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Coal tar pitch extract (CTPE) was carcinogenic and could cause occupational lung cancer. Hence, we explored the changes of protein molecules during CTPE-induced malignant transformation (MT) of immortalized human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells and provided clues for screening early biomarkers of CTPE-associated occupational lung cancer. The MT model of BEAS-2B cells induced by CTPE with 15.0 μg/mL. Subsequently, the MT of the BEAS-2B cells was verified by morphological observation, cell proliferation test, plate colony formation assay, and cell cycle assay. At the end of the experiment, we explored the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) by total protein tandem mass tags quantitative proteomics technique between DMSO40 cells and CTPE40 cells. It was found that the proliferation ability, and colony formation rate were enhanced, and the cell cycle was changed. Then, bioinformatics analysis showed that a total of 107 DEPs were screened between CTPE40 and DMSO40 cells, of which 74 were up-regulated and 33 were down-regulated. As a result, 6 hub proteins were screened by protein–protein interaction network analysis. The expression levels of COX7A2, COX7C, MT-CO2, NDUFB4, and NDUFB7 were up-regulated as well as the expression of RPS29 protein was down-regulated. In summary, we established an MT model in vitro and explored the changes in protein molecules. As a result, this study suggested that changes of protein molecules, including COX7A2, COX7C, NDUFB7, MT-CO2, NDUFB4, and RPS29, occurred at the stage of BEAS-2B cell malignancy following CTPE exposure, which provided key information for screening biomarkers for CTPE-related occupational lung cancer.

A novel irregular serpentine channel microfluidic chip based on magnetic-nanowaxberry was developed to continuously separate plasma exosomes with large yield and optimum purity. It can be successfully applied to cancer diagnosis with high accuracy.

Cervical cancer if not detected and treated promptly can be lethal to females. In several advanced nations, the relevance of coordinated screening services has been implemented. Nevertheless, most developing nations have not implemented a nationwide screening and vaccination programme accessible to all women owing to inadequate screening and vaccination services coupled with vaccine scepticism, misconception concerning vaccination, and lack of awareness are causing an upsurge in Africa's cervical cancer cases. Cervical cancer could be greatly reduced if comprehensive screening services and HPV vaccination are implemented. In this review, we discussed the cervical cancer incidence in Africa, factors influencing the high rate of cervical cancer in Africa, screening and HPV vaccination programs and the potential intervention and recommendations to reduce the incident and mortality rates of cervical cancer in Africa. Also, we highlighted the disadvantages and advantages of widely accessible screening tests in Africa.

Exosomal proteins are considered to be promising indicators of cancer. Herein, a novel DNAzyme walkers-triggered CRISPR-Cas12a/Cas13a strategy was proposed for the synchronous determination of exosomal proteins: serum amyloid A-1 protein (SAA1) and coagulation factor V (FV). In this design, the paired antibodies were used to recognize targets, thereby ensuring the specificity. DNAzyme walkers were employed to convert the contents of SAA1 and FV into activators (P1 and P2), and one target can produce abundant activators, thus achieving an initial amplification of signal. Furthermore, the P1 and P2 can activate CRISPR-Cas12a/Cas13a system, which in turn trans-cleaves the reporters, enabling a second amplification and generating two fluorescent signals. The assay is highly sensitive (limits of detection as low as 30.00 pg/mL for SAA1 and 200.00 pg/mL for FV), highly specific and ideally accurate. More importantly, it is universal and can be used to detect both non-membrane and membrane proteins in exosome. Besides, the method can be successfully applied to detect SAA1 and FV in plasma exosomes to differentiate between lung cancer patients and healthy individuals. To explore the application of the developed method in tumor diagnosis, a deep learning model based on the expressions of SAA1 and FV was developed. The accuracy of this model can achieve 86.96%, which proves that it has a promising practical application capacity. Thus, this study does not only provide a new tool for the detection of exosomal proteins and cancer diagnosis, but also propose a new strategy to detect non-nucleic acid analytes for CRISPR-Cas system.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) encapsulated in tumor-derived exosomes are becoming ideal biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer. However, the accuracy and sensitivity are often hampered by the extraction process of exosomal miRNA using traditional methods. Herein, this study developed a fluorogenic quantitative detection method for exosomal miRNA using the fluorescence quenching properties of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets and the enzyme-assisted signal amplification properties of duplex-specific nuclease (DSN). First, a fluorescently-labeled nucleic acid probe was used to hybridize the target miRNA to form a DNA/RNA hybrid structure. Under the action of the DSN, the DNA single strand in the DNA/RNA hybrid strand was selectively digested into smaller oligonucleotide fragments. At the same time, the released miRNA target triggers the next reaction cycle, so as to achieve signal amplification. Then, MoS2 was used to selectively quench the fluorescence of the undigested probe leaving the fluorescent signal of the fluorescently-labeled probe fragments. The fluorometric signals for miRNA-21 had a maximum excitation/emission wavelength of 488/518 nm. Most importantly, the biosensor was then applied for the accurate quantitative detection of miRNA-21 in exosome lysates extracted from human plasma and this method was able to successfully distinguish lung cancer patients from healthy people. This biosensor provides a simple, rapid, and a highly specific quantitative method for exosomal miRNA and has promising potential to be used in the early diagnosis of lung cancer.

Aim: Cervical cancer is still one of the most common gynecologic cancers in the world. Since cervical cancer is a potentially preventive cancer, earlier detection is the most effective technique for decreasing the worldwide incidence of the illness. Materials and methods: This research presents a novel ensemble technique for predicting cervical cancer risk. Specifically, the authors introduce a voting classifier that aggregates prediction probabilities from multiple machine-learning models: logistic regression, K-nearest neighbor, decision tree, XGBoost and multilayer perceptron. Results: The average accuracy, precision, recall and f1-score of the voting classifier were 96.6, 97.4, 95.9 and 96.6, respectively. Furthermore, the voting algorithm gains average high values for all evaluation metrics (accuracy, precision, recall and f1-score). The f1-score of the algorithm is 96%, which demonstrates the robustness of the model. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the probability of having cervical cancer can be accurately predicted utilizing the voting technique.

A simple nanoplatform based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets, a fluorescence quencher (signal off), and a hybridization chain reaction (HCR) signal amplification (signal on) used for the enzyme-free, label-free, and low-background signal quantification of microRNA-21 in plasma exosome is reported. According to the sequence of microRNA-21, carboxy-fluorescein (FAM)-labeled hybridization probe 1 (FAM-H1) and hybridization probes 2 (FAM-H2) were designed with excitation maxima at 488 nm and emission maxima at 518 nm. MoS2 nanosheets could adsorb FAM-H1 and FAM-H2 and quenched their fluorescence signals to reduce the background signal. However, HCR was triggered when microRNA-21 was present. Consequently, HCR products containing a large number of FAM fluorophores can emit a strong fluorescence at 518 nm and could realize the detection of microRNA-21 as low as 6 pmol/L and had a wide linear relation of 0.01–25 nmol/L. This assay has the ability of single-base mismatch recognition and could identify microRNA-21 with high specificity. Most importantly, this approach was successfully applied to the detection of plasma exosomal microRNA-21 in patients with lung cancer, and it is proposed that other targets can also be detected by changing the FAM-H1 and FAM-H2 corresponding to the target sequence. Thus, a novel, hands-on strategy for liquid biopsy was proposed and has a potential application value in the early diagnosis of lung cancer.

Rapid recruitment of neutrophils to an inflamed site is one of the hallmarks of an effective host defense mechanism. The main pathway through which this happens is by the innate immune response. Neutrophils, which play an important part in innate immune defense, migrate into lungs through the modulation actions of chemokines to execute a variety of pro-inflammatory functions. Despite the importance of chemokines in host immunity, little has been discussed on their roles in host immunity. A holistic understanding of neutrophil recruitment, pattern recognition pathways, the roles of chemokines and the pathophysiological roles of neutrophils in host immunity may allow for new approaches in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory disease of the lung. Herein, this review aims at highlighting some of the developments in lung neutrophil-immunity by focusing on the functions and roles of CXC/CC chemokines and pattern recognition receptors in neutrophil immunity during pulmonary inflammations. The pathophysiological roles of neutrophils in COVID-19 and thromboembolism have also been summarized. We finally summarized various neutrophil biomarkers that can be utilized as prognostic molecules in pulmonary inflammations and discussed various neutrophil-targeted therapies for neutrophil-driven pulmonary inflammatory diseases.

Background Numerous studies on the prognostic significance of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) up-regulation in tumors have different outcomes. The inconsistency originated from various studies looking into the association between LSD1 and tumor cells has prompted the decision of this quantitative systematic review to decipher how up-regulated LSD1 and overall survival (OS) or recurrence-free survival (RFS) or disease-free survival (DFS) are linked in tumor patients. Methods Articles were searched from online databases such as Embase, Web of Science Core, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The extraction of the hazard ratios (HR) with their 95% confidence intervals ( CIs) was attained and survival data of 3151 tumor patients from 17 pieces of related research were used for this meta-analysis. Results To shed light on the link between LSD1 up-regulation and the prognosis of diverse tumors, the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with their 95% confidence intervals ( CIs) were determined. In this meta-analysis, it was observed that LSD1 up-regulation is linked with poor OS (HR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.66–2.61, P < .01) and RFS (HR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.81–5.26, P < .01) in tumor patients. However, LSD1 up-regulation was not linked to DFS (HR = 1.49, 95% CI: .83–2.69, P = .18) in tumor patients. The subcategory examination grouped by tumor type and ethnicity showed that LSD1 up-regulation was linked with a poor outcome in the esophageal tumor and hepatocellular carcinoma and Asian patients, respectively. For clinical-pathological factors, up-regulated LSD1 was significantly linked with Lymph node status. Conclusion Despite the shortfall of the present work, this meta-analysis proposes that LSD1 up-regulation may be a prognostic biomarker for patients with tumors including esophageal tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma. We propose that large-scale studies are vital to substantiate these outcomes.

Background: Video-based interventions have the potential to contribute to long-lasting improvements in health-seeking behaviours. Ghana's upsurge rate of information and communication technology usage presents an opportunity to improve the awareness of HPV vaccination and screening rates of cervical cancer among women in Ghana. This research aimed to assess the impact of video-based educational intervention centred on the Health Belief and Transtheoretical Models of behavioural changes in promoting HPV vaccination, cervical carcinoma awareness and willingness to have Pap smear test (PST) among women in Ghana.Methods: To achieve the intended sample size, convenient, purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used. SPSS v. 23.0 was used in the data analysis. Percentages and frequencies were used to represent participants' demographic characteristics, knowledge of (1) cervical carcinoma, (2) human papillomavirus vaccine, and (3) Pap smear test. The chi-square test by McNemar was employed to evaluate variations in the post- and pre-intervention responses. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The level of significance was adjusted owing to multiple comparisons by using the Bonferroni's correction.Results: Before the intervention, 84.2% of the participant had some knowledge or information about cervical cancer, but after the intervention, 100% of the participant became aware of cervical cancer which represents 15.8% increment at a P < .001. The willingness to have a pap smear test increased from 35.8% to 94.2% (df = 58.4%, P < .001) after the educational intervention. The willingness to be vaccinated increased from 47.5% to 81.7% (df = 34.2%, P < .001) after the educational intervention. Six months after the intervention, participants were followed-up. 253 (42.2%) participants had gone for cervical cancer screening (Pap smear test) while 347 (57.8%) participants had not been screened. In terms of HPV vaccination, 192 participants (32.0%) had begun their HPV vaccination cycle.Conclusion: The study results show that health education, using videos, may be influential in perception changing, self-efficacy improvement and the understanding of cervical carcinoma screening and HPV vaccination.

Objectives The early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment of lung cancer are the best strategies to improve the 5-year survival rate. Logistic regression analysis can be a helpful tool in the early detection of high-risk groups of lung cancer. Convolutional neural network (CNN) could distinguish benign from malignant pulmonary nodules, which is critical for early precise diagnosis and treatment. Here, we developed a risk assessment model of lung cancer and a high-precision classification diagnostic model using these technologies so as to provide a basis for early screening of lung cancer and for intelligent differential diagnosis. Methods A total of 355 lung cancer patients, 444 patients with benign lung disease and 472 healthy people from The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were included in this study. Moreover, the dataset of 607 lung computed tomography images was collected from the above patients. The logistic regression method was employed to screen the high-risk groups of lung cancer, and the CNN model was designed to classify pulmonary nodules into benign or malignant nodules. Results The area under the curve of the lung cancer risk assessment model in the training set and the testing set were 0.823 and 0.710, respectively. After finely optimizing the settings of the CNN, the area under the curve could reach 0.984. Conclusions This performance demonstrated that the lung cancer risk assessment model could be used to screen for high-risk individuals with lung cancer and the CNN framework was suitable for the differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules.

IntroductionSeveral analyses have been conducted to assess the association between leukaemia risk and XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism. However, their results are conflicting. Hence, this comprehensive study was carried out to obtain a more accurate assessment of the association between leukaemia risk and XRCC3 Thr241Met (rs861539) polymorphismMaterial and methodsWe searched Ovid, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Google Scholar, PubMed database and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) for potential eligible studies published as of July 2020. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (ci) were used in evaluating the strength of the association between Thr241Met polymorphism of XRCC3 and leukaemia, and the p-value less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) was considered as the level of significance.ResultsA total of 17 studies consisting of 7241 controls and 4198 cases met our inclusion criteria. No significant association was observed between leukaemia risk and Thr241Met polymorphism of XRCC3 across the five genetic variants. In our ethnicity subgroup evaluation, we noted a significant association between leukaemia risk and Thr241Met polymorphism of XRCC3 among Caucasians under four genetic models. Furthermore, SNP (rs861539) of XRCC3 has a protective effect among Asians under four genetic models.ConclusionsThr241Met polymorphism of XRCC3 has a protective effect in the Asian population but has oncogenic potential in the Caucasian population.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most important microorganisms which has increasingly become resistant to most commonly used antimicrobials. This research investigated the epidemiology, nasal carriage prevalence and the antibiotic susceptibility profile of MRSA among farm animals and farm workers in the Central Region of Ghana. A total of 396 nasal swabs were collected from farm animals (94.9%) and farm workers (5.1%). Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out on Mueller Hinton agar using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Epidemiological risk factors were assessed using pre-designed questionnaires. Results showed that the overall prevalence of MRSA in the Central Region of Ghana was 49.2% (195/396). Pigs recorded the highest nasal carriage prevalence of 50.2% (157/313) followed by sheep 45.1% (23/51), goats 50% (6/12) and humans 45% (9/20). MRSA isolates were 100% susceptible to both Vancomycin and Augmentin. Epidemiological risks factors for nasal colonisation of farm workers in this study were: direct contact with pigs (p=0.000), last period of antibiotic administration (p=0.020), and the type of apparels worn (nose mask (p=0.000), and gloves (p=0.020)). Epidemiological risk factors for nasal colonisation of farm animals in this study were: the type of antibiotic administered (p=0.000) and the last period for antibiotic administration (p=0.000). Phenotypic detection of MRSA and their resistance to the tested antibiotics should be a cause of alarm in the Central Region of Ghana. Key words: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, prevalence, nasal carriage, epidemiology, farm animals, workers.

This work aims to develop an ultrasensitive and specific immunosorbent assay for simultaneous detection of double DNA methylation marks. Being considered the most important indicators in disease diagnosis, clinical treatment, and prognosis, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) were chosen as the proof-of-concept targets. The described strategy consisted of Phos-tag Biotin anchoring at streptavidin-magnetic nanoparticles, specific immune recognition of anti-5mC antibody and anti-5hmC antibody and labeling of Barcode-antibody, signal amplification of immune PCR and digital PCR machine. Under optimal conditions, the digital immuno-PCR assay showed a board dynamic range from 2.7 × 10−13 mol/L to 2.7 × 10−9 mol/L and the detection limits were 61.7 fmol/L for 5mC, and of 0.111 pmol/L for 5hmC. A 16-fold and 186-fold improvement of LOD were obtained by the proposed approach for 5mC and 5hmC detection compared with real-time immune PCR. The approach also showed ideal specificity, repeatability and stability. The recovery test demonstrated that the digital immuno-PCR assay was a promising platform for the simultaneous determination of the two DNA methylation marks in human serum sample.

Gene polymorphism is one of the few factors that increases the risk of prostate cancer. T to C substitution in the 5’ promoter region of the CYP17 gene is hypothesized to increase the rate of gene transcription, increase androgen production, and thereby increase the risk of prostate cancer. Nevertheless, the inconsistencies originating from studies on CYP17 polymorphism and prostate cancer prompted this meta-analysis, to decipher the association between CYP17 polymorphism and prostate cancer. Most case-control studies addressing CYP17 polymorphism and prostate cancer were exhaustively searched from Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed. The various genotype distributions as well as the minor allele distributions were retrieved. Pooled odds ratios ( ORs) with their 95% CI and estimates of the Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium were calculated. Analyses were performed using the RevMan v.5.3 software and SPSS v.21. There was high-pooled heterogeneity ( I2 = 87.0%, OR = .42, CI [.39, .45], and p < .001) among the A2 versus A1 allele. With the per-allele model (A2 versus A1), ethnicity was a major risk factor to prostate cancer, with Asians recording the highest risk ( OR = 12.61, 95% CI [8.77, 18.12]). From the genotype models, A1/A1 versus A2/A2 ( OR = 3.02, 95% CI [2.65, 3.44]) and A1/A2 versus A2/A2 ( OR = 4.39, 95% CI [3.86, 5.00]) were all significantly associated with prostate cancer. Although some genotype models were associated with the risk of prostate cancer, we should be mindful when interpreting the results of this study because of the limited number of studies and the small sample size used.

Background: Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CpKP) has been implicated as an increasing threat to public health. CpKP is a ubiquitous, opportunistic pathogen that causes both hospital and community acquired infections. This organism hydrolyzes carbapenems and other β-lactams and thus, leading to multiple resistance to these antibiotics. Despite the difficult to treat nature of infections caused by CpKP, little has been discussed on the mortality, clinical response and microbiological success rates associated with various antibiotic regimen against CpKP. This meta-analysis was designed to fill the paucity of information on the clinical impact of various antibiotic therapeutic regimens among patients infected with CpKP. Materials and Methods: Literature in most English databases such as Medline through PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EMBASE, were searched for most studies published between the years 2015–2020. Data were analyzed using the R studio 2.15.2 statistical software program (metaphor and meta Package, Version 2) by random-effects (DerSimonian and Laird) model. Results: Twenty-one (21) studies including 2841 patients who had been infected with CpKP were analysed. The overall mortality rate was 32.2% (95%CI = 26.23–38.87; I 2 = 89%; p-value ≤ 0.01, Number of patients = 2716). Pooled clinical and microbiological success rates were 67.6% (95%CI = 58.35–75.64, I 2 = 22%, p-value = 0.25, Number of patients = 171) and 74.9% (95%CI = 59.02–86.09, I 2 = 53%, p-value = 0.05, Number of patients = 121), respectively. CpKP infected patients treated with combination therapy are less likely to die as compared to those treated with monotherapy (OR = 0.55, 95%CI = 0.35–0.87, p-value = 0.01, Number of patients = 1,475). No significant difference existed between the mortality rate among 60years and above patients vs below 60years (OR = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.28–2.57, p-value = 0.76, 6 studies, Number of patients = 1,688), and among patients treated with triple therapy vs. double therapy (OR = 0.50, 95%CI = 0.21–1.22, p-value = 0.13, 2 studies, Number of patients = 102). When compared with aminoglycoside-sparing therapies, aminoglycoside-containing therapies had positive significant outcomes on both mortality and microbiological success rates. Conclusion: New effective therapies are urgently needed to help fight infections caused by this organism. The effective use of various therapeutic options and the strict implementation of infection control measures are of utmost importance in order to prevent infections caused by CpKP. Strict national or international implementation of infection control measures and treatment guidelines will help improve healthcare, and equip governments and communities to respond to and prevent the spread of infectious diseases caused by CpKP.

Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Ghana is a low-middle- income country with annual diagnosed cases of 3151 and 2119 deaths. The high prevalence rate of cervical cancer in Ghana is mainly due to ineffective preventive measures and insufficient knowledge about the disease. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the level of knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer and attitude towards human papillomavirus and its vaccine among Ghanaians. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional survey on the awareness of cervical cancer and attitude towards human papillomavirus and its vaccine was carried out from March 2019 to February 2020. SPSS v. 23.0 was used in the data analysis. The participants' demographic characteristics, knowledge of cervical carcinoma, human papillomavirus vaccine and HPV, and the likelihood to be vaccinated were represented as percentages and frequencies. The difference between males and females was assessed using the chi-square test. The logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship of possible related indicators with the willingness to receive the HPV vaccine. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant Results: A total of 1376 participants were involved in the final analysis. Among the 1376 participants involved in this survey, 1240 participants (90.1%) representing 456 males (33.1%) and 784 females (57.0%) were aware of the terminology "cervical cancer" with a significant p-value = 0.001. When stratified by gender, women had significantly greater knowledge, compared to men in terms of “cervical cancer being common in middle age (35-50) females” (75.5% vs. 67.5% respectively, p-value = < 0.001). When stratified by gender, women had significantly greater knowledge of human papillomavirus (54.5% vs. 43.6% respectively, p-value < 0.001) and the human papillomavirus vaccine (39.3% vs. 33.1% respectively, p-value = 0.019) compared to men. Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had poor knowledge regarding cervical cancer risk factors, symptoms, HPV and its vaccine. Hence, this indicates a wakeup call for government to increase the awareness and knowledge level via the media and health professionals.

Objectives This study was designed to assess the awareness and knowledge of antibiotic usage and antibiotic resistance among the general public in the Cape Coast metropolis of Ghana. It also tries to decipher whether the level of education and the professional status of an individual has a positive association with the level of knowledge on antibiotic resistance. Methods A population-base survey involving members of the public was conducted from August to November 2019. A structured questionnaire was developed to collect data from 632 respondents. Data were analyzed through SPSS v.21 using Chi square statistics and multivariate regression. Differences in knowledge were evaluated using ANOVA and the assumption of equal variance was tested with Levene statistics. Results The response rate was 74.3%. Lower educational status group had a greater knowledge level (39.7%) on antibiotic resistance. Despite the high score, the lowest educational status group, (M = 1.82, SD = 0.769), middle educational status group (M = 1.98, SD = 0.748), and the high educational status group (M = 1.88, SD = 0.773) were not significantly different from each other with regard to their general knowledge level on antibiotic resistance (P Conclusion Given the scale of the issue on antibiotic resistance and the fact that attempts to resolve it will involve efforts on the part of all, it is important that the public is aware of the importance of the issue of antibiotic resistance, its implications and what they can do to address it. The level of knowledge among respondents with lower educational status should be enough evidence to introduce more educational campaigns on antibiotic resistance.

Exosomes, a class of small extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm), are secreted by almost all types of cells into virtually all body fluids. These small vesicles are attracting increasing research attention owing to their potential for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, their inherent heterogeneity and the complexity of bio-fluids pose significant challenges for their isolation. Even the "gold standard," differential centrifugation, suffers from poor yields and is time-consuming. In this context, recent developments in microfluidic technologies have provided an ideal system for exosome extraction and these devices exhibit some fascinating properties such as high speeds, good portability, and low sample volumes. In this review, the focus is on the state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies for exosome isolation and highlight potential directions for future research and development by analyzing the challenges faced by the current strategies.