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Cancer is one of the major causes of death in the world today. Although chemotherapeutic regimen remains the prime treatment of cancer, it is important to explore for newer compounds due to their adverse reactions and the growing rate of resistance. Traditionally, some plants are used for the treatment of cancers in India. However, no scientific data backing the evidence exists for the same. Among such plants is Cleome viscosa Linn, which is used in the Indian system of medicine for cancer treatment. To test its anticancer activity and generate scientifically reliable data, the extraction of whole plant has been carried out using methanol and fractions were generated using petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The fractions were first tested in vitro for their antiproliferative activity and mechanistic studies. In this paper, we report the anticancer potential of the fractions by a preliminary cytotoxicity activity in vitro using cell lines followed by the liquid tumor (EAC) model in mice. Upon screening on a panel of cancer cell lines, the fractions of petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate were found to possess significant cytotoxic activity on Hela and U343 cell lines. With this evidence, we have then tested the in vivo activity on mice using the liquid tumor model in which the fractions of pet ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate exhibit a potential anticancer activity which is evident in characteristics like inhibition of tumor progression, increase in the mean survival time and percentage increased life span along with a decrease in tumor volume. The fractions also showed significant anti-oxidant properties.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the antiepileptic effect of Cleome viscosa Linn. leaves extract in experimental animals. Study Design: The extraction process, acute toxicity study was determined using OECD guidelines, Priliminary phytochemical screening, Antiepileptic pharmacological screening methods and statistical analysis. Place and Duration of Study: The research work was conducted during 10 Jan. 2020 to 10 July 2020 at Dept. of Pharmacology, Rajiv academy for Pharmacy, Mathura (U.P), 281001, India. Methodology: The fresh leaves were shade dried and reduced in size to powder and extracted by soxhlet apparatus. The MECV, CECV and AECV were prepared and subjected to comparative phytochemical profiling for in-vitro analysis. Further the in-vivo screening models like maximal electroshock induced seizures (MES), picrotoxin (PTX) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced models are used to assess the anti-epileptic effects of the methanol, chloroform and aqueous extracts of Cleome viscosa. Results: The extracts were subjected to phytochemical tests and the carbohydrate, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and glycosides were found to be present. In the MES induced seizures, MECV (200 mg/kg) showed high significant inhibition on tonic hind limb extension (THLE) (9.33±0.33***), decrease in duration of stupor period (145.2 ± 2.59***) and decreased mortality significantly. In PTX induced model, MECV (200 mg/kg) showed high significant delay on the onset of convulsions (18.00±0.63***), decreased duration of convulsion (3.50 ± 0.18***) and decreased mortality significantly. In PTZ induced model, MECV and AECV (200mg/kg) showed high significant delay on the onset of convulsions (2.55 ± 0.10***), (2.50 ± 0.18***), decreased duration of convulsion (3.67 ± 0.11***), (4.33 ± 0.17**) and decreased mortality significantly. Conclusion: It is clear from the preceding that Cleome viscosa has antiepileptic properties.

Medicinal plants are the potential sources of different natural molecules having wide pharmacological activities. The fruits and parts of these plants are also the sources of significant antioxidants and nutraceuticals having potent antioxidant potential and significant immuno-modulatory activities. The present study is the first report on wild edible food supplements that are endowed with various medicinal properties and significant antidiabetic, anticancer and anti-nephrolithiasis properties. The study was performed to determine the nutritional, mineral profile and phytochemical analysis of seven (7) medicinal plants viz. Cajanus indicus, Dolichos biflorus, Glycine soja, Benincasa cerifera, Setaria italica, Cleome viscosa and Hordeum vulgare for exploring and development of new, safe and potent drugs. The extraction was performed by fractionation with different solvents, while the nutrients and minerals present in all these plants were studied using Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method and Inductively coupled plasma-mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques. The results of the study revealed the presence of significant nutrients and minerals in all the seven (7) plants studied. The present study revealed that, carbohydrates/glycosides were present in Cajanus indicus, Dolichos biflorus, Glycine soja, Benincasa cerifera, Setaria italica, Cleome viscosa and Hordeum vulgare while alkaloids were observed by Mayer’s test only in Cajanus indicus, Dolichos biflorus and Glycine soja. The flavonoids were observed in Cajanus indicus, Glycine soja, Benincasa cerifera, Cleome viscosa and Hordeum vulgare. The saponins were observed in Cajanus indicus, Glycine soja, Benincasa cerifera, Setaria italica and Hordeum vulgare. The tannins were observed as pyrogallol and catechol in Cajanus indicus, Glycine soja, Benincasa cerifera and Cleome viscosa. The unsaturated sterol and triterpene were observed by Liebermann Burchard test and Salkowski test in all the seven plants studied. The varied levels of mineral content were observed in Cajanus indicus, Dolichos biflorus, Glycine soja, Benincasa cerifera, Setaria italica, Cleome viscosa and Hordeum vulgare. The nutritional value of Cajanus indicus, Dolichos biflorus, Glycine soja, Benincasa cerifera, Setaria italica, Cleome viscosa and Hordeum vulgare.

Potential biomass valorization of aquatic plant seeds of eight species was studied. Merremia emarginata (Convolvulaceae), Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae), Schoenoplectus articulatus (Cyperaceae), Cleome viscosa (Cleomaceae), Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae), Rorippa palustris (Brassicaceae), Ludwigia parviflora (Onagraceae), and Hygrophila auriculata (Acanthaceae) were investigated for their oil yield and their lipophilic bioactive compound composition. The ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil followed by GC and HPLC analyses was applied for the determination of bioactive compounds. The oil yield ranged from 1.7 to 29.1%, in N. nucifera and H. auriculata, respectively. The studied species differed significantly with respect to the composition of fatty acids and bioactive compounds (statistically assessed). Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) were the predominant group of fatty acids (74–88%) in the investigated samples. Four species were mainly comprised of γ-tocopherol (88–99%) (M. emarginata, C. viscosa, I. purpurea, L. parviflora), while the other four studied samples were dominated by γ-tocotrienol (72%) in N. nucifera, β-tocotrienol (72%) in S. articulates, α- and γ-tocopherol (49% and 41%, respectively) in R. palustris, and α-tocopherol (91%) in H. auriculata. β-Sitosterol was the main sterol (46–69%) in the majority of studied species, with the exception of H. auriculata, in which Δ5-stigmasterol (50%) dominated. Considerable levels of campesterol in each species (13–25%) were also recorded. Squalene was detected only in I. purpurea, R. palustris, and L. parviflora. The studied species were characterized by considerable quantities of carotenoids, tocochromanols, phytosterols, and squalene (0.6–6.9, 51–634, 292–2480, and 0–22 mg/100 g oil, respectively). Seeds of several studied aquatic species can be considered as an alternative source of oil and/or valuable lipophilic ingredients for industrial applications.

The study aims to determine the hepatoprotective effect of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of the leaves and stems of two Cleome species against carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) induced liver toxicity both in vitro using human hepatoma (HepG2) cells and in vivo in rats as well as the hepatoprotective property of all isolated compounds on HepG2. After 72 h of treatment, at the concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL, the methanol of C. chelidonii stems (CCSM) ranged from 18.6% to 20.8%, whereas the methanol of C. chelidonii stems (CVSM) increased from 12.3% to 17.2% cell viability. The results show that CCSM and CVSM significantly expressed in vitro hepaprotective activity on HepG2. Therefore, the animals were daily treated with these extracts at the doses of 15, 30, and 45 mg/kg body weight for 5 days, and CCl4 was injected (2 ml/kg body weight, i.p.) on the 2nd and 3rd days. Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) and alanine aminotransferase (AST) in the blood were measured and compared to the silymarin control. The treatments with CCSM and CVSM (30, and 45 mg/kg) possessed significant hepatoprotection and were comparable with the activity of silymarin. Further, phytochemical studies of these ones were conducted and led to the identification of eight flavonoids: visconoside A (1), visconoside B (2), quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (3), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (4), cleomeside A (5), cleomeside B (6), cleomeside C (7), and quercetin-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1⟶2)]-α-L-rhamnopyranoside 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (8). Two major flavonoids (1 and 4) displayed significant hepatoprotective property (at the concentration of 100 μM, the prevention percentage values were 66.5% and 74.2%, respectively, compared to the quercetin control, with value of 80.3%).

Pathogenic and spoilage fungi cause enormous challenges to food related fatal infections. Plant essential oil based classical emulsions can functions as antifungal agents. To investigate the antifungal spectrum, that is the scope of the nanoemulsion composed of Cleome viscosa essential oil and Triton-x-100 fabricated by ultrasonication method. Minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentration of essential oil nanoemulsion (EONE) was tested against food borne pathogenic C. albicans. The MIC and MFC values ranged from 16.5 to 33 µl/ml with significant reduction on biofilm of C. albicans isolates. The alteration of molecular fingerprints was confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and subsequent reduction of chitin levels in cell walls was noted by spectroscopic analysis. The EONE and their bioactive compounds cause collateral damage on C. albicans cells.

The current research is to develop an easy and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of three different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (1mMCvAgNPs, 2mMCvAgNPs and 3mMCvAgNPs) using aqueous whole plant extract of Cleome viscosa and to evaluate their antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. CvAgNPs were characterized by Using UV–vis spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The formation of CvAgNPs was confirmed by the observation of band between 250 nm to 300 nm UV–vis spectrum. The crystalline structure of CvAgNPs with a face-centered cubic (FCC) was confirmed by XRD. The responsible phytochemicals for the reduction and capping material of CvAgNPs were observed with FT-IR. The SEM analysis confirmed the size and shapes of CvAgNPs. The CvAgNPs have shown the rich content of total phenolic and total flavonoid components. The CvAgNPs have shown significant antibacterial activity on multi drug resistance Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and also have shown significant strong antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, H2O2 scavenging, Phosphomolybdenum assay and reducing power). The inhibitory action of CvAgNPs on α-glucosidase and α-amylase was stronger than the inhibitory action of acarbose. To best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt on the synthesis of AgNPs using C. viscosa whole plant aqueous extract. The synthesized CvAgNPs exhibited good antimicrobial, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Hence, to validate our results, the in vivo studies at the molecular level are needed to develop Cleome viscosa as an antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-diabetic agent.

Background Cleome viscosa is considered as an important medicinal plant extensively used in India, China, Bangladesh, and a few countries in Africa. In the present study, in vitro anti-radical and antidiabetic potential of isolated fractions of methanolic extract of C. viscosa whole plant (MeCV) has been investigated. The identification of polyphenols and their related functional groups in the bioactive fraction was categorized by using HPLC and FT-IR. Results The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of F-D were higher than those of F-A, F-B, and F-C. The F-D exhibited superior antioxidant capacity when compared with the remaining three fractions. However, the F-D showed the highest glucose diffusion activity over the 30 min–27 h incubation period and also inhibited both α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme activity. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of the two known compounds (protocatechuic acid hexoside, rutin) and six unknown compounds in the F-D. FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of phenol group. Conclusion The isolated F-D obtained from MeCV displayed superior antioxidant and antidiabetic activity which indicate the presence of polyphenols in the fraction. The data findings of the present study support the traditional uses of the whole plant of C. viscosa as a promising natural source of biological medicines for oxidative stress and diabetes.

Monotheca buxifolia is an ethnomedicinally and economically important threatened fruit bearing plant species in Malakand Division Pakistan. The genetic diversity among the 92 various genotypes of Monotheca buxifolia was carried out using sodium dodecyl sulfate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. A considerable amount of inter districts genetic diversity (66.70%) was observed among the genotypes of M. buxifolia. Protein profiling was conducted on 12% gel electrophoresis. A total of 6 protein bands were observed in M. buxifolia genotypes. SDS-PAGE practice is a convenient scheme for the examination of both genetic diversity and relationship. Particularly, L-4 and L-5 were monomorphic in the inter districts Monotheca buxifolia genotypes and was recognized as species specific. The remaining other loci were polymorphic. In this investigation, the high inter and intra- districts specific diversity was observed demonstrating SDS-PAGE is an authoritative procedure for categorizing the genetically diverse germplasms in M. buxifolia. The findings from this study could be useful in the identification and selection of suitable M. buxifolia genotypes for future conservation programmes. Today, there is still a need to examine the genetic diversity and protect genetic resources, in particular wild species, for possible benefits in plant conservation programmes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ever report that addresses genetic variability in M. buxifolia. Keywords: Genetic variation; Climate change; SDS-PAGE; M. buxifolia References Al-Yahyai and Al-Nabhani. 2006. Botanical description and propagation of Monotheca buxifolia (13-19 August) 27 international Horticulture exhibitions (IHC 200). Korea (ABS.) Khan, M.K.U., Muhammad, N., Uddin, N., Ali, N., Umer, M., Ullah, S. 2020. Genetic diversity in threatened plant species Alnus nitida (Spach.) Endel. Plant Science Today. 7 (3):314-318. Khan, N., Ahmed, M., Wahab, M., Ajaib, M., & Hussain, S. S. (2010). Studies along an altitudinal gradient in Monotheca buxifolia (falc.) ad, forest, District Lower Dir, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot, 42 (5), 3029-3038. Laemmli, U. K. (1970): Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. – Nature 227: 680-685. McCune, B. and M. J. Mefford. PC-ORD. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data. Version 5. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, U.S.A, 1997. Muhammad, N., Uddin, N., Liu, M., Ali, N. 2019. Ethno medicine, antioxidant potential and inter-specific variations of Punica L. species growing in Swat District, KP, Pakistan. International Journal of Botany Studies. 4 (4):36-46. Muhammad, N., Wadood, S.F., Khan, W, Ali, N., Nisar, M. 2018 Intra-species profiling of Cleome viscosa growing in Swat District (Pakistan). Biosystems Diversity. 26 (1):52-55. Mujeeb-Kazi, A., Ali, N., Ibrahim, A., Napar, A. A., Jamil, M., Hussain, S., Mahmood, Z., Delgado, R., Rosas, V., Cortes, A., Rajaram, S. (2017): Tissue culture mediated allelic diversification and genomic enrichment of wheat to combat production constraints and address food security. – Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 27: 89-140. Nasir, E and S.I. Ali .1972. Flora of West Pakistan. Noor, M., Ali, N., Nisar, M., Abd Allah, E.F., Hashem, A., et al.,2018. Genetic diversity within natural populations of the medicinal plant Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 16 (5):5633-51. Shahina, A.G. and F. Martin. 1998. Vegetation of Arabian Peninsula Published by Kluwer Academic publisher Netherlands Page 74-75. Silva, A. V. C. D., Amorim, J. A. E., Vitoria, M. F. D., Ledo, A. D. S., & Rabbani, A. R. C. (2017). Characterization of trees, fruits and genetic diversity in natural populations of mangaba. Ciencia e agrotecnologia, 41 (3), 255-262. Ullah, I., Khan, J. A., Shahid, M., Khan, A., Adhikari, A., Hannan, P. A., ... & Farooq, U. (2016). Pharmacological screening of Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC. for antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 16 (1), 273.

El distrito de Los Santos es el mayor productor de tomate industrial de Panamá y en los últimos años se ha registrado hasta 100% de infección con begomovirus (Geminiviridae) en los campos de cultivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar los hospederos alternativos de begomovirus durante la época de cultivo y de barbecho. En la temporada 2016-17 se recolectaron 110 muestras de arvenses sintomáticas y asintomáticas en 10 fincas ubicadas en el distrito de Los Santos, provincia de Los Santos, República de Panamá. La detección de begomovirus se hizo por medio de la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) utilizando los cebadores degenerados AVCORE 494 y ACCORE 1048. Del total recolectado, 37 arvenses resultaron positivas pertenecientes a 10 especies y 6 familias. Las especies, en orden descendente, de prevalencia de la infección fueron: Physalis angulata, Mimosa sp. y Amaranthus dubius (100%), Calopogonium mucunoides (78%), Rhynchosia minima (67%), Cleome viscosa (60%), Amaranthus spinosus (50%), Hybanthus attenuatus (50%), Malvastrum americanum (25%) y Malachra alceifolia (17%). Hasta la fecha del estudio, éste era el primer registro para Panamá de las arvenses A. dubius, A. spinosus, C. mucunoides, C. viscosa, H. attenuatus, M. alceifolia, M. americanum y P. angulata como hospederas de begomovirus asociadas al cultivo de tomate industrial en Panamá. Estos resultados nos indican que las arvenses asociadas al cultivo de tomate en el distrito de Los Santos son reservorios de begomovirus durante todo el año.

The present investigation was undertaken on C. viscosa, a lesser known taxon of economic importance, for its morphological characterization. A continuum of morphological variation in this herbaceous weedy taxon was found across district Jammu. The plants differed in their average life span and phenological events (germination, vegetative, reproductive and senescence). A critical analysis further reflected colossal variation in their overall appearance like growth pattern, branching habit, leaf and floral density. Taking these features into consideration the plants were differentiated into four phenotypic classes/groups. Two groups included branched plants with dense foliage and greater flowering intensity while the other two categories clubbed medium to short statured unbranched plants with low intensity of flowering. These were accordingly named big branched, small branched, unbranched and small and abbreviated respectively as Bbm, Sbm, Ubm and Sm. Differences manifested in various agro-economical traits of vegetative and reproductive nature and in biomass allocation patterning. Data were quantified and values of diversity indices and co-efficients of variances calculated. Despite overlaps in few characters, significant variability was encountered in all the morphological traits among the four groups. Results of statistical analysis, PCV, GCV and broad sense heritability provide evidence in favour of this variation.

Cleome viscosa L. is an annual summer blooming herb. A generalized group of pollinators like Apis dorsata, A. cerana, Halictus albescens, Ceratina heiroglyphica, Nomia elliotii, N. curvipes and Eurema hecabae mediate within and between plant, pollen flow thereby contributing to geitonogamy and xenogamy respectively. Relationship of mutualism thereby exists in which pollinators are offered nutrient rich pollen and nectar for favour of transferring male units (pollen) between flowers. Interestingly, the plants were also observed to be associated with certain spiders of order Arachnidales (Thomisus, Neoscona and Peucetia). All these spiders via behavioural mimicry parasitize bees which actually are the efficient pollinators of this species. A tritrophic syndrome, therefore, seems to have evolved involving plant (flower)–pollinator and predator (spiders)–pollinators interactions. The communication deals with the incidence of spiders’ interaction with Cleome through tritrophism i.e., plant–pollinator–predator relationship.

The research was performed to investigate pollen morphology of endangered species of Capparidaceae in subtropical regions of Pakistan. The distinguishing characters were investigated by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Palynological study is comprised of pollen shape, pollen type, exine sculpturing, polar and equatorial diameter, length and width of colpi, mesocolpium, and exine thickness. In polar view, Cleome viscosa exhibited the highest pollen size 26.4 (32.7-24.5 μm) ±0.776 whereas Capparis spinosa appeared to be the lowest 12.6 (14.5-10.7 μm) ±0.400. In equatorial view, Cleome viscosa had the largest pollen size 17.1 (20.0-15.0 μm) ±0.606 and Capparis spinosa had the smallest pollen size 9.7 (12.50-8.00 μm) ±0.394. The maximum fertility percentage has been observed in Capparis spinosa, that is, 98.96% and minimum in Cleome viscosa, that is, 82.93%. Diagnostic key has been constructed to state the essential diagnostic features by means of which the taxa can be identified. Remarkable variations have been observed in pollen size, shape, and exine sculpturing. All the selected species were tricolporate. Prolate to subprolate pollen were observed. There is a great variation existed in exine sculpturing such as in Capparis decidua and C. sp. nova sculpturing is reticulate, in Capparis himalayensis sculpturing is Scabrate granulate, in Capparis spinosa sculpturing is Psilate, in Cleome viscosa sculpturing is regulate-reticulate, in Dipterygium glaucum sculpturing is regulate and in Gynandropsis gynandra sculpturing is striate-regulate. On the basis of overall characteristics of pollen it seems that palynology of this family is helpful at the generic and specific level.

Introduction Historically, medicinal plants and natural products have been used to treat a variety of human health issues and there has been renewed interest in their use for integrated cancer management. The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the anti-breast cancer, anti-angiogenic and antioxidant potential of selected local botanicals. Methods The methanolic extracts of Cassia occidentalis, Callistemon viminalis, Cleome viscosa and Mimosa hamata were assessed for their cytotoxic properties against a human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 by using the Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The anti-angiogenic potential of all plant extracts was assessed by using an in vivo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of plant samples was evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazine (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH) and superoxide radical (SOR) scavenging assays. Results The results of the present investigation revealed that all the selected plant extracts: C. occidentalis (IC50 = 70 ± 0.11 μg/ml), C. viminalis (IC50 = 44 ± 0.19 μg/ml), C. viscosa leaves (IC50 = 70 ± 0.22 μg/ml), C. viscosa root (IC50 = 73.2 ± 0.36 μg/ml) and M. hamata (IC50 = 65.8 ± 0.25 μg/ml) demonstrated an effective cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 cells. In the CAM model, the plant extracts exhibited significant anti-angiogenic activity by inhibiting the blood vessels density. Amongst the tested samples, the most efficient anti-angiogenic effect was demonstrated by extract of C. viminalis (67.76 ± 0.77%). Additionally, all the studied plant extracts were found to possess considerable antioxidant activity. Conclusion The selected botanicals with their anti-angiogenic and antioxidant potential could be considered as natural resources in the identification of possible therapeutic agents for breast cancer.

Cleome viscosa is one of the most important weeds of warm‐season crops in southern Iran. Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the impact of environmental factors on seed germination of C. viscosa. Freshly harvested seeds exhibited dormancy that was relieved (>90%) after immersion for 20 min in concentrated sulfuric acid. Regardless of the temperature regime, the final percentage of germination in light/dark (69.3%) was significantly higher than in complete darkness (58.3%). The optimum temperature for germination was 35/25°C in both light and dark. No germination was observed at constant temperatures of either 15 or 45°C. The thermal thresholds for seed germination, the base (Tb) and the mean ceiling germination temperatures (Tc₍₅₀₎) were estimated to be 18.8 and 39.9°C, respectively. A base water potential (Ψb₍₅₀₎) of −0.96 MPa was identified for C. viscosa seeds. The response threshold of C. viscosa to reduce 50% of maximum germination for salinity was estimated to be 255 mM. Seeds that were placed on the soil surface had the highest percentage of seedling emergence (77.3%), and no seedlings emerged from seeds placed at a depth of 6 cm. The findings of this study could help to improve the integrated weed management strategies for this species.

The present communication puts on record the novel finding of a macro-fungus associated with a herbaceous angiosperm, Cleome viscosa L. from Jammu (J&K, India). On the basis of detailed morphological and mycological studies it is identified as Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. Neither the plant nor the macro-fungus species are hitherto known to be associated with each other. While species of Cleome including C. viscosa are known to interact with micro-fungal taxa those of Pleurotus reportedly associate usually with trees, both living and dead. In the present case, the possible mutualistic symbiotic association has been inferred from the physical proximity between the two.

Aim The current study presents the first report of isolation of bioactive compound (salicylic acid) from seeds of Cleome viscosa L. confirmed by its characterization by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The present work is the first report of HPTLC densitometric method, which has been developed and validated for quantification of a marker compound (salicylic acid) from ethyl acetate extract using the solvent system of ethyl acetate: acetonitrile (1.1:0.9, v/v). Material and methods TLC glass plates pre-coated with silica gel F366 (stationary phase) were used. Densitometric analysis of salicylic acid was performed in reflectance mode at 366 nm. Result The developed compact spot for salicylic acid at Rf 0.51. ICH guidelines were used to validate this method in terms of precision, repeatability and accuracy. Linearity range for salicylic acid was 10–50 ng/spot and the content of salicylic acid was found to be 0.9 ± 0.04 μg/g of seed. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quanitification (LOQ) values for salicylic acid were 4 ng and 8 ng, respectively. Better resolution from other present constituents present in the extract were obtained by this developed simple, precise and accurate method. Conclusion The study concluded the presence of Salicylic acid as active compound present in seeds of C viscosa. The present HPTLC-densitometric method may be used for routine quality control analysis for salicylic acid quantification from Cleome viscosa L.

The continues and tireless researches on the development of biodiesel is still going on because of the demand and the expectation of the biodiesel is not meet out to replace the environmental hazardous fossil fuel. India the country with rich flora and fauna and great geographical topology for growing all types of plants and with 80% of the population practicing agriculture for their livelihood has not satisfactorily meet out the requirements of biodiesel production. The researches were repeatedly carried out in limited biodiesel feedstock and new feedstocks are neither tried nor tried in a reluctant manner. If studies of biodiesel with all available plant oils were carried out extensively and exclusively, the rural employability and the production would have been boomed up and if found suitable for replacing diesel the demand to supply gap will be filled. In this experimental study the biodiesel was prepared from Cleome viscosa plant oil a new feedstock for biodiesel production which is a seasonal plant growing almost in all parts of India. The biodiesel produced from Cleome viscosa methyl ester (CVME) was subjected to various testing in conventional direct injection CI engine using different blends B100, B80, B60, B40, B20 and diesel for performance, combustion and emission analysis to prove its suitability for substituting diesel. It has been observed that a reduction in green house gases like CO and HC to an extent of 30% and 20% respectively, but the BSFC was increased by 5.4% and a reduction in BTE of 4.7% was noted. The biodegradability with the environmental sustainable nature of Cleome viscosa will prefers it as a suitable biodiesel to substitute diesel.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was successfully done using Cleome viscosa plant extract, simple, rapid, eco-friendly and a cheaper method. In this study, we used C. viscosa extract for synthesizing silver nanoparticles which reduces silver nitrate into silver ions. The obtained AgNPs were characterized by UV, FTIR, XRD, FESEM-EDAX and TEM analysis. They were also analyzed for their biological activities. The presence of biosynthesized AgNPs (410–430 nm) was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy and also crystal nature of AgNPs confirmed through XRD analysis; FT-IR spectrum was used to confirm the presence of different functional groups in the biomolecules which act as a capping agent for the nanoparticles. The morphology of AgNPs was analyzed using SEM and the presence of silver was confirmed through elemental analysis. The size of the nanoparticles was in the range of 20–50 nm determined by TEM. The green synthesized AgNPs exhibited a good antibacterial activity against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Furthermore, the green synthesized AgNPs showed reliable anticancer activity on the lung (A549) and ovarian (PA1) cancer cell lines.

The phytochemicals and nutritional potential of the leaves and seeds of Cleome viscosa were assessed by determining phytochemical, proximate, vitamin and mineral compositions. Results indicate alkaloid contents of the leaves and seed as 0.21 and 6.12 mg/100g respectively. Other findings are flavonoids 0.02 and 0.45, tannins 0.08 and 1.18, phenol 0.50 and 0.04, steroids 2.66 and 0.37, saponon 0.35 and 2.77, oxalates 0.01 and 0.66, cyanide 0.61 and 1.07 mg/100g for the leaves and seed respectively. Also, the results indicate carboydrate contents of the leaves and seed as 56.44 and 40.00% respectively. Others include: Crude Protein 13.52 and 6.41, Fats 4.29 and 1.32, Crude fibre 12.52 and 27.35, Ash 4.96 and 13.10, Moisture 8.26 and 11.83%. Vitamin content indicate the order vit A Na