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Soil moisture is critical in the linkage between the land and atmosphere of energy and water exchange, especially over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, due to the lack of in situ plateau soil moisture measurements, the reanalyzed and assimilated data are the major supplements for TP climate research. Based on observations from 1992 to 2013, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of three sets of assimilation and reanalysis products (GLDAS, ERA5-Land, and MERRA-2) on the climatic mean and variability of soil moisture over the Tibetan Plateau (TPSM). For the climatic mean, GLDAS captures the spatial distribution and annual cycle of TPSM better than other datasets in terms of lower spatial RMSE (0.07 m3×m-3) and bias (0.06 m3×m-3). In terms of the climatic variability of TPSM, the multi-data average (MDA) highlights its advantages in reducing the bias relative to any single data product. MDA describes the TPSM anomalies more stably and accurately in terms of temporal trend and variation (r = 0.94), as well as the dipole spatial pattern in EOF1. When considering both the climatic mean and spatial variability, the performance of MDA is more accurate and balanced than that of a single data product. This study overcomes the deficiency of limited time and space in previous evaluations of TPSM and indicates that multi-data averaging may be a more effective approach in the climate investigation of TPSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six up-to-date reconstructions of hemispheric and global temperatures and two indices of volcanic activity were analyzed using both Fourier and wavelet approaches over time intervals of up to 1500 years. A cyclicity with a period of 188–250 years was found to be present in both the Northern Hemisphere temperature and volcanic activity. These cycles were found to be negatively correlated with the correlation coefficients, reaching values of −0.61–−0.68 over the entire time interval. The maximum correlation coefficient is reached when volcanic variations lead to temperature variations by 20 years. The combined probability of the null hypothesis—the proposition that in the Northern Hemisphere, there is no real association between the bicentennial change in volcanic activity and temperature and that the revealed correlations arose purely by chance—was found to be no more than 1.2 × 10−2 over the entire time interval and less than 10−2 over the time interval of AD 1270–1980. The effect was weaker for the global temperature and was not detected in the Southern Hemisphere. It is shown that the identified bicentennial temperature variation could have made a certain contribution to the warming in the first half of the 20th century. However, this cycle has probably been in decline for the last 40–50 years and the decline should continue for the next few decades. Possible origins of the revealed bicentennial correlations are discussed, and guidelines for further research are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Global warming has highlighted the importance of understanding the role of thermal tolerance as a driver of species distributions, especially for ectotherms. Here we analyse interactions between latitude, elevation and arboreality as predictors of geographic patterns of thermal tolerance in ants. Location: The collected data are distributed globally. Methods: We first tested the effect of latitude, elevation and its interactive effect on ant CTmax and CTmin. Second, we tested whether CTmax and CTmin are phylogenetic clustering. Finally, we tested whether CTmax and CTmin can be explained by nesting microhabitat (ground vs. tree‐nesting species) and whether the probability of occurrence of tree‐nesting species along thermal gradients helps explain the global pattern in ant CTmax. Results: CTmax and CTmin displayed high and low phylogenetic signals respectively and therefore showed different responses to geographic gradients. Notably, we found that CTmax was higher in higher latitudes. This was explained by a lack of elevational turnover at high latitudes among tree‐nesting species, which are exposed to warmer microclimates and have higher CTmax compared with ground‐nesting species. CTmin decreased with elevation at low latitudes, but did not vary with elevation at higher latitudes. Main Conclusions: Our findings highlight the important influence of arboreality on the macroecology of thermal tolerance, substantially modifying traditional notions of variation along latitudinal and elevation gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces an advanced mathematical methodology for predicting energy generation and consumption based on temperature variations in regions with diverse climatic conditions and increasing energy demands. Using a comprehensive dataset of monthly energy production, consumption, and temperature readings spanning ten years (2010–2020), we applied polynomial, sinusoidal, and hybrid modeling techniques to capture the non-linear and cyclical relationships between temperature and energy metrics. The hybrid model, which combines sinusoidal and polynomial functions, achieved an accuracy of 79.15% in estimating energy consumption using temperature as a predictor variable. This model effectively captures the seasonal and non-linear consumption patterns, demonstrating a significant improvement over conventional models. In contrast, the polynomial model for energy production, while yielding partial accuracy (R² = 0.65), highlights the need for more advanced techniques to fully capture the temperature-dependent nature of energy production. The results indicate that temperature variations significantly affect energy consumption, with higher temperatures driving increased energy demand for cooling, while lower temperatures affect production efficiency, particularly in systems like hydropower. These findings underscore the necessity for integrating sophisticated models into energy planning to ensure resilience in energy systems amidst climate variability. The study offers critical insights for policymakers to optimize energy generation and distribution in response to changing climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of deep‐water sedimentary successions as reliable records of environmental change has been questioned due to their long response times and sediment pathways leading to complex responses to climatic change and tectonic signals over differing timescales. We studied the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, to test the value of deep‐water stratigraphic successions as records of external controls on sediment flux in a setting with short response times and transport distances. The confinement of the rift basin allows for a near‐complete accounting of clastic sediment volumes. The recent acquisition of high‐resolution seismic reflection data, utilisation of International Ocean Discovery Programme Expedition 381 cores and a robust chronological framework, enable evaluation of the stratigraphy at a high temporal resolution. Combining borehole and high‐resolution seismic reflection data, distinct seismic units can be correlated to multiple paleoenvironmental proxies, permitting quantification of sediment flux variation across successive glacial–interglacial cycles at ca. 10 kyr temporal resolution. Trends in average sediment flux since ca. 242 ka show ca. 2–9 times greater sediment flux in cooler glacials compared to warmer interglacial conditions. The Holocene is an exception to low sediment flux for the interglacials, with ca. 5 times higher rates than previous interglacials. The short and steep configuration of the Sythas canyon and its fan at the base of an active submarine normal fault results in deep‐sea deposition at all sea‐level stands. In contrast, adjacent canyon systems shut down during warm intervals. When combined with palynology, results show that periods of distinct vegetation re‐organisation correlate to sediment flux changes. The temporal correlation of sediment flux to palynology in the Gulf of Corinth over the last ca. 242 kyr is evidence that variability of sediment supply is largely governed by climate‐related changes in hinterland catchments, with sea‐level and tectonics being second‐order controls on sediment flux variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern Bangladesh is more vulnerable to climatic variability, flash floods, upstream heavy rainfall, early floods during the pre-monsoon period, two or three times flooding in a certain year, and poverty as well. This paper explicitly focuses on the socio-environmental challenges associated with the 2017 flood disaster in northern Bangladesh. This study is based on mixed methods. Almost data of the study are collected from primary sources (household survey, FGD) and the remaining data are obtained from authorized sources. The devastating floods in 2017 inundated one-third of Bangladesh, destroyed nearly 700,000 homes and damaged 4,680,000 hectares of cropland. In addition, the socio-economic conditions of the 2017 flood victim HHs in northern Bangladesh are sub-standard compared to other regions of Bangladesh. Some sort of variables (geophysical environment and human interventions) make floods vulnerable. Therefore, social and economic security, rebuilding damaged infrastructures and institutions, public awareness, and regional and delta planning are crucial parts of the mitigation of the effects of disastrous floods in northern Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Himalaya represents the most fragile ecosystem in the world, signifying its sensitivity towards global climate change. In the current scenario, the Himalaya needs to assess the climatic change trends at the regional level. To investigate climatic trends, we analysed the long-term (1980–2020) climatic data (maximum temperature—TMax and minimum temperature—TMin, precipitation, and relative humidity—RH) collected by the five different meteorological stations from Shiwalik to Pir Panjal mountain range of Jammu province. The nonparametric Mann–Kendall test was used to analyse the significance of climatic change trends for temperature, precipitation, and RH data on seasonal and annual scales, whereas the nonparametric Sen's estimator of the slope was applied to quantify the magnitude of climatic change trends. The results reveal that the Jammu province region received 53% of annual precipitation from Western Disturbances and 47% from Indian Summer Monsoon. The contribution of Western Disturbances was greater towards the northern region of Jammu Province, while the southern lower region was substantially influenced by ISM. With substantial inter-station variations, our results indicated a significant increasing trend of TMax only for Banihal, while all the studied stations except Jammu exhibited a significant increasing trend of TMin. For the entire Jammu province, a significant increasing trend of TMax was observed for the spring season. On an annual scale, the increasing rate of changes was observed more for TMin (0.066 °C) than TMax (0.016 °C) of Jammu province while a nonsignificant declining rate of change was exhibited for precipitation (− 0.098 mm a−1). The shifting pattern in temperature and precipitation could have serious environmental implications that will greatly influence the biodiversity and ecological stability of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur (S) is an essential bioelement with vital roles in serving regulatory and catalytic functions and tightly coupled with N and P in plants. However, globally stoichiometric patterns of leaf S and its relationships to leaf N and P are less well studied. We compiled 31 939 records of leaf-based data for 2600 plant species across 6652 sites worldwide. All plant species were divided into different phylogenetic taxa and growth forms. Standard major axis analysis was employed to fit the bivariate element relationships. A phylogenetic linear mixed-effect model and a multiple-regression model were used to partition the variations of bioelements into phylogeny and environments, and then to estimate the importance of environmental variables. Global geometric mean leaf S, N and P concentrations were 1.44, 15.70 and 1.27 mg g−1, respectively, with significant differences among plant groups. Leaf S–N–P positively correlated with each other, ignoring plant groups. The scaling exponents of LN–LS, LP–LS and LN–LP were 0.64, 0.76 and 0.79, respectively, for all species, but differed among plant groups. Both phylogeny and environments regulated the bioelements. The variability, rather than mean temperature, controlled the bioelements. Phylogeny explained more for the concentrations of all the three bioelements than environments, of which S was the one most affected by phylogenetic taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines long-term annual, seasonal and monthly changes and short-term fluctuations in monsoonal rainfall and temperature over plain and hill zones of Uttarakhand. Both rainfall and temperature data for period of 1981-2020 were analyzed in this study. Statistical trend analysis techniques namely Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator were used to examine and analyze the problems. The detailed analysis of the data for 40 years indicates that the annual range of temperature is increasing in the hill zone. In the context of agriculture, the observed trends in temperature and rainfall patterns pose significant implications for farming practices and crop yields in Uttarakhand. The increasing annual range of temperature, particularly in the hill zone, suggests a heightened risk of temperature extremes such as heat waves and cold spells. During the monsoon season, while rainfall levels may remain relatively stable or exhibit minor fluctuations, the variability highlighted by the box and whisker plots underscores the importance of preparedness for both excess and deficit rainfall scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South American Leaf Blight (SALB) is the primary limitation to the establishment of new rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) crops in Latin America. This study aimed to assess the temporal dynamics of resistance to SALB in 99 elite Colombian genotypes and the IAN 873 cultivar (control) of H. brasiliensis in small-scale clone trials conducted under conditions with a high disease prevalence in the northwestern Colombian Amazon. Resistance monitoring was carried out on a monthly basis and analyzed over five climatic periods. Three variables were recorded: attack severity (AT, ranging from 0 to 4), reaction type (TR, ranging from 1 to 6) and stromal density (ST, ranging from 0 to 4). The maximum scores for TR and ST were used to classify the level of resistance of the genotypes. Highly significant differences in the mean values of AT, TR and ST among the genotypes, across the periods, and in the interaction between genotype and period were found. Over time, an increase in symptoms (AT) and signs (TR and ST) of SALB was observed. During the rainy periods, SALB intensity was highest, resulting in a leaf area affected ranging from 16 to 30%. Eight genotypes showed partial resistance (PR) (TR < 5 and ST < 2), while 16 genotypes demonstrated complete resistance (CR) (TR < 3 and ST = 0), and 76 genotypes were highly susceptible (HS) (TR > 5 or ST > 2). The temporal analysis identified 23 Colombian superior genotypes with varying degrees of SALB resistance, which can be a valuable breeding resource for improving SALB management in the Colombian Amazon region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the intricate challenges posed by climate variability for rice farmers in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. It systematically explores the patterns of climate variability and their profound impacts on rice production across diverse areas within the delta. Through an examination of both collective and individual responses to these challenges, the study identifies local rice adaptation strategies. Data collection methods include focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. The findings unveil notable regional disparities, with farmers in Can Tho and Bac Lieu facing more severe impacts of climate variability during different rice crops compared to those in An Giang province. Can Tho farmers navigate floods and sudden cold, while their counterparts in Bac Lieu contend with risks associated with saline intrusion due to water shortages in the Mekong River and compromised sluice gates. Bac Lieu’s farmers face additional constraints, such as compromised harvests due to heavy rain, resulting in lower quality and prices. This study underscores the importance of collective actions, such as water drainage in Can Tho and freshwater storage in Bac Lieu, in mitigating climate variability. Unfortunately, local innovations in collective action have been constrained by disagreements and conflicts among different stakeholder groups. In light of this, the implications suggest that climate variability in the Mekong has become increasingly complex in recent years, particularly with issues like saline intrusion and drought. Collective adaptation through government intervention at various levels remains a viable strategy to encourage different communities of rice producers to adapt to climate variability.

Study region: Southwest China Study focus: Water use efficiency (WUE) is a key variable for understanding the carbon and water cycling processes in ecosystems. There exists the world's largest continuous karst topography in Southwest China, rendering it a quintessential ecologically vulnerable region. Therefore, determining the trends in WUE changes between karst and non-karst ecosystems is of great significance for understanding the carbon and water cycling processes in ecologically vulnerable areas. In this study, various analysis methods were utilized to explore the spatiotemporal variations, persistence characteristics, and the impact of complex climatic variability of WUE in Southwest China. New hydrological insights for the region: (i) The rate of increase and multi-year average of WUE in karst ecosystem is higher than that in non-karst ecosystem. (ii) In the future, the proportion of area with decreasing in WUE will be higher in karst ecosystem than in non-karst ecosystem. (iii) There are significant differences in the correlation between WUE and climatic factors in different ecosystems. (iv) The dominant climatic factor for WUE in karst ecosystem is vapor pressure, while in non-karst ecosystem, it is precipitation. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for studying the carbon and water cycling processes in karst ecosystem.

Abstract This study assesses the relationships between vegetation dynamics and climatic variations in Pakistan from 2000 to 2023. Employing high-resolution Landsat data for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) assessments, integrated with climate variables from CHIRPS and ERA5 datasets, our approach leverages Google Earth Engine (GEE) for efficient processing. It combines statistical methodologies, including linear regression, Mann–Kendall trend tests, Sen's slope estimator, partial correlation, and cross wavelet transform analyses. The findings highlight significant spatial and temporal variations in NDVI, with an annual increase averaging 0.00197 per year (p

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study assesses the relationships between vegetation dynamics and climatic variations in Pakistan from 2000 to 2023. Employing high-resolution Landsat data for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) assessments, integrated with climate variables from CHIRPS and ERA5 datasets, our approach leverages Google Earth Engine (GEE) for efficient processing. It combines statistical methodologies, including linear regression, Mann–Kendall trend tests, Sen's slope estimator, partial correlation, and cross wavelet transform analyses. The findings highlight significant spatial and temporal variations in NDVI, with an annual increase averaging 0.00197 per year (p < 0.0001). This positive trend is coupled with an increase in precipitation by 0.4801 mm/year (p = 0.0016). In contrast, our analysis recorded a slight decrease in temperature (− 0.01011 °C/year, p < 0.05) and a reduction in solar radiation (− 0.27526 W/m2/year, p < 0.05). Notably, cross-wavelet transform analysis underscored significant coherence between NDVI and climatic factors, revealing periods of synchronized fluctuations and distinct lagged relationships. This analysis particularly highlighted precipitation as a primary driver of vegetation growth, illustrating its crucial impact across various Pakistani regions. Moreover, the analysis revealed distinct seasonal patterns, indicating that vegetation health is most responsive during the monsoon season, correlating strongly with peaks in seasonal precipitation. Our investigation has revealed Pakistan's complex association between vegetation health and climatic factors, which varies across different regions. Through cross-wavelet analysis, we have identified distinct coherence and phase relationships that highlight the critical influence of climatic drivers on vegetation patterns. These insights are crucial for developing regional climate adaptation strategies and informing sustainable agricultural and environmental management practices in the face of ongoing climatic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectotherms that maintain thermal balance in the face of varying climates should be able to colonise a wide range of habitats. In lizards, thermoregulation usually appears as a variety of behaviours that buffer external influences over physiology. Basking species rely on solar radiation to raise body temperatures and usually show high thermoregulatory precision. By contrast, species that do not bask are often constrained by climatic conditions in their habitats, thus having lower thermoregulatory precision. While much focus has been given to the effects of mean habitat temperatures, relatively less is known about how seasonality affects the thermal biology of lizards on a macroecological scale. Considering the current climate crisis, assessing how lizards cope with temporal variations in environmental temperature is essential to understand better how these organisms will fare under climate change. Activity body temperatures (Tb) represent the internal temperature of an animal measured in nature during its active period (i.e. realised thermal niche), and preferred body temperatures (Tpref) are those selected by an animal in a laboratory thermal gradient that lacks thermoregulatory costs (i.e. fundamental thermal niche). Both traits form the bulk of thermal ecology research and are often studied in the context of seasonality. In this study, we used a meta‐analysis to test how environmental temperature seasonality influences the seasonal variation in the Tb and Tpref of lizards that differ in thermoregulatory strategy (basking versus non‐basking). Based on 333 effect sizes from 137 species, we found that Tb varied over a greater magnitude than Tpref across seasons. Variations in Tb were not influenced by environmental temperature seasonality; however, body size and thermoregulatory strategy mediated Tb responses. Specifically, larger species were subjected to greater seasonal variations in Tb, and basking species endured greater seasonal variations in Tb compared to non‐basking species. On the other hand, the seasonal variation in Tpref increased with environmental temperature seasonality regardless of body size. Thermoregulatory strategy also influenced Tpref, suggesting that behaviour has an important role in mediating Tpref responses to seasonal variations in the thermal landscape. After controlling for phylogenetic effects, we showed that Tb and Tpref varied significantly across lizard families. Taken together, our results support the notion that the relationship between thermal biology responses and climatic parameters can be taxon and trait dependent. Our results also showcase the importance of considering ecological and behavioural aspects in macroecological studies. We further highlight current systematic, geographical, and knowledge gaps in thermal ecology research. Our work should benefit those who aim to understand more fully how seasonality shapes thermal biology in lizards, ultimately contributing to the goal of elucidating the evolution of temperature‐sensitive traits in ectotherms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the impact of weather variables on insect pest dynamics and their diversity in the radish ecosystem through field experiments conducted for two years at a locality in the eastern Himalayas. The relationship with weather variables was studied with six different dates of sowing, and diversity was assessed using standard indices. Various organic management options were also evaluated. Results revealed that temperature had a positive impact, whereas relative humidity and rainfall negatively affected the population of insect pests. The radish ecosystem harbors diverse insect species, including natural enemies, with higher species richness (4.8–5.2) and lower year-to-year variability. Organic management strategies such as neem oil, Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium robertsii demonstrated good efficacy against flea beetles without compromising yield, resulting in 39.76%, 39.39%, and 38.71% pest reduction over control, respectively. These biopesticides also recorded less than half to one-fourth reduction in natural predators like coccinellids compared to cypermethrin, a chemical pesticide (74%). The study suggests that, under projected climate change with higher temperatures, pest populations are assumed to increase. Considering the insect diversity of the eastern Himalayas, organic management strategies will be an adaptation strategy to conserve biodiversity while ensuring environment-friendly pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of authors have discussed the role of climate change in periods of important biological and cultural transition along the hominin lineage. This paper establishes a biocultural framework elucidating human behavioural adaptations during the African Early and Middle Stone Age, centred on three crucial dimensions of hunter-gatherer adaptation: mobility, social network dynamics, and technology. We contend that landscape properties, specifically resource diversity and seasonal to inter-annual resource variability, can be used to model the specific responses of hominin groups to climate change over time, based on their awareness of these properties. Specifically, we focus on hominin technological generalisation and specialisation, meaning the extent to which there is a high degree of specificity (or fit) between final tool form and the task(s) in which the tool is deployed.In this regard, we argue that the archaeological record reveals punctuated and discontinuous specialisation during certain phases of the Early Stone Age driven by landscape predictability. These periods encourage the expression of relevant innovations and stepwise increases in technological complexity. While some of them become lost to demographic or cultural stochasticity, others end up forming the basis for a standardisation of generalised forms within the context of unexpected climatic deterioration. This is highlighted by the late Acheulean: following a period of greater generalisation in the late Early Pleistocene correlating with repeated and severe orbitally-forced periods of aridity, smaller biface forms become more common (or absent) and regional experimentation with prepared-core technology in Eastern Africa takes place in the context of a return to more humid and stable climatic conditions. The onset of more arid and variable climates associated with the emergence of the Middle Stone Age led to the continental expansion of the prepared-core technological substrate underpinning generalised assemblages. The cycle continues in the Middle Stone Age with a return to climatic stability in the Late Pleistocene and subsequent regional diversification of this techno-complex, in which hominins responded with greater toolkit specialisation in a number of different ways. In this context, we support the existence of a cyclical and non-linear relationship between environmental adaptation and cognitive evolution, as part of a wider biocultural feedback loop, which contributes to explain the evolutionary roots of our “generalist specialist” niche.

Abstract Ground temperature’s sensitivity to climate change has garnered attention. This study aimed to monitor and analyze temporal trends and estimate Active Layer Thickness from a monitoring point at Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, in Antarctica. Quality control and consistency analysis were performed on the data. Methods such as serial autocorrelation, Mann-Kendall, Sen-Slope, Pettitt, and regression analysis tests were applied. Spearman’s correlation examined the relationship between air temperature and ground depths. The active layer thickness was estimated using the maximum monthly temperature, and the permafrost lower limit used the minimum monthly temperature. Significant summer seasonal trends were observed with Mann-Kendall tau, positive Sen-Slope, and Pettitt slope at depths of 67.5 and 83.5 cm. The regression analysis was significant and positive for all ground depths and in different seasons. The highest correlation (r=0.82) between air temperature and surface ground depth was found. Freezing prevailed at all depths during 2008-2018. The average Active Layer Thickness (ALT) was 92.61 cm. Temperature is difficult to monitor, and its estimation is still complex. However, it stands out as a fundamental element for studies that refer to the impacts of climate change

This article, published in Frontiers in Plant Science, discusses advances in viticulture and new approaches towards the vineyard of the future. It highlights the impact of climate change on weather patterns and the wine industry, including increased occurrences of drought events, extreme rainfall, heat waves, and frost. The article emphasizes the need for private investment and fiscal spending on research and development, as well as a more social vision that incorporates diverse perspectives. The research topic includes studies on plant response to stress, organic management, and new technologies for vineyard management. It also emphasizes the importance of genetic diversity, soil fertility, and efficient irrigation in adapting viticulture to global warming. [Extracted from the article]

Six up-to-date reconstructions of hemispheric and global temperatures and two indices of volcanic activity were analyzed using both Fourier and wavelet approaches over time intervals of up to 1500 years. A cyclicity with a period of 188–250 years was found to be present in both the Northern Hemisphere temperature and volcanic activity. These cycles were found to be negatively correlated with the correlation coefficients, reaching values of −0.61–−0.68 over the entire time interval. The maximum correlation coefficient is reached when volcanic variations lead to temperature variations by 20 years. The combined probability of the null hypothesis—the proposition that in the Northern Hemisphere, there is no real association between the bicentennial change in volcanic activity and temperature and that the revealed correlations arose purely by chance—was found to be no more than 1.2 × 10−2 over the entire time interval and less than 10−2 over the time interval of AD 1270–1980. The effect was weaker for the global temperature and was not detected in the Southern Hemisphere. It is shown that the identified bicentennial temperature variation could have made a certain contribution to the warming in the first half of the 20th century. However, this cycle has probably been in decline for the last 40–50 years and the decline should continue for the next few decades. Possible origins of the revealed bicentennial correlations are discussed, and guidelines for further research are proposed.

Soil moisture is critical in the linkage between the land and atmosphere of energy and water exchange, especially over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, due to the lack of in situ plateau soil moisture measurements, the reanalyzed and assimilated data are the major supplements for TP climate research. Based on observations from 1992 to 2013, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of three sets of assimilation and reanalysis products (GLDAS, ERA5-Land, and MERRA-2) on the climatic mean and variability of soil moisture over the Tibetan Plateau (TPSM). For the climatic mean, GLDAS captures the spatial distribution and annual cycle of TPSM better than other datasets in terms of lower spatial RMSE (0.07 m3×m-3) and bias (0.06 m3×m-3). In terms of the climatic variability of TPSM, the multi-data average (MDA) highlights its advantages in reducing the bias relative to any single data product. MDA describes the TPSM anomalies more stably and accurately in terms of temporal trend and variation (r = 0.94), as well as the dipole spatial pattern in EOF1. When considering both the climatic mean and spatial variability, the performance of MDA is more accurate and balanced than that of a single data product. This study overcomes the deficiency of limited time and space in previous evaluations of TPSM and indicates that multi-data averaging may be a more effective approach in the climate investigation of TPSM.

In recent years, the impact of global warming has received increasing attention, and changes in climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation are certain to affect vegetation succession. To assess the impact of climate change on future vegetation succession more effectively, we need to obtain information from the history of vegetation succession. Here, we present a detailed record of the vegetation coverage in the northern margin of East Asian summer monsoon from 812 BCE to 2011 CE based on a well-dated high-resolution pollen influx record from Daihai Lake. The results showed that there were two different stages of high pollen influx: 812 to 500 BCE, when the forest coverage in the Daihai Lake region was the highest, and 1050 to 1550 CE, when the Daihai Lake region was covered by dense grassland vegetation. In other stages, especially after 1550 CE, the vegetation coverage in the Daihai Lake region was relatively sparse. Then, we compared the pollen influx record of Daihai Lake with proxy climate records from high and low latitudes as well as the solar variability through the last 3000 years. We found that the vegetation coverage in the Daihai Lake area was higher when the climate was cooler and wetter and lower when the climate was warmer and drier. We speculate that the vegetation coverage in the marginal region was substantially controlled by moisture conditions and was related to the hydrographic processes of the surface ocean in the tropical Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species diversity is crucial for promoting ecosystem resilience and stability. Species diversity promotes complementarity in resource use, resulting in a wider range of responses to adverse conditions. This enables populations of different species to fluctuate asynchronously, maintaining ecosystem functioning during extreme climatic events. However, incorporating such mechanisms into conservation decisions and ecosystem modelling requires scalable metrics that represent species diversity, which is currently lacking. To address this, we introduce spectral asynchrony, a metric that captures the spatial heterogeneity of species' functional responses occurring in distinct pixels. Here, we use remote sensing datasets to investigate the relationship between spectral asynchrony and productivity responses of seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) to climatic fluctuations. Our findings reveal that spectral asynchrony is associated with increased resistance and recovery of SDTF productivity in following extreme drought years, as well as greater productivity stability over two decades. Furthermore, higher spectral asynchrony was associated with relatively wetter regions, suggesting that increasing aridity across SDTF could potentially reduce landscape heterogeneity and limit ecosystem resilience to increasing droughts in the future. Spectral asynchrony provides an easily measurable and monitorable metric for assessing ecosystem responses to global changes, reflecting and scaling‐up the effects of species diversity at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The interrelation between climate change, biomass production, and rural poverty is an area of growing concern, as these factors are intricately linked and often exacerbate one another. The objective of this critical review is to investigate existing knowledge, identify research gaps, and explore how climate-induced disruptions affect biomass production, exacerbate rural poverty, and increase vulnerability. High-quality peer-review publications were sourced via Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to include the most relevant papers in line with the objective. A bibliometric analysis yielded three key concepts: (i) biofuel innovations and sustainable development, (ii) climate dynamics and biomass environmental impact, and (iii) rural poverty and energy challenges. The review delves into the complex interplay of factors influencing biomass production, climate change, and rural/remote poverty. Climate change intensifies the challenges rural communities face, enhancing their vulnerability to poverty. For these communities, biomass production not only offers a sustainable energy alternative but also a pathway to economic upliftment. Addressing climate change through sustainable biomass production emerges as a vital strategy, providing a dual solution by mitigating environmental degradation and offering a robust framework for poverty alleviation in rural areas. The review emphasizes the urgent need to integrate climate action, sustainable energy production, and rural economic development.

Assessing the dynamics of grassland functioning is critical for gaining an understanding of their feedback on rising aridity. In attempting to understand the response of grassland ecosystem functioning to aridity, the (i) relationships between biomass productivity (above- and belowground biomass: AGB and BGB, and their partitioning: BGB:AGB) and seasonal and annual aridity, and (ii) biomass allocation pattern between the AGB and BGB of C3- and C4-dominated grasslands in humid temperate, humid savanna, cold steppe, and savanna ecoregions were assessed. Results reveal that biomass productivity and its partitioning responded significantly to differences in growing season aridity, but the response patterns were not consistent for ecoregions. The decreased annual and seasonal biomass partitioning in humid savanna and cold steppe was associated with increased AGB and decreased BGB with accelerated aridity. There was a significant positive correlation in the biomass allocation pattern between the AGB and BGB of plants in three ecoregions, which supports the optimal partitioning theory. This study reveals that growing season aridity, rather than annual aridity, is the primary factor of biomass productivity and partitioning in the studied grasslands. These findings have significant repercussions for predicting ecosystem functioning and stability, restoring degraded ecosystems, and ensuring the sustainable management of grassland biodiversity. HIGHLIGHTS Ecosystem functioning under aridity has been assessed for four grassland ecoregions.; Significant changes in growing season biomass resulted from increasing growing season aridity.; Above- and belowground biomass showed a positive correlation and supported optimal partitioning theory.;

Primary forests provide critical climate regulation functions through the capture and storage of carbon in biomass reservoirs. The capacity of primary forests to sustain biomass levels and the possible consequences of warming-induced increases in extreme disturbances are unresolved questions. We investigated the drivers of biomass accumulation in European primary mountain forests in the Carpathians. We used inventory datasets from a continental-scale survey of remnant primary forests to quantify levels of aboveground live and dead biomass across mixed beech and spruce forest types. We formulated nonlinear regression models to estimate the effects of abiotic and biotic factors, including plot-level disturbance history and tree age using dendrochronological methods. Our analyses show that biomass stocks are comparable with stocks present in other primary forests of temperate regions. Highest mean total biomass in mixed beech forests was in southern landscapes (491 ± 81 Mg ha−1) and western for spruce forests (388 ± 106 Mg ha−1). Forests maintained positive biomass accumulation rates over centuries-long time frames, mean plot-level age peaking at ~ 225 years. We demonstrate that primary forests continue to function as carbon sinks at older ages. Preserving the integrity of unmanaged forests serves as an important climate mitigation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interrelation between climate change, biomass production, and rural poverty is an area of growing concern, as these factors are intricately linked and often exacerbate one another. The objective of this critical review is to investigate existing knowledge, identify research gaps, and explore how climate-induced disruptions affect biomass production, exacerbate rural poverty, and increase vulnerability. High-quality peer-review publications were sourced via Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to include the most relevant papers in line with the objective. A bibliometric analysis yielded three key concepts: (i) biofuel innovations and sustainable development, (ii) climate dynamics and biomass environmental impact, and (iii) rural poverty and energy challenges. The review delves into the complex interplay of factors influencing biomass production, climate change, and rural/remote poverty. Climate change intensifies the challenges rural communities face, enhancing their vulnerability to poverty. For these communities, biomass production not only offers a sustainable energy alternative but also a pathway to economic upliftment. Addressing climate change through sustainable biomass production emerges as a vital strategy, providing a dual solution by mitigating environmental degradation and offering a robust framework for poverty alleviation in rural areas. The review emphasizes the urgent need to integrate climate action, sustainable energy production, and rural economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey was carried out in the Mayo-Danay Division, Far-North Cameroon to assess rice farmer indigenous knowledge of the impact of climate change on rice production, their adaptation strategies. A sample of 140 of rice farmers was chosen at random in four rice growing municipality and was interviewed using a structured questionnaire with open and closed questions. The results showed that farmers clearly perceive climatic variations and their impact on rice production through the delay (89.00%) and decrease (87.00%) of rains, flooding (88.60%) and drought (85.00%). The impact of these climate changes on rice production was directly observed on the variation in yield according to the rice growing seasons and confirmed the perception of farmers. To cope with these climate variations, two types of adaptation strategies have been developed by farmers in area. This concerns varietal adaptation such as the use of improved varieties, and that of cultural practices such as direct seeding, transplanting, construction of protective or anti-erosion bunds and use of the fodder. It was a question of analyzing the farmer perception of the impact of climate change on rice production in Mayo-Danay Division. It appears that the farmers of Mayo-Danay perceived climatic disturbances in irrigated and rainfed rice cultivation. These preliminary results could contribute to sustainable management of rice cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses changes in the temperature and precipitation regimes against the background of ongoing climate change in arid climate. Climatic variability is considered not on the time intervals of equal duration, but during natural climatic periods of the state of the Earth's climate system: the first and second waves of global warming, the period of stabilization. Differences in the features of changes in the temperature and precipitation regimes on territories differing in a degree of climate continentality are revealed. Against the second wave of global warming, a degree of hydrometeorological risks of crop cultivation in the Saratov oblast is assessed using the probabilistic values of the hydrothermal coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water will be a major limitation to food production in the 21st century, and drought issues already prevail in many parts of the world. Finding solutions to ensure that farmers harvest profitable crops, and secure food supplies for families and feed for animals that will provide for them through to the next season are urgent necessities. The Interdrought community has been addressing this issue for almost 30 years in a series of international conferences, characterized by a multi-disciplinary approach across the domains of molecular biology, physiology, genetics, agronomy, breeding, environmental and social sciences, policy, and systems modeling. This special issue presents papers from the 7th edition of the conference, the first to be held in Africa, that paid special attention to drought in a smallholder context, adding a 'system' dimension to the crop focus from the previous Interdrought events (Varshney et al. , 2018 ; Hammer et al. , 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines changes in an AT-500 hPa surface pressure field across two natural periods of the earth's climate system: a period of stabilization and the second wave of global warming, divided into an active phase and a decelerated warming phase. The study area is the Atlantic-Eurasian sector of the hemisphere, where weather and climate instability is the highest. An analysis of climatic fields is performed for January and July. It is established that in both January and July the highest degree of zonality is typical for the active phase of the second wave of global warming. It is found that in January the climatic baric wave shifted along the west–east direction between natural climatic periods. A westward shift is observed during the stabilization period and the decelerated warming phase. Eastward wave movement is observed in the active phase of the second wave of global warming. In July, in the context of the west–east shift of the baric wave over most of European Russia, during the decelerated warming phase there emerged an anticyclonic core, which indicates an increase in the frequency of anticyclones over this territory. It is suggested that this restructuring of the pressure field contributes to an increase in the role of summer transformation processes in the ongoing climate warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shallow lakes of the Pampa region in Argentina are highly prone to variability in temperature and precipitation regime. These ecosystems are fundamental in environmental processes, but their presence and environmental services are unknown. Climate variability and agricultural activities have threatened them in recent decades by intervening and modifying the regional hydrography. This study seeks to monitor the evolution of shallow lakes and their relationship with climate variability over a period of 35 years using satellite imagery and meteorological data. It aims to study the dynamics in accordance with the change in temperature and precipitations. The historical collection of Landsat for 1986-2021 related to climate data through an ANCOVA analysis and a climate index of evapotranspiration-precipitation have been used. The results allow us to identify the distribution in the basin of the shallow lakes as semi-permanent, emphasizing that temperatures have a more substantial effect than the precipitations that would determine their presence or drying out. The proposed methodology frames the need to generate this type of information about the response of the hydrographic system to potential hazard and the identification of vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A catastrophic flood occurred on 7 February 2021 around 10:30 AM (local time) in the Rishiganga River, which has been attributed to a rockslide in the upper reach of the Raunthi River. The Resourcesat 2 LISS IV (8 February 2021) and CNES Airbus satellite imagery (9 February 2021) clearly show the location of displaced materials. The solar radiation observed was higher than normal by 10% and 25% on 6 and 7 February 2021, respectively, however, the temperature shows up to 34% changes. These conditions are responsible for the sudden change in instability in glacier blocks causing deadly rock-ice slides that led to the collapse of the hanging glacier as a wedge failure. The displaced materials mixed with ice, snow, and debris caused catastrophic floods downstream within no time that destroyed critical infrastructure and killed human lives. The hydrodynamic modelling (HEC-RAS software) shows mean flow velocity up to 22.4 ± 8.6 m/s with an average depth of 16.3 ± 6.5 m that caused deadly devastation in the source region and along the rivers due to the flow of water in the valley.

This study uses historical sources to extend the period of meteorological data in northeastern Nunavik (Quebec, Canada). Atmospheric temperature, wind strength and direction, and perception of temperature are extracted from instrumental, documentary, and narrative sources. Perceptions of temperature during the summer and winter months are sorted using a 5-point index based on climate and environmental observations. A confidence scale is elaborated based on the quality, density, and temporality of the sources. From 1880 to 1950, the climate normals of temperature remained similar; however, annual and decadal climatic variability is evident based on the mean monthly and seasonal temperature records and the temperature index. Compared to recent data (twenty-first century), the temperature was 1.5 °C colder. This paper also identifies a correlation between the historical data and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Extremely positive phases of the NAO are associated with colder-than-normal periods along the Hudson Strait. Harsh winters are documented in 1883–1885, 1906–1907, and 1913–1914, with predominant west and north-west winds. From 1920 to 1925, the cold winters induced the persistence of sea ice during the summers. Winters appeared to be snowier (1916–1918) during the extremely negative phases of the NAO, while the last decade of the record showed mild and rainy summers. The correlation between temperature and NAO anomalies suggests that northeastern Nunavik is regionally influenced by the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonality of rainfall is a key determinant of pasture availability, herd productivity, and hence pastoral livelihoods. Insufficient rain reduces pasture availability, limiting the ability to support livestock and dependent livelihoods. We assessed the implication of increased rainfall variability on pasture production and pastoral livelihoods in Simanjiro district, Tanzania. Household socioeconomic data were collected through a cross-sectional survey between March and June 2014. Simple random sampling was used to select 297 households. We used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based on remote sensing as a proxy for pasture availability to assess vegetation changes in the period 1982 to 2019 (using coarse resolution NDVI data available from 1982 to 2016 and higher spatial resolution data covering 2000–2019). Observed trends were related to data on household perceptions about changing rainfall patterns, pasture availability, and the livelihood implications of these changes. We performed multivariate regressions to predict pasture availability, livestock mortality, food security, and income by climatic shocks and herd management. We found a significant positive association between livestock mortality and extreme climatic events, including drought and flooding. We also found a positive association between household food insecurity and pasture scarcity, and livestock mortality. Our study shows that a higher spatial resolution of imagery combined with household surveys can offer a detailed understanding of the chain of relationships from climate to pasture availability, livestock mortality, and associated livelihoods. We recommend policy interventions that promote pastoralists’ capacity to better manage their activities in the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of climate change is found to be the most significant for agricultural practices in the alpine regions of the world. Apple orchards of Kalpa, Indian Himalaya, are facing the same dilemma. The main objective of this work is to analyze the effect of climate variability on the location of apple orchards through the computation of spatio-temporal dynamics of snow cover area, vegetation cover area and land surface temperature using earth observation based multispectral data analysis. Using the above variables, we have delineated suitable zones for apple cultivation using the analytical hierarchy process method. The IMD data have been used for descriptive statistics, Mann–Kendall (MK) test and Sen's slope estimation to detect temporal trends in local climatic conditions since 1987. The result indicates a significant rise in annual and seasonal temperatures, especially during the winter and spring seasons, along with declining precipitation, which has been assessed with the help of farmers' opinions. Shifting of the apple orchards along with vegetation covers from lower to higher altitudes, in the study area, squeezed the suitable zone in the limited pockets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Variability and trend of coastal flooding in the Cuban archipelago during 1901‐2020 is analyzed. Chronology and classification of these extreme events by provinces were used, as well as the hypothesis test of the proportion to compare two sample of same population. The results confirm an increase, statistically significates for the 5% significance level, of coastal flooding frequency on all Cuban coasts since 1981; while the most intense events have occurred during XXI Century, due to of the affectation a Cuba of eleven major hurricanes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation deficits are the main physical drivers of droughts across the globe, and their level of persistence can be characterized by the Hurst coefficient H (0.5 < H < 1), with high H indicating strong long‐term persistence (LTP). Previous analyses of point and gridded annual global precipitation datasets have concluded that LTP in precipitation is weak (H ∼ 0.6) which is inconsistent with higher values of H for large river basins, for example, the Nile. Based on an analysis of gridded annual precipitation data for eight selected regions distributed across the globe, an important new finding is that H increases with the spatial scale of averaging, with mean H values at the grid and regional scale of 0.66 and 0.83, respectively. The discovery of enhanced LTP at the regional scale of averaging of precipitation has important implications for characterizing the severity of regional droughts, as well as LTP in the annual flows of large rivers and recharge to major aquifers. Teleconnections with known modes of low frequency variability in the global climate system are demonstrated using correlation analysis and stepwise regression. Despite having several constituent regions exhibiting LTP, the Northern Hemisphere surprisingly has no LTP; this is shown to result from different modes of low frequency climatic variability canceling each other out. LTP for the Southern Hemisphere is moderate, and weak for Global average precipitation. LTP in Blue Nile basin scale precipitation is shown to explain the Hurst Phenomenon in naturalized annual flows for the River Nile, more than 70 years after its discovery by Hurst. Plain Language Summary: In the 1950s, Harold Edwin Hurst, a British physicist and hydrologist, observed that the annual river Nile flows exhibited long‐term persistence (LTP) where alternating periods of above and below average flows could be unusually long. He characterized LTP using a parameter H which increases from 0.5 (no LTP) up to a limit of 1, and found H of 0.90 for Nile flows. Analyses of long precipitation gauge records have typically given values of H in the range 0.55–0.60, leading some to conclude that precipitation could not account for the stronger LTP in the flows of the Nile and other large rivers. We analyze a long gridded global annual precipitation data set and find that, for eight selected regions, the average value of H increased from 0.66 at the grid scale to 0.83 at the regional scale of averaging. As flows in large rivers result from precipitation gathered over large upstream areas, this explains why the Nile exhibits LTP. Strong LTP at the regional scale is shown to be linked to known long‐term fluctuations in the climate system. Our findings have important implications for characterizing the risks of droughts which can extend over large areas. Key Points: For selected climatic regions, long‐term persistence in gridded annual precipitation data increases with the spatial scale of averagingLong‐term persistence at the regional scale of averaging is linked to large scale modes of fluctuation in the climate systemLong‐term persistence in basin average precipitation for the Blue Nile is shown to explain the Hurst Phenomenon for the Nile at Aswan [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is one of the greatest environmental challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. This change is having a negative impact on the world, and in particular on the Southern part of the Mediterranean. Climate projections predict a reduction in precipitation, with mountainous regions being the hardest hit. The intensity of the effects of climate variability will particularly affect humid and sub-humid areas, such as the Ouergha watershed in Northern Morocco. The aim of this study is to analyse the evolution of annual precipitation between 1960 and 2020, and to assess its impact on the spatio-temporal evolution of bioclimatic stages and to make future projections of bioclimatic stages according to two scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The results of the study indicate a significant drop in water supply, estimated at around 30% over the studied period. A sharp drop in precipitation marked the months of the wet seasons. The effects of this decline on local ecosystems are manifold. The semi-arid and sub-humid bioclimatic stages have replaced the humid and hyper-humid stages, whereas the RCP scenarios show that the rate of change reaches 34.4%. This led to an amplification of the water crisis during the dry seasons.