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1. Review of the Patient Burden and Therapeutic Landscape of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation in the United States

Author

Sendzischew Shane MA, Ruddy J, Cline M, Rosenbaum DP, Edelstein S, and Moshiree B

Subjects
irritable bowel syndrome with predominant constipation, tenapanor, lubiprostone, linaclotide, plecanatide, Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology, RC799-869
Abstract

Morgan Allyn Sendzischew Shane,1 Johannah Ruddy,2 Michael Cline,3 David P Rosenbaum,4 Susan Edelstein,4 Baharak Moshiree5 1Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Disease, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; 2Patient Advocacy, Ardelyx, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA; 3Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; 4Clinical Research, Ardelyx, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA; 5Division of Gastroenterology, Advocate Health Wake Forest Medical University, Charlotte, NC, USACorrespondence: Baharak Moshiree, Advocate Health Wake Forest Medical University, Morehead Medical Plaza, 1025 Morehead Dr, Suite 300, Charlotte, NC, 28204, USA, Email Baha.Moshiree@atriumhealth.orgAbstract: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of the gut–brain axis. IBS with constipation (IBS-C) accounts for approximately one-third of IBS cases and is associated with substantial burden of illness and decreased quality of life. This narrative review provides an overview of the current and upcoming treatment options and disease management for IBS-C from a US perspective and discusses the importance of the relationship between patient and health care provider in diagnosis and treatment. A positive diagnostic strategy for IBS-C is recommended, based on clinical history, physical examination, and minimal laboratory tests. An effective communication strategy between patients and health care professionals is essential to ensure early diagnosis and reduce both health care costs and overall disease burden. Treatment typically begins with lifestyle interventions and nonpharmacologic options, such as dietary interventions, fiber supplements, and osmotic laxatives. In patients with inadequate response to these therapies, 4 currently available therapies (lubiprostone, linaclotide, plecanatide, and tenapanor) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration may relieve IBS-C symptoms. These agents are generally well tolerated and efficacious in improving IBS-C symptoms, including constipation and abdominal pain. In patients with persistent abdominal pain and/or psychological symptoms, brain–gut behavioral therapy or neuromodulator therapy may be beneficial.Keywords: irritable bowel syndrome with predominant constipation, tenapanor, lubiprostone, linaclotide, plecanatide

Published
2024

9. Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1934-1936. Bulletin, 1937, No. 2. Volume I. Chapter X: Developments in Educational Method, 1934-36

Author

United States Department of the Interior, Office of Education (ED), Davis, Mary Dabney, Everard, L. C., Koon, Cline M., Lathrop, Edith A., Proffitt, Maris M., Segel, David, Davis, Mary Dabney, Everard, L. C., Koon, Cline M., Lathrop, Edith A., Proffitt, Maris M., Segel, David, and United States Department of the Interior, Office of Education (ED)

Abstract

This report presents a series of brief surveys of recent developments in educational method. It points to the growing conviction that many of the aids and services once regarded as mere accessories to educational method are now among its essential elements. In the first review presented herein, Maris Profitt recognizes the present widespread appreciation of individual differences and shows how guidance services are considered an essential function of education. His account summarizes briefly the work in guidance carried on by State and city departments of public instruction. With the increased emphasis upon the complete development of each individual child there has been an extension and expansion of methods of evaluating pupil growth. New tests of ability and achievement have been conceived. The measurement of social behavior has also advanced paralleling the increasing attention paid to social adjustment in our schools. David Segel describes the acceleration in these fields. Attitudes and social behavior have been recognized for many years as factors in successful learning and in necessary social adjustments. Progress in character development, reviewed by Mary Davis, indicates the extent to which efforts to help boys and girls succeed have moved from generalities that anticipate a transfer of training, to specific work, both with groups and individual pupils. Cooperation between schools and community museums is proving helpful in furthering the knowledge pupils obtain through their curriculum experiences. The guided visitations and illustrated lectures provided in many museums and the loan of materials to schools by museums are described by L. C. Everard, who also refers to the initiative schools are taking in organizing and maintaining both temporary and permanent exhibits within their own elementary and secondary school buildings. The spectacular expansion of the use of the radio and motion pictures is described in Cline Koon's summaries of national surveys. The review indicates some of the steps already taken to develop the use of these visual aids in schools and in general programs offered to the public. Finally, Edith Lathrop reviews some of the factors affecting school-library services and summarizes many of the aids related to curricula in the elementary and secondary schools and the contribution made to library services by civic and educational organizations. An index is included. (Contains 59 footnotes.) [Best copy available has been provided.]

Published
1937

10. School Use of Visual Aids: An Interpretative Study of the Data Collected in the National Survey of Visual Instruction in Elementary and Secondary Schools. Bulletin, 1938, No. 4

Author

United States Department of the Interior, Office of Education (ED) and Koon, Cline M.

Abstract

Visual instruction--the use of interesting or clarifying objective illustrations such as specimens, maps, pictures, and the like--are as old as formal instruction or what is now thought of as organized education. In recent years, however, new visual mediums or aids have been introduced into instructional practices, many of which have a special appeal to the interest of youth of school age. The use of the sound film in the classroom is perhaps the most recent innovation, but moving pictures, film strips, the silent movie, and stereoptican slides are other visual aids of comparatively recent development. To what extent and how are these newer instruments used? What problems are involved in their introduction and in what ways is their use evaluated? A nationwide survey of the use of visual aids in school systems, made by the Office of Education in cooperation with the American Council on Education in 1936, sought to shed light on these questions. This bulletin provides an interpretive report of the survey. Chapters explore: (1) Visual aids in elementary and secondary schools (the nationwide survey); (2) Objects, specimens, and models; (3) Still pictures and graphic presentations; and (4) Motion pictures. The Appendix provides the survey questionnaire. (Contains 10 footnotes, 6 tables, and 15 figures.) [Best copy available has been provided.]

Published
1938

11. The Art of Teaching by Radio. Bulletin, 1933, No. 4

Author

United States Department of the Interior, Office of Education (ED) and Koon, Cline M.

Abstract

Radio is a new force which science has placed in the hands of civilization. Its potential uses are so numerous and varied that it has captivated the imagination of the entire civilized world. As a means of diffusing entertainment and information over wide areas, broadcasting has no peer. Steadily it is breaking down the barriers of isolation, broadening the horizons, and enriching the lives of countless millions of people. Within a dozen years radio broadcasting has become an important social fact in nearly every country in the world. Even the civilization of the future may depend upon the control and direction of this power. The principal purpose of this bulletin is to make available to the educational profession what appear to be the best practices in teaching by radio. The study should also be of service to professional broadcasters and occasional speakers. It is hoped that the prospective broadcaster will find a number of practical suggestions to assist them in the preparation and presentation of broadcasts. The final report is divided into five chapters. Chapter I briefly considers the purpose, procedure, and plan of the study. The second chapter treats the various forms of radio programs and the special consideration in each. The third chapter deals with certain points that should be considered in the preparation of all educational broadcasts. Publicity and supplementary aids for listeners are included in the fourth chapter; and some points that should be considered in the presentation of all educational broadcasts are treated in the fifth chapter. A bibliography is also included. (Contains 1 footnote.) [Best copy available has been provided.]

Published
1933

18. GA4GH: International policies and standards for data sharing across genomic research and healthcare

Author

Rehm, HL, Page, AJH, Smith, L, Adams, JB, Alterovitz, G, Babb, LJ, Barkley, MP, Baudis, M, Beauvais, MJS, Beck, T, Beckmann, JS, Beltran, S, Bernick, D, Bernier, A, Bonfield, JK, Boughtwood, TF, Bourque, G, Bowers, SR, Brookes, AJ, Brudno, M, Brush, MH, Bujold, D, Burdett, T, Buske, OJ, Cabili, MN, Cameron, DL, Carroll, RJ, Casas-Silva, E, Chakravarty, D, Chaudhari, BP, Chen, SH, Cherry, JM, Chung, J, Cline, M, Clissold, HL, Cook-Deegan, RM, Courtot, M, Cunningham, F, Cupak, M, Davies, RM, Denisko, D, Doerr, MJ, Dolman, LI, Dove, ES, Dursi, LJ, Dyke, SOM, Eddy, JA, Eilbeck, K, Ellrott, KP, Fairley, S, Fakhro, KA, Firth, HV, Fitzsimons, MS, Fiume, M, Flicek, P, Fore, IM, Freeberg, MA, Freimuth, RR, Fromont, LA, Fuerth, J, Gaff, CL, Gan, W, Ghanaim, EM, Glazer, D, Green, RC, Griffith, M, Griffith, OL, Grossman, RL, Groza, T, Auvil, JMG, Guigo, R, Gupta, D, Haendel, MA, Hamosh, A, Hansen, DP, Hart, RK, Hartley, DM, Haussler, D, Hendricks-Sturrup, RM, Ho, CWL, Hobb, AE, Hoffman, MM, Hofmann, OM, Holub, P, Hsu, JS, Hubaux, J-P, Hunt, SE, Husami, A, Jacobsen, JO, Jamuar, SS, Janes, EL, Jeanson, F, Jene, A, Johns, AL, Joly, Y, Jones, SJM, Kanitz, A, Kato, K, Keane, TM, Kekesi-Lafrance, K, Kelleher, J, Kerry, G, Khor, S-S, Knoppers, BM, Konopko, MA, Kosaki, K, Kuba, M, Lawson, J, Leinonen, R, Li, S, Lin, MF, Linden, M, Liu, X, Liyanage, IU, Lopez, J, Lucassen, AM, Lukowski, M, Mann, AL, Marshall, J, Mattioni, M, Metke-Jimenez, A, Middleton, A, Milne, RJ, Molnar-Gabor, F, Mulder, N, Munoz-Torres, MC, Nag, R, Nakagawa, H, Nasir, J, Navarro, A, Nelson, TH, Niewielska, A, Nisselle, A, Niu, J, Nyronen, TH, O'Connor, BD, Oesterle, S, Ogishima, S, Wang, VO, Paglione, LAD, Palumbo, E, Parkinson, HE, Philippakis, AA, Pizarro, AD, Prlic, A, Rambla, J, Rendon, A, Rider, RA, Robinson, PN, Rodarmer, KW, Rodriguez, LL, Rubin, AF, Rueda, M, Rushton, GA, Ryan, RS, Saunders, GI, Schuilenburg, H, Schwede, T, Scollen, S, Senf, A, Sheffield, NC, Skantharajah, N, Smith, AV, Sofia, HJ, Spalding, D, Spurdle, AB, Stark, Z, Stein, LD, Suematsu, M, Tan, P, Tedds, JA, Thomson, AA, Thorogood, A, Tickle, TL, Tokunaga, K, Tomroos, J, Torrents, D, Upchurch, S, Valencia, A, Guimera, RV, Vamathevan, J, Varma, S, Vears, DF, Viner, C, Voisin, C, Wagner, AH, Wallace, SE, Walsh, BP, Williams, MS, Winkler, EC, Wold, BJ, Wood, GM, Woolley, JP, Yamasaki, C, Yates, AD, Yung, CK, Zass, LJ, Zaytseva, K, Zhang, J, Goodhand, P, North, K, Birney, E, Rehm, HL, Page, AJH, Smith, L, Adams, JB, Alterovitz, G, Babb, LJ, Barkley, MP, Baudis, M, Beauvais, MJS, Beck, T, Beckmann, JS, Beltran, S, Bernick, D, Bernier, A, Bonfield, JK, Boughtwood, TF, Bourque, G, Bowers, SR, Brookes, AJ, Brudno, M, Brush, MH, Bujold, D, Burdett, T, Buske, OJ, Cabili, MN, Cameron, DL, Carroll, RJ, Casas-Silva, E, Chakravarty, D, Chaudhari, BP, Chen, SH, Cherry, JM, Chung, J, Cline, M, Clissold, HL, Cook-Deegan, RM, Courtot, M, Cunningham, F, Cupak, M, Davies, RM, Denisko, D, Doerr, MJ, Dolman, LI, Dove, ES, Dursi, LJ, Dyke, SOM, Eddy, JA, Eilbeck, K, Ellrott, KP, Fairley, S, Fakhro, KA, Firth, HV, Fitzsimons, MS, Fiume, M, Flicek, P, Fore, IM, Freeberg, MA, Freimuth, RR, Fromont, LA, Fuerth, J, Gaff, CL, Gan, W, Ghanaim, EM, Glazer, D, Green, RC, Griffith, M, Griffith, OL, Grossman, RL, Groza, T, Auvil, JMG, Guigo, R, Gupta, D, Haendel, MA, Hamosh, A, Hansen, DP, Hart, RK, Hartley, DM, Haussler, D, Hendricks-Sturrup, RM, Ho, CWL, Hobb, AE, Hoffman, MM, Hofmann, OM, Holub, P, Hsu, JS, Hubaux, J-P, Hunt, SE, Husami, A, Jacobsen, JO, Jamuar, SS, Janes, EL, Jeanson, F, Jene, A, Johns, AL, Joly, Y, Jones, SJM, Kanitz, A, Kato, K, Keane, TM, Kekesi-Lafrance, K, Kelleher, J, Kerry, G, Khor, S-S, Knoppers, BM, Konopko, MA, Kosaki, K, Kuba, M, Lawson, J, Leinonen, R, Li, S, Lin, MF, Linden, M, Liu, X, Liyanage, IU, Lopez, J, Lucassen, AM, Lukowski, M, Mann, AL, Marshall, J, Mattioni, M, Metke-Jimenez, A, Middleton, A, Milne, RJ, Molnar-Gabor, F, Mulder, N, Munoz-Torres, MC, Nag, R, Nakagawa, H, Nasir, J, Navarro, A, Nelson, TH, Niewielska, A, Nisselle, A, Niu, J, Nyronen, TH, O'Connor, BD, Oesterle, S, Ogishima, S, Wang, VO, Paglione, LAD, Palumbo, E, Parkinson, HE, Philippakis, AA, Pizarro, AD, Prlic, A, Rambla, J, Rendon, A, Rider, RA, Robinson, PN, Rodarmer, KW, Rodriguez, LL, Rubin, AF, Rueda, M, Rushton, GA, Ryan, RS, Saunders, GI, Schuilenburg, H, Schwede, T, Scollen, S, Senf, A, Sheffield, NC, Skantharajah, N, Smith, AV, Sofia, HJ, Spalding, D, Spurdle, AB, Stark, Z, Stein, LD, Suematsu, M, Tan, P, Tedds, JA, Thomson, AA, Thorogood, A, Tickle, TL, Tokunaga, K, Tomroos, J, Torrents, D, Upchurch, S, Valencia, A, Guimera, RV, Vamathevan, J, Varma, S, Vears, DF, Viner, C, Voisin, C, Wagner, AH, Wallace, SE, Walsh, BP, Williams, MS, Winkler, EC, Wold, BJ, Wood, GM, Woolley, JP, Yamasaki, C, Yates, AD, Yung, CK, Zass, LJ, Zaytseva, K, Zhang, J, Goodhand, P, North, K, and Birney, E

Abstract

The Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) aims to accelerate biomedical advances by enabling the responsible sharing of clinical and genomic data through both harmonized data aggregation and federated approaches. The decreasing cost of genomic sequencing (along with other genome-wide molecular assays) and increasing evidence of its clinical utility will soon drive the generation of sequence data from tens of millions of humans, with increasing levels of diversity. In this perspective, we present the GA4GH strategies for addressing the major challenges of this data revolution. We describe the GA4GH organization, which is fueled by the development efforts of eight Work Streams and informed by the needs of 24 Driver Projects and other key stakeholders. We present the GA4GH suite of secure, interoperable technical standards and policy frameworks and review the current status of standards, their relevance to key domains of research and clinical care, and future plans of GA4GH. Broad international participation in building, adopting, and deploying GA4GH standards and frameworks will catalyze an unprecedented effort in data sharing that will be critical to advancing genomic medicine and ensuring that all populations can access its benefits.

Published
2021

20. Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury promotes comorbid stress responses elicited by environmental cues attending blast exposure

Author

Schindler, AG, Terry, GE, Wolden-Hanson, T, Cline, M, Meabon, JS, Peskind, ER, Raskind, MA, Phillips, PEM, and Cook, DG

Abstract

Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been called the “signature injury” of military Servicemembers in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, is highly comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a major source of morbidity among Veterans enrolled in the VA health care system. Correct attribution of adverse blast-induced outcomes to TBI vs PTSD remains a challenge, engendering added difficulty for subsequent clinical diagnosis and treatment. Preclinical research efforts using rodent models can provide needed insight into underlying mechanisms by which blast produces subsequent dysfunction, but only in so much as the animal model recapitulates the human experience. Here we sought to understand the extent to which a mouse model of blast reproduces the phenomena experienced by Servicemembers and/or those with comorbid mTBI and PTSD. Drawing upon well-established work in the chronic stress and fear learning literature, we hypothesized that environmental cues associated with blast exposure are sufficient to evoke aversive/dysphoric psychological stress and reproduce traumatic stress in addition to blast-induced brain injury. Using an electronically controlled pneumatic shock tube that models battlefield-relevant open-field blast forces generated by detonation of high explosives, we provide direct evidence that psychological stress is inherent to repetitive blast exposure, resulting in chronic aversion/dysphoria to previous blast-paired cues. Demonstrating a previously unappreciated translational aspect, this study brings into line the relevance of repetitive blast trauma in rodent models to the experience of Servicemembers and/or those with comorbid mTBI and PTSD, providing significant opportunities for translationally relevant mechanistic understanding and therapeutic development.

Published
2020
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33. Analysis of Fuel Vaporization, Fuel-Air Mixing, and Combustion in Integrated Mixer-Flame Holders

Author

Deur, J. M and Cline, M. C

Subjects
Aircraft Propulsion And Power
Abstract

Requirements to limit pollutant emissions from the gas turbine engines for the future High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) have led to consideration of various low-emission combustor concepts. One such concept is the Integrated Mixer-Flame Holder (IMFH). This report describes a series of IMFH analyses performed with KIVA-II, a multi-dimensional CFD code for problems involving sprays, turbulence, and combustion. To meet the needs of this study, KIVA-II's boundary condition and chemistry treatments are modified. The study itself examines the relationships between fuel vaporization, fuel-air mixing, and combustion. Parameters being considered include: mixer tube diameter, mixer tube length, mixer tube geometry (converging-diverging versus straight walls), air inlet velocity, air inlet swirl angle, secondary air injection (dilution holes), fuel injection velocity, fuel injection angle, number of fuel injection ports, fuel spray cone angle, and fuel droplet size. Cases are run with and without combustion to examine the variations in fuel-air mixing and potential for flashback due to the above parameters. The degree of fuel-air mixing is judged by comparing average, minimum, and maximum fuel/air ratios at the exit of the mixer tube, while flame stability is monitored by following the location of the flame front as the solution progresses from ignition to steady state. Results indicate that fuel-air mixing can be enhanced by a variety of means, the best being a combination of air inlet swirl and a converging-diverging mixer tube geometry. With the IMFH configuration utilized in the present study, flashback becomes more common as the mixer tube diameter is increased and is instigated by disturbances associated with the dilution hole flow.

Published
2004

37. Analysis of Lean Premixed/Prevaporized Combustion with KIVA-2

Author

Deur, J. M, Kundu, K. P, Darling, D. D, Cline, M. C, Micklow, G. J, Harper, M. R, and Simons, T. A

Subjects
Inorganic And Physical Chemistry
Abstract

Requirements to reduce the emissions of pollutants from gas turbines used in aircraft propulsion and ground based power generation have led to consideration of lean premixed/prevaporized (LPP) combustion concept. This paper describes some of the LPP flame tube analyses performed at the NASA Research Center with KIVA-2, a well-known multi-dimensional CFD code for problems including sprays, turbulence, and combustion. Modifications to KIVA-2's boundary condition and chemistry treatments have been made to meet the needs of the present study. The study itself focuses on two key aspects of the LPP concept, low emissions and flame stability (including flashback and lean blowoff.

Published
1994

38. A three-dimensional algebraic grid generation scheme for gas turbine combustors with inclined slots

Author

Yang, S. L, Cline, M. C, Chen, R, and Chang, Y. L

Subjects
Fluid Mechanics And Heat Transfer
Abstract

A 3D algebraic grid generation scheme is presented for generating the grid points inside gas turbine combustors with inclined slots. The scheme is based on the 2D transfinite interpolation method. Since the scheme is a 2D approach, it is very efficient and can easily be extended to gas turbine combustors with either dilution hole or slot configurations. To demonstrate the feasibility and the usefulness of the technique, a numerical study of the quick-quench/lean-combustion (QQ/LC) zones of a staged turbine combustor is given. Preliminary results illustrate some of the major features of the flow and temperature fields in the QQ/LC zones. Formation of co- and counter-rotating bulk flow and shape temperature fields can be observed clearly, and the resulting patterns are consistent with experimental observations typical of the confined slanted jet-in-cross flow. Numerical solutions show the method to be an efficient and reliable tool for generating computational grids for analyzing gas turbine combustors with slanted slots.

Published
1993

39. Numerical simulation of a low-emission gas turbine combustor using KIVA-II

Author

Yang, S. L, Chen, R, Cline, M. C, Nguyen, H. L, and Micklow, G. J

Subjects
Aircraft Propulsion And Power
Abstract

A modified version of the KIVA-II code was used to obtain a multidimensional numerical solution for the turbulent two-phase chemically reacting flows inside a staged turbine combustor (STC). The STC under consideration is equipped with an advanced airblast fuel nozzle and encompasses a fuel nozzle (FN), a rich-burn (RB) zone, a converging connecting pipe, a quick-quench (QQ) zone, a diverging connecting pipe, and a lean-combustion (LC) zone. The STC was divided into two subsystems, namely, FN/RB zone and QQ/LC zones, and the numerical solutions were obtained separately for each subsystem. Preliminary data characterize the major features of the flow and temperature fields inside the STC. Information on velocity, temperature, and some critical species in the FN/RB zone is presented. In the QQ/LC zones, formation of the co- and counter-rotating bulk flow and the sandwiched-ring-shaped temperature field can be clearly seen. The calculations of the mass-weighted standard deviation and the pattern factor of temperature indicated that the mixing performance of the STC is very promising.

Published
1992
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47. Insertion of New Genes into Bone Marrow Cells of Mice

Author

Cline, M. J., Stang, H. D., Mercola, K., Salser, W., Heimpel, H., editor, Huhn, D., editor, Mueller-Eckhardt, C., editor, Ruhenstroth-Bauer, G., editor, Neth, Rolf, editor, Gallo, Robert C., editor, Graf, Thomas, editor, Mannweiler, Klaus, editor, and Winkler, Kurt, editor

Published
1981
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50. Determining the partial photoionization cross-sections of ethyl radicals

Author

FitzPatrick, B.L., Maienschein-Cline, M., Butler, L.J., S.-H. Lee, and J.J. Lin

Subjects
Ionization -- Analysis, Dissociation -- Analysis, Chemicals, plastics and rubber industries
Abstract

Crossed laser-molecular beam scattering apparatus is used for photodissociating ethyl chloride and detecting the Cl and ethyl products. The results have established the partial photoionization cross-sections for ethyl radicals to parent ion and two dissociative ionization channels at 13.8 and 12.1 eV and the absolute ionization cross-section of ethyl radicals to form [C.sub.2][H.sub.5.sup.+] at 13.8 eV.

Published
2007

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