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Cloninger’s psychobiological model has systematically responded to academic research that has been conducted for years on the definition of temperament and character concepts and the areas of personality they affect. The aim of this research is to examine Cloninger’s theory, which deals with personality on the basis of psycholobiological theory and has been the subject of many studies, with the bibliometric analysis method and to provide information to researchers about which research themes the model has been researched in the past and with which research themes it can be researched in the future. For this purpose, common word analysis, social network analysis and concept mapping methods were used in our study. According to the results of the frequency analysis of keywords, the most frequently used research topics in studies are; It was found that there are “personality”, “character and temperament”, “TCI”, “Cloninger’s psychobiological model” and “harm avoidance”. According to the degree centrality and betweenness centrality results, the keywords were listed as “personality”, “character and temperament”, “TCI”, “harm avoidance” and “Cloninger’s psychobiological model”. Although “Cloninger’s psychobiological model” is the more frequently used keyword, other networks have lower number of connections and capacity to connect networks than the keyword harm avoidance. According to the concept mapping results, the most current research topics were “well-being”, “resilience”, “psychopathology” and “personality traits”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study is to create a more detailed and accurate picture of the complex relationship between personality and religiousness by describing the person’s religiousness in a multidimensional way. The sample for study consisted of 240 subjects (161 females, 79 males; mean age: 22,53, SD= 2,98) who attended church at least occasionally. We divided up different types of religiosity by the way in which they are followed: compiling the participants’ different critiques based on their responses regarding religious practice, on the data from the Hungarian Shortened Post Critical Belief Scale (Martos et al., 2009), and the Hungarian version of the Age Universal I-E Scale (Kézdy et al., 2018). For the measurement of personality based on the Cloninger’s psychobiological theory, we used the Shortened Hungarian Cloninger Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI 56) (Paksi et al., 2009). K-means clustering and one-way ANOVA-s were used to explore and compare the patterns. The results of the study show that in terms of personality traits, there are significant differences between the different types of religiousness. Therefore, interpreting and analyzing piety and personality as a complex system could help to understand religious practice and education in a more differentiated way.

The current diagnostic classification systems in psychiatry have been developed primarily for evidence-based clinical decision making with both categorical and dimensional approaches having their own advantages and disadvantages. Efforts have been made to improve these classification systems, and we are now at the point where we must expand beyond the one-dimensionality of these systems. In this paper, we propose that psychiatric disorders can be arranged in a three-dimensional classification system according to the degree of dysfunctions on three specific axes in a way that is similar to the arrangement of chemical elements according to their atomic weights in Mendeleyev's periodic table. For the three axes, we chose externalization, drive, and attention to represent the three-dimensional descriptions of mental health, namely, well-being in social, motivational, and cognitive areas, respectively. Throughout the paper, we explain our reasons for choosing these three axes and compare our hypothesis with categorical diagnostic systems as well as Cloninger's dimensional diagnostic system using personality disorders, affective disorders, and schizophrenia as the specific diagnostic samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The character higher order scales (self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence) in the temperament and character inventory are important general measures of health and well-being [Mens Sana Monograph 11:16-24 (2013)]. Recent research has found suggestive evidence of common environmental influence on the development of these character traits during adolescence. The present article expands earlier research by focusing on the internal consistency and the etiology of traits measured by the lower order sub-scales of the character traits in adolescence. Methods: The twin modeling analysis of 423 monozygotic pairs and 408 same sex dizygotic pairs estimated additive genetics (A), common environmental (C), and non-shared environmental (E) influences on twin resemblance. All twins were part of the on-going longitudinal Child and AdolescentTwin Study in Sweden (CATSS). Results: The twin modeling analysis suggested a common environmental contribution for two out of five self-directedness sub-scales (0.14 and 0.23), for three out of five cooperativeness sub-scales (0.07-0.17), and for all three self-transcendence sub-scales (0.10-0.12). Conclusion: The genetic structure at the level of the character lower order sub-scales in adolescents shows that the proportion of the shared environmental component varies in the trait of self-directedness and in the trait of cooperativeness, while it is relatively stable across the components of self-transcendence. The presence of this unique shared environmental effect in adolescence has implications for understanding the relative importance of interventions and treatment strategies aimed at promoting overall maturation of character, mental health, and well-being during this period of the life span. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A basic debate that has been frequently discussed is whether humankinds searching for happiness through material good is good or a bad thing. Many people wonder if more money, more leisure or more stuff would make them happier. In recent years number of studies has examined the relationship between materialism and well-being and there are some evidences that materialism is related to personality. Method: In this study, 143 university students completed a battery of questionnaires including Richins and Dawson's material values scale, and Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory, Beck depression in-ventory, hopelessness scale and empathy quotient scale. Findings: Even though there is not a significant correlation between total self transcendence scores and ma-terialism scores; there is a significant negative correlation between the total materialism scores and the trans- personal identification facet of self transcendence (r =-.20, p<.05). There is also significant negative correla-tion between the transpersonal identification and the materialistic happiness (r =-.22, p<.01). Discussion and Conclusion: Another result of the study is that the students who have relatively high ma-terialism scores are likely to have low empathy scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) are indicators or markers of well-being that also reflect stable emotional- temperamental dispositions. In three different studies, self-reported affect was measured by the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The PANAS measures affect as two separate dimensions and was therefore used to generate four affective temperaments (AFTs): self-actualizing (high PA and Low NA), high affective (high PA and high NA), low affective (low PA and low NA), and self-destructive (low PA and high NA). The present set of studies investigated differences in personality between AFTs in an adolescent sample ( N = 398). Personality was measured by two different models: The Big Five and Cloninger's psychobiological model. The interaction of PA and NA was expected to reveal differences and similarities in intrapersonal behavior measured by both models of personality. The results show that low NA adolescents reported lower levels of neurotic behavior than high NA adolescents. Nevertheless, despite the experience of high NA respectively, low PA, high and low affective reported higher Self-Directedness than self-destructive adolescents. Implications of the AFTs framework are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]