients by 12 months. Clinical studies are in progress to further understand implant biodegradation and the ideal timing for implant re-administration. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02247804; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02250651.

Several farrowing induction programs have been used to increase the proportion of sow farrowing during the work period and the rate of farrowing supervision, as well as to promote the success of cross-fostering and the practice of all-in all-out in swine production. The present overview aimed to evaluate the effects of farrowing induction on farrowing duration, birth interval, birth weight, dystocia/birth assistance, and stillbirth in pigs. The results showed that via different routes of administration, either natural or synthetic prostaglandins alone or in combination mostly with uterotonic drugs, including oxytocin and carbetocin, have been used for the induction of farrowing. Sometimes other drugs, such as dexamethasone, estradiol, xylazine, ergometrine, and AGN190851, were added. Vulvar and perinatal routes reduced the intramuscular dose of prostaglandins by 50% to 75%, while equal effects remained. A split dose of prostaglandin 6 h apart should be used because it may enhance complete luteolysis. Additionally, if uterotonic drugs are used following prostaglandin injection, they should be injected after the birth of the first piglets at the earliest timepoint to ensure full opening of the cervix. These two practices decrease the farrowing duration, the birth interval, and dystocia. Induction should not be conducted more than 2 days earlier than the expected farrowing date in order to keep the stillbirth rate and birth weight unaltered. This review also revealed that certain factors, such as the rate of farrowing supervision, natural differences in piglets' birth weights, litter size, gestation length, and treatment with altrenogest before induction, may be confounding factors that possibly alter the effect of induction programs on certain farrowing characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report discusses the pharmacological induction of parturition in a pacarana (Dinomys branickii), a rare South American rodent with a reproductive biology that is still poorly understood. The aim of this case report was to induce labor in a pacarana in the final third of gestation after fetal death was confirmed due to a maternal cardiopulmonary arrest lasting 4 min. Using a pharmacological protocol similar to that applied in ruminants, the induction of labor was successfully carried out, resulting in the expulsion of two dead fetuses 2 h and 15 min after the administration of cloprostenol (0.275 mg; im) and dexamethasone (4 mg; im). This case, the first documented instance of pharmacological induction in pacarana, underscores the efficacy of the procedure and the need for further research to understand the reproductive physiology of the species, potentially aiding in the conservation of this and other Hystricomorpha species.

The present study aimed at examining the association between different risk factors and intrapartum stillbirth in piglets born from cloprostenol-induced farrowing sows. This study enrolled 898 piglets born within 77 Landrace x Yorkshire sows subjected to farrowing induction using cloprostenol at day 114 of gestation. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were used to determine important indicators for intrapartum stillbirth at the piglet level. Investigated risk factors included parity, gestation length, litter size, birth order, piglets’ gender, birth interval, cumulative farrowing duration, birth weight, crown-rump length, body mass index, ponderal index, and birth weight deviation. The stillbirth rate was 5.3%. Intrapartum stillbirth accounted for 79.2% of all stillbirths. Body conformation traits (birth weight, birth weight deviation, body mass index, and ponderal index), birth order, and cumulative farrowing duration were important indicators for intrapartum stillbirth. Birth order (OR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.13–1.37), birth interval (OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 1.01–1.02), birth weight deviation (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.69–0.88), and ponderal index (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.91–0.99) were selected in the model that best explained the variation of stillbirth (marginal R2 = 0.31, conditional R2 = 0.54). Results of this study highlight the importance of body size and shape, birth order, and birth interval in prediction of the intrapartum stillbirth of piglets born from cloprostenol-induced farrowing sows.

The racemic methyl ester of 16-(m-chlorophenoxy)-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin F2α (cloprostenol) was transformed into corresponding E-type derivatives through the stages of selective protection of the C-11 and C-15 hydroxyls as tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ethers, oxidation of the C-9 alcohol, removal of the protecting silyl groups, and enzymatic hydrolysis of the methyl ester. The E-type acid and corresponding methyl ester thus obtained were tested for uterotonic activity. The results were compared with the activity of the parent cloprostenol and corresponding methyl ester. The E-type prostaglandin methyl ester doubled (p > 0.05) the frequency of contractions of the rat uterine horn compared to the control and appeared to be more effective than the E-type acid and misoprostol (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to develop a particular sorbent for the selective extraction of the luteolytic drug cloprostenol from milk samples. Cloprostenol's luteolytic activity has been proved in animals, whereas the production of prostaglandins is discussed extensively in the literature, while extraction of cloprostenol is rarely discussed. The major objective was to get sufficient molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for selective extraction and detection of cloprostenol. After a series of experiment, MIPs and their analogues NIPs, were synthesized. In these experiments, radical polymerization with non-covalent interactions has been used to synthesize MIPs and NIPs. Different parameters to determine the optimization conditions such as solvent volume, cross-linker, and template ratio were studied in various sets to get better possible characteristics of MIPs. The HPLC was used to evaluate the retention capacity which ranges from 68.5% to 94.1%. The mechanism of adsorption was studied by the isothermal assay and kinetic studies. The kinetic studies exhibited a high retention capacity within 20 min of MIPs contact. The percentage of polymer yield ranged from 53.5% to 92.3%. HPLC coupled with a UV detector showed the limit of detection and limit of quantification of 30.5 ng/mL and 86.7 ng/mL, respectively, for the determination of analytes from milk samples. The recovery of cloprostenol for all spiked samples of milk was higher than 91.54%. Furthermore, the studies showed that MIPs are specific in the adsorption of cloprostenol compared to its other structural analogues. The outcomes also showed the significance of cross-linker concentration and the amount of solvent during the process of polymerization. These parameters greatly affect the preorganization of complementary functional groups, meanwhile, it creates specific cavities for the targeted drugs.

There are a variety of hormonal protocols and products on the market, but it is still unclear how they will work on specific field conditions. The efficacy of using different forms of prostaglandin F2a analogues such as dinoprost and cloprostenol in a FGA-based estrus synchronization protocols were compared in sheep. For this purpose, on the basis of a completely randomized design, 60 ewes (Tsigai breed, Rusty variety; 2-4-years old, mean body score of 2.5 ± 0.5) were divided into two estrus synchronization treatment groups, which included: fluorogestone acetate (FGA) sponges for 11 days, with the administration of an intramuscular injection of 5 mg of dinoprost on the 9-day, followed by 300 IU PMSG at the time of sponge withdrawal (FGA-D-PMSG group, n=30), and for the other group, the same synchronization protocol was followed, with the difference that instead of dinoprost, ewes received 75 µg of cloprostenol (FGA-C-PMSG group, n=30). The estrus response rate percentage (%ERR) ranged between 76.66% (FGA-C-PMSG group) and 93.33% (FGA-D-PMSG group). In this study, it is shown that the type of PGF2a (natural or synthetic) can influence the results of a 11-day FGA-PGF2a-PMSG synchronization protocol, in terms of occurrence of estrus behaviour. Additionally, hormonal treatments cost for each protocol was calculated in order to determine the most cost-effective method and whether it can be implemented in small and large-scale sheep farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudopregnancy is a state of temporary infertility in goats characterised by the accumulation of sterile fluid in the uterus in the absence of a foetus with persistent corpus luteum. B-mode ultrasonographic examination of goats on day 60 post-breeding was conducted for differential diagnosis of pregnancy, non-pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. Pseudopregnant does diagnosed on day 60 (day 0) post-breeding (Group I, n=8) were treated with three doses of 125µg of cloprostenol sodium (i/m) 10 days apart and were bred by natural service on induced oestrus after the third dose of treatment. The response to treatment was evaluated and compared with normal cycling does (Group II, n=8) which were mated on spontaneous oestrus. The uterine wall thickness measured ultrasonographically on day 0 in group I and on day 60 post-breeding in pregnant does of group II were 0.63 ± 0.02 and 0.66±0.03 cm, respectively (P >0.05). Serum progesterone concentration estimated on day 0, day of the evacuation of uterine fluid, days 10 and 20 in group I and on day 60 post-breeding in group II were 2.73 ± 0.19, 0.78± 0.19, 1.67 ± 0.10, 1.72 ± 0.19 and 3.64± 0.16 ng/mL, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between day 0 in group I and day 60 in group II; within group I, between day 0 and the day of evacuation and between the day of evacuation and day 10. Pregnancy diagnosis on day 60 post-breeding revealed a conception rate of 50 and 75 per cent in groups I and II, respectively (P>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT: Objectives were to evaluate the effect of 2 analogs of PGF2α (cloprostenol vs. dinoprost) and 2 doses (1 injection vs. 2 injections) on luteolysis, follicle diameter, hormonal concentrations, and time to ovulation in dairy heifers. Holstein heifers were fitted with automated estrus detection devices and had their estrous cycle synchronized using PGF2α and an intravaginal insert containing progesterone. Heifers detected in estrus were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: cloprostenol on d 7 after estrus (CLOx1; n = 45), cloprostenol on d 7 and 8 after estrus (CLOx2; n = 41), dinoprost on d 7 after estrus (DINx1; n = 43), or dinoprost on d 7 and 8 after estrus (DINx2; n = 44). Treatment with the first injection of PGF2α was defined as experiment d 0. Area and blood flow of corpus luteum (CL) and diameter of follicles >5 mm were recorded every 12 h from d 0 to estrus and every 6 h thereafter until ovulation. Blood was sampled every 6 h from d 0 until ovulation. Heifers treated with cloprostenol had shorter interval to luteolysis (± SEM; CLOx1 = 23.5 ± 2.2, CLOx2 = 22.9 ± 2.2, DINx1 = 32.6 ± 2.7, DINx2 = 26.4 ± 2.1 h); however, time to ovulation was not affected by treatment. A smaller proportion of heifers treated with a single injection of PGF2α underwent luteolysis compared with heifers treated with 2 injections (CLOx1 = 84.6 ± 6.2, CLOx2 = 100.0 ± 0.0, DINx1 = 59.7 ± 9.8, DINx2 = 96.3 ± 2.7%). Proportion of heifers that ovulated was smaller for DINx1 compared with other treatments (CLOx1 = 88.8 ± 5.1, CLOx2 = 100.0 ± 0.0, DINx1 = 55.2 ± 9.7, DINx2 = 94.4 ± 3.4%). Ovulatory follicle diameter was larger for DINx1 (18.2 ± 2.7 mm) compared with DINx2 (17.4 ± 2.7 mm), whereas dose did not affect the diameter of the ovulatory follicle in heifers treated with cloprostenol (CLOx1 = 17.6 ± 2.7 vs. CLOx2 = 17.8 ± 2.8 mm). Among heifers that underwent luteolysis, progesterone concentrations from 18 to 36 h after treatment were lesser in heifers treated with cloprostenol compared with those treated with dinoprost. Type of PGF2α did not affect progesterone concentrations past 36 h from treatment; however, heifers treated with 2 PGF2α injections had lesser progesterone concentrations and CL blood flow from 36 to 72 h after treatment compared with heifers that received a single PGF2α injection.

Background and Aim: Previous findings regarding the effects of farrowing induction on the farrowing characteristics of sows are controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effects of farrowing induction on the following characteristics: (1) Proportion of sows that farrowed during working hours, (2) stillbirth rate, (3) number of stillbirths per farrow, (4) dystocia rate per farrow, (5) dystocia rate (the proportion of farrowings that had at least one dystocia event), (6) number of dystocia events per farrow, (6) farrowing duration, (7) birth interval, and (8) birth weight. Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight Landrace x Yorkshire sows were randomly allocated into two groups; the control group and the treatment group. In the control group (n = 18), sows farrowed spontaneously. In the treatment group (n = 20), farrowing was induced approximately 2 days earlier than the herd's average length of gestation (7:00 am on day 114) by injecting cloprostenol into the perivulval region. All sows were supervised throughout their farrowing. We recorded the interval between induction and farrowing; total number of births; number of live, stillborn, and mummified piglet births; number of dystocia events; birth interval; farrowing duration; and birth weight. A generalized linear mixed model, a linear mixed-effects model, the Chi-squared test, and Student's t-test were used to compare outcomes between the two groups. Results: Farrowing induction did not influence the percentage of sows that farrowed during working hours (7 am–5 pm), stillbirth rate, birth weight, and number of dystocia events per farrow. Farrowing induction led to an increase in birth interval, dystocia rate, dystocia per farrow (p < 0.05) and in addition to the percentage of sows that farrowed on the day following induction (60% vs. 27.8%; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Farrowing induction using a single dose of cloprostenol 2 days before the expected farrowing date can be performed with care to concentrate farrowing into a short interval. This can enhance the optimization of cross-fostering and the practice of an all-in-all-out strategy in the swine breeding industry.

To determine the effect of hormonal drugs on the pregnancy rates of mares, authors analyzed this indicator in natural (n=303) and stimulated cycles (n=170). They used cloprostenol preparations to shorten the diestral period, and human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG] to induce ovulation. Natural cycles are divided into groups, depending on the duration – normal and short (19–24 and 12–18 days, respectively). Stimulated cycles for the following groups: (1) short (8–18 days); (2) normal (19–24 days) with the use of cloprostenol and hCG; (3) normal – with the use of hCG only. Short, both natural and stimulated cycles, are divided into groups – with normal (4–6 days) and short estrus (2–3 days). The analysis of natural and stimulated cycles showed that the level of pregnancy rates in stimulated cycles (73.5%–80.8%) corresponds to this indicator in normal natural cycles (79.6%). In natural short cycles, the pregnancy rate significantly decreases (26.3% ± 7.1%). When analyzing short cycles, it turned out that, both in natural and stimulated cycles, the pregnancy rate depends on the length of the estrus and decreases in cycles with a short estrus. In general, the difference in pregnancy rates was 41.0% (p ≤ 0.001). In short stimulated cycles, with an estrus length of 4–6 days, the pregnancy rate is higher (91.5% ± 4.06%) than in cycles with an estrus of 2–3 days (51.7% ± 9.3%). Thus, the shortening of the estrous period in stimulated cycles has a significant effect on the pregnancy rate.

An exclusively stereoselective reaction of AcOH elimination in the title acetate of cloprostenol was described, which led with high yield under Pd(PPh 3) 4 -NaH-THF catalysis to the corresponding 13E,15Z-derivative. In contrast, under the same conditions, the use of methyl ester of 15-acetate 11-deoxyprostaglandin E1 results in regioisomeric reductive elimination products. [Display omitted] • The reaction of prostaglandin with NaH in the presence of a Pd catalyst was target. • Relationships between configuration and energy of unsaturated alcohols were shown. • The structures were optimized by quantum chemical modeling methods. • Elimination products and reductive elimination products were obtained. • The structure of the obtained compounds was thoroughly determined by NMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at examining the association between different risk factors and intrapartum stillbirth in piglets born from cloprostenol-induced farrowing sows. This study enrolled 898 piglets born within 77 Landrace x Yorkshire sows subjected to farrowing induction using cloprostenol at day 114 of gestation. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were used to determine important indicators for intrapartum stillbirth at the piglet level. Investigated risk factors included parity, gestation length, litter size, birth order, piglets' gender, birth interval, cumulative farrowing duration, birth weight, crown-rump length, body mass index, ponderal index, and birth weight deviation. The stillbirth rate was 5.3%. Intrapartum stillbirth accounted for 79.2% of all stillbirths. Body conformation traits (birth weight, birth weight deviation, body mass index, and ponderal index), birth order, and cumulative farrowing duration were important indicators for intrapartum stillbirth. Birth order (OR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.13–1.37), birth interval (OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 1.01–1.02), birth weight deviation (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.69–0.88), and ponderal index (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.91–0.99) were selected in the model that best explained the variation of stillbirth (marginal R2 = 0.31, conditional R2 = 0.54). Results of this study highlight the importance of body size and shape, birth order, and birth interval in prediction of the intrapartum stillbirth of piglets born from cloprostenol-induced farrowing sows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exogenous hormones on postpartum ultrasonographic changes of uterine horn in Hu sheep. 90 nulliparous Hu sheep were divided into three groups according to the number of lambs. Each group was further randomly subdivided into three groups (n = 10), a control group (sodium chloride), a PG group (cloprostol), and a PG+OT group (cloprostol + oxytocin). The effects of different treatments on ultrasonographic changes of uterine horn and reproductive performance of ewes were determined after the treatment. Then, 90 nulliparous ewes were divided into a control group, PG group, and PG+OT group according to hormone injections received. Each group (n = 30) consisted of 10 single, 10 twin, and 10 triple ewes. Changes in the levels of hormones P4, LH, FSH, and E2 in the serum of postpartum ewes, the time of the first estrus, and the conception rate were detected. Results showed that the higher the lambing rate, the slower the rate of ultrasonographic changes of uterine horn. The rate of ultrasonographic changes of uterine horn in the PG+OT group was faster than that in respective PG and the control groups. Caruncle diameter was not affected by the number of lambs or hormone treatment. After delivery, the concentrations of P4 and LH increased rapidly and remained at a relatively high level, while the concentration of E2 increased in all ewes. The PG+OT group had lower P4 concentrations compared to the control group, but higher LH, FSH, and E2 levels. The time to first postpartum estrus was significantly shorter in the PG+OT group, but differences in pregnancy rate were not significant. Thus, PG+OT treatment can significantly accelerate postpartum ultrasonographic changes of uterine horn, which can prepare postpartum ewes for the next reproductive cycle., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

OBJECTıVES: This study investigates whether Cloprostenol, a synthetic prostaglandin analog, could protect against ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in rat ovaries. METHODS: Adult female rats were divided into four groups: Sham groups, ischemia (IS) groups, ischemia/reperfusion (IR) groups, and Cloprostenol-treated (CT) groups. The IR injury model was established by clamping the ovarian pedicle for a specified period, followed by reperfusion. The CT group received a pre-treatment of Cloprostenol before inducing ischemia. Ovarian tissues were collected for histological, and immunohistochemical examination. RESULTS: The IS group exhibited severe morphological damage to ovarian tissues, including disrupted tissue architecture and increased apoptosis (p < 0.001). In contrast, the CT group displayed significantly improved ovarian histology, with notable preservation of ovarian tissue and reduced apoptotic activity (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the levels of 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), Caspase 3, Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) staining, which were elevated in the IS and IR groups, were significantly diminished in the CT group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSıON: Cloprostenol administration before IR injury in rat ovaries demonstrated a remarkable protective effect by improving histological damage and reducing DNA damage inflammation. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of Cloprostenol in safeguarding ovarian health against IR., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No conflict of interest is reported by the authors., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of the paper is to increase the conception rates after termination of the voluntary waiting period in dairy cows by administering synthetic analogs of PgF2α. The first dose of PGF2α (Proliz: 500 mcg of Cloprostenol) was given on day 46 on calving. Females who did not show heat after first administration were given a dose of 500 mcg of Cloprostenol after 14 days (60 days after calving). In the 46-65 days from culling, out of 26 cows in the experimental group, 24 cows (92.3%) showed heat and of the 18 cows in the control group, 12 cows showed heat (66.66 %). Within the 46-65 days from calving, out of the 24 cows in the experimental group did not return to heat 15 cows (conceptual rate of 62.5%); of the 12 cows in the control group, 6 cows did not return to heat (50.0% conception rate).

There are a variety of hormonal protocols and products on the market, but it is still unclear how they will work on specific field conditions. The efficacy of using different forms of prostaglandin F2α analogues such as dinoprost and cloprostenol in a FGA-based estrus synchronization protocols were compared in sheep. For this purpose, on the basis of a completely randomized design, 60 ewes (Tsigai breed, Rusty variety; 2–4-years old, mean body score of 2.5 ± 0.5) were divided into two estrus synchronization treatment groups, which included: fluorogestone acetate (FGA) sponges for 11 days, with the administration of an intramuscular injection of 5 mg of dinoprost on the 9-day, followed by 300 IU PMSG at the time of sponge withdrawal (FGA-D-PMSG group, n=30), and for the other group, the same synchronization protocol was followed, with the difference that instead of dinoprost, ewes received 75 μg of cloprostenol (FGA-C-PMSG group, n=30). The estrus response rate percentage (%ERR) ranged between 76.66% (FGA-C-PMSG group) and 93.33% (FGA-D-PMSG group). In this study, it is shown that the type of PGF2α (natural or synthetic) can influence the results of a 11-day FGA-PGF2α-PMSG synchronization protocol, in terms of occurrence of estrus behaviour. Additionally, hormonal treatments cost for each protocol was calculated in order to determine the most cost-effective method and whether it can be implemented in small and large-scale sheep farming.

• PGF2α treatment at estrus onset did not hasten ovulation in sows. • Ovulation was not hastened by PGF2α treatment at 72 h post-weaning. • The association of PGF2α and buserelin did not hasten ovulation. • Total number of piglets born was not affected by PGF2α treatment. This study evaluated the efficiency of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) to hasten ovulation in weaned sows. In experiment I, weaned sows detected in estrus (0 h) received: no hormone (Control; n = 56); 0.5 mg PGF IM at 0 h and 2 h (PGF0; n = 56); or 0.5 mg PGF IM at 24 h and 26 h (PGF24; n = 55). In experiment II, weaned sows that did not express estrus signs until 72 h after weaning (0 h) were assigned to: no hormone (Control; n = 45); 10 µg buserelin acetate IM at 0 h (Buserelin; n = 43); 0.5 mg PGF IM at 34 h and 36 h (PGF; n = 44); or 10 µg buserelin acetate IM at 0 h plus 0.5 mg PGF IM at 34 h and 36 h (Buserelin + PGF; n = 45). In experiment I, no effect of PGF on the interval treatment onset to ovulation was observed (P > 0.05), and no treatment effect was observed on the relative or cumulative proportion of females that ovulated post-treatment onset (P > 0.05). In experiment II, treatment onset to ovulation interval was shorter for Buserelin group than for PGF group (P < 0.05), and a higher cumulative percentage of Buserelin treated sows ovulated up to 48 h compared to PGF and Control groups (P < 0.01), with no differences from Buserelin + PGF. Treatments did not affect total number of piglets born in both experiments (P > 0.05). In conclusion, PGF did not hasten ovulation timing or affect litter size in weaned sows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives were to evaluate the effect of 2 analogs of PGF 2α (cloprostenol vs. dinoprost) and 2 doses (1 injection vs. 2 injections) on luteolysis, follicle diameter, hormonal concentrations, and time to ovulation in dairy heifers. Holstein heifers were fitted with automated estrus detection devices and had their estrous cycle synchronized using PGF 2α and an intravaginal insert containing progesterone. Heifers detected in estrus were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: cloprostenol on d 7 after estrus (CLOx1; n = 45), cloprostenol on d 7 and 8 after estrus (CLOx2; n = 41), dinoprost on d 7 after estrus (DINx1; n = 43), or dinoprost on d 7 and 8 after estrus (DINx2; n = 44). Treatment with the first injection of PGF 2α was defined as experiment d 0. Area and blood flow of corpus luteum (CL) and diameter of follicles >5 mm were recorded every 12 h from d 0 to estrus and every 6 h thereafter until ovulation. Blood was sampled every 6 h from d 0 until ovulation. Heifers treated with cloprostenol had shorter interval to luteolysis (± SEM; CLOx1 = 23.5 ± 2.2, CLOx2 = 22.9 ± 2.2, DINx1 = 32.6 ± 2.7, DINx2 = 26.4 ± 2.1 h); however, time to ovulation was not affected by treatment. A smaller proportion of heifers treated with a single injection of PGF 2α underwent luteolysis compared with heifers treated with 2 injections (CLOx1 = 84.6 ± 6.2, CLOx2 = 100.0 ± 0.0, DINx1 = 59.7 ± 9.8, DINx2 = 96.3 ± 2.7%). Proportion of heifers that ovulated was smaller for DINx1 compared with other treatments (CLOx1 = 88.8 ± 5.1, CLOx2 = 100.0 ± 0.0, DINx1 = 55.2 ± 9.7, DINx2 = 94.4 ± 3.4%). Ovulatory follicle diameter was larger for DINx1 (18.2 ± 2.7 mm) compared with DINx2 (17.4 ± 2.7 mm), whereas dose did not affect the diameter of the ovulatory follicle in heifers treated with cloprostenol (CLOx1 = 17.6 ± 2.7 vs. CLOx2 = 17.8 ± 2.8 mm). Among heifers that underwent luteolysis, progesterone concentrations from 18 to 36 h after treatment were lesser in heifers treated with cloprostenol compared with those treated with dinoprost. Type of PGF 2α did not affect progesterone concentrations past 36 h from treatment; however, heifers treated with 2 PGF 2α injections had lesser progesterone concentrations and CL blood flow from 36 to 72 h after treatment compared with heifers that received a single PGF 2α injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction of farrowing with prostaglandins is a way of increasing farrowing supervision and to provide adequate care for piglets in the first hours of life. However, some studies observed negative effects associated with induction, including decreased piglet viability, reduced birth weight and decreased colostrum yield. Furthermore, the farrowing response of sows to prostaglandins treatment varies among studies, largely influenced by the induction protocol applied. Thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of farrowing induction with prostaglandins on stillbirth rate, birth weight, pre-weaning mortality, weaning weight, farrowing duration and colostrum and milk characteristics as well as the farrowing response to prostaglandin treatment. The interval from farrowing induction to onset of farrowing (IFIOF) was 31 h, and a twice application of prostaglandin increased by 37% the proportion of sows farrowing during the next working day. Prostaglandins had no effect on farrowing duration (P > 0.05). Piglet birth weight and weaning weight were only decreased (P < 0.05) when farrowing was induced ≥3 days before the expected farrowing date (based on herd average or in gestational length of the control group). Induction three or two days before the expected farrowing date had no effect on stillbirth rate; conversely, stillbirth rate was reduced by 28% (P < 0.05) when induction was performed one day before the expected farrowing date. Farrowing induction had no influence on pre-weaning mortality. The present study strengthened the observations that farrowing induction with prostaglandins is a valuable tool to reduce gestational length variation and to synchronize farrowing during the working day, allowing better assistance to sows and piglets. To obtain the maximum benefit of farrowing induction, it is recommended that induction should be performed one or two days before the expected farrowing date. • Farrowing induction ≥3 days prior the due date impairs offspring performance. • Farrowing induced ≤2 days before due date does not adversely affect sow or litter performance. • Farrow induction one day prior to the due date reduces stillbirth rate. • Split or double dose of prostaglandins, 6 h apart, increases farrowing synchrony. • Farrowing induction with prostaglandins does not affect duration of farrowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effect of different therapeutic protocols on macro-mineral profile and reproductive performance of endometritic buffaloes. Endometritic buffaloes were assigned in five treatment and one control groups viz. uterine lavage (UL), Levamisole (LEV), PGF2α (PG), Uterine lavage+Levamisole (UL+LEV), Uterine lavage+PGF2α (UL+PG) and control (no therapy) consisting of six buffaloes in each group. The Subclinical endometritic buffaloes were diagnosed using White side test. The screened buffaloes were subjected to different treatment regimen as mentioned earlier. It was observed that the post-treatment calcium and phosphorus level was significantly (P<0.05) higher in all treatment groups as compared to their corresponding pre-treatment values, whereas no significant (P>0.05) change was recorded in control group. The clinical cure rate of endometritis was 33.33, 50.00, 66.67, 66.67, 83.33 and 83.33% in untreated control, UL, LEV, PG, UL+LEV and UL+PG, respectively. The corresponding conception rates were 16.67, 33.33, 50.00, 50.00, 66.67 and 66.67% in untreated control, UL, LEV, PG, UL+LEV and UL+PG, respectively. The results inferred that, uterine lavage along with levamisole or PGF2α can be used effectively to manage endometritic buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racemic cloprostenol methyl ester was converted via cyclic 9,11‐phenylboronate esters to 9α,11α‐dihydroxy‐15α‐siloxy (OTBDPS, OTBDMS) derivatives. TES‐Morf selectively reacts with last compounds to exclusively give 11‐TES derivative. In the course of further transformations, the J‐type PG was obtained. The optimal conditions for the 13,14‐double bond shift in the latter were determined and ▵12 derivatives were obtained. 15‐TBDMS derivative PGJ2 was converted to the target ω‐aryloxy derivatives ▵12‐PGJ2, its 13Z isomer, and ▵12,14‐PGJ2 by hydrolysis of the TBDMS protective group. The anticancer activity of some of the synthesized compounds was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to test the effect of low circulating concentrations of progesterone (P4) on pre-ovulatory follicle development in heifers as part of an overarching objective to develop a model to understand this phenomenon in dairy cattle without the confounding factors of lactation. Holstein heifers between 12 and 13 mo of age were pre-synchronized to ensure all heifers were on d 6 of the estrous cycle at the start of the Ovsynch program. Only heifers with CL regression and ovulation to the following pre-treatment strategy were used in the study: 0.5 mg cloprostenol (PGF 2α), 2 d later, 0.1 mg GnRH, 6 d later, GnRH (G1; 1st GnRH of Ovsynch). Heifers (n = 159) responding to pre-treatment were randomly assigned to 4 groups and completed the Ovsynch program: high P4 control (HPC), low P4 control (LPC; PGF 2α 24 h after G1), PG2 (PGF 2α 24 and 48 h after G1) and PG3 (PGF 2α 24, 48, and 96 h after G1). Only heifers that had ovulation to G1 remained in the study. Blood samples were collected in all heifers on d 7 (n = 157) and in a subset of heifers on d 1, 2, 3, 4 (n = 82) after G1 to measure serum P4. Pre-ovulatory follicle size at G1 (13.0 ± 0.1 mm; P = 0.53) and mean serum P4 24 h after G1 (d 1; 3.62 ± 0.11 ng/mL; P = 0.46) did not differ among treatments. HPC heifers had greater (P < 0.001) mean serum P4 compared to LPC, PG2 and PG3 on d 2, 3, 4, and 7. On d 2, 3 and 4, mean serum P4 of LPC, PG2 and PG3 heifers did not differ (P > 0.10). On d 7, LPC heifers had greater (P < 0.001) serum P4 compared to PG2 and PG3 heifers. Mean ± SEM serum P4 on d 7 after G1 was 8.43 ± 0.39, 2.55 ± 0.36, 1.58 ± 0.20, and 1.21 ± 0.15 ng/mL for HPC, LPC, PG2, and PG3, respectively. Percentage of heifers with P4 < 0.50 ng/mL on d 7 was greater (P < 0.05) for LPC, PG2 and PG3 (27, 32 and 26%, respectively) compared to HPC (0%). A greater (P < 0.05) proportion of heifers ovulated before G2 in the LPC, PG2 and PG3 than in the HPC. For heifers that ovulated after G2, low serum concentrations of P4 in LPC, PG2 and PG3 induced double ovulations in 6/97 heifers after the final GnRH of Ovsynch compared to 0/33 in HPC. In summary, PGF 2α treatments during early CL development reduced circulating P4 concentrations 7 d after G1 compared with both HPC and LPC. However, it did not effectively control CL and follicle function to be utilized as a model to test high vs. low serum P4 on fertility parameters in Holstein heifers. • PGF treatment during early CL development reduced serum P4 in Holstein heifers. • PGF during early CL development induced estrus and ovulation before GnRH of Ovsynch. • Low serum concentrations of P4 did not enhance double ovulations in Holstein heifers. • PGF during early CL development did not control CL and follicle function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal is the property of Revista Brasileira de Reproducao Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal is the property of Revista Brasileira de Reproducao Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the past few decades, the luteolytic dose of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and its analogs, used to synchronize estrus for fixed-time insemination in dairy cattle, have remained unchanged. Given the beneficial effects of PGF2α on a young corpus luteum and on multiple ovulations in a fixed-time insemination protocol, and its therapeutic abortive effects on multiple ovulations in pregnant cows, we propose the use of a double PGF2α dose or two PGF2α treatments 24 hours apart. Ultrasonography procedures serve to identify luteal structures and may therefore help to determine the best PGF2α dose to improve the fertility of high-producing dairy cows.

A case of dystocia due to breech presentation coupled with bilateral hip flexion in a dicephalic foetal monster having bilateral brachygnathism in a Murrah buffalo was brought to Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC) of the university which was relieved through obstetrical maneuvers per-vaginally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different hormonal interventions in the treatment of cystic ovarian follicles (COF) based on different scenarios, including the size of the cyst and the presence of other follicles on the ovaries of dairy cows. A total of 199 Holstein cows with COF in the first 100 days postpartum were enrolled in the study. These cows were randomly assigned to the four following groups: 1) GnRH (G) group: intramuscular (IM) injections of 100 µg gonadorelin acetate on day 0 and 150 µg d-cloprostenol 7-12 days later, 2) double GnRH (DG) group: two IM injections of 100 µg gonadorelin acetate at 6 h intervals on day 0 and d-cloprostenol 7-12 days later, 3) intravaginal progesterone device (IPD) group: insertion of PRID Delta for 7-12 days and injection of d-cloprostenol on the withdrawal of PRID Delta, and 4) control group: IM injection of 2 mL sterile saline on day 0 and 7-12 days later. The cure rate of COF significantly improved in the G and DG groups, in comparison with the IPD and control groups. ! ere was no significant difference between the cows in the G and DG groups. In the control group, animals with ovarian cysts smaller than 2.5 cm had a significantly greater self-cure rate, compared to the other cows. In conclusion, this field study demonstrated a good clinical cure in the groups of cows treated by GnRH. However, no improvement was observed in the reproductive performance of these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se comparó el dinoprost trometamina vs. cloprostenol con respecto a respuesta al estro, tasa de fertilidad y costos. El protocolo 1 (P1) consistió en la aplicación de CIDR-B por siete días, aplicando 1.0 mg de cipionato de estradiol al día 0, al T1 se le aplicó 0.30 mg de dinoprost trometamina al retiro del CIDR-B y al T2: 0.52 mg de cloprostenol. El protocolo 2 (P2) consistió en la aplicación de dos inyecciones de PGF2α con intervalo de 11 d (T1: 0.30 mg de dinoprost trometamina y T2: 0.52 mg de cloprostenol). La detección de estros en P1 se realizó el día nueve; en P2, fue posterior a la inyección. La inseminación artificial fue realizada 12 a 18 h después del inicio de estro en ambos protocolos. Para evaluar el porcentaje de estros se utilizó la prueba de Chi-cuadrada. El porcentaje de preñez en P1 se evaluó por la prueba exacta de Fisher y en P2 se empleó un modelo para datos categóricos. El porcentaje de estros para P1 fue100%enambosgruposyparaP292(T1)y88%(T2).Los porcentajes de preñez para P1 16.67 (T1) y 38.46 % (T2); P2 52 (T1) y 44 % (T2). La T1 y T2 se comportaron de manera similar, concluyéndose que T2 es más recomendable, ya que es 25 % más económico. Abstract Dinoprost tromethamine and cloprostenol were compared regarding estrus percentage, rate of pregnancy and costs. Protocol 1 (P1) consisted in the application of CIDR-B by 7 days with 1.0 mg of estradiol cypionate at day 0. T1 was treated with 0.30 mg of dinoprost tromethamine (PGF2a) when CIDR-B was withdrawn and T2 just 0.52 mg of cloroprostenol. Protocol 2 (P2) consisted in the application of two injections of PGF2α within 11 days interval (T1: 0.30 mg of dinoprost tromethamine and T2: 0.52 mg of cloprostenol. Estrus detection in P1 was evaluated at day 9, while for P2 was evaluated after injection. Artificial insemination was carried out 12 to 18 h after estrus onset for both protocols. Estrus percentage was evaluated by a Chi Square Test, rate of pregnancy in P1 was analyzed by a Fisher Exact Test while P2 by a Categorical Data Model Estrus percentage was 100 % for both groups of P1 and for P2 was 92 % (T1) and 88 % (T2); rate of pregnancy was for P1 16.67 (T1) and 38.46 % (T2). For P2,was 52 % (T1) and 44 % (T2). Similar response was observed for T1 and T2. In conclusion, T2 is more recommendable because is 25 % cheaper. Keywords: Dinoprost trometamina, cloprostenol, estrus, fertility, insemination

The swine industry has evolved significantly in the recent decades, but this has come at considerable expense to piglet survival. Breeding sows for greater prolificacy has been accompanied by a greater proportion of piglets being born underweight, of lower vigor, and higher susceptibility to early mortality. Inducing sows to farrow during working hours has the potential to increase piglet survivability, but non-therapeutic injectable products are often discouraged on farms. We aimed to design and develop a novel vaginal drug delivery system (NVDDS) that could reliably trigger luteolysis and induce parturition. To achieve this, two vaginal tablets containing the luteolytic agent cloprostenol were formulated to be inserted together: one would release constituents immediately on insertion (immediate release; IR) and the other would release cloprostenol in a controlled manner (controlled release; CR). The two formulations (IR and CR) were evaluated for drug release, swelling and bio-adhesion in conditions simulating the sow vaginal environment. The IR tablet released the drug completely for 5 min whereas the CR tablet took 5 h to release 50% of the drug. Furthermore, the release kinetics were evaluated by fitting the dissolution profiles into different mathematical models. Both IR and CR tablets were best fitted by the Makoid–Banakar model which assumes release by summation of different mechanisms. The performance of the optimized formulations was studied in vivo with 161 Large White x Landrace sows of varying parity (0–5). The sows were assigned to five groups. Group 1 (SI) received a single vulval injection of cloprostenol at 0700 h (n = 32), group 2 (SDI) received the same dose split in two parts, at 0700h and 1300h (n = 33). Group 3 (IRT) animals were administered an IR tablet at 0700h (n = 32), while group 4 (IRCRT) received both IR and CR tablets at 0700 h (n = 33). Group 5 was untreated and served as a control (n = 32). The interval to farrowing was longer (p < 0.001) for controls than for treated sows, but there were no differences among cloprostenol treatments for timing of farrowing. The finding confirms the efficacy of the NVDDS for induction of farrowing in sows.

Objectives: Termination rates for the highly recommended aglepristone (AGL) treatment are low in late-term pregnancy in queens. We studied the effects of an AGL and cloprostenol (CLO) combination in the termination of late-term pregnancy. Methods: Pregnant queens were assigned to two groups. Queens in the AGL group (n = 10) received AGL 10 mg/kg, twice, 24 h apart. Queens in the AGL-CLO group (n = 9) were additionally injected with a single dose of CLO (5 μg/kg) 24 h after the second dose of AGL. Progesterone, 17beta(β)-oestradiol, cortisol, oxytocin and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2α) metabolite were measured in sera obtained at days 0, 1 and 2, and on the day of abortion. Results: Average gestational age in both groups was similar (AGL 38.61 ± 0.91 days vs AGL-CLO 39.39 ± 1.35 days; P >0.05). Termination rates were 80% and 100% in the AGL and AGL-CLO groups, respectively (P <0.05). Fetal expulsion time was significantly longer (P <0.001) in the AGL group (96.9 ± 6 h) compared with the AGL-CLO group (69.8 ± 3.3 h). Duration of abortion was 19.8 ± 2.6 h and 12.6 ± 1.4 h in the AGL and AGL-CLO groups, respectively (P <0.05). Both treatments were well tolerated. Significantly (P <0.05) lower serum progesterone concentrations were observed in both groups at the day of abortion and concentrations in the AGL-CLO group (4.19 ± 0.80 ng/ml) were lower than in the AGL group (9.89 ± 2.21 ng/ml; P <0.05). Conclusions and relevance: AGL and CLO combination increases pregnancy termination rate in late-term pregnant queens. In addition, CLO contributes to a decrease in luteal function in AGL-treated late-term pregnant queens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was envisaged to evaluate therapeutic effect of PGF2α analogue on the incidence of post-partum complications, uterine involution and fertility in crossbred cows. A total of 21 apparently healthy cows,immediately after normal calving were randomly allotted to two groups. Animals in group I were administered with 500 μg of cloprostenol sodium (synthetic PGF2α) intramuscularly within two hours of calving, whereas those in group II were left untreated. Incidence of post-partum complications, number of days required for complete uterine involution and fertility indices were recorded in all the animals. Incidence of post-partum complications was higher in group II than group I. Number of days taken for complete uterine involution, as assessed by rectal examination was significantly (p0.05) between groups (26.11 ± 2.87 and 53.89 ± 2.91 vs 32.22 ± 1.21 and 55.33 ± 4.45 days, respectively in group I and II, respectively). While, calving to conception interval did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between groups (69.14 ± 9.02 vs 74.40 ± 9.25 days), first AI and overall conception rate was higher in group I (44.44 and 77.78 per cent, respectively) than group II (11.11 and 55.56 per cent, respectively).

Cloprostenol methyl ester was converted to the corresponding Δ11,13-15-keto analog through 9,11-dihydroxy-15-oxo derivative which was subjected to exhaustive acylation and DBU-promoted removal of the 11-acetoxy group. The key stages of the transformation included protection of the 9,11-dihydroxy functionality of cloprostenol methyl ester via conversion to cyclic phenylboronate, in situ oxidation of the unprotected 15-hydroxy group of the latter, and exhaustive acetylation to obtain the corresponding diacetate as precursor to the target compound. An alternative synthetic path starting from 9α,11α-O-bis[tert-butyl(di-phenyl)silyl]-15-oxo derivative of cloprostenol methyl ester has also been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-five Thoroughbred jumper geldings suffered back soreness with poor performance, and 5 control horses were assessed by archived computer data, clinical examination, and laboratory analyses of complete blood picture, serum enzymes, and cortisol level, before and after cloprostenol-pharmacopuncture. The 25 diseased horses before therapy showed significant increases in aspartate aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase with clinical pains scored mild in 15 horses, moderate in 9 horses, and severe in one horse, without changes in the hormonal and hematological data. After therapy, they responded by an increase of heart rate (57.8 ± 4.3 bpm), body temperature (38.5 ± 0.7°C), respiration rate (28.3 ± 2.1 bpm), and capillary refilling time (CRT) (1.0 ± 0.0). On the 2nd day, a significant decrease in the mean levels of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase (P = 0.001) was detected, while on the 4th day, they mimed the level of the 5 controls, and on the 6th day, they showed a significant decrease (P = 0.002). The serum cortisol level showed a significant increase on the 6th day of treatment (P = 0.013). The blood picture showed significant increases in red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, platelets, white blood cells, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, lymphocytes, plateletcrit, and large platelet concentration ratio (P < 0.05) and nonsignificant changes in hematocrit, granulocytes, and midocytes. The improved blood parameters, enzymes, hormones, and performance progress after cloprostenol-pharmacopuncture proved its effectiveness in treating back soreness in athletic horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex (CEH/P) is a challenge in canine reproduction. Present study aimed to assess fertility after medical treatment. One-hundredseventy- four bitches affected by CEH/P received aglepristone on days 1, 2, 8, then every 7 days until blood progesterone < 1.2 ng/mL; cloprostenol was administered on days 3 to 5. Records were grouped according to bodyweight (BW): small (< 10 kg, n = 33), medium (10 = BW < 25 kg, n = 44), large (25 = BW < 40 kg, n = 52), and giant bitches (BW = 40 kg, n = 45). Age; success rate; aglepristone treatments number; relapse, pregnancy rates; diagnosisrelapse, -first, -last litter intervals; litters number after treatment, and LS were analyzed by ANOVA. Overall age was 5.14 ± 1.75 years, without difference among groups. Treatment was 100% successful, without difference in treatments number (4.75 ± 1.18), relapse (15/174, 8.62%) and pregnancy (129/140 litters, 92.14%) rates, intervals diagnosis-relapse (409.63 ± 254.9 days) or -last litter (418.62 ± 129.03 days). The interval diagnosis-first litter was significantly shorter (163.52 ± 51.47 days) and longer (225.17 ± 90.97 days) in small and giant bitches, respectively. Overall, 1.47 ± 0.65 litters were born after treatment. Expected LS was achieved in each group, as shown by ΔLS (actual-expected LS by breed, overall -0.40 ± 1.62) without differences among groups. Concluding, CEH/P affects younger dogs than previously described. Relapses were rarer than previously reported. Medical treatment with aglepristone+cloprostenol is effective and safe, preserving subsequent fertility, as demonstrated by negligible changes in LS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The effects of estradiol esters, d -cloprostenol and oxytocin on induction of cervical dilation prior to non-surgical embryo recovery in Santa Inês ewes (Days 6–7 estrous cycle) were assessed in this study. In Trial 1, transcervical embryo flushing was performed in estrous-induced ewes administered 37.5 μg of d -cloprostenol i.m. 10 h before and 50 IU of oxytocin i.v. 20 min before uterine flushing with (EB-PGF-OT; n = 13) or without (PGF-OT; n = 11) 1 mg of estradiol benzoate i.m. administered concurrently with d -cloprostenol injection. In Trial 2, the estrous-synchronized animals were treated with 1 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB-PGF-OT; n = 12) or estradiol cypionate (EC-PGF-OT; n = 12) i.m. along with 37.5 μg of d -cloprostenol i.m. 16 h before and 50 IU of oxytocin i.v. 20 min before uterine flushing. In Trial 1, uterine flushing could be accomplished in 38% of ewes in the EB-PGF-OT and 27% those in the PGF-OT (P> 0.05) group. Flushing fluid recovery averaged 90% and there were 1.0 ± 1.1 embryos/ewe collected with mean duration of the flushing procedure being ˜36 min. In Trial 2, uterine flushing was accomplished in 78% of ewes in the EB-PGF-OT and 44% of those in the EC-PGF-OT group (P> 0.05) with mean flushing fluid recovery rate being 88% and time elapsing to complete flushing being ˜33 min. Within the subsets of animals treated with EB, the percentages of successful transcervical penetrations were 38% compared with 78% in Trials 1 and 2, respectively (i.e., with EB administered 10 h compared with 16 h before uterine flushing: P< 0.05). The interval from EB administration to the beginning of transcervical penetration can affect the efficacy of embryo recovery procedures utilizing a combined EB/d-cloprostenol/oxytocin pre-treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acylation of cloprostenol with acetic anhydride in pyridine, followed by treatment of the exhaustive acetylation product with water, gave 9,11,15-triacetoxy derivative whose reaction with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole afforded the corresponding imidazolide. The subsequent condensation with 2-aminoethanol and removal of acetate protecting group lead to the formation of N-(2-hydroxyethyl) cloprostenol amide. Analogous N-ethyl amide was synthesized by reaction of cloprostenol methyl ester with aqueous ethylamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]