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Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (120MB) or high resolution (120MB).This is Part VI of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Sarawak. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (1.09GB) here or high resolution (9.48GB) via https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TibZiis514mbO5KVwj8ckxT7npZktUuV/view?usp=sharingThis is Part V of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the State of Kelantan. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (493MB) or high resolution (4.30GB).This is Part II of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored".Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Perak. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

This is Part IV of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Pahang. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

This is Part VII of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the Federal Territory of Labuan and the state of Sabah. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (488MB) or high resolution (3.94GB).This is Part I of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we first provide the definition of limestone outcrops and outline the methodology used in this project; specifically methods used in the mapping of 1393 limestone outcrops in Malaysia. Next, we include summary information on: 1) their number and size; 2) forest cover; 3) mining status; 4) presence of recreational, tourism and religious sites; 5) biodiversity records; 6) grouping into limestone clusters; 7) a scheme for conservation prioritisation and 8) a limestone conservation roadmap. Finally, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the following states: Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Terengganu, Selangor and Perlis.

This is Part III of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Kedah. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

This is Part VI of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Sarawak. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (183MB) or high resolution (183MB).This is Part VII of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the Federal Territory of Labuan and the state of Sabah. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (653MB) here or high resolution (5.71GB) via https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bsCWE8TR_q5ABWXmVK2naPUWUvb0Ojd_/view?usp=sharingThis is Part IV of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Pahang. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (653MB) or high resolution (4.14GB).This is Part III of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Kedah. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

There is an urgent need to identify and understand the ecosystem services of pollination and seed dispersal provided by threatened mammals such as flying foxes. The first step towards this is to obtain comprehensive data on their diet. However, the volant and nocturnal nature of bats presents a particularly challenging situation, and conventional microhistological approaches to studying their diet can be laborious and time-consuming, and provide incomplete information. We used Illumina Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) as a novel, non-invasive method for analysing the diet of the island flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) on Tioman Island, Peninsular Malaysia. Through DNA metabarcoding of plants in flying fox droppings, using primers targeting the rbcL gene, we identified at least 29 Operationally Taxonomic Units (OTUs) comprising the diet of this giant pteropodid. OTU sequences matched at least four genera and 14 plant families from online reference databases based on a conservative Least Common Ancestor approach, and eight species from our site-specific plant reference collection. NGS was just as successful as conventional microhistological analysis in detecting plant taxa from droppings, but also uncovered six additional plant taxa. The island flying fox’s diet appeared to be dominated by figs (Ficus sp.), which was the most abundant plant taxon detected in the droppings every single month. Our study has shown that NGS can add value to the conventional microhistological approach in identifying food plant species from flying fox droppings. At this point in time, more accurate genus- and species-level identification of OTUs not only requires support from databases with more representative sequences of relevant plant DNA, but probably necessitates in situ collection of plant specimens to create a reference collection. Although this method cannot be used to quantify true abundance or proportion of plant species, nor plant parts consumed, it ultimately provides a very important first step towards identifying plant taxa and spatio-temporal patterns in flying fox diets.