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2. Elucidating nanostructural organisation and photonic properties of butterfly wing scales using hyperspectral microscopy

Author

Jessop, Anna-Lee, Pirih, Primoz, Wang, Limin, Patel, Nipam, Clode, Peta, Schroeder-Turk, Gerd, and Wilts, Bodo

Subjects
Physics - Optics, Physics - Biological Physics
Abstract

Biophotonic nanostructures in butterfly wing scales remain fascinating examples of biological functional materials, with intriguing open questions in regards to formation and evolutionary function. One particularly interesting butterfly species, Erora opisena (Lycaenidae: Theclinae), develops wing scales that contain three-dimensional photonic crystals that closely resemble a single gyroid geometry. Unlike most other gyroid forming butterflies, E. opisena develops discrete gyroid crystallites with a pronounced size gradient hinting at a developmental sequence frozen in time. Here, we use a hyperspectral (wavelength-resolved) microscopy technique to investigate the ultrastructural organisation of these gyroid crystallites in dry, adult wing scales. We show that reflectance corresponds to crystallite size, where larger crystallites reflect green wavelengths more intensely; this relationship could be used to infer size from the optical signal. We further successfully resolve the red-shifted reflectance signal from wing scales immersed in refractive index oils with varying refractive index, including values similar to water or cytosol. Such photonic crystals with lower refractive index contrast may be similar to the hypothesized nanostructural forms in the developing butterfly scales. The ability to resolve these fainter signals hints at the potential of this facile light microscopy method for in vivo analysis of nanostructure formation in developing butterflies.

Published
2024

3. Composite material in the sea urchin Cidaris rugosa: ordered and disordered micron-scale bicontinuous geometries

Author

Jessop, Anna-Lee, Millsteed, Allan J., Kirkensgaard, Jacob J. K., Shaw, Jeremy, Clode, Peta L., and Schröder-Turk, Gerd E.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter
Abstract

The sponge-like biomineralised calcite materials found in echinoderm skeletons are of interest in terms of both structure formation and biological function. Despite their crystalline atomic structure, they exhibit curved interfaces that have been related to known triply-periodic minimal surfaces. Here, we investigate the endoskeleton of the sea urchin Cidaris rugosa that has long been known to form a microstructure related to the Primitive surface. Using X-ray tomography, we find that the endoskeleton is organised as a composite material consisting of domains of bicontinuous microstructures with different structural properties. We describe, for the first time, the co-occurrence of ordered Primitive and Diamond structures and of a disordered structure within a single skeletal plate. We show that these structures can be distinguished by structural properties including solid volume fraction, trabeculae width, and to a lesser extent, interface area and mean curvature. In doing so, we present a robust method that extracts interface areas and curvature integrals from voxelized datasets using the Steiner polynomial for parallel body volumes. We discuss these very large scale bicontinuous structures in the context of their function, formation, and evolution., Comment: accepted for publication in Journal of the Royal Society Interface

Published
2024
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4. Unusual salt effects on the time-dependent behavior of charge and shape anisotropic hectorite clay gels: Role of electric double layer (EDL) repulsive force.

Author

Leong, Yee-Kwong and Clode, Peta

Subjects
*ELECTRIC double layer, *SHEARING force, *REJUVENATION, *BLOOD platelets, *SALT
Abstract

Salt strengthened the bond formed and quickened the bonding process of 3–5 wt. % hectorite gels during the structural rejuvenation process. This even occurred at 0.002M KCl. Microstructure showed exfoliated, flexible platelet bonding in (+)edge–(−)face configurations. The display of prominent aging time-dependent behavior is due to the structural rejuvenation process being controlled by the electric double layer (EDL) repulsive force. Salt increased the lower energy paths to bonding in the (+)edge–(−)face configurations and weakened the EDL force to form stronger bonds. The Leong model time constant data supported the faster bonding process. In shear, the gels with a weakened EDL repulsive force caused by 0.01 and 0.1M KCl treatment were unable to display EDL force-control time-dependent behavior in the stepdown shear stress response. This situation was remedied by increasing the negative charge density of platelets with adsorbed P2O74−. The amount of P2O74− needed was higher at 0.1M KCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. The spectrum of Ih ice using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.

Author

Tao, Yu Heng, Dai, Xiangyu, Moggach, Stephen A., Clode, Peta L., Fitzgerald, Anthony J., Hodgetts, Stuart I., Harvey, Alan R., and Wallace, Vincent P.

Subjects
TERAHERTZ time-domain spectroscopy, TERAHERTZ spectroscopy, ICE crystals, REFRACTIVE index, AQUEOUS solutions
Abstract

Here, we report the frequency-dependent spectrum of ice Ih in the range of 0.2–2 THz. We confirm the presence of a feature that blue-shifts from around 1.55–1.65 THz with a decreasing temperature from 260 to 160 K. There is also a change in the trend of the refractive index of ice corresponding to a dispersion, which is also around 1.6 THz. The features are reproduced in data acquired with three commercial terahertz time-domain spectrometers. Computer-simulated spectra assign the feature to lattice translations perpendicular to the 110 and 1 ̄ 10 planes of the ice Ih crystal. The feature's existence should be recognized in the terahertz measurements of frozen aqueous solution samples to avoid false interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. AusTraits, a curated plant trait database for the Australian flora

Author

Falster, Daniel, Gallagher, Rachael, Wenk, Elizabeth H, Wright, Ian J, Indiarto, Dony, Andrew, Samuel C, Baxter, Caitlan, Lawson, James, Allen, Stuart, Fuchs, Anne, Monro, Anna, Kar, Fonti, Adams, Mark A, Ahrens, Collin W, Alfonzetti, Matthew, Angevin, Tara, Apgaua, Deborah MG, Arndt, Stefan, Atkin, Owen K, Atkinson, Joe, Auld, Tony, Baker, Andrew, von Balthazar, Maria, Bean, Anthony, Blackman, Chris J, Bloomfield, Keith, Bowman, David MJS, Bragg, Jason, Brodribb, Timothy J, Buckton, Genevieve, Burrows, Geoff, Caldwell, Elizabeth, Camac, James, Carpenter, Raymond, Catford, Jane A, Cawthray, Gregory R, Cernusak, Lucas A, Chandler, Gregory, Chapman, Alex R, Cheal, David, Cheesman, Alexander W, Chen, Si-Chong, Choat, Brendan, Clinton, Brook, Clode, Peta L, Coleman, Helen, Cornwell, William K, Cosgrove, Meredith, Crisp, Michael, Cross, Erika, Crous, Kristine Y, Cunningham, Saul, Curran, Timothy, Curtis, Ellen, Daws, Matthew I, DeGabriel, Jane L, Denton, Matthew D, Dong, Ning, Du, Pengzhen, Duan, Honglang, Duncan, David H, Duncan, Richard P, Duretto, Marco, Dwyer, John M, Edwards, Cheryl, Esperon-Rodriguez, Manuel, Evans, John R, Everingham, Susan E, Farrell, Claire, Firn, Jennifer, Fonseca, Carlos Roberto, French, Ben J, Frood, Doug, Funk, Jennifer L, Geange, Sonya R, Ghannoum, Oula, Gleason, Sean M, Gosper, Carl R, Gray, Emma, Groom, Philip K, Grootemaat, Saskia, Gross, Caroline, Guerin, Greg, Guja, Lydia, Hahs, Amy K, Harrison, Matthew Tom, Hayes, Patrick E, Henery, Martin, Hochuli, Dieter, Howell, Jocelyn, Huang, Guomin, Hughes, Lesley, Huisman, John, Ilic, Jugoslav, Jagdish, Ashika, Jin, Daniel, Jordan, Gregory, Jurado, Enrique, Kanowski, John, and Kasel, Sabine

Subjects
Plant Biology, Biological Sciences, Ecology, Australia, Databases, Factual, Phenotype, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Plants
Abstract

We introduce the AusTraits database - a compilation of values of plant traits for taxa in the Australian flora (hereafter AusTraits). AusTraits synthesises data on 448 traits across 28,640 taxa from field campaigns, published literature, taxonomic monographs, and individual taxon descriptions. Traits vary in scope from physiological measures of performance (e.g. photosynthetic gas exchange, water-use efficiency) to morphological attributes (e.g. leaf area, seed mass, plant height) which link to aspects of ecological variation. AusTraits contains curated and harmonised individual- and species-level measurements coupled to, where available, contextual information on site properties and experimental conditions. This article provides information on version 3.0.2 of AusTraits which contains data for 997,808 trait-by-taxon combinations. We envision AusTraits as an ongoing collaborative initiative for easily archiving and sharing trait data, which also provides a template for other national or regional initiatives globally to fill persistent gaps in trait knowledge.

Published
2021

25. Salt tolerance in mungbean is associated with controlling Na and Cl transport across roots, regulating Na and Cl accumulation in chloroplasts and maintaining high K in root and leaf mesophyll cells.

Author

Iqbal, Md Shahin, Clode, Peta L., Malik, Al Imran, Erskine, William, and Kotula, Lukasz

Subjects
*CELL compartmentation, *SALINITY, *CHLOROPLASTS, *ROOT development, *XYLEM, *EFFECT of salt on plants
Abstract

Salinity tolerance requires coordinated responses encompassing salt exclusion in roots and tissue/cellular compartmentation of salt in leaves. We investigated the possible control points for salt ions transport in roots and tissue tolerance to Na+ and Cl– in leaves of two contrasting mungbean genotypes, salt‐tolerant Jade AU and salt‐sensitive BARI Mung‐6, grown in nonsaline and saline (75 mM NaCl) soil. Cryo‐SEM X‐ray microanalysis was used to determine concentrations of Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, P, and S in various cell types in roots related to the development of apoplastic barriers, and in leaves related to photosynthetic performance. Jade AU exhibited superior salt exclusion by accumulating higher [Na] in the inner cortex, endodermis, and pericycle with reduced [Na] in xylem vessels and accumulating [Cl] in cortical cell vacuoles compared to BARI Mung‐6. Jade AU maintained higher [K] in root cells than BARI Mung‐6. In leaves, Jade AU maintained lower [Na] and [Cl] in chloroplasts and preferentially accumulated [K] in mesophyll cells than BARI Mung‐6, resulting in higher photosynthetic efficiency. Salinity tolerance in Jade AU was associated with shoot Na and Cl exclusion, effective regulation of Na and Cl accumulation in chloroplasts, and maintenance of high K in root and leaf mesophyll cells. Summary statement: Salinity tolerance in mungbean is related to its ability to intercept Na and Cl in roots, thereby reducing Na and Cl transport to shoot, effectively regulate Na and Cl accumulation in chloroplasts, and maintain high K in root and leaf mesophyll cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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35. Composite material in the sea urchin Cidaris rugosa:Ordered and disordered micrometre-scale bicontinuous geometries

Author

Jessop, Anna Lee, Millsteed, Allan J., Kirkensgaard, Jacob J.K., Shaw, Jeremy, Clode, Peta L., Schröder-Turk, Gerd E., Jessop, Anna Lee, Millsteed, Allan J., Kirkensgaard, Jacob J.K., Shaw, Jeremy, Clode, Peta L., and Schröder-Turk, Gerd E.

Abstract

The sponge-like biomineralized calcite materials found in echinoderm skeletons are of interest in terms of both structure formation and biological function. Despite their crystalline atomic structure, they exhibit curved interfaces that have been related to known triply periodic minimal surfaces. Here, we investigate the endoskeleton of the sea urchin Cidaris rugosa that has long been known to form a microstructure related to the Primitive surface. Using X-ray tomography, we find that the endoskeleton is organized as a composite material consisting of domains of bicontinuous microstructures with different structural properties. We describe, for the first time, the co-occurrence of ordered single Primitive and single Diamond structures and of a disordered structure within a single skeletal plate. We show that these structures can be distinguished by structural properties including solid volume fraction, trabeculae width and, to a lesser extent, interface area and mean curvature. In doing so, we present a robust method that extracts interface areas and curvature integrals from voxelized datasets using the Steiner polynomial for parallel body volumes. We discuss these very large-scale bicontinuous structures in the context of their function, formation and evolution.

Published
2024

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