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albipunctata (Williston) (L.W. Quate pers. comm.). Psychoda albipunctata Williston, 1893: 113. Clogmia albipunctata: Peck et al. 1998: 228 [introduced species]; Causton et al. 2006: 134 [introduced species]. Distribution. Introduced. Cosmopolitan; Galápagos: Santa Cruz. Material examined. Galápagos: Santa Cruz: CDRS, brackish water tank, seep, 19.i.1989, B.J. Sinclair (1 ♀, CNC); ECCD, Academy Bay, 10.v.–8.vi.1985, Malaise trap, arid zone, S. & J. Peck (2 ♀, CNC). Remarks. Specimens were collected from the wet walls of a water tank at the Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS). This species has been reported breeding in sinks, drains, tree holes and shallow pools in human settlements (Quate 1954), and consequently it has likely been introduced with humans to the islands., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Williston, S. W. (1893) The North American Psychodidae. Entomological News, 4, 113 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 40989","Peck, S. B., Heraty, J., Landry, B. & Sinclair, B. J. (1998) Introduced insect fauna of an oceanic archipelago: the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. American Entomologist, 44 (4), 218 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ae / 44.4.218","Causton, C. E., Peck, S. B., Sinclair, B. J., Roque-Albelo, L., Hodgson, C. J. & Landry, B. (2006) Alien insects: threats and implications for conservation of Galapagos Islands. Annals of Entomological Society of America, 99 (1), 121 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2006) 099 [0121: AITAIF] 2.0. CO; 2","Quate, L. W. (1954) A revision of the Psychodidae of the Hawaiian Islands (Diptera). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 15, 335 - 356."]}

Clogmia albipunctata (Williston) Material: 1♂, Braga, Barcelos, Areias de Vilar e Encourados, 4 October 2014; 1♂, Braga, Barcelos, Gilmonde, 3 July 2014; 1♀, ibidem, 19 June 2012; 3♀, ibidem, 12 October 2012; 4♀, ibidem, 4 July 2014; 1♀, ibidem, 25 August 2014; 2♀, ibidem, 5 October 2014; 1♀ Braga, Terras de Bouro, Valdosende, 25 October 2014; 1♂ Braga, Esposende, Fonte Boa e Rio Tinto, 26 October 2014; 1♂, Coimbra, Sé Nova, 9 July 2013; 1♀, Porto, Vila Nova de Gaia, Avintes, 27 September 2010; 1♀, Porto, Valongo, Campo e Sobrado, 13 June 2012; 1♀, Porto, Valongo, Campo e Sobrado, 24 October 2014; 1♂, 1♀, Coimbra, Condeixa-a-Nova, Ega, 31 August 2013; 1♀, Braga, Barcelos, Areias de Vilar e Encourados, 4 October 2014; 1♀, Bragança, Espinhosela, 8 August 2014; 1♀, Porto, Vila Nova de Gaia, Mafamude, 6 May 2011; 1♀, Aveiro, Estarreja, Salreu, 2 June 2014; 2♀, Leiria, Caldas da Rainha, Tornada e Salir do Porto, 22 September 2012., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Andrade, Rui & Gonçalves, Ana, 2022, Moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Portugal with descriptions of a new genus new species and additions to the fauna of the Iberian Peninsula, pp. 37-59 in Zootaxa 5129 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6488081

Clogmia albipunctata (Williston, 1893) albipunctata Williston, 1893: 113 (as Psychoda Latreille). Type locality: Cuba, La Havana. Syn. Pericoma meridionalis Eaton, 1894: 194. Type-locality: East Africa. Syn. Psychoda snowii Haseman, 1907: 311. Type-locality: USA, Texas, Galveston. Syn. Psychoda legnothisa Speiser, 1909: 44. Type-Locality: Tanzania. Syn. Psychoda erecta Curran, 1926: Type-locality: West Indies. Syn. Psychoda nocturna Abreu, 1930: 115. Type-locality: Not given (but Canary Islands). Syn. Psychoda nigrithorax Abreu, 1930: 115 (as P. nocturna var. nigrithorax). Type-locality: Not given (but Canary Islands). Syn. Telmatoscopus haranti Mirouse, 1958: 93. Type-locality: Midi de la France. Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Williston, 1893): Quate, 1955: 185 (redescription, taxonomic history to that date), Pellerano, 1967: 20 (redescription), Vaillant, 1971: 52 (redescription, taxonomic history). Clogmia albipunctata (Williston, 1893): Enderlein (1937), Duckhouse (1978a, synopsis and South Africa records), Duckhouse & Lewis (1989, e-version, Australian and Oriental catalogue), Wagner & Joost (1994, Colombia records), Ježek & Goutner (1995, Greece records), Collantes & Martínez-Ortega (1999b, Nicaragua records), Ježek (2000, Australian records), Wagner (2001, Spain records), Ježek (2002, Slovenia records), Bejarano (2006a, Colombia records), Ibáñez-Bernal (2008, Mexican records), Cazorla-Perfetti & Morales Moreno (2017, Venezuela records). General distributio n. Circumtropical (Wagner 1991). Distribution in Mexic o. Campeche, Ciudad de México (formerly Distrito Federal), Michoacán, Morelos, Nuevo León, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán (Ibáñez-Bernal 2008), Morelos, Quintana Roo (Godínez-Álvarez & Ibáñez-Bernal 2010)., Published as part of Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio & Durán-Luz, Juana, 2022, An actualized catalogue of the Psychodidae (Diptera) of Mexico and their known distribution by state, pp. 347-408 in Zootaxa 5104 (3) on page 378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5104.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6332122, {"references":["Williston, S. W. (1893) The North American Psychodidae. Entomological News, 5, 113 - 114.","Eaton, A. E. (1894) Description of a new species of Pericoma from Delagoa Bay. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (Series 2), 5, 194 - 195.","Haseman, L. (1907) A Monograph of North American Psychodidae, including Ten New Species and an Aquatic Psychodid from Florida. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 33, 299 - 333.","Speiser, P. (1909) 10. Diptera. Orthorapha. In: Sjostedt, Y. (Ed.), Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905 - 1906. Kungliga Svenska vetenskapsakademien, Stockholm, pp. 31 - 112.","Curran, C. H. (1926) Appendix. New Diptera of Jamaica. In: Gowdey, C. C. (Ed.), Catalogus Insectorum Jamaicensis. Jamaica Department of Agriculture, Entomology Bulletin, 4, pp. 1 - 114.","Abreu, E. S. (1930) Monografia de los Psychodidos de las Islas Canarias. Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes, Barcelona, 22, 93 - 129.","Mirouse, R. (1958) Telmatoscopus (Panimerus) haranti, espece nouvelle de Diptere Psychodide. Entomologiste, 14, 93 - 96.","Quate, L. W. (1955) A revision of the Psychodidae (Diptera) in America north of Mexico. University of California Publications in Entomology, 10, 103 - 273.","Pellerano, G. (1967) Notas sobre Psychodidae (Diptera) argentinos. I. Redescripcion de Psychoda alternata Say, P. cinerea Banks y Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Williston). Physis, 27, 9 - 26.","Vaillant, F. (1971) Psychodidae-Psychodinae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region. Vol. 287. E. Schweitzerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 48.","Enderlein, G. (1937) Klassifikation der Psychodiden (Dipt.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 4, 81 - 112. [1936] https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 193619360301","Duckhouse, D. A. (1978 a) Non-phlebotomine Psychodidae (Diptera, Nematocera) of southern Africa. II. Subfamily Psychodinae: Neoarisemus and the brunettoid and telmatoscopoid genera. Annals of the Natal Museum, 23, 305 - 359.","Duckhouse, D. A. & Lewis, D. J. (1989) Superfamily Psychodoidea. 15. Family Psychodidae. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu and E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 166 - 179. [Electronic version: http: // hbs. bishopmuseum. org / aocat / psychod. html (accessed 9 March 2021)]","Wagner, R. & Joost, W. (1994) On a small collection of Psychodidae (Diptera) from Colombia. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 29, 75 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650529409360920","Collantes, F. & Martinez-Ortega, E. (1999 b) Nuevas citas de especies conocidas de Psychodinae (Diptera: Psychodidae) en Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 48, 17 - 27.","Wagner, R. (2001) Contribution to the knowledge of Spanish Psychodidae (Diptera) with description of two new species. Zoologia Baetica, 12, 83 - 90.","Jezek, J. (2002) The first account of Slovenian moth flies (Psychodidae, Diptera). Journal of Natural Museum (Prague), Natural History Series (Casopis Narodniho Muzea, Rada Prirodovedna), 171, 89 - 116.","Bejarano, E. E. (2006 a) Lista actualizada de los psicodidos (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Colombia. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 45, 47 - 56.","Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2008) New records and descriptions of Mexican moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Psychodinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 134, 87 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2008) 134 [87: NRADOM] 2.0. CO; 2","Cazorla-Perfetti, D. & Morales Moreno, P. (2017) Listado de las especies de Psychodidae (Diptera, Psychodomorpha, Psychodoidea) no Phlebotominae de Venezuela, con seis nuevos registros en el estado Falcon. Saber, Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela, 29, 191 - 225.","Wagner, R. (1991) Family Psychodidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Psychodidae- Chironomidae. Vol. 2. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest and Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 11 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19910380404","Godinez-Alvarez, A. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. (2010) Catalogo de Psychodidae (Diptera) de la Coleccion de Artropodos con Importancia Medica del InDRE, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, New Series, 26, 99 - 121."]}

Many systems to monitor insect behavior have been developed recently. Yet most of these can only detect two-dimensional behavior for convenient analysis and exclude other activities, such as jumping or flying. Therefore, the development of a three-dimensional (3D) monitoring system is necessary to investigate the 3D behavior of insects. In such a system, multiple-camera setups are often used to accomplish this purpose. Here, a system with a single camera for tracking small insects in a 3D space is proposed, eliminating the synchronization problems that typically occur when multiple cameras are instead used. With this setup, two other images are obtained via mirrors fixed at other viewing angles. Using the proposed algorithms, the tracking accuracy of five individual drain flies, Clogmia albipunctata (Williston) (Diptera: Psychodidae), flitting about in a spherical arena (78 mm in diameter) is as high as 98.7%, whereas the accuracy of 10 individuals is 96.3%. With this proposed method, the 3D trajectory monitoring experiments of insects can be performed more efficiently.

In the framework of a mosquito-monitoring program conducted from 2014 to 2018, non-culicid dipteran bycatch was identified to species-level with a focus on Diptera of medical and veterinary importance as part of a biodiversity initiative and barcoding project (“Austrian Barcode of Life”). Two species hitherto not known from Austria, the regularly sampled synanthropic moth fly Clogmia albipunctata (Psychodidae) and a single specimen of the louse fly Ornithoica turdi (Hippoboscidae), were collected in Vienna and Lower Austria. We confirmed identification results using a barcoding approach and provide the first reference sequence for O. turdi.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Clogmia albipunctata é um inseto pertencente à ordem Diptera e à família Psychodidae, que possui ciclo de vida holometábolo com larvas vivendo em ambientes semiaquáticos. Apesar de não serem hematófagos, alguns estudos atribuem a esses insetos o papel de vetores mecânicos, fato que se torna preocupante dado seu alto grau de sinantropia. Na subordem “Nematocera” se observam múltiplos eventos independentes de surgimento do processo de hematofagia, fato que desperta curiosidade sobre quais seriam as características que favoreceram seu aparecimento. Uma adaptação evolutiva é vista sob duas perspectivas: a primeira diz respeito a uma característica moldada pela seleção natural para sua atual função; a segunda diz respeito a uma característica que vem agregar valor adaptativo em determinada função, não necessariamente tendo relação com as pressões evolutivas a partir das quais ela foi selecionada. Esta segunda perspectiva é o que se conhece por exaptação. É sabido que insetos hematófagos controlam de maneira eficiente sua fisiologia intestinal, fato relacionado com sua capacidade de digestão de sangue. Além disso, certas características morfológicas são de extrema valia durante o processo de alimentação, como a forma do intestino. Uma vez que C. albipunctata pertence à mesma família de insetos hematófagos vetores de espécies de Leishmania conhecidos como flebotomíneos, e por não realizarem hematofagia, tais insetos mostramse um excelente modelo para o estudo de exaptações fisiológicas e morfológicas relacionadas com a hematofagia. Com isso, o presente projeto tem por objetivo determinar e analisar aspectos da fisiologia intestinal de C. albipunctata que se relacionem com aqueles já descritos para outros insetos “Nematocera” hematófagos, realizando desde análises fisiológicas como comparações morfológicas, apontando para características de cunho exaptativo. Análises de diferenças morfológicas do tubo digestivo foram realizadas entre machos e fêmeas de C. albipunctata, bem como entre estes e indivíduos de espécies diferentes que são hematófagas, tais como Lutzomyia longipalpis, Aedes aegypti e Culex quinquefasciatus. A fim de determinarmos o pH intestinal do inseto em diferentes condições de alimentação, fizemos uso de corantes indicadores de pH (Azul de Bromotimol e Púrpura de Bromocresol). Para estudo da produção de tripsina após ingestão de proteínas, foram realizados ensaios de cinética enzimática com o substrato sintético BApNA. Para o estudo da atividade da enzima catalase foi utilizado H2O2 como substrato. A fim de verificar a capacidade do extrato bruto de intestino de C. albipunctata de inibir a cascata do completo humano, foram realizados ensaios para inibição da via clássica do sistema complemento humano. Para estudo da atividade de α-glicosidase, foram realizados ensaios enzimáticos utilizando o substrato p-nitrofenil-α-D-glicopiranosídeo. Finalmente, foram também selecionadas proteínas sabidamente relacionadas com o sucesso da hematofagia em outros dípteros “Nematocera”, a partir das quais foi realizada análise do genoma de C. albipunctata, passando por análises de ortologia. Nossos resultados mostraram que não há diferença entre o intestino médio de machos e fêmeas de C. albipunctata, porém o intestino médio de machos das espécies hematófagas analisadas, mostraram-se morfologicamente diferentes do intestino das fêmeas. Em condições normais, tanto machos quanto fêmeas, de C. albipunctata apresentaram pH intestinal ácido (pH = ~6,0), condição semelhante aoencontrado para flebotomíneos e outros insetos hematófagos da subordem “Nematocera”. Quando submetidos à alimentação proteica, observamos alcalinização da região do intestino médio desses insetos, com alcalinização mais evidente e mais pronunciada entre as fêmeas. Além disso, fêmeas de C. albipunctata mostraram-se responsivas aos hormônios alcalinizantes presentes na hemolinfa de fêmeas ingurgitadas de L. longipalpis. Não existe diferença na atividade de tripsina entre machos e fêmeas de C. albipunctata, com a menor atividade sendo encontrada nos insetos alimentados com soro humano inativado. A atividade de catalase encontrada em machos de duas espécies hematófagas se assemelha a atividade encontrada para machos e fêmeas de C. albipunctata. Somente L. longipalpis apresentou diferença entre a atividade de α- glicosidase no intestino de machos e fêmeas. Para todas as espécies analisadas, observase regionalização enzimática de α-glicosidase, sendo a maior atividade encontrada na porção anterior do intestino médio. A tripsina de C. albipunctata apresenta homologia com a tripsina do tipo 2 de L. longipalpis. A enzima catalase está presente em um gene de cópia única no genoma de C. albipunctata. Não foram identificados genes correspondentes a enzima 4-HPPD no genoma de C. albipunctata. Nossos resultados confirmam a hipótese inicial de que algumas adaptações relacionadas à hematofagia já se encontram presentes em organismos não hematófagos, o que dá suporte a nossa ideia de que a maior parte das adaptações ao processo de hematofagia, tratam-se na verdade de exaptações, ou seja, modificações evolutivas que não necessariamente alteram a função de determinado caráter. Em conjunto, esse pensamento pode explicar pelo menos em parte os múltiplos eventos independentes de surgimento da hematofagia dentro dos dípteros “Nematocera”. Clogmia albipunctata is an insect belonging to the order Diptera, family Psychodidae, which has a holometabolous life cycle with immature stages living in semi-aquatic environments. Although this species is not hematophagous, previous studies have shown that this insect can mechanically transmit pathogens, which is an important feature considering its high synanthropy. The suborder Nematocera is a paraphyletic group, encompassing insects that share morphological and physiological features, including dipterans with medical and veterinary importance, allowing phylogenetic analysis among them. As hematophagy emerged several times within the Nematocera group, this instigated studies to understand basic features or adaptations to its development. An evolutive adaptation can be analyzed under two perspectives: the first one concerns about one features shaped by natural selection for your current function. The second concerns about one feature that gives adaptive value to one characteristic, which is not necessarily related to the evolutionary pressures which selected this attribute. This second is known by exaptation. Hematophagous insects have a tight gut physiology control through intestinal pH control and gut enzyme production. Some morphological features are extremely important for the feeding of these insects, such as gut shape and the mouthparts. As C. albipunctata belongs to the Psychodidae family (same family as sandflies, vectors of Leishmania species), these insects are excellent models for physiological and morphological studies about adaptations and exaptations to hematophagy. The aim of this work is to study aspects of C. albipunctata intestinal physiology in comparison to previous studies done with other nematoceran Diptera, through physiological and morphological comparisons, showing exaptative features. Midgut morphological analyses between male and female C. albipunctata and L. longipalpis, A. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus was performed by dissection and visual comparison under optic microscopy. In order to determine the gut pH of C. albipunctata maintained in different dietary conditions, we used the vital pH indicators dye Bromothymol Blue and Bromocresol Purple. To study trypsin production after protein ingestion, we performed kinetic assays using the BApNA substrate. To study catalase enzymatic activity we performed a kinetic assay using H2O2 as substrate. To study α-glucosidase activity in the male and female midgut of C. albipunctata, L. longipalpis, A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus, we used p-nitrophenyl-α-Dglucopyranoside as substrate. To test the capacity of C. albipunctata gut contents to inhibit the human complement, we performed classic pathway inhibitory assays. We selected proteins that are widely related to hematophagy, from which we performed gene orthology analyzes using the C. albipunctata genome . Our results showed that there is no morphological difference between male and female C. albipunctata midguts, despite. the midguts of males and females of some hematophagous species show morphological differences. There is no difference between trypsin activity in midguts of male and female C. albipunctata , the lowest activity found in the midgut of insects that fed on human inactivated serum. The catalase activity found in males of two hematophagous species is similar to the activity found in male and female C. albipunctata. Among all insects analysed, only L. longipalpis showed a difference between male and female α-glycosidasemidgut activity. For all species analyzed, we observed α-glycosidase enzymatic regionalization, with the greatest activity found in the anterior portion of the midgut. In normal conditions, male and female C. albipunctata exhibit acidic intestinal pH (pH = ~ 6), same condition observed for sandflies and other hematophagous insects. When fed with a protein-rich solution, we observed midgut alkalinisation, with more evident alkalinisation for females. Females of C. albipunctata was responsive to hemolymph of engorged female L. longipalpis. The trypsin gene obtained from C. albipunctata whole genome shows homology with the trypsin type 2 from L. longipalpis. The catalase enzyme is present as a single copy gene in the C. albipunctata genome. No genes corresponding to the 4-HPPD enzyme were identified in the C. albipunctata genome. Our results confirm the initial hypothesis that some adaptations related to hematophagy are already present in non-hematophagous organisms, which supports our idea that most adaptations to the hematophagy process are exaptations, which represent evolutionary changes that do not necessarily change the function of a given character. This concept explains, at least in part, the multiple independent events related to hematophagy in “Nematocera” throughout the evolution process.

Background: Clogmia albipunctata is cosmopolitan in distribution. The adult flies can survive and spread outdoors during the temperate seasons while continuously breeding in buildings during the winter months. Because they are non-biting, tiny and quite, most of people do not pay special attention to them. It is the first case reported that Clogmia albipunctata larvae cause human residual root myiasis.Case presentation: In December 2020, a 26-year-old woman was referred from Kaifeng New District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital to the Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College of Henan University with chief complaint that two active alive larvae were found in the mouth while brushing her teeth in the morning. The intraoral examination revealed nice oral hygiene and no larvae was found directly. The right second mandibular molar was a residual root and the mucosa above it was mild erythematous and edematous and no bleeding on probing was present. While some 50℃ normal saline was injected in the residual root with syringe, four larvae swarmed out from the residual root. The larvae were observed by naked eyes and light microscope and the larvae were reared. One adult fly was got 11 days later. They were identified as Clogmia albipunctata larvae. Because the patient was in lactation, medication was not recommended. Treatment included the removal of all visible larvae followed by debridement. The patient was followed-up for 1 month and healed. The patient’s residual root myiasis was associated with sleeping with the mouth open and the smell of rotten food in the residual root attracted Clogmia albipunctatus to lay eggs in the residual root.Conclusions: This report implies that even if the oral hygiene is nice in general, the existence of residual roots maybe results in oral myiasis. The myiasis caused by Clogmia albipunctata larvae should be paid attention to. It is necessary to treat residual roots in time.

This manuscript is a chapter in the book "Evolutionary Systems Biology: Advances, Questions, and Opportunities" to be published with Springer-Nature.; International audience; We present a progress report on our efforts to establish a new research program for evolutionary systems biology, based on reverse-engineering and in silico evolution. The aim is a mechanistic understanding of the genotype-phenotype map and its evolution. Our review focuses on the case study of the gap gene network in dipteran insects (flies and midges). This network is the top regulatory tier of the segmentation gene hierarchy, generating a pattern of overlapping expression domains that subdivide the embryo during early embryogenesis. It is one of the best-understood developmental regulatory networks today. We have studied this system in a comparative way, across three species: the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the scuttle fly, Megaselia abdita, and the moth midge, Clogmia albipunctata. In this context, we discuss methodological challenges concerning data processing and model-fitting, consider different functional decompositions of the gap gene network, and highlight novel insights into network evolution by compensatory developmental system drift. Finally, we discuss the prospect of simulating the phylogenesis of the gap gene network using in silico evolution. We conclude by arguing that our case study is a first step towards a more systematic empirical investigation into the principles of network evolution.

This is the first record of a case of urinary myiasis in the Palestinian Territories caused by Clogmia albipunctata. Larvae were discharged through urine by a 28-year-old pregnant female whom complained of mild abdominal pain associated with burning sensation while urinating over the past 3 months. Detailed description of the larva was provided.

Clogmia albipunctata (Williston) Psychoda albipunctata Williston, 1893: 113. Type locality Cuba (La Havana). Pericoma meridionalis Eaton, 1894: 194. Type locality: East Africa. Telmatoscopus albipunctatus: Quate 1955: 185; Mart��nez 1991 (Uruguay record). Clogmia albipunctata: Enderlein 1937: 87. Literature records in Uruguay. Mart��nez (1991), Mart��nez et al. (2016). Widely distributed in the country. Remarks. This species is widely distributed all over the world and is associated to places with high quantity of decomposing organic matter. In Uruguay it is present in all urban areas of the territory (Mart��nez et al. 2016)., Published as part of Canneva, Bruno, 2019, A new species of Laurenceomyia Wagner & Stuckenberg, with a key to species and new records for Psychodidae (Diptera) from Uruguay, pp. 407-418 in Zootaxa 4544 (3) on page 412, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4544.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/2618423, {"references":["Quate, L. W. (1955) A revision of the Psychodidae (Diptera) in America, north of Mexico. University of California Publications in Entomology, 10, 103 - 273.","Martinez, M. (1991) Presencia de Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Williston, 1893) en el Uruguay (Diptera, Psychodidae). Boletin de la Sociedad Zoologica del Uruguay, Segunda Epoca, 6, 57 - 59.","Martinez, M., Willat, G., Guerrero, J. C. & Emmerich, D. (2016) Insectos acuaticos que colonizan ambientes creados por el hombre en Uruguay. Boletin de la Sociedad Zoologica del Uruguay, Segunda Epoca, 25 (1), 11 - 26."]}

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play key roles in development. In Drosophila melanogaster, there are three BMP-encoding genes: decapentaplegic (dpp), glass bottom boat (gbb) and screw (scw). dpp and gbb are found in all groups of insects. In contrast, the origin of scw via duplication of an ancestral gbb homologue is more recent, with new evidence placing it within the Diptera. Recent studies show that scw appeared basal to the Schizophora, since scw orthologues exist in aschizan cyclorrhaphan flies. In order to further localise the origin of scw, we have utilised new genomic resources for the nematoceran moth midge Clogmia albipunctata (Psychodidae). We identified the BMP subclass members dpp and gbb from an early embryonic transcriptome and show that their expression patterns in the blastoderm differ considerably from those seen in cyclorrhaphan flies. Further searches of the genome of C. albipunctata were unable to identify a scw-like gbb duplicate, but confirm the presence of dpp and gbb. Our phylogenetic analysis shows these to be clear orthologues of dpp and gbb from other non-cyclorrhaphan insects, with C. albipunctata gbb branching ancestrally to the cyclorrhaphan gbb/scw split. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that scw is absent from all Nematocera, including the Bibionomorpha. We conclude that the gbb/scw duplication occurred between the separation of the lineage leading to Brachycera and the origin of cyclorrhaphan flies 200–150 Ma ago. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00427-013-0445-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Clogmia albipunctata (Williston, 1893) Material examined. THAILAND: CHIANG MAI PROVINCE: Doi Suthep, 1 km above Doi Suthep temple, 18.805°N 98.922°E, 15.iv.1991, sweep-net, 2 JJ, J. Kjaerandsen leg. (ZMBN). Distribution. Clogmia albipunctata is a nearly cosmopolitan species that is abundant in anthropogenic habitats in the tropics (IBÁÑEZ- BERNAL 2008). We could not find, however, any published records from Thailand apart from photographs mentioned by BOUMANS (2009)., Published as part of Kvifte, Gunnar Mikalsen & Andersen, Trond, 2016, Two new species ofNototelmatoscopus (Jozifekia), with records of three other species from Thailand (Diptera: Psychodidae), pp. 827-835 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 56 (2) on page 834, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5305507, {"references":["BOUMANS L. 2009: De WC-motmug Clogmia albipunctata, een opvallend maar onopgemerkt element van onze fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae). [The bathroom fly Clogmia albipunctata, a conspicuous but overlooked moth fly in the Netherlands (Diptera: Psychodidae)]. Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 30: 1 - 10 (in Dutch, English abstract)."]}

Morphology and anatomy, dark/light adaptational changes and optics of the compound eyes of the nocturnal moth midge Clogmia albipunctata (Williston) are studied. Its apposition type of eye consists of approximately 260 well-separated ommatidia. Each ommatidium features a biconvex corneal lens covered by corneal nipples measuring around 17 nm in height; a crystalline cone of the acone type; and an open (laterally fused) rhabdom formed by eight retinular cells (R1-R8). The corneal lens, whose biological significance is addressed, is composed of a thick yellow-coloured inner lens unit (ILU) surrounded by a thin, colourless outer lens unit (OLU). We identified two types of ommatidia: dorsally located T-type ommatidia and ventrally located P-type ommatidia. In the T-type ommatidia, the rhabdomeres of the retinular cells R7 and R8 are centrally located and are arranged in tandem with R7 above R8. In comparison, in the P-type ommatidia, only the R8 rhabdomere is central, whereas the R7 rhabdomere locates in the peripheral ring. Above the distal tip of the rhabdom, the crystalline cone and the PPCs form an aperture that dynamically changes its size under dark/light conditions, thus modulating the amount of light that reaches the photoreceptive layer. The Clogmia albipunctata eye has a low F-number of 1.2, a high interommatidial angle of 11° and a large eye parameter of 4.6 μm·rad. The eye is characterized by relatively poor spatial resolution, but exhibits high absolute sensitivity.

De motmug Clogmia albipunctata is een kosmopolitische soort die vaak wordt aangetroffen in toiletten en badkamers en staat daarom in het Engels wel bekend als bathroom fly. De soort was nog niet uit Nederland gemeld, maar blijkt zeer algemeen te zijn. Dit artikel bespreekt de recente vondsten in Nederland en geeft algemene informatie over de verspreiding, herkenning en biologie. Dat deze soort ontbreekt in de Nederlandse soortenlijsten wordt geweten aan een gebrek aan belangstelling voor motmugjes in de laatste decennia.

The moth fly Clogmia albipunctata, formerly a Mediterranean species, is now present in Germany, at latitudes exceeding 53°N. Its synanthropic behaviour allows frequent, year-round infestations in hospital buildings. Hospital infestations have been most common in shower and rest rooms in patient wards, followed by cellar storage rooms, and then rest and shower rooms in hospital kitchens. Preferred breeding sites included hair-clogged sinks in patient shower cubicles, infrequently used toilets and urinals as well as water sources stemming from neglected leaking pipes, suggesting that enhanced hospital water and pest management are necessary for control.

BACKGROUND: Modern sequencing technologies have massively increased the amount of data available for comparative genomics. Whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) provides a powerful basis for comparative studies. In particular, this approach holds great promise for emerging model species in fields such as evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). RESULTS: We have sequenced early embryonic transcriptomes of two non-drosophilid dipteran species: the moth midge Clogmia albipunctata, and the scuttle fly Megaselia abdita. Our analysis includes a third, published, transcriptome for the hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus. These emerging models for comparative developmental studies close an important phylogenetic gap between Drosophila melanogaster and other insect model systems. In this paper, we provide a comparative analysis of early embryonic transcriptomes across species, and use our data for a phylogenomic re-evaluation of dipteran phylogenetic relationships. CONCLUSIONS: We show how comparative transcriptomics can be used to create useful resources for evo-devo, and to investigate phylogenetic relationships. Our results demonstrate that de novo assembly of short (Illumina) reads yields high-quality, high-coverage transcriptomic data sets. We use these data to investigate deep dipteran phylogenetic relationships. Our results, based on a concatenation of 160 orthologous genes, provide support for the traditional view of Clogmia being the sister group of Brachycera (Megaselia, Episyrphus, Drosophila), rather than that of Culicomorpha (which includes mosquitoes and blackflies). This research was funded by the MEC/EMBL agreement for the EMBL/CRG Research Unit in Systems Biology, by AGAUR SGR grant 406, and by Grants BFU2009-10184 and BFU2009-09168 from the Spanish/nMinistry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). EJG is supported by ERASys Bio+ Grant P#161 (MODHEART). LC was supported by grant PTA2011-6729-I from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). JHC is/nsupported by a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (JCI2010-07614). HK was supported by GABI-FUTURE grant BeetSeq (0315069A) by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research

Understanding the developmental and evolutionary dynamics of regulatory networks is essential if we are to explain the non-random distribution of phenotypes among the diversity of organismic forms. Here, we present a comparative analysis of one of the best understood developmental gene regulatory networks today: the gap gene network involved in early patterning of insect embryos. We use gene circuit models, which are fitted to quantitative spatio-temporal gene expression data for the four trunk gap genes hunchback (hb), Krüppel (Kr), giant (gt), and knirps (kni)/knirps-like (knl) in the moth midge Clogmia albipunctata, and compare them to equivalent reverse-engineered circuits from our reference species, the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster. In contrast to the single network structure we find for D. melanogaster, our models predict four alternative networks for C. albipunctata. These networks share a core structure, which includes the central regulatory feedback between hb and knl. Other interactions are only partially determined, as they differ between our four network structures. Nevertheless, our models make testable predictions and enable us to gain specific insights into gap gene regulation in C. albipunctata. They suggest a less central role for Kr in C. albipunctata than in D. melanogaster, and show that the mechanisms causing an anterior shift of gap domains over time are largely conserved between the two species, although shift dynamics differ. The set of C. albipunctata gene circuit models presented here will be used as the starting point for data-constrained in silico evolutionary simulations to study patterning transitions in the early development of dipteran species.

Background: Comparative studies of developmental processes are one of the main approaches to evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). Over recent years, there has been a shift of focus from the comparative study of particular regulatory genes to the level of whole gene networks. Reverse-engineering methods can be used to computationally reconstitute and analyze the function and dynamics of such networks. These methods require quantitative spatio-temporal expression data for model fitting. Obtaining such data in non-model organisms remains a major technical challenge, impeding the wider application of data-driven mathematical modeling to evo-devo. Results: We have raised antibodies against four segmentation gene products in the moth midge Clogmia albipunctata, a non-drosophilid dipteran species. We have used these antibodies to create a quantitative atlas of protein expression patterns for the gap gene hunchback (hb), and the pair-rule gene even-skipped (eve). Our data reveal differences in the dynamics of Hb boundary positioning and Eve stripe formation between C. albipunctata and Drosophila melanogaster. Despite these differences, the overall relative spatial arrangement of Hb and Eve domains is remarkably conserved between these two distantly related dipteran species. Conclusions: We provide a proof of principle that it is possible to acquire quantitative gene expression data at high accuracy and spatio-temporal resolution in non-model organisms. Our quantitative data extend earlier qualitative studies of segmentation gene expression in C. albipunctata, and provide a starting point for comparative reverse-engineering studies of the evolutionary and developmental dynamics of the segmentation gene system. Work in Cambridge and Barcelona was funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant number BB/D00513), by the MEC-EMBL agreement for the EMBL/CRG Research Unit in Systems Biology, SGR Grant 406 from the Catalan funding agency AGAUR, and by grants BFU2009-10184 and BFU2012-33775 from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO; formerly MICINN)

The following new Psychodidae were collected by W. Joost, during a visit in Colombia: Arisemus guhli spec, nov., Arisemus roessleri spec, nov., Arisemus obandoni spec, nov., Arisemus martinezi spec, nov., Psychoda bogotensis spec, nov., and Maruina colombicana spec. nov. In addition, Clogmia albipunctata (Williston), Tinearia alternata (Say), Paramormia spec, and Psychoda spec, were collected.

De motmug Clogmia albipunctata is een kosmopolitische soort die vaak wordt aangetroffen in toiletten en badkamers en staat daarom in het Engels wel bekend als bathroom fly. De soort was nog niet uit Nederland gemeld, maar blijkt zeer algemeen te zijn. Dit artikel bespreekt de recente vondsten in Nederland en geeft algemene informatie over de verspreiding, herkenning en biologie. Dat deze soort ontbreekt in de Nederlandse soortenlijsten wordt geweten aan een gebrek aan belangstelling voor motmugjes in de laatste decennia.