Search

The production of cement generates a large amount of greenhouse gas emissions; in addition, the scarcity of natural resources used in the development of building materials and products has propelled many governments, non-government organizations, construction and cement industries, and researchers around the globe to invest their time and energy towards reducing the dependency of the natural materials; one possible way of achieving sustainability is through the utilization of the locally available waste or industrial by-products as a partial or whole replacement for the conventional materials. University of Malaya (UM) has made a meaningful contribution in the development of sustainable building materials and demonstration projects. UM is the first university in Malaysia to build a cement-free house on its campus. Two single-storey houses, namely Low-Cost Model House (LCMH) and Geopolymer Concrete House (GPCH) have been built using environmentally friendly materials within the university campus. Locally available agricultural and industrial waste and by-products such as palm oil fuel ash (POFA), palm oil clinker (POC), manufactured sand (M-sand), and steel slag aggregate (SSA), were used in the development and construction of these houses. Apart from the materials, environmentally friendly methods of construction were also adopted. This article mainly evaluates the system of construction and the application of sustainable building materials used in the LCMH & GPCH along with its advantages in terms of environment, economy and the social aspects. Overall, it can be concluded that adopting green technology and incorporating waste by-products in concrete has numerous advantages. The revision in the concrete mixes by using alternative substitute materials from waste products would pave the way for reducing environmental problems, harmful effects of waste due to improper disposal methods, reliance on non-renewable substances and promotion of sustainable construction. The prime idea of building the LCMH and GPCH in University of Malaya campus is to raise awareness on the utilization of waste and industrial by-product materials; further, the dissemination of the information is to expand the use of these materials and construction practice not only in Malaysia, but also in other countries.

The effect of CuO addition on the phase composition of clinker and the Cu incorporation into the structure of clinker phases was monitored under laboratory conditions. Separate synthesized CuO-doped clinker phases as well as clinkers with different CuO content up to 4 wt. % were characterizedby XRD, optical and electron microscopy with EDS analysis. It has been found that Cu tends to form a separate phase or a double oxide with Ca and incorporates in the clinker phases to a limited extent, except for C4 AF. With increasing CuO content in clinker, its phase composition changes, and the size of alite crystals increases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

In this study, the effect of chemical composition of the raw material on the clinker burnability was studied by determination of free CaO (wt %) content of clinker. The burnability of two types of Portland clinker was investigated for silica modules of 2.3, 2.5 and 2.7 and lime saturation factor of 0.88–0.98. In addition, using the Multi-gene genetic programming (MGGP) model, the burnability of clinker was predicted. The results of MGGP model indicated that the performance of the model for predicting the amount of free CaO (wt %) was acceptable. Moreover, using MGGP, a promising correlation was introduced for accurately calculating the amount of free CaO (wt %). The performance of this correlation was compared with FL-Smidth, and it was established that the average errors of MGGP correlation and FL-Smidth equation were 2.95 and 7.45 %, respectively.

Objective. Issues related to the search for new, less energy- and material- intensive binders have long been on the agenda of many world environmental forums, since the carbonate technology of Portland cement entails pollution of the surrounding atmosphere and habitat, and the price of this product is unjustifiably growing. In our opinion, alkaline cements could contribute to the construction industry. Within the framework of this work, research results have been obtained that confirm the effectiveness of the development of a clinker-free technology for producing alkaline-mixed binders and composites based on them using aluminosilicate additives, both natural and technogenic origin.Method. The methods of electron microscopy and differential thermal analysis make it possible to study the nature of the components and the processes of formation of the structure of the cement stone. Waste from the cement industry has the appropriate granulometric and chemical composition, the aluminosilicate mineralogy of the studied powders confirms their compliance with the ready-made raw mix of Portland cement clinker, which is the key to the possibility of their effective use.Result. The carried out differential thermal analyzes confirmed the presence of the following phases in the composition of cement stone on binding bonds "cement dust - alkaline activator" of zeolite, calcite, mica type muscovite, montrillonite, magnesium oxide, calcium sulfoaluminates, ettringite structure, calcium hydrochloraluminate, calcium hydrosilicate, calcium hydrosilicate calcium.Conclusion. The obtained regularities of the processes of formation of the structure of the cement binder "waste of the cement industry - Na2SiO3", will transform these developments to create strong and durable artificial building composites competing with concretes on Portland cement.

The mineralising effect of CuO on microstructure and phase composition of SO3 -doped clinker was studied by a combination of phase analysis, light and scanning electron microscopy and QXRD. Results show proportionally higher C4 AF content in clinker interstitial matter due to CuO doping. CuO also lowers the SO3 incorporation in main clinker phases C3 S and C2 S. Observation in back-scattered electrons revealed that Cu crystallises mainly as a Cu-rich phase in the clinker interstitial matter and inclusions in crystals of C2 S with distorted structure. CuO partially inhibits the incorporation of Fe2 O3 in C2 S.

The article discusses the construction of a simulation model of the abstract process of converting raw materials into Portland cement clinker in the UFOModeler simulation environment. An algorithm for generating a pseudo-random oxide (chemical) composition of components based on experimental data of real production and calculation for two-component and three-component raw mixtures has been developed. An algorithm for calculating the main indicators of the composition of clinker based on. The analysis of the obtained results is carried out.

one of the greatest challenges for the market and organizations is to give the appropriate destination to the produced wastes during the raw transformation process, in which an option is to apply it as a by-product has been studied and tested. The Electrical Arc Furnace – EAF – dust is a generated waste from steelmaking production and it is discharged, but it has potential in civil construction as clinker partial replacement raw and lightweight reinforcement, so as a pH and nutrient corrector for harvestable oxisols. In this paper, EAF dust samples were collected from a semi-integrated steelmaking plant and submitted to the following characterizations: X-Ray Fluorescence, X-Ray Diffractometry, granulometric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and scanning electronic microscopy. The collected data were compared with other scientific papers that studied the same kind of material. The obtained results implied a significant difference in chemical composition from the studied samples, showing substantial zinc, iron, and magnesium concentrations, so as the grain dimensions that influence the EAF dust crystalline structure, being pertinent the search for several applications that contribute to the waste discard reduction and the addition of added value to the production process.

Several parameters affect the properties of Portland cement and one of these parameters is the cooling rate of the clinker. If the effectiveness of the cooling method of the clinker increases, a good enhancement in the properties of Portland cement will be found. Depending on the new cooling method suggestion by Nasr et. al. [20], the counter pattern of air clinker flow was studied using (FLUENT 6.3.26). The dimensions of the cooling room in grate cooler, the constant mass flow rate of both clinker and air, different height ratios, and different clinker porosity were considered in this numerical work. The results show that the heat transfers in the first half of the cooling room (0 < X < 0.9 m) is larger than that in the second half (0.9 < X < 1.8 m), and this leads to an increase in the temperature of outlet air so can benefits from it in the heating of furnace. When the clinker and air are flowing in the counter direction, the cooling method is more beneficial when compared with that of parallel flow because the exiting clinker has a great rate of cooler and the air exits from the grate cooler is loaded with large thermal energy. Finally, it can design the best length of gate according to the required clinker temperature at the outlet side, and this results to reduce the cost of the cooling process according to the temperature distribution results at (0 < X > 1.8m) for different porosity and H.R values.

Portland Limestone Cement (PLC) is well-established product in different countries, however, in India, it is under developmental stage. Indian research organizations aim to develop PLC with the available quality of clinker, limestone and mineral gypsum. In the present study, we collected clinker samples from cement plants located in the North, East, West and South zone of India. Clinker plays an essential role in administering the properties of PLC. The present study suggests, clinker samples collected from all zones are suitable for PLC preparation, however, more grinding energy is required to prepare PLC while using clinker from the North and West zone. Clinker of East and North zone has high alkali content which adversely affect the durability of concrete prepared by using PLC. South zone clinker was found to be hydraulically more reactive as it has high C3S and C3A content which will contribute significantly to enhance the strength development phases.

High-manganese (Mn) cast steels (HMS) exhibit high toughness, wear resistance, high work-hardenability and have a relatively low cost of production, which makes them suitable for rock crushing and sizing operations. Although high-Mn steels have limited high temperature applicability, they have been used in clinker crusher operations as well. In this study, the in-service performance of high-Mn steel hammers used in the clinker crusher environment was analyzed. Microstructural and mechanical property evaluation was performed on virgin (not exposed) and in-service materials. The results indicate that the high in-service temperature (260 to 500°) exposure of HMS enables austenitic decomposition reaction, potentially leading to a loss of material’s toughness and ultimately its failure. By increasing the solution annealing temperature to ~1125 °C, a complete dissolution of the grain boundary carbides could be achieved, which could counteract the loss of properties (especially toughness).

Palm oil clinker (POC) is a stone like by-product which is formed in the palm oil mill incinerator after extracted palm oil fibres and shells are burt to generate electricity for mill operation. The electricity is continuously generated. Then, the burnt fibres and shells are thrown at dumping areas as waste. This practice consumes a larger area at the landfills, causing environmental pollution. A review on the physical and chemical properties of POC was presented. The effect of using POC as lightweight aggregates and partial cement replacement on the mechanical properties of concrete produced was reviewed. The integration of suitable amount of POC as cement replacement and lightweight aggregates provided good workability and enhanced the concrete strength. Conclusively, this article has presented information regarding the development in POC concrete research, including the research gaps that remain to be filled.

Raising of problem. A significant part of wastewater in Ukrainian cities is discharged using sewer collectors with a diameter of 300 to 1 400 mm, the depth of which is within 3…8 m. A significant part of them is destroyed due to corrosion processes that take place in the surface space. Today, the problem of repair and restoration of sewerage networks is becoming especially relevant in connection with the increased requirements for environmental protection. Failure in sewer lines usually results in wastewater infiltration into groundwater and soil. During the repair and restoration of sewage collectors, open and closed methods of work are used. Taking into account that a significant part of sewage collectors passes through areas where there are no transport arteries, through agricultural land and have an insignificant depth of occurrence, and also the fact that their trough part, as a rule, cannot be destroyed due to corrosion, it is advisable to carry out repair and restoration work on them in an open way. Analysis of accidents on sewage collectors, which took place in different cities of Ukraine, showed that, as a rule, due to corrosion, intensive destruction of the roof of the collectors occurs. At the same time, the trough part of the collectors remains intact due to the fact that it is constantly filled with waste water. When repairing such sections of sewerage networks in recent years, operating organizations have been using polyethylene and fiberglass pipes. These smaller pipes are installed in the retained trough part, thus reducing the network diameter. The cost of new pipes is quite high, which in turn increases operating costs. The use of pneumatic formwork allows you to create a new collector, and as the main bearing element, you can use the saved tray part. Purpose. Evaluation of the possibility of using known materials for the manufacture of pneumatic formwork, which will make it possible to carry out repair work to create a new vault using the trough part of the sewer collector as a supporting structure, which will significantly reduce repair costs compared to using pipes made of polymer materials. Conclusion. The investigated samples of materials – fabric Mare 1400 and Hypolon (ORCA 828) – can be used for the manufacture of pneumatic formwork, since laboratory tests made it possible to conclude that there was no adhesion between concrete and material samples.

Recently, intensive attention has been paid to environmental concerns for securing a more sustainable future. In particular, numerous research studies have been directed toward emerging green materials for minimizing carbon dioxide footprint. In this work, the authors aimed to fabricate an environmentally friendly cement by implementing partial addition of calcined clays in place of clinker. The clay minerals labeled as yellow (YC) and green (GC) were initially calcined at different temperatures in separate processes. The mixed design step was then carried out by replacing with 3, 5 and 10 wt% calcined clay minerals in place of clinker to obtain ordinary Portland cement. Ten different samples (N1 to N10) were successfully prepared. The samples were subjected to some mineralogical, physical and mechanical analyses. The findings clearly showed that the addition of partially calcined clay minerals in substitution for clinker is a very effective method to obtain green cement. Further, the compressive strength measurements (after 28 days) revealed that the highest value (56.4 MPa), which is relatively greater than that of the undoped N10 (54.5 MPa), can be achieved with the incorporation of 10 wt% YC750. In conclusion, the authors report that the partial replacement of clinker by calcined clay can be an alternative green cement blend.

Aiming to reduce GHG emissions in order to limit and prevent climate change response in Vietnam, decree 99/2010/ND-CP about payment for forest environmental services (PFES) went into effect since Jan 2011. After years of implementation, the policy has brought positive impacts and mobilized remarkable financial resources for forest management, protection and development and also improve living standard of people whose lives depend on the forest. However, until now PFES has focused on target sectors of clean water and tourism; other potential sectors such as industrial companies, have not been applied. This research aims to identify opportunities and challenges of Carbon PFES from industrial companies that have been causing large GHGs emission. Quang Ninh and Thanh Hoa – the two largest provinces in Vietnam are selected to collect data and estimate GHG emissions from coal-fired thermal power plants and cement plants; and also to identify sequestration capacity of forest-based C services that are providing boundary in the two provinces. As the result, average emission factors for pulverized coal, circulating fluidized bed and rotary kiln technology were 1.05 tCO2/MWh, 1.11 tCO2/MWh and 0.85 tCO2/ton of clinker, respectively. In 2018, total CO2 emissions from thermal power and cement industry in Thanh Hoa and Quang Ninh were 11,395,545 tCO2, and 31,938,232 tCO2, respectively. Meanwhile, CO2 absorption capacity of all forest types in these two provinces were 4,302,474 tCO2 and 3,191,060 tCO2, respectively. It means about 38% of CO2 emitted in the year from these industries can be absorbed by the forests in Thanh Hoa and about only 10% of that can be absorbed by the forests in Quang Ninh. It is also found that more than 17% of CO2 yearly emitted from both industries can be absorbed by the forests in both provinces. This research proposes scope of Carbon-PFES for the industrial sectors in Vietnam that meet GHG emission reduction targets.

Concrete is the most widely used building component in the world due to its versatility, low cost and durability. Most common coarse aggregate used in the construction are stones which is obtained from quarry. The demand for coarse aggregate in the construction industry has consequently increased due to the extensive use of natural resources. It has necessitated research into alternative materials of construction. This research aims to find the alternate material for coarse aggregate by using Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) clinker and to determine the hardened properties of non-conventional concrete in M20 Grade. The aggregate utilized in this work is an Eco friendly material, which replace the conventional coarse aggregate to preserve the depletion of natural resources. It is abundantly available than the conventional aggregate and reduce pollution. This paper focuses on investigating characteristics of concrete with replacement of coarse aggregate by GGBS Clinker. This study deals with the GGBS clinker advantages and limitations in concrete. The usage of GGBS clinker serves as a replacement of conventional aggregate to reduce the depletion of conventional building materials. It serves as an Eco friendly way of utilizing the by- product without dumping it on ground.

This research studies the effect of adding the clinker as a filling material on the properties of Acrylonitrilebutadiene rubber NBR ،by means of preparing rubber blends containing different percentage (0,5,10,15,20 Phr) of theclinker (Semi made-cement) ،on two roll mill. Physio -mechanical and chemical properties of the prepared blends weredescribed by testing them for tensile strength and abrasion resistance, values of hardness and swelling in differentsolvents. Results revealed a decrease in the tension resistance for rubber blends c/k at the percentage of 45% withincrease of the percentage of the clinker added with the above mentioned rubber blends ,Also ,values of hardnessdecreased direct proportional at a percentage of 19% with increasing the clinker ,percentage whereas, the frictionresistance decreased at a percentage of 254% with increasing the clinker percentage ,but according to elongation ,theresults were quite different from the previous results so that its percentage increased when cutting gradually with thevalue of 266%when percentage of added clinker increased. Results of the study also, revealed that swelling of thesamples containing only the black carbon (C45K0) was low comparing with the samples containing the clinker.

Cement manufacturing requires cooling down of hot clinker at temperature of about 1350o C to temperature lower than 100 o C in a cooling system known as clinker cooler. Many plants are unable to cool the clinker below 250o C. This challenge led to scaling down of actual clinker cooler to a test rig size in the ratio 25:1 suitable for simulation. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools (Solid-Works and ANSYS) were used to achieve the simulation. The clinker outlet temperatures obtained from simulations were validated with theoretical evaluation. Results showed that with clinker and cooling air flow rates of 0.2 kg/s and 0.54 kg/s respectively and with a clinker bed height of 0.6 m. An optimum cooler performance was achieved with clinker outlet temperature of 68 oC. The scaled down cooler was 15% higher than the existing cooler in terms of recoverable energy and 10% high in terms of energy efficiency. Keywords: Clinker Cooler, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Mass flow rate clinker and Mass flow air and Clinker Furnace.

We describe a laboratory-scale process for recycling rare earth metals from end-of-life rare-earth/iron/boron alloy permanent magnets using a 2-h chlorine gas treatment at 673 K. This treatment does not require any special preparation of the magnets; they can be used without demagnetization, crushing or milling. Following treatment at 673 K, a clinker powder consisting of rare earth metal chlorides with minimal amounts of other metals is obtained, while hematite and iron oxychloride sublimate. Following literature sources, we suggest that the rare earth metal chlorides in the clinker may be readily reduced to metal, either by electrolysis in relatively low temperature eutectic melts or by metallothermic reduction in mixtures with alkali or alkaline earth metals.

The urgent problem regarding the depletion of mineral resources in ferrous metallurgy can be efficiently solved by a complex reuse of man-caused waste products. Such wastes are mostly presented by electric arc furnace (EAF) slag and ladle furnace (LF) slag. These two kinds of slag are not completely utilized. The residues of these slags are stored in dumps of enterprises and thereby pollute the environment. However, the residues of EAF and LF slags can be converted into valuable industrial products by interaction between the slag components. This paper presents the studies concerning joint wasteless processing of EAF and LF slags with the obtaining of Portland cement clinker and pig iron. Description of the disadvantages of industrial methods for processing these slags is considered, and the relevance of ladle slag processing is shown. The mathematical simulation results of slag fluidity, depending on the composition, are presented, which are based on real investigations, as well as its described experimental technique. The chemical composition of the charge mixtures making it possible to process these slags with limestone roasting wastes into complete extent with no residue has been determined. Such processing provides the quality of produced cast iron and Portland cement clinker to meet the requirements of normative documents. Results for measuring the viscosity of different slag compositions, a description of the obtained slag phases, as well as its final temperature mode, are presented. The results of experimental-industrial tests performed for the developed processing technology are considered, and complete flow chart involving the use of tilt rotary furnaces is presented.

Toughening of ecological requirements to metallurgical production and economic factors, stipulated by competitiveness at the metal products market, increased actuality of utilization of slags, sludges and dust, obtained in steelmaking. It was shown, that from the economic point of view, processing of slags obtained at operation of modern ultra-powerful electric arc furnaces (EAF), is the item of highest interest. At present, their processing is restricted often by maximum possible recovery of metallic inclusions. At that the problem of utilization slag remains, dust and sludges remains unsolved. A pyrometallurgical method of electric steelmaking slags processing in EAF was considered. The process involves application of liquid phase reducing of metal oxides and correction of slag composition aimed at obtaining cast slag marketable products and clinker for cement industry. Data of test heats for slags utilization at the 5-ton EAF presented. The proposed technology enables to make industrial scale processing of slags with obtaining cast iron and melted clinker. Taking into consideration that EAF coefficient of efficiency, accounting fuel consumption for electrical energy obtaining is not high and is 23–24%, it was proposed to do slags processing in fuel-melting aggregates, in which the efficiency of primary energy utilization is higher (efficiency coefficient is 25–40%). The firm OJSC NTP “Akont” developed a technical project of a fuel-melting aggregate “MAGMA-1” for processing electric steelmaking slags. Its basic technical data and performance indices presented. It was shown that additional decrease of fuel consumption can be provided at utilization of liquid slag tapped out of EAF in a course of a heat, as well as at charge heating in a tubular rotating heater by waste gases.

In this paper, waste concrete of different strength grades is used as a substitute for calcareous and siliceous materials. The effects of waste concrete with different strength grades, various raw ...

Alternative fuels (AFs) have a number of benefits in the cement industry, including lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduced use of non– renewable fossil fuels are replaced with materials that would otherwise be degraded or incinerated, leading to emissions and final residues. As a result, identifying the most significant environmental impacts involved with clinker processing, and using the best available production techniques are essential for environmental sustainability. The life cycle evaluation of clinker production using traditional fuels (tire derived fuel) was also developed, as well as a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis also developed.

Considering the physical chemistry of grinding it is worth quoting the grinding of mineral building material as “the change of physical-chemical properties of finely ground materials can not only be due to the reducing the particle sizes, at mechanical grinding significant changes of the crystalline structure of their surface layers (thickness 15-20 microns) take place, in many cases the technological properties of fine powders are not so much due to dispersability but are namely due to the structure rupture”, at that the energy costs for this are “significantly greater than for the exposal of surfaces with a clean cleavage”. The speed of heterogeneous chemical processes involving fine powders is determined primarily not by the magnitude of their specific surface area, as commonly is believed, but by the decrease of energy of activation as the result of crystalline structure rupture and amorphization. However, both specific surface area and energy demands to achieve are actual evaluation of the effectiveness of any material grinding at a particular unit. The main factor of the production process of cements of low water demand is the grinding, characterized by grindability.

Meeting the increasing energy need from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas caused the rapid depletion of natural resources. In a world where the need for energy is constantly increasing and resources are getting scarce; it is necessary to ensure the sustainability of energy. Clinker production is a process which require high amount of energy in manufacturing industry. The fact that energy is mostly obtained from coal, which is a non-renewable fuel, puts the future of the sustainability of cement production at risk. Alternative fuel usage plays the most important role in achieving more than one goal, such as protecting natural resources and utilization of waste. In this study, data was obtained from Turkish cement factories which used waste for fuel generation in clicker production in year 2017. The data was evaluated and amount of coal that could be saved annually was calculated. Results revealed that a10934.573 TJ of energy was obtained from the use of waste for alternative fuel in 2017 in Turkey thus, it is demonstrated that 918871 tons of nonrenewable fuel-lignite coal could be preserved.

This study aimed at evaluating Matisaa gray rock (MGR) for clinker production. MGR is naturally abundant in Matisaa, a rural area in Mwingi West District, Kitui county, Kenya. It is locally used as a gabion filler and other concrete structures with desirable physico-mechanical properties. This research employed a controlled experimental design to determine the clinker qualification of MGR. This was based on particle size analysis and raw meal moduli. The standard sieve tests and a Blaine meter were used in the determination of particle size while the raw meal moduli were determined from the respective cement oxides in MGR, which were determined using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometer. It was observed that 69.65% of the particle size composition of MGR was less than 90 . Out of this composition, 71.60% of the particle sizes were less than 45 , contributing to a specific surface area of 292.5 . The hydraulic modulus (2.05 – 2.61) and lime saturation factor (0.87 – 0.98) are quite desirable though the silica and alumina ratios are higher than the standard range due to the low proportions of and content. The sulfatisation modulus is also undesirable due to the high content of . Thus, without beneficiation, Matisaa gray rock would lead to the production of low-quality clinker. However, the general parametric comparison of Matisaa gray rock with Konza shows that it has the potential for utilization as a clinker raw material.

According to Indonesian Standard SNI 15-7064-2004, Portland Composite Cement (PCC) or blended cement is defined as a hydraulic binder which consists of clinker, gypsum and one or more inorganic materials where their contents range from 6% to 35% of the total mass of PCC. However, some factories still have their clinker levels in PCC above 80%. Many factors are suspected to be the cause of this high clinker level problem in PCC, such as the quality of the raw meal mixture, the clinker combustion process, the quality of clinker and inorganic materials, and others. This paper presents the results of the study on high clinker content PCC produced by two different preheater configuration of Indonesian cement plants, SLC and SLCI. The analysis is based on the clinker microscopic examination, particle size distribution (PSD), and CFD process simulation of raw meal in the calciners. The results showed that high clinker content PCC were suspected to be closely related to PSD of raw meal, preheater configuration, and cooling speed of clinker when out of the kiln. Configuration of the preheater and speed of clinker cooling process can influence the uniformity of the pyroprocessing, which results in different residence time of the particles, clusterization of the belite phase as well as its distribution in the clinker.

Material generated during industrial activities that do not have further use in the production process are often categorised as refused industrial byproducts. This paper briefly discusses the utili...

Oil refinery sludges from tank bottoms, oil-water-solid separators and dissolved air-filtration range around 0.2 w% of crude oil processed and are classified as hazardous wastes. Worldwide data manifest large disparities in composition (10–20% hydrocarbons, 5–20% solids -including heavy metals- and water) and heating values. Treatment by landfarming/bioremediation, hazardous waste incineration, anaerobic digestion or disposal in hazardous waste landfills bears high costs and environmental impacts. Substitution of fossil fuels (petcoke) by refinery sludges in cement plants is investigated. Main impacts are quantified: energy efficiency and clinker production level, plant operation and capacity constraints, halogen presence in plant circuits, inclusion of alkalis and heavy metals in cement and atmospheric emissions. It is found that clinker losses may exceed one tonne clinker/tonne sludge. Environmental concerns, mainly increased NOx and Hg emissions, may restrict substitution. Guidelines are obtained for identifying efficient blends with renewable biogenic fuels (urban or agro-industrial biowaste). Blends of sludge from local refineries with renewable fuels are assessed for a local cement plant using about 1.65 × 105 tonnes fossil fuels/year (70% petcoke, 30% coal) to produce 1.5 × 106 tonnes clinker/year. Superior customer-tailored blends are identified that avert clinker losses, maintain operability and tolerable inclusions, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve atmospheric pollutant emissions.

Industrial wastes were identified as potential high temperature (up to 800 °C) TES materials for application in the Hybrid solar tower power plant with decoupled combined cycles (HSTPPDCC) scheme. These wastes can be categorized as follows: (1) Slags from the metallurgical industry, and (2) Coal power plant industry solid wastes. So primarily, the selection methodology of these identified wastes is presented. Then, updated data about the Moroccan generation of these wastes is exhibited and targeted local industries are identified. In the second part of this work, four Moroccan representative solid wastes were considered to validate the selection methodology, and they are namely: Induction furnace slags (IFS) gathered from a local metallurgical industry which were experimentally investigated in a previous work; and other three solid wastes gathered from the local coal power plant industry (i.e. Coal fly ashes (CFA), Coal bottom ashes (CBA), and Coal bottom clinker (CBC)). Finally, a laboratory experimental investigation was conducted only on these three later wastes in order to assess their TES potential up to 800 °C, as IFS was already investigated in a previous work and its obtained results were reported in this paper for comparison. Thus, their thermo-physical and chemical properties were evaluated, as well as their thermal stability up to 800 °C. The obtained results are promising as all the investigated materials demonstrated good thermal energy storage properties for application in solar tower power plant (up to 800 °C at least).

Cement manufacturing is an energy-and carbon-intensive process and a prominent contributor to global anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). Within emerging economies, this industry’s considerable potential to pollute can be exacerbated by outmoded plant or practices, and management’s limited capacity to remediate. In this context, the current study analyses the case of Indonesia’s leading producer, recording variations in greenhouse gas (GHG) sources to pinpoint opportunities for reduction. Emissions, measured 20% higher than the 2030 global industry target, occur from the calcination process, abetted by fuel combustion. Reductions should be focused on reducing the clinker-to-cement ratio and promoting the uptake of alternative fuels. Avenues lie in increasing the use of clinker substitutes such as fly ash and limestone, and employing fuels derived from waste and biomass. Both sources are abundant in Indonesia. Further declines in GHGs could be achieved through technological innovations such as the upgrading of kilns. The inquiry provides recommendations for emission mitigation in the cement industry not only in Indonesia but also in other developing countries.

resource- and energy-consuming Portland cement is currently considered the most popular material in the construction industry, but its production can be attributed to the category of harmful industries in terms of the amount of emissions into the environment. Therefore, the development of a clinker-free technology for the production of binders based on mineral fine powders of aluminosilicate nature activated by an alkaline coater is a relevant and promising direction. In the work, the laws of the processes occurring during the structure formation of clinker-free binder systems of alkaline activation on alkaline cements using blast furnace granulated slags in a finely dispersed state are studied. Formulations are given and the properties of clinker-free binders of alkaline activation on mineral fine powders from rocks of sedimentary and magmatic origin are investigated. Electron probe studies and X-ray phase analysis revealed the presence of hydrated amorphous compounds close in composition to zeolites in cement stone. An analysis of the results allowed us to determine the optimal composition of clinker-free binder alkaline activation “silicified marl + volcanic tuff (70: 30%) + Na2Si03 + Na0H” with activity ranging from 42.0 - 54.5 MPa, depending on the conditions of hardening of the samples.

This study aims to evaluate the influence of palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers on flexural strength performance of concrete in the presence of palm oil biomass clinker (POBC). This study considered various proportions of palm oil EFB fibers as 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% in concrete with fixed amount of POBC as 10%. It was investigated that there is substantial influence of palm oil EFB fibers on properties of concrete containing 10% POBC as sand replacement. The experimental findings of this study indicated that the workability of fresh mix concrete decreases as palm oil EFB fiber content increased. Besides that, hardened properties of concrete were found to be improved as the amount of palm oil EFB fibers increased in the concrete. It was noticed that flexural strength was improved with addition of 0.2% palm oil EFB fibers that act as reinforcement and deliver growth in flexural strength for concrete containing 10% of POBC. Hence, it was concluded that palm oil EFB fiber could be utilized as fiber reinforcement in concrete to improve flexural strength performance of the concrete. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh gentian tandan kelapa sawit (EFB) terhadap kekuatan lentur pada konkrit dengan kehadiran klinker minyak kelapa sawit biomas (POBC). Kajian ini mengguna pakai pelbagai peratus serat EFB kelapa sawit dalam konkrit iaitu sebanyak 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, dan 0.6% dengan jumlah tetap POBC sebanyak 10%. Didapati bahawa gentian tandan kelapa sawit EFB yang mengandungi 10% POBC berpengaruh besar sebagai pengganti pasir dalam bahan konkrit. Penemuan eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa kebolehkerjaan campuran baru konkrit berkurangan apabila kandungan gentian EFB minyak sawit meningkat. Selain itu, sifat-sifat mengeras pada konkrit didapati bertambah baik apabila jumlah gentian EFB minyak sawit meningkat dalam konkrit. Di samping itu, kekuatan lenturan meningkat dengan penambahan sebanyak 0.2% serat EFB minyak kelapa sawit, berfungsi sebagai penguat dan penambah kekuatan lenturan pada konkrit yang mengandung 10% POBC. Oleh itu, serat EFB minyak kelapa sawit boleh digunakan sebagai penguat gentian dalam konkrit bagi meningkatkan kekuatan lenturan konkrit. This study aims to evaluate the influence of palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers on flexural strength performance of concrete in the presence of palm oil biomass clinker (POBC). This study considered various proportions of palm oil EFB fibers as 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% in concrete with fixed amount of POBC as 10%. It was investigated that there is substantial influence of palm oil EFB fibers on properties of concrete containing 10% POBC as sand replacement. The experimental findings of this study indicated that the workability of fresh mix concrete decreases as palm oil EFB fiber content increased. Besides that, hardened properties of concrete were found to be improved as the amount of palm oil EFB fibers increased in the concrete. It was noticed that flexural strength was improved with addition of 0.2% palm oil EFB fibers that act as reinforcement and deliver growth in flexural strength for concrete containing 10% of POBC. Hence, it was concluded that palm oil EFB fiber could be utilized as fiber reinforcement in concrete to improve flexural strength performance of the concrete. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh gentian tandan kelapa sawit (EFB) terhadap kekuatan lentur pada konkrit dengan kehadiran klinker minyak kelapa sawit biomas (POBC). Kajian ini mengguna pakai pelbagai peratus serat EFB kelapa sawit dalam konkrit iaitu sebanyak 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, dan 0.6% dengan jumlah tetap POBC sebanyak 10%. Didapati bahawa gentian tandan kelapa sawit EFB yang mengandungi 10% POBC berpengaruh besar sebagai pengganti pasir dalam bahan konkrit. Penemuan eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa kebolehkerjaan campuran baru konkrit berkurangan apabila kandungan gentian EFB minyak sawit meningkat. Selain itu, sifat-sifat mengeras pada konkrit didapati bertambah baik apabila jumlah gentian EFB minyak sawit meningkat dalam konkrit. Di samping itu, kekuatan lenturan meningkat dengan penambahan sebanyak 0.2% serat EFB minyak kelapa sawit, berfungsi sebagai penguat dan penambah kekuatan lenturan pada konkrit yang mengandung 10% POBC. Oleh itu, serat EFB minyak kelapa sawit boleh digunakan sebagai penguat gentian dalam konkrit bagi meningkatkan kekuatan lenturan konkrit.

Full reduction of greenhouse gas emissions involves transforming the industrial process heat supply. The status and future perspectives of biomass for industrial heat mainly based on the German example are reviewed, and a more differentiated consideration by a newly introduced method is attempted. The article focuses on temperature levels above 200 °C combined with an individual examination of most energy-consuming industrial subsectors according to the feasibility of biomass utilization. Numerous studies conclude that biomass use will shift substantially from residential to industrial heat. Results indicate that biomass could play a bigger role especially for cement and clinker production, but they indicate also a significant need for further research and development to take final conclusions.

Clinker materials were obtained from non-ferrous metal waste, where the clay part of the gravity tailings of zircon-ilmenite ores (GZI) was used as the clay material and a byproduct of rare-earth metals without the use of natural conventional materials was used as the flux—feldspar concentrate (FSC). The studies showed that the content of dangerous pores with sizes 10–5 – 10–7 m in GZI samples is equal to 74%. The introduction of FSC (feldspar concentrate) into the ceramic bodies decreases the content of dangerous pores with sizes 10–5 – 10–7 m to 51%. Moreover, the introduction of FSC into the composition of the ceramic bodies significantly changes the distribution of micropores, and for samples with feldspar concentrate are characterized by a maximum of 32% in the pore size range 10–6 – 10–7 m, which attests a more uniform pore distribution.

Produksi semen setengah jadi ( clinker ) membutuhkan energi yang tinggi sehingga menggunakan batu bara dalam jumlah besar. Hal ini menyebabkan biaya produksi dari pabrik semen juga tinggi. Kebutuhan energi yang besar untuk menghasilkan clinker tersebut dapat dikurangi dengan menambahan b last furnace slag sebagai campuran pembuatan semen. Campuran c linker dapat menghasilkan produk semen yang memiliki waktu pengikatan dan kuat tekan sesuai SNI. Pengaruh penambahan blast furnace slag sebagai campuran clinker terhadap waktu pengikatan dan kuat tekan semen dapat dioptimalkan dengan response surface methodology (RSM) menggunakan Central Composite Design (CCD). Optimasi dengan menggunakan RSM bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum pada penambahan blast furnace slag dan clinker terhadap variabel respon berupa waktu pengikatan awal, waktu pengikatan akhir, dan kuat tekan. Hasil uji ANOVA dan analisis response surface menunjukkan bahwa penambahan blast furnace slag sebagai campuran dalam pembuatan semen memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap waktu pengikatan awal, waktu pengikatan akhir, dan kuat tekan. Penambahan 5% blast furnace slag dengan 92,5% clinker pada campuran clinker dan gypsum merupakan kondisi optimum yang memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap variabel respon. The production of clinker consumes high energy and causes high production cost of cement industry. It can be reduced by adding blast furnace slag as a mixture in cement production. The blast furnace slag - clinker mixture can produce cement with setting time and compressive strength according to SNI. The effect of the addition of blast furnace slag as a clinker mixture to the setting time and compressive strength of cement can be optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using Central Composite Design (CCD). Optimization by using RSM aims to determine the optimum condition of the blast furnace slag – clinker mixture to the initial setting time, final setting time, and compressive strength. ANOVA test results and response surface analysis show that the addition of blast furnace slag into the cement mixture has a significant influence on the initial setting time, final setting time, and compressive strength. The addition of 5% blast furnace slag with 92.5% clinker in the mixture of clinker and gypsum is the optimum condition which gives a significant effect on the response variable.

The limit value for emissions of total organic carbon (TOC) for incinerators in the European Union (EU) is 10 mg/m3. However, clinker burning is a material conversion process during which TOC emissions from the fuels occur concurrently with the thermal decomposition of organic material from the raw material mixture (limestone, marl, shale, etc.) in the preheater, which alone can emit more than 10 mg/m3. Therefore, the German legislature has created an exemption that allows authorities to set higher limit values for cement kilns if the cause of the higher emissions is the natural raw material mixture and not the co-incinerated waste. Separating the effects requires a test to determine the baseline emission of the natural raw material or waste raw material. Up until now, these tests were only used internally by companies. By applying such tests, the emissions from the fuels, particularly from waste-based fuels, can be determined, restricted and controlled. TOC emissions from natural materials cannot be avoided. In Switzerland and Germany these emissions are on average around 20–35 mg/m3. Switzerland has recently set a high TOC limit value of 80 mg/m3 for cement kilns, independent of the source of organic emissions, and even allows the use of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated soils as raw material (up to 10 mg/kg). This limit is too high and can result in unnecessary emissions of carcinogenic benzene, PCBs and other pollutants. Both the natural raw materials and waste raw materials emit organic carbon. However, there is one major difference. The natural raw materials emit mostly aliphatic compounds at temperatures up to about 600 °C, whereas the organic compounds originating from waste-based raw material components can include hazardous pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which desorb in the preheater and are released into the environment. Therefore, waste raw materials such as soils contaminated with POPs or other semivolatile toxic chemicals cannot be introduced via the raw mill -(leading to desorption in the preheater) but need to be fed in the kiln inlet. Cement kilns treating POPs or raw materials with problematic semivolatile organics need strict control and possibly continuous monitoring for dioxins and other POPs.