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Denture esthetics in the field of prosthodontics has become a prime most demand of the edentulous patients in the recent time. The different processes that are required in the fabrication of complete denture in terms of esthetics constitutes from impression making, selection of teeth, occlusion, proper vertical dimension, accurate recording of the occlusal plane and a good smile line. Keywords: Esthetics, Esthetics in complete denture, Smile line, Occlusion

Loss of an eye can be physically and psychologically challenging for a patient. The purpose of the ocular prosthesis is to restore the appearance of the lost eye. There are many techniques for iris customisation which can be employed to fabricate the ocular prosthesis. This is a case report where in semi-customized method was employed to fabricate an ocular prosthesis in a simple, fast and satisfactory manner. Keywords: Enucleation ocular prosthesis, Rehabilitation, Semi-customized.

Cloude Levi Strauss and Winfred Phillips said that, “You have to be able to fabricate things, you have to be able to analyze things, and you have to be able to handle things smaller than ever imagined in ways not done before”. Science is presently undergoing a great evolution, taking humanity to a new era: The era of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is the field of science and technology pertaining to the creation and use of materials or devices at nanometer scale. Nanoscale is small in size, but its potential is vast. The growing interest in the future of dental application of nanotechnology leads to emergence of “Nanodentistry” which involves the maintenance of oral health by the use of nanomaterials, biotechnology and dental nanorobotics. Nanotechnologies are increasingly used for surface modifications of dental implants. This paper is an attempt to give an overview about the nanomaterials and nanotechnology and its applications in the field of Prosthodontics. Keywords: Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology, Prosthodontics.

Background: osseointegration of dental implants refers to direct structural and functional link between living bone and the surface of non-natural implants. It follows bonding up of an implant into jaw bone when bone cells fasten themselves directly onto the titanium surface.it is the most investigated area in implantology in recent times. Evidence based data revels that osseointegrated implants are predictable and highly successful. This process is relatively complex and is influenced by various factors in formation of bone neighbouring implant surface. Keywords: Osseointegration, Implant, Bone.

Maxillary Inadequacies originate due to various aetiologies. Prosthetic restoration of the defect often includes use of a surgical obturator, interim obturator and definitive obturator. Prosthetic design has been discussed by many authors. A search of dental literature through April 2020 was undertaken by use of PubMed. The focus of the search was on occlusion concepts and schemes incorporated in the designing of a maxillary obturator prosthesis for partially edentulous hemimaxillectomy patients. In addition, some common textbooks on removable and maxillofacial prosthodontics were scrutinised for additional documentation. The significance of occlusion should be emphasized in the support of maxillary obturator prostheses. Till date there is no literature review on the the array of concepts of occlusion incorporated in maxillary obturator fabrication. Keywords: Occlusal schemes, Maxillary obturators, Occlusal concepts in Definitive obturators.

Fractures and wear tooth, poor dental position, trauma and dissatisfaction with aesthetics are the major causes why patients seek for dental treatment. This work aims to present a technique for treating cases with aesthetic requirements using guides, to restore teeth with a G.V. Black’s Class IV restoration. The combination of rising patient aesthetic demands and the desire for conservative dentistry, has resulted in development of intricate direct composite layering techniques. Direct restorations have good predictability, resistance load, longevity and compared with indirect restorations have greater preservation of dental tissues, low cost and fewer clinical sessions. This case report describes a systematic system to rebuild the lost anatomy of a maxillary central incisor with dental composites. Keywords: Composite resin restoration, Dental esthetics, Lingual putty technique.

Forensic science helps us with examination of accidents or crime scene and also gather information related to medicolegal cases. Prosthodontist plays a major role in forensic odontology and highly significant after the invention of denture labeling techniques. Identification of a person gets very difficult in case of accident, loss of memory state of unconsciousness and in hospitals. Labeled denture helps us to identify the dead after disasters, in emergency situation and accidents. There are various types of marking system used these days and also described in literature. This case report highlights a technique of denture identification wherein a quick response code (QR Code) is incorporated into the processed denture using a clear acrylic. Keywords: Denture, QR Code, Forensic, Acrylic.

Background: Heat cured Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and Lucitone are the most commonly used denture base resins but their discoloration results in esthetic problems. There is evidence that these resins get discolored on contact with coloring solutions due to sorption but very few studies report on the effect with food colorants. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate and measure the effect of these food colorants on the denture base resins. Purpose: The color stability of two commercially available denture base acrylic resins (Trevalon & Lucitone) was studied in vitro. Materials and Methods : The specimens were exposed to solution of artificial saliva (control), mixture of artificial saliva and coffee solution and mixture of artificial saliva and turmeric solution. The color measurements were made at baseline (before immersion) and after 30 and 60 days of exposure to staining solutions and color characteristics compared with a white standard using a computer controlled spectrophotometer. Finally, the color stability was quantitatively measured again and color differences (?E) were calculated. Results: The results of discoloration were analyzed with ANOVA, and it indicated that all factors (time, material, and staining solution), and all possible interactions among them, were found to be statistically significant (p 3 solutions were slight and at trace level. Conclusions: All materials tested were acceptable from the standpoint of color stability for long term exposure to these food colorants. Trevalon® (PMMA), demonstrated maximum color stability as compared to Lucitone FRS and discoloration increased proportionally with immersion period. Keywords: Denture base, Color stability, Foodcolorant.

Removable complete denture till date exists as one of the treatment modality of choice to the edentulous patients. Complaints that are associated after delivery of complete denture is more of actual type and very less frequent of psychological type. In most of the cases education to the patient prior to the start of the procedure will help the clinician as well as the patient to understand the limitations associated with the use of complete denture. The most important thing is to motivate the patient to overcome these limitations. Keywords: Post insertion problems, Complete denture, Complaints.

Appearance of dentition is of concern to a large people seeking dental treatment. People are giving a lot importance to the red and white aesthetics i.e the teeth and the gums. Apart from just colour of these dental components, harmony within these structures is of utmost important which includes shade, shape and size of teeth along with gingival esthetics. Gingival esthetics includes gingival architecture along with its colour Principles of esthetics must be followed for beautiful result. With introduction of digital smile designing, work on improving smile became more predictable. Using the technology, it becomes easy to guide best esthetics possible. Communication with patient showing their future result is possible. Due to high cost and need for special software makes it impossible to use for every patients seeking for smile correction. This case report describes the conventional and innovative approach of smile designing using an acrylic guide for correcting dimensions of teeth and ginigival zenith postion. Gingival pigmentation was also corrected to obtain esthetically pleasing gingival. Proper mock-up of diagnostic cast following all the rules of esthetics was done to visualize the final outcome. With introduction of veneers, conservative tooth preparation with high esthetics gain has become popular for management of unesthetic teeth. Keywords: Smile design, Digital smile design, Mock up, Gingival zenith, Veneers.

Loss of any organ of a body is a traumatising event as it creates functional, esthetics and psychological disharmony in an individual’s life. An ocular defect can be a congenital anomaly or an acquired defect. Rehabilitation of such defect with customized well fitting prosthesis that restores the shape of associated anatomical structures and volume of the socket, not only require an artistic skill but also technical knowledge as every case is unique on its own. The main objective of this article is to describe innovative yet simple technique using NAES ruler for iris selection and fixation of gaze yielding results with utmost patient satisfaction and acceptance. Keywords: Custom ocular prosthesis, Gaze fixation, Iris selection, NAES ruler

Palatal defect causes multiple problems in deglutition, mastication, speech, esthetics and maintenance of oral hygiene. An obturator is a maxilofacial prosthesis used to close congenital or acquired tissue opening, primarily of the hard palate. The fabrication of hollow obturators has been done by various methods in the past. Disadvantagesof these methods are time consuming, operator error, variable thickness of the hollow bulb, increased laboratory work. In this article, a new method for fabrication of two-piece hollow bulb obturator is described which amalgamates the recent 3D printing technique and the conventional compression moulding technique of denture fabrication. The advantage of this technique is uniform thickness, the precise fit, and stability of two piece the hollow obturator. It can be an alternative method in case of inaccessibility of printable denture material. Keywords: Two piece hollow obturator, One piece hollow obturator, Maxillectomy defect, Obturator, Rapid prototyping.

Recording of the basal seat and surrounding teeth accurately is an important task in dentistry. It is done previously by conventional impression materials like alginate, agar, elastomeric impression materials, due to its drawbacks like gagging, unpleasant taste etc. newer methods like digital impressions and digital scanners had evolved. Digital scanners include a computer display and a hand held wand with a camera to capture the intraoral images in three dimensions. Digital impressions are more accurate, time saving and increases the comfort of patient compared to conventional impressions. Keywords: iTero.

Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) is one of the most widely used materials for fabricating dentures. Though it has its success in meeting esthetic requirements, it is still far from ideal to meet mechanical requirements of a denture. The fracturing of dentures can be caused by mechanical properties of acrylic resin or by a multitude of factors leading to failure of PMMA. The quest for an alternative material or a chemical modification or use of different denture base material reinforcements of PMMA, provides a clear picture about various developments that have taken place in this field. Keywords: Denture base materials, Reinforcing materials, Fiber reinforcements, Nanofillers.

Although various methods have been applied for getting a Complete Denture with perfect retention, but it is difficult to attain. Residual ridge resorption creates an ill-fitting denture, hence causing difficulty while eating and even dislodging during talking, even adding to the patient's embarrassment. Suction cup has been widely used for the retention & stability of dentures, but is known to carry few complications like palatal perforations and oro-antral communications. Here we present a case report of palatal hyperplasia due to the suction cup. Keywords: Suction cup, Papillary hyperplasia, Vacuum chamber

Occlusal splint therapy is being employed for treatment of various systematic disorders. Less availability of scientific literature on devices is major hurdle behind its effective utilization for treatment planning and care. Therefore, appliance selection with accurate information is critical for proper use and quality of care. Treatment of patient with occlusal appliances is prominently reversible and responsible for proper care and symptoms management. Selection of appliance design for a particular patient depends on multitude of factors and proper understanding of physiologic and therapeutic effects is crux behind successful treatment planning and management. This review article briefly explains various occlusal appliances with their utilization and limitations along with working principle of appliances. Keywords: Bite plane, Occlusal appliance, Occlusal splint, TMJ, Flat Plane Stabilization Appliance.

The basic knowledge of sterilization and disinfection is the key to control the spread of infection from dentist to the patient, and vice versa from patient to the dentist. In the process of sterlisation complete removal of all the spores done where as complete removal of spores is not accomplished with the process of disinfection. Keywords: Sterlisation, Disinfection, Moist heat sterlisation, Autoclave, Infection control.

Biomaterials used in implantology have evolved over a period of time. In quest for desirable mechanical, physical and biological properties of material, numerous modifications have been made in existing materials. In order to optimize acceptance of implant in the biologic environment constant efforts have been made to introduce new materials or to improve existing material properties. It is imperative for every clinician to be thorough with the recent advancements and newer biomaterials so as to effectively select a material. For years titanium has ruled over other biomaterials and been used successfully as a dental implant material due to the excellent biocompatibility that it offers. This article makes an effort to summarize various dental implant biomaterials which have been used over a period of time now. Keywords: Biomaterials, Implantology, Roxolid.

An ocular prosthesis is a simulation of human anatomic eyeball to create an illusion of a normal healthy eye and surrounding structures. So the perfect replication of colour, contour and size of the contralateral eye is essential to provide realism and symmetry for the patient. In addition, precise recording of the anopthalmic socket is also essential for the proper retention and form of prosthesis. This article aims to describe the prosthetic rehabilitation of two patients after enucleation surgery with custom made ocular prosthesis. Keywords: Anopthalmic socket, Enucleation, Eye prosthesis, Ocular defect, Ocular prosthesis

One of the most important factors that determines the success of a maxillofacial prosthesis is retention. The struggle to achieve adequate retention has reduced as retentive measures have evolved over a period of time. Increased retention provides comfort and confidence to the patient to go out in social settings. The journey from using metal bands to using adhesives to placing implants for retaining a maxillofacial prosthesis has been fascinating and satisfying to many, but, the aim of achieving the full potential still remains incomplete. Keywords: Retention, Maxillofacial prosthesis, Adhesives, Magnets, Implants.

Introduction: Intraoral scanners are used for capturing the direct optical impressions in dentistry. The development of 3D technology and the rising trend of increased use of intra-oral scanners in dental office routine lead to the need to assess the accuracy of intraoral digital impressions. Aim: The aim of this review was to assess the accuracy of the different intraoral scanners and the effect of different variables on the accuracy outcome. Materials and Methods: An electronic search using Pubmed with specific keywords were used to obtain potential references for the review. Results: Total 21 articles were selected according to the inclusion criteria of which 18 were in vitro studies and 3 were in vivo, 15 articles had studied full arch scanning. Conclusion: The studies indicated variable outcome of the different intraoral scanner systems. While the accuracy of intraoral scanner systems appears to be promising and comparable to conventional methods, they are still vulnerable to inaccuracies. Keywords: Digital impression, Optical impression, Intraoral scanner, Accuracy.

Objectives. Our study aimed to highlight the effectiveness of palatal lift prosthesis in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency with previous operated cleft palate. Methods. This study was done undertaken January 2008 to December of 2009 in the Phoniatic unit of Alnoor Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Ten patients of ≥ 8 years to ≤ 10 years of age, who had previously undergone surgery for cleft palate, with or without cleft lip, with no other systemic illness and normal intelligent quotient level, were selected and managed by palatal lift prosthesis. All the study subjects were subjected to auditory perceptual speech evaluation for assessment of the degree of hypernasality, compensatory articulator mechanisms, glottal and pharyngeal articulation, audible nasal emission, facial grimace and overall intelligibility of speech. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results. The study included 10 subjects whose mean ± standard deviation of age was (8.9±0.9). On auditory speech perceptual evaluation after prosthesis application, significant improvement was found in glottal articulation 6 (85.7%), p=0.04, facial grimace 6 (85.7%) p=0.04, hyper nasality 10 (10%) p=0.008, and speech intelligibility 9 (90%) p=0.008. Conclusion. Young patients with repaired palatal cleft have significant improvement after application of palatal lift prosthesis.

This 21-year retrospective study evaluated the trends observed in the prosthodontic treatment of 269 patients. The patients were divided into three groups. The speech aid group consisted of 203 patients and showed a significant decrease in numbers over time. The maxillary obturator group consisted of 24 patients and did not show a significant change. The infant feeding prosthesis group consisted of 42 patients and showed a significant increase in numbers. Possible reasons for the trends observed are discussed.

Some of the surgical results for congenital cleft palate patients fail to secure adequate velopharyngeal closure with living tissue. In these instances, the dentist must provide the mechanism by which the patient may produce acceptable speech. A technique for the construction of a restoration with a hinged palatovelar section has been described. This technique does not require redivision of the surgically closed palate for many patients. The restorations are stable and exert minimal stress upon abutment teeth. They have been comfortable and have been well accepted by patients.

1. 1. The anatomy and physiology of cleft palate are reviewed briefly. 2. 2. The objects aimed at in the construction of an obturator prosthesis are outlined. 3. 3. A case of cleft palate is reported. This was treated successfully by the construction of a hollow-ball vitallium obturator.

A modification in the construction of a speech aid restoration, and the incorporation of the palatal lift design into the cleft palate prosthesis were described. The palatal lift restoration reduces hypernasal speech by elevating the soft palate in an upward and backward direction, approximately into a position which the velum would attain during normal speech. In patients whose soft palates are insufficient in length, the lift portion of the restoration is extended, and the pharyngeal part is modified in order to effect velopharyngeal closure. The various steps in the construction of a speech aid restoration, and the use of cephalometric roentgenography to demonstrate elevation of the soft palate and velopharyngeal closure were described.

The authors have presented the prosthetic aspects in the rehabilitation of the patient with cleft palate. The book provides inclusive material on prosthetic procedures for dentists who are primarily interested in constructing a prosthesis for such a patient, but the authors ignored the new advances in orthodontia and surgery. It is pointed out that the prosthodontist is called upon not only to salvage surgical failures but to better the condition of the patient who has an acquired cleft palate due to trauma, infection, or tumor as well. The book is profusely illustrated. Step by step it covers techniques for determining a recommendation for treatment, making a primary impression, and constructing of a study model, constructing and applying a prosthesis for the patient with a complete or incomplete cleft not surgically treated and postoperative problems. The authors then describe the prosthetic procedure in patients with cleft palates who are postoperative and