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Purpose: Climate hazards in the form of cyclones are projected to become more intense under the pressures of future climate change. These changes represent a growing hazard to low lying coastal cities like Beira, Mozambique. In 2019, Beira experienced the devastating impact of Cyclone Idai. One of the many impacts resulting from this Cyclone was disrupted drinking water access. This investigation explores the distribution of Cyclone Idai's impact on drinking water access via an environmental justice lens, exploring how preexisting water access characteristics may have predisposed households to the impacts of Cyclone Idai in Beria. Design/methodology/approach: Relying on household survey data collected in Beira, the investigation applied a decision tree algorithm to investigate how drinking water disruption was distributed across the household survey sample using these preexisting vulnerabilities. Findings: The investigation found that households that mainly relied upon piped water sources and experienced inconsistent access to water in the year prior to Cyclone Idai were more likely to experience disrupted drinking water access immediately after Cyclone Idai. The results indicate that residents in formal areas of Beira, largely reliant upon piped water supply, experienced higher rates of disrupted drinking water access following Cyclone Idai. Originality/value: These findings question a commonly held assumption that informal areas are more vulnerable to climate hazards, like cyclones, than formal areas of a city. The findings support the inclusion of informal settlements in the design of climate change adaptation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a real, emerging issue in the rural sanitation sector. In an already stressed context, they threaten sustained sanitation progress and outcomes. Yet, evidence gaps continue to exist on how climate impacts affect rural sanitation and hygiene practices and the narratives of people and households at the forefront, experiencing climate impacts on sanitation in rural areas are largely absent. The sector also needs more thinking on how programming can adapt to consider climate hazards. This paper builds evidence on climate impacts on rural sanitation practices through case studies in Burkina Faso, Bangladesh and Lao PDR. Studies were undertaken through various participatory methodologies to understand and respond to lived experience, differentially experienced impacts and tacit knowledge of climate impacts on rural sanitation. Climate hazards affect sanitation via numerous, dynamic interlinking pathways. The social context and local anthropogenic activities shape how these hazards impact physical access to sanitation infrastructure, access to local resources and markets, and livelihoods needed to support safe sanitation. These impacts include behaviours and practices, infrastructure, and people's capacity to invest in sanitation. Strong implications have emerged for how sanitation practice, research and policy must evolve to account for climate hazards to ensure sustained sanitation outcomes, systemic resilience and programme delivery. The rural sanitation sector must recognize the various interlinkages and distinct experiences of climate across people's daily lives as they have cascading impacts on sanitation practice. Climate considerations must be integrated at every stage of sanitation project delivery, and more holistic pathways must be explored, to ensure root causes of systemic issues such as poverty and vulnerability are considered for sustained and transformative outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the role of diverse climatic vulnerabilities and socio- economic variables in explaining Bangladeshi rural households' livelihood choices and the synergies that exist across the choices. We develop a multivariate probit model for analysing a dataset of 5,604 households that is representative of rural Bangladesh. The findings reveal a landscape where agriculture-based strategies predominate, with households strategically combining various approaches. Households complement agriculture-based strategies, while substituting beyond agriculture-based strategies. Climate stressors such as flood, salinity, river erosion, drought, storms and cyclones induce notable shifts in livelihood choices. Among these, the most prominent is the substantial influence of storm and cyclone vulnerability. Migration is more prevalent in areas susceptible to salinity, storms and cyclones, while casual labour prevails in drought-prone and flood-vulnerable regions. Households residing in the economically marginalized and environmentally vulnerable feed-the-future (FtF) zone make distinct decisions regarding income strategies compared to their counterparts in other rural areas across the country. Households in this zone exhibit a higher likelihood of opting for specific agriculture-based income sources and casual labour, while self-employment, migration and salaried jobs are less favoured. Furthermore, we elucidate the pivotal role of infrastructure, information access and institutional factors in shaping income sources. Households in different divisions make distinct livelihood choices, especially in agriculture. Ultimately, the findings advocate for precise interventions tailored to climate vulnerabilities. This includes enhancements in road connectivity, the utilization of mobile banking and the provision of extension services, with a specific focus on geographically marginalized and climate-vulnerable regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sand and dust storms (SDS) pose a wide range of hazards to human society, affecting people in drylands and beyond. This paper, based on a wide-ranging review of the scientific and grey literature, presents, for the first time, a comprehensive synthesis of mitigation and adaptation interventions designed to manage the risks involved and thus build resilience to these SDS hazards in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (Sendai Framework) and the Sustainable Development Goals. It highlights case studies and good practice examples of measures available to reduce the risks and impacts associated with SDS beyond SDS source areas. These measures, which are interrelated and complementary, are summarized under education initiatives (for schools, specific sectors and vulnerable groups), risk/impact assessments (involving information on hazard, exposure and vulnerability), vulnerability assessment/mapping, integrated monitoring and early warning (using the World Meteorological Organization's Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System, or SDS-WAS) and emergency response and risk reduction plans (including contingency planning). Many of these measures are developed for other hazards, but not for SDS. Data availability is an important issue in this regard, and the example of Kuwait illustrates that even with a relatively good understanding of SDS, many aspects of impact mitigation remain poorly understood. Developing appropriate responses to SDS hazards is a matter of some urgency given climate change projections that indicate more frequent and intense SDS emissions due to increased aridity and worsening drought conditions (frequency, severity and duration). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a real, emerging issue in the rural sanitation sector. In an already stressed context, they threaten sustained sanitation progress and outcomes. Yet, evidence gaps continue to exist on how climate impacts affect rural sanitation and hygiene practices and the narratives of people and households at the forefront, experiencing climate impacts on sanitation in rural areas are largely absent. The sector also needs more thinking on how programming can adapt to consider climate hazards. This paper builds evidence on climate impacts on rural sanitation practices through case studies in Burkina Faso, Bangladesh and Lao PDR. Studies were undertaken through various participatory methodologies to understand and respond to lived experience, differentially experienced impacts and tacit knowledge of climate impacts on rural sanitation. Climate hazards affect sanitation via numerous, dynamic interlinking pathways. The social context and local anthropogenic activities shape how these hazards impact physical access to sanitation infrastructure, access to local resources and markets, and livelihoods needed to support safe sanitation. These impacts include behaviours and practices, infrastructure, and people’s capacity to invest in sanitation. Strong implications have emerged for how sanitation practice, research and policy must evolve to account for climate hazards to ensure sustained sanitation outcomes, systemic resilience and programme delivery. The rural sanitation sector must recognize the various interlinkages and distinct experiences of climate across people’s daily lives as they have cascading impacts on sanitation practice. Climate considerations must be integrated at every stage of sanitation project delivery, and more holistic pathways must be explored, to ensure root causes of systemic issues such as poverty and vulnerability are considered for sustained and transformative outcomes.

This study explores the complex dynamics of Fiji's sugarcane industry, shedding light on the challenges it faces and the implications for agricultural system resilience and sustainability. The primary aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between climatic and non-climatic stressors and farmers' decisions to abandon sugarcane farming. A total of 900 farmers were surveyed, which corresponds to approximately 7.5% of the sugarcane farming population in the country. Farmers were sampled using a stratified disproportional random sampling technique, by surveying 300 farmers from each of the three primary sugarcane mill regions in Fiji (Labasa, Lautoka, and Rarawai). Results depict an aging farming population with small land holdings, and limited income and agricultural diversification. While only 4% of farmers are currently considering abandoning sugarcane farming, a further 17.9% are uncertain about their future in the industry. The majority of farmers have been impacted by climate hazards, primarily tropical cyclones and floods, but the degree to which these hazards have affected livelihoods has had an effect on farmers' willingness to remain in the industry and on the extent to which they implement reactive or anticipatory responses to hazards. The study highlights the need for coordinated efforts to support sustainable intensification and planned adaptation, especially in the face of climate-induced vulnerabilities, this should be a priority as the sector continues to navigate sustainability issues. Additionally, it underscores the importance of transforming the industry to address both climatic and non-climatic stressors. Ultimately, this research offers valuable insights into the multifaceted issues confronting Fiji's sugarcane sector, and the broader agricultural systems it represents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals enter our environment through diverse resources, causing harmful effects owing to their inherent toxicity and facile migration into aqueous medium, becoming an environmental challenge. Among technologies able to remove these contaminants, the adsorption process emerges as a promising application for water treatment. Herein, functionalized silica magnetic nanoparticles using inorganic and organic have been employed as adsorbents to remove environmental hazards from wastewater effectively. Magnetic silicate core-shell amino-functionalized (Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -AP) nanocomposites were synthesised using acrylic acid (AA) and para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) as dual copolymer for Cd (II) removal. The characterization analysis confirmed the formed crystal nanostructure and the copolymers were chemically introduced in the magnetic silicate core-shell nanoparticle. The Cd (II) adsorption results on (Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -AP) nanocomposites achieved an impressive q max of 32.50 mg/g at pH 8, adsorbent dosage of 3 g/L, and Cd (II) concentration of 100 ppm. The laboratory-scale fixed-bed column showed the breakthrough curves are flow rate independent, achieving metal removal of 99% for 405 min, at pH 8, influent ion concentration of 100 ppm, flow rate of 5 mL/min, and 1 cm bed height. The Freundlich model was the most suitable for fitting equilibrium data (R2 adj = 0.981) indicating a multi-layer adsorption phenomenon in the heterogeneous surface sites of the (Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -AP) nanocomposites. The pseudo-second-order model (R2 adj =0.999) confirms that the adsorption rate depends on nanocomposites active sites and occurs by chemical sorption mechanism. The reusability adsorption-desorption experiments slightly decreased from 97.5 to 86.7% in the sixth cycle stability, demonstrating the material stability. [Display omitted] • Sustainable magnetic silicate core-shell amino-functionalised nanocomposites were synthesised. • Multi-layered adsorption by Cd(II)-nanoparticles complex interactions, breakthrough curves are independent of flow rate. • Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -AP recovered by an external magnetic field-driven. • Adsorption was driven by hydrogen bonding and coordination bonds. • High material stability and reusability after the sixth cycle was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of climate change in Serbia was done using the data available from the Digital Climate Atlas of Serbia. It includes observed climate change and future climate change projections according to scenarios of greenhouse gases emissions, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, until the end of 21st century, compared to the reference period 1961-1990. According to the main climate change indicator, change of average air temperature, climate change is accelerating. Results showed that climate conditions in the mid-century period are known with high reliability, while changes of climate conditions in the second half of the century depend on reductions of global net emissions of greenhouse gases, i.e. on the fulfillment of the Paris agreement. In this paper, the changes in climate hazards are presented. They are of highest significance for risk increase in health and safety and in agriculture. For the mid-century period, an expected increase of average air temperature for Serbia is about 3.1°C. Expected frequency of extreme precipitation is at least once per year. Each year is most likely expected to be a year with drought. Average frequency of days per year, with temperatures above 35°C, for the territory of Serbia, will be in the range of 9-13, compared to one day in the reference period. In the paper the summary of climate change characteristics in Serbia is also given, based on the presented results and results derived from the literature, categorized into groups of climate hazards, which cause: too warm conditions, too wet conditions, too dry conditions and storms.

Climate change, triggered by the direct and indirect effects of urbanization, seriously threatens the ecosystem, earth cycles, and vitality. It is quite complex to investigate the reasons for the devastating effect of extreme events that occur with the impact of climate change. However, future projections based on probabilities are needed for governments and urban planning to develop strategies and manage the crisis on a global scale. This research aims to simulate the effects of climate change on temperature, precipitation, and climate classes, which are the basic parameters in spatio-temporal conditions. In this context, within the framework of SSPs 245 and SSPs 585 scenarios defined by The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, forecast maps were produced by using De Martonne (IDM), Emberger (IE), and Lang (IL) indexes in twenty-year periods until 2100. IDM reveals that arid areas not included in the area today will constitute 41.96% of the site according to 2100 models. The IE classification estimates that very humid areas will decrease from 58.36 to 0.23%. According to IL, while humid regions (90.86%) occupy a prominent place, they will reduce to 0.42% in 2100 and turn into semi-humid areas (69.43%). The research presents climate risk and the devastating threat facing the world by simulating shifts in the most common climate classes according to different climate class indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LIFE BAETULO (www.life-baetulo.eu) is a European pilot project funded by the EU LIFE Climate Action programme, coordinated by AQUATEC (AGBAR Group) and with a duration of 2.5 years (from July 2020 to December 2022). The main project solution (an integrated early warning system, IEWS) is implemented as a technical and adaptive means to reduce exposure and vulnerability of urban assets and citizens to climate change. IEWS considers major climate change-induced hazards such as floods, combined sewer overflows, storm surges, heatwaves, cold waves, snowfalls, windstorms, air pollution and forest fires. The IEWS platform is built on top of existing infrastructure such as meteorological and weather services, drainage infrastructure monitoring systems and official information channels. It is a multi-risk approach, in contrast with classic sectorial solutions which focus on just one hazard at a time. This paper describes the objectives of the project, the architecture of the IEWS, the methodology used for its validation and the expected results and benefits for the city of Badalona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the complex dynamics of Fiji’s sugarcane industry, shedding light on the challenges it faces and the implications for agricultural system resilience and sustainability. The primary aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between climatic and non-climatic stressors and farmers’ decisions to abandon sugarcane farming. A total of 900 farmers were surveyed, which corresponds to approximately 7.5% of the sugarcane farming population in the country. Farmers were sampled using a stratified disproportional random sampling technique, by surveying 300 farmers from each of the three primary sugarcane mill regions in Fiji (Labasa, Lautoka, and Rarawai). Results depict an aging farming population with small land holdings, and limited income and agricultural diversification. While only 4% of farmers are currently considering abandoning sugarcane farming, a further 17.9% are uncertain about their future in the industry. The majority of farmers have been impacted by climate hazards, primarily tropical cyclones and floods, but the degree to which these hazards have affected livelihoods has had an effect on farmers’ willingness to remain in the industry and on the extent to which they implement reactive or anticipatory responses to hazards. The study highlights the need for coordinated efforts to support sustainable intensification and planned adaptation, especially in the face of climate-induced vulnerabilities, this should be a priority as the sector continues to navigate sustainability issues. Additionally, it underscores the importance of transforming the industry to address both climatic and non-climatic stressors. Ultimately, this research offers valuable insights into the multifaceted issues confronting Fiji’s sugarcane sector, and the broader agricultural systems it represents.

Climate hazards threaten the health and wellbeing of people living in urban areas. This study characterized reported climate hazards, adaptation action, and barriers to adaptation in 124 Latin American cities, and associations of climate hazards with urban social and built environment characteristics. We examined cities that responded to a global environmental disclosure system and that were included in the Urban Health in Latin America (SALURBAL) Project database.The cities studied reported a median of three climate hazards. The most reported hazards were storms (61%) water scarcity (57%) extreme temperature (52%) and wildfires (51%). Thirty-eight percent of cities reported four or more distinct types of hazards. City size, density, GDP, and greenness were related to hazard reports, and although most cities reported taking actions to reduce vulnerability to climate change, 23% reported no actions at all. The most frequently reported actions were hazard mapping and modeling (47%) and increasing vegetation or greenspace coverage (45%). Other actions, such as air quality initiatives and urban planning, were much less common (8% and 3%, respectively). In terms of challenges in adapting to climate change, 35% of cities reported no challenges. The most frequently reported challenges were urban environment and development (43%) and living conditions (35%). Access to data, migration, public health, and safety/security were rarely reported as challenges. Our results suggest that climate hazards are recognized, but that adaptation responses are limited and that many important challenges to response action are not fully recognized.This study contributes to understanding of local priorities, ongoing actions, and required support for urban climate vulnerability assessment and adaptation responses. Findings suggest the need for future research documenting local perceptions of climate hazards and comparison with documented climate hazards.

The challenges associated with climate change are increasing, so there is an urgent need for modern tools to effectively assess, predict and minimise climate risks. This research paper presents the results of the development of the innovative Community Climate Change Impacts Service (C3IS) system, which represents a paradigm shift in climate risk analysis. C3IS is a module that includes a pioneering set of tools with an interactive application programming interface (API) fully integrated with the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The C3IS module enables lightning-fast collection and visualisation (in real time) of critical climate risk data through flexible integration with GEE. The advantages of this integration are the ability to use the GEE platform to access an extensive petabyte-scale catalogue of geospatial data and an ever-expanding database of satellite imagery. The defining feature of the developed module is accessibility and usability due to the exclusion of operations such as the time-consuming preliminary processing of "big data"; complex modelling; and large-scale data storage. The study shows the promising application of the C3IS module for the operational decision making and development of sound strategies for effective climate change mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities face substantial risks of economic and physical losses from repeated exposure to climate hazards exacerbated by climate change. Drawing from the climate action and policy mix literatures, this study conceptualizes "climate action mix" defined as the diverse policy actions adopted by city governments to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate hazards. This study makes a key contribution by analyzing the relation between the variety of hazards and the diversity of cities' climate action mixes. Deploying a modified Shannon diversity index, we develop a new measure of climate action mix by considering the breadth across different actions, and the depth of these efforts as measured by the progress along the policy cycle. We study an expansive range of mitigation and adaptation actions without imposing any domain or jurisdictional limitations in 162 cities across the United States. The analysis reveals a bifurcation in approaches where some cities have not adopted any policies, while others have a diverse mix of adaptation and mitigation actions in various stages of policy progression. We find that climate hazards drive local action—cities that experience multiple threats react by taking a diverse mix of climate actions. Cities broadly utilize global climate networks that offer policy learning opportunities and local networks that might promote a shared understanding of environmental threats leading to diverse climate action mixes. Finally, a city's capacity to develop climate adaptation and mitigation plans is positively related to a diverse portfolio of climate actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change presents a major social, economic and political challenge for the Slovak Republic. The majority of municipal administrations are unaware of the potential climate risks they face today and in the coming years. Identifying risks posed by climate change and its inevitable impacts is an essential part of developing adaptation policies. While national adaptation policies have historically been formulated in an ad hoc manner, an evidence-based approach that relies on data is increasingly informing policy decisions. This paper provides an overview of the country's adaptation policy context and presents a methodology - and the results of its application - for measuring climate change risks with respect to heat, drought and extreme precipitation. The results aim to inform future budget allocation decisions for climate change adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a global problem that challenges humanity. Global warming, which is expected to bring extreme weather events, exposes human health, ecological systems, and ultimately the economy to great risks. Although the economy affects climate change, climate change also affects the economy. The effects of climate change on the economy in the short term can be positive or negative, but in the long term there is a consensus that global GDP will on average experience a significant reduction depending on the intensity of global warming. In addition to the small direct impact through disruption of economic inputs, the indirect impact through the transmission mechanism of productivity and investments on GDP is complex. However, climate impacts are not expected to have an equal negative impact on all economies in the world, and the Republic of North Macedonia is in the group of counties less vulnerable to climate change. In this paper, we will apply the SECAP methodology for assessment of climate risks and vulnerability of the local economy of the City of Skopje. For this purpose, we will do an in-depth analysis of the local economy through the sectoral approach. The City of Skopje is an administrative city, and the sectors that are most vulnerable to climate change, such as agriculture, forestry, fishing and construction, are marginal. An increase in the intensity of the extreme weather is expected, especially the increase in temperatures in all seasons with increased precipitation and flash floods. Therefore, an increase in climatic risks is expected in the local economy in the City of Skopje in relation to the current vulnerability. Аlthough some sectors would be negatively affected by climatic change, the general assessment is that the economy of the City of Skopje will remain moderately vulnerable to future climate risks. It is because of the expectations for strong adaptability of local businesses and change of business models according to the new economic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research paper entitled "Impact of Climate Change on Global Ecosystem and SDGs" is an attempt to define the climate change, its scope, adaptability, vulnerability and risk particularly in the context of its direct impact on cities globally. It is observed and learnt from various research studies and recent literature review on climate change impact and risks associated with it not only on the cities globally, but also its severe impact on the ecosystem due to its variability and forms as there are variations/changes/occurrences of climate hazards at different points of time including the uncertainty of climate change hazards and vulnerabilities associated with it. The onset of COVID-19 pandemic and its severity have also put tremendous pressure on the ecosystem and have resulted in climatic disorders thereby leading to serious imbalances in climate change across the ecosystem. A mention has also been made particularly with regards to the role of UN Security Council and the UNDRR agency in addressing climate change hazards, vulnerabilities, risks globally. The study has made a mention of the recent research studies/literature review on climate change and its impact on the ecosystem in the context of posing a threat to humanity and its wellbeing and health of the global ecosystem, integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation, impact of climate change on SIDS, adapting to new climate reality, nature-based solutions & natural variability, climate risk response, physical hazards and socioeconomic impacts and response, assessment and computation of climate change models capturing the related probabilistic functions, regressive behavior and non-linearity of climate change risk models etc., The paper also focuses on the quantitative assessment of climate change risk at an urban scale, impact on infrastructure services, process of decarbonization at scale including review of recent progress and outlook for future, research on downscaling of large-scale climate change to a local scale and its integration with the global scale and its effects, The other aspects covered in the study include major challenges in climate change, simulation of urban development and micro climate and vulnerability, risk identification in climate change, vulnerability of economy and wealth, ecosystem and biodiversity, resource availability, climate forcing among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges associated with climate change are increasing, so there is an urgent need for modern tools to effectively assess, predict and minimise climate risks. This research paper presents the results of the development of the innovative Community Climate Change Impacts Service (C3IS) system, which represents a paradigm shift in climate risk analysis. C3IS is a module that includes a pioneering set of tools with an interactive application programming interface (API) fully integrated with the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The C3IS module enables lightning-fast collection and visualisation (in real time) of critical climate risk data through flexible integration with GEE. The advantages of this integration are the ability to use the GEE platform to access an extensive petabyte-scale catalogue of geospatial data and an ever-expanding database of satellite imagery. The defining feature of the developed module is accessibility and usability due to the exclusion of operations such as the time-consuming preliminary processing of “big data”; complex modelling; and large-scale data storage. The study shows the promising application of the C3IS module for the operational decision making and development of sound strategies for effective climate change mitigation.

The climate science and applications communities need a broad and demand‐driven concept to assess physical climate conditions that are relevant for impacts on human and natural systems. Here, we augment the description of the "climatic impact‐driver" (CID) approach adopted in the Working Group I (WGI) contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report. CIDs are broadly defined as "physical climate system conditions (e.g., means, events, and extremes) that affect an element of society or ecosystems. Depending on system tolerance, CIDs and their changes can be detrimental, beneficial, neutral, or a mixture of each across interacting system elements and regions." We give background information on the IPCC Report process that led to the development of the 7 CID types (heat and cold, wet and dry, wind, snow and ice, coastal, open ocean, and other) and 33 distinct CID categories, each of which may be evaluated using a variety of CID indices. This inventory of CIDs was co‐developed with WGII to provide a useful collaboration point between physical climate scientists and impacts/risk experts to assess the specific climatic phenomena driving sectoral responses and identify relevant CID indices within each sector. The CID Framework ensures that a comprehensive set of climatic conditions informs adaptation planning and risk management and may also help prioritize improvements in modeling sectoral dynamics that depend on climatic conditions. CIDs contribute to climate services by increasing coherence and neutrality when identifying and communicating relevant findings from physical climate research to risk assessment and planning activities. Plain Language Summary: Climatic impact‐drivers (CIDs) are climate conditions that affect the things we care about in nature and society. We deepen the motivation and definitions that allowed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to identify 33 distinct CID categories including extreme heat, hydrological drought, severe wind storm, permafrost, relative sea level, marine heatwaves, and air pollution weather. Each CID category may be analyzed with specific indices that inform adaptation, mitigation and risk management. The CID Framework allows us to avoid universally labeling a climate condition as a "hazard," recognizing that the same physical condition may be detrimental for some and beneficial or inconsequential for others. This approach allows climate scientists to engage with impacts and risk experts to target specific tolerance thresholds that are system‐ and sector‐dependent. This more comprehensive description of the CID Framework provides a practical foundation for climate research, climate and impact model development, risk assessments and climate service product creation. Key Points: Deepens explanation of Climatic Impact‐Driver (CID) Framework utilized in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment ReportsDistinguishes practical CID types and categories that allows climate information to target conditions that affect the things we care aboutNeutral Framework does not pre‐judge beneficial, detrimental or neutral outcomes which are system‐ and sector‐dependent [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The climate science and applications communities need a broad and demand‐driven concept to assess physical climate conditions that are relevant for impacts on human and natural systems. Here, we augment the description of the “climatic impact‐driver” (CID) approach adopted in the Working Group I (WGI) contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report. CIDs are broadly defined as “physical climate system conditions (e.g., means, events, and extremes) that affect an element of society or ecosystems. Depending on system tolerance, CIDs and their changes can be detrimental, beneficial, neutral, or a mixture of each across interacting system elements and regions.” We give background information on the IPCC Report process that led to the development of the 7 CID types (heat and cold, wet and dry, wind, snow and ice, coastal, open ocean, and other) and 33 distinct CID categories, each of which may be evaluated using a variety of CID indices. This inventory of CIDs was co‐developed with WGII to provide a useful collaboration point between physical climate scientists and impacts/risk experts to assess the specific climatic phenomena driving sectoral responses and identify relevant CID indices within each sector. The CID Framework ensures that a comprehensive set of climatic conditions informs adaptation planning and risk management and may also help prioritize improvements in modeling sectoral dynamics that depend on climatic conditions. CIDs contribute to climate services by increasing coherence and neutrality when identifying and communicating relevant findings from physical climate research to risk assessment and planning activities.

The decision to migrate involves multiple causes and motivations with environmental factors subsumed by economic and other dimensions. Deltas are rich in natural resources but are also vulnerable to environmental hazards making them a hotspot for out-migration. In spite of some infrastructural interventions, specifically in the Volta Delta, to minimize the environmental effects, there is scant evidence of their impacts on livelihoods and the potential to reverse out-migration trends and aspirations. Additionally, there is little knowledge on the key drivers of migration in the area. Using data from the 2016 DECCMA household survey in Ghana, we found that exposure to drought does not trigger migration intentions, however, exposure to erosion and salinity do. Households capable of diverse adaptation options have a higher likelihood of migration intention. Households whose main livelihood is ecosystem-based were less likely to have the intention to migrate compared with those whose livelihoods were non-ecosystem based. The study provides insights into future migration intentions and drivers of migration in the Volta Delta.

• The adsorption analysis of heavy metals was carried out using GO/CuO-NPs. • Characterization showed uniform distributions of GO over CuO-NPs. • Maximum Ni2+ and Cd2+ removal of 99.16 and 98.84 % were observed at 15 min time. • The optimum results were observed at flow rate of 4 mL/min and a bed height of 1 cm. • Pseudo-second order model and Langmuir isotherms were best fitted with data. During the past few decades, water contamination has raised a huge concern due to rapid industrialization, agricultural wastes, metal galvanizations, and leather industries as a result of the discharge of organic pollutants, dyes and heavy metals. The present study investigates the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and graphene oxide-copper oxide nanoparticles (GO/CuO-NPs) for heavy metal ions adsorption like Ni2+ and Cd2+ from wastewater. For this purpose, batch and continuous adsorption studies were performed. The chemical and physical characteristics were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and AFM. AFM analysis confirmed the hexagonal structure and an average diameter of 79.91, 82.01 and 21.45 nm for GO/CuO-NP, CuO n , and CuO m , respectively. In batch scale, it is concluded that GO/CuO-NPs showed the best adsorption capacity for Ni2+ and Cd2+ than CuO n and CuO m at pH value of 8, adsorbent dose of 250 mg, initial concentration of 50 mg/L, a contact time of 15 min. GO/CuO-NP showed the maximum Ni2+ and Cd2+ removal of 99.16 and 98.84 % respectively at 15 min contact time. Similarly, the maximum Ni2+ and Cd2+ ions removal of about 99.37 and 99.18 % was observed with GO/CuO-NPs at an adsorbent dose of 250 mg and 50 mg/L dye concentration. The adsorbent isotherm and kinetic analysis revealed that the results were best fitted with Langmuir isotherms and the Pseudo-second order model, respectively. While in continuous adsorption analysis, GO/CuO-NPs showed the best adsorption capacity for Ni2+ and Cd2+ than CuO n and CuO m at an initial concentration of 50 to 75 mg/L, a flow rate of 4 mL/min, and a bed height of 1.5 to 2 cm. However, the present study provides valuable insight into novel nanocomposites' development to eliminate Ni2+ and Cd2+ from industrial wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous regions across the globe are facing water shortage challenges, and domestic water demands are predicted to grow vastly by 2050. In this regard, household water-saving measures are critical to adapt to future risks. Few studies have evaluated the association between climate change-related threats and their impacts on water-saving activities and intentions. However, a limitation in this line of research is the assumption that only the hazards that directly affect water shortages, such as drought, can influence water conservation behaviors. Our study takes a step forward to examine the possible association between other types of extreme climate events (in addition to drought) and household water-saving behavioral willingness. Mexico is used as a case study. The information from the most recent versions of two Mexican national surveys is employed. The potential roles of three demographic characteristics (age, gender, and education) are also investigated. We found that recent experience of harsh climatic events positively affects willingness to adopt water-saving measures (although this is a small effect). The results validate the significance of experiential knowledge as a driver to increase the willingness to act responsibly regarding water challenges. The lessons we derive are of significance for Mexico and other settings facing water crises and natural hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of climate change on the aquaculture sector, which both supports livelihoods and is a source of nutrition in Kenya, is of concern. This study seeks to assess how stakeholders understand the impact of climate change on the aquaculture sector in Kenya, with a view to highlighting the steps needed towards enhancing the adaptation of aquaculture infrastructure to climate change. The study adopts a complementary mix of data collection methods (workshops, interviews, questionnaires, and field visits) implemented in four case study sites (Kakamega, Kajiado, Nairobi, and Kiambu). The findings of this study indicate that the most important climate hazard impacting aquaculture in Kenya is drought. It is estimated that about 40% of the potential growth of the subsector is lost due to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change. However, only a handful of farmers have opted for adaptation measures mainly because they are considered expensive. Facilitating the adequate adaptation of aquaculture practice to climate change will require a focus on improving the fish production infrastructure, improved aquaculture feeds, and policy changes. Overall, this study shows that for the sector in Kenya to overcome the impacts of climate hazards and be resilient to future climate change, there is also a need to prioritise economic incentives and capacity building. The findings are timely and should serve as crucial stimulus for critical stakeholders towards developing infrastructures in tackling the present climate change challenges confronting the aquaculture sector in Kenya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrant remittances are potentially significant sources of funding for climate change adaptation and resilience building in developing countries. However, very little is understood about the linkages between climate actions and remittances at the household level. It is not clear how remittances can affect households’ responses to climate change. This paper presents evidence from analyses of the associations between remittances to households, their climate hazard exposure, and adaptation actors. It uses concurrent data on international remittances receipts, three climate change related hazards (flooding, intense and irregular rainfall), and main adaptation actors (self/family, community, government, and NGOs) from over 600 households in South Eastern Nigeria. The results showed that household incidence of remittances is low (15%) while exposure to climate hazards is higher (flooding: 41.2%, intense rainfall: 47.1%, irregular rainfall: 29.9%). Nominal (contingency coefficient) associations between remittances and household climate hazard exposure and remittances and household adaptation actors were mostly moderate and insignificant. Therefore, households that received remittances and those that did not were not significantly different in terms of their exposure to climate hazard and main actors in climate adaptation. Self/families were the main actors in household climate actions. Governments and NGO actors were less prominent. The results suggest that unregulated remittances have limited impact on household climate hazard exposure and adaptive actions. However, there are indications that the contribution of remittances to financing climate adaptation may be enhanced by addressing issues with cost of remitting and remittee understanding of climate change to increase remittances volumes, incidence, and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is causing alterations to the geophysical system; rising global temperatures are causing extreme heat events, wildfires, and changes in infectious agents; sea-level rise and extreme precipitation events are increasing the frequency and intensity of flood events. These climate change impacts have a negative effect on human health, specifically on the most vulnerable populations. Vulnerability is the idea of susceptibility to damage or harm; with respect to climate change, it is a function of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. This case study explores the exposure and sensitivity of long-term care facility occupants in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, because of the high proportion of long-term care residents that are sensitive to climate change. The climate change impacts under review were identified as those with the greatest risk to B.C., the potential to result in significant consequences, as well as current events and prevalence in the region over the past decade. The health effects of these primary climate change impacts were identified through a literature review. Both age and health condition are factors of sensitivity, in B.C. 97% of long-term care facility occupants have chronic diseases (including cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, neurological, pulmonary, psychiatric, respiratory, and sensory diseases), and 95% are over the age of 65. A number of chronic diseases (e.g. hypertension and dementia) have been identified that are likely to be exacerbated because of climate change, specifically the four most significant and relevant climate change impacts in B.C.: extreme heat, flooding, changes in infectious agents, and wildfires. In this paper, the proportions of long-term care facility occupants in B.C. with these chronic diseases have been quantified, highlighting the importance of building the adaptive capacity of these populations to decrease their vulnerability. Various building design solutions were explored, confirming the relationship identified in past studies between the built environment, climate change, and occupant health.

In the current context of climate change–induced warming, interest in analysing the impact of volcanic eruptions on the climate has renewed. The main conclusions from related papers indicate that volcanic eruptions alter the terrestrial radiative balance and cause cooling in the years after an eruption: known as "years without summer." These episodes of cyclical cooling have been related to negative socio‐economic impacts (such as crop reduction, famine, and social unrest). However, the effect on precipitation has been studied less. Detailed studies on the economic impact of large eruptions are scarce, especially for historical eruptions. This study analysed the effects of the 1883 Krakatoa eruption on temperature and precipitation in the south‐east of the Iberian Peninsula and related economic and social effects. It was concluded that this eruption incited a significant decrease in maximum temperatures and stability, an increase in minimum temperatures, a decrease in average temperatures, and a significant increase in rainfall. This climatic context produced a decrease in cereal prices and a reduction in climatic risks (droughts and frosts). Therefore, the effects of the eruption of Krakatoa improved socioeconomic conditions in the south‐eastern Iberian Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is projected to increase the number of extreme weather events, which may lead to cascading impacts, feedbacks, and tipping points not only in the biophysical system but also in the social system. To better understand societal resilience in risky environments, we analyzed people’s attachment to place, their willingness to take risks, and how these change in response to extreme weather events. We conducted a survey with 624 respondents at the forefront of climate change in Asia: the river deltas in Bangladesh and Vietnam. Our findings confirm that most people prefer staying. Yet crucially, we find that (i) self-reported experiences of climate-related hazards are associated with increased risk aversion and place attachment, reinforcing people’s preferences to stay in hazardous environments; (ii) people with experiences of hazards are more likely aspiring to move to high-income destinations, arguably being beyond the reach of their capacities; and (iii) changes in aspirations to move abroad are connected to the changes in risk aversion and place attachment. The fact that preferences are associated with cumulative experiences of hazards and interact with aspirations to move to high-income destinations may contribute to our understanding of why so many people stay in hazardous environments.

Impacts and losses as a result of climate hazards are experienced unevenly across communities and can prove devastating to the health and well-being of local residents. Contextual approaches for understanding vulnerability and adaptation have focused on why diverse individuals and groups experience the effects of climate change differently, while values-based approaches place emphasis on identifying the subjective values individuals and communities wish to preserve. Both approaches contribute to locally responsive adaptation, but are rarely applied simultaneously. In this paper, we propose intersectionality as a framework that links and builds upon contextual and values-based approaches and demonstrate its efficacy through an empirical example of a major wildfire event in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. An intersectional framework identified how impacts and losses to locally significant values differed across intersections of location, race, ethnicity, gender and age and how these differences were influenced by broader social structures and power relationships, such as histories of colonization and gendered norms and expectations. Practical implications for the development of inclusive and equitable adaptation policy and planning were also identified, including the need to: (a) expand the range of impacts considered and recognize how outcomes differ across social groups; (b) enhance diverse community members' participation in planning efforts, and (c) acknowledge and build upon what local residents are already doing in response to hazards in their communities. Key policy insights Failure to consider how impacts and invisible losses are experienced across intersections of identity can lead to adaptation policy and practice that reinforce existing social inequalities. An intersectional analysis revealed a suite of context-specific, locally-relevant values and systems of power that shaped how communities experience, respond to, and plan for climate hazards. The application of an intersectional framework can provide practical direction for adaptation policy that: (1) responds to differing experiences and values across social groups; (2) recognizes agency and builds on what people are already doing; and, (3) addresses root causes of vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses a significant threat to humanity by intensifying multiple hazards. South Pacific Island countries (SPICs) are affected and face a dire challenge to survival. Sea level rise is reducing the already limited land for human and animal habitation. Tropical cyclones and droughts are having devastating effects on the lives of humans and animals. Tropical cyclone Winston, for example, destroyed infrastructure for humans and animals in some parts of Fiji, and infectious diseases are spreading to regions where they are not commonly seen following cyclones and floods. Likewise, climate change is making droughts worse. Droughts are destroying crops and pasturelands and making freshwater unavailable for human and animal populations in the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu. There is an urgent need to ascertain the best approaches to tackle the events, which are already happening. Short-term changes can be managed at local levels through public awareness campaigns, understanding the weather patterns to prepare for disasters, reclaiming land, improving livestock breeds, introducing zoos and wildlife sanctuaries and inventing economically feasible technologies to harvest water. Long-term solutions depend on the implementation of international agreements, international aid and collective effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research on climate vulnerability in cities in the Amazon Delta and Estuary (ADE) shows that about 1.2 million people are at risk of flooding due to the rapid unplanned occupation of lowlands and the absence of investment in infrastructure and services. In this study, we use secondary climate and census data, interviews and focus groups in four small cities in the Amazon Delta and Estuary (SCADEs), to discuss how residents and local governments perceive and respond to climate hazards and their implications. These SCADEs may be better equipped than other urban areas to deal with challenges brought by climate change, due partially to residents' high mobility between urban and rural areas and a tradition of adaptive actions in a dynamic social and environmental context. However, persistent flooding and sinkholes demonstrate the limited capacity of local governments to cope with the dynamics of accelerated occupation of floodplain areas in SCADEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livelihood, employment, subsistence, and recreational practices of rural and Indigenous communities in the global North are increasingly impacted by climate hazards such as wildfire, floods, and drought. However, communities are often viewed as homogenous entities, with little recognition to how diverse individuals within those communities experience and respond to such hazards. Intersectionality, a concept derived from feminist theory, offers a promising lens for delineating how power relationships and interacting social characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity, class, location, and age influence context-specific experiences of climate hazards. In this paper, we relate our findings from a rapid literature review identifying how intersectionality is currently being approached in climate hazards research of the global North. With these findings, along with insights from theoretical intersectionality scholarship, we then develop an analytical framework composed of five attributes to guide empirical research on the social dimensions of climate hazards in rural communities of the global North. The framework offers a means for comparative intersectional research, contributing to an enhanced understanding of socially equitable and culturally appropriate adaptive responses, outcomes, and decision-making. • Intersectionality remains largely conceptual in climate hazards research in the global North. • We provide an analytical framework for empirical intersectionality climate hazards research in the rural global North. • The framework emphasizes five key intersectionality attributes and provides guiding questions for each.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate hazards threaten the health and wellbeing of people living in urban areas. This study characterized reported climate hazards, adaptation action, and barriers to adaptation in 124 Latin American cities, and associations of climate hazards with urban social and built environment characteristics. We examined cities that responded to a global environmental disclosure system and that were included in the Urban Health in Latin America (SALURBAL) Project database. The cities studied reported a median of three climate hazards. The most reported hazards were storms (61%) water scarcity (57%) extreme temperature (52%) and wildfires (51%). Thirty-eight percent of cities reported four or more distinct types of hazards. City size, density, GDP, and greenness were related to hazard reports, and although most cities reported taking actions to reduce vulnerability to climate change, 23% reported no actions at all. The most frequently reported actions were hazard mapping and modeling (47%) and increasing vegetation or greenspace coverage (45%). Other actions, such as air quality initiatives and urban planning, were much less common (8% and 3%, respectively). In terms of challenges in adapting to climate change, 35% of cities reported no challenges. The most frequently reported challenges were urban environment and development (43%) and living conditions (35%). Access to data, migration, public health, and safety/security were rarely reported as challenges. Our results suggest that climate hazards are recognized, but that adaptation responses are limited and that many important challenges to response action are not fully recognized. This study contributes to understanding of local priorities, ongoing actions, and required support for urban climate vulnerability assessment and adaptation responses. Findings suggest the need for future research documenting local perceptions of climate hazards and comparison with documented climate hazards., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Highlights • This paper introduces two essential societal variables (ESV) – global built-up area and global population density. • The two ESVs are the building blocks for quantifying the human societal system as they measure the human presence on Earth. • The two ESVs complement the essential climate variables in modelling climate impact on societies. • The two ESVs are already used in disaster early warning systems, within disaster risk models, in system of indicators and in crisis management. • The two ESVs are also tested for use in system of indicators used to measure progress towards the 2030 Development Agenda. Abstract Scientists use Essential Climate Variables to understand and model the Earth's climate. Complementary to the Climate Variables this paper introduces global built-up area and population density, referred to as Essential Societal Variables, that can be used to model human activities and the impact of climate induced hazards on society. Climate impact scenarios inform policy makers on current and future risk and on the cost for mitigation and adaptation measures. The global built-up area and global population densities are generated from Earth observation image archives and from national population census data in the framework of the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) project. The layers are produced with fine granularity for four epochs: 1975, 1990, 2000 and 2015, and will be updated on a regular basis with open satellite imagery. The paper discusses the relevance of global built-up area and population density for a number of policy areas, in particular to understand regional and global urbanization processes and for use in operational crisis management and risk assessment. The paper also provides examples of global statistics on exposure to natural hazards based on the two ESVs and their use in policy making. Finally, the paper discusses the potential of using population and built-up area for developing indicators to monitor the progress in Agenda 2030 including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of long-term rainfall trends provides a wealth of information on effective crop planning and water resource management, and a better understanding of climate variability over time. This study reveals the spatial variability of rainfall trends in Sri Lanka from 1989 to 2019 as an indication of climate change. The exclusivity of the study is the use of rainfall data that provide spatial variability instead of the traditional location-based approach. Henceforth, daily rainfall data available at Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation corrected with stations (CHIRPS) data were used for this study. The geographic information system (GIS) is used to perform spatial data analysis on both vector and raster data. Sen’s slope estimator and the Mann–Kendall (M–K) test are used to investigate the trends in annual and seasonal rainfall throughout all districts and climatic zones of Sri Lanka. The most important thing reflected in this study is that there has been a significant increase in annual rainfall from 1989 to 2019 in all climatic zones (wet, dry, intermediate, and Semi-arid) of Sri Lanka. The maximum increase is recorded in the wet zone and the minimum increase is in the semi-arid zone. There could be an increased risk of floods in the southern and western provinces in the future, whereas areas in the eastern and southeastern districts may face severe droughts during the northeastern monsoon. It is advisable to introduce effective drought and flood management and preparedness measures to reduce the respective hazard risk levels.