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This in vitro study assessed the efficacy of three cleaning methods on lithium disilicate ceramic after the application of different try-in pastes through SEM analysis. Ten rectangular specimens of IPS e.max CAD were prepared using a diamond disc, crystallized, etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid, and subjected to three try-in pastes—Calibra ©, Variolink (V), RelyX Veneer®—and three cleaning techniques—air–water spray (RD), ultrasonic bath in distilled water for five minutes (ULT/W), and ultrasonic bath in distilled alcohol for five minutes (ULT/A). A control specimen was also included. After one-minute paste application and subsequent cleaning method application, SEM evaluation was conducted. The results indicate that RD was as effective as CTRL in removing remnants from R-RD, V-ULT/W and V-ULT/A samples, but ineffective for all Calibra paste-contaminated specimens. In conclusion, the optimal removal of try-in paste residues from lithium disilicate restorations is paste-dependent; however, ultrasonic baths with distilled water or alcohol proved effective for most pastes tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry surface biofilms are a major concern for infection transmission in public settings. These biofilms consist of harmful bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli that thrive in low-moisture environments. The biofilms are invisible to the naked eye and cannot be easily detected using standard laboratory methods. Dry surface biofilms cannot be easily disinfected, but they can be cleaned using specialized cleaning products and tools designed for tough soil removal. The risks associated with dry surface biofilms can be effectively mitigated in public settings by use of these specialized cleaning methods. As awareness of these biofilms and their resilient nature is emerging, it is crucial to foster a strong hygiene culture among staff. This awareness can be achieved via continuous training and communication on the subject matter, ensuring that staff are equipped with the knowledge, skills, and tools to address dry surface biofilms and their associated risks effectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving energy efficiency in listed buildings to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) by using a monocrystalline solar PV system with the Dar-Al-Arqam mosque in Edinburgh as a case study. Leveraging PVsyst simulation software, various solar PV design scenarios are evaluated. The results suggest the west wing of the roof is optimal for solar PV installation, demonstrating that PV panels can economically reduce emissions while preserving the building's integrity. Different cleaning methods were investigated and the one best suited for the location is the natural cleaning method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating photovoltaic solar systems offer numerous advantages, including reduced land usage, diminished water evaporation, and lowered thermal losses compared to terrestrial installations. If widely adopted, this system has the potential to generate a staggering 10,600 TWh of electricity. The widespread implementation of this technology could curtail water evaporation by approximately 30%. Floating solar power plants operate at temperatures about 20°C cooler than their terrestrial counterparts, enabling floating panels to yield up to 33.3% more energy. Furthermore, floating photovoltaic systems exhibit an 18.18% greater efficacy in curbing greenhouse gas emissions compared to their land-based counterparts. The heightened adoption of this system is driven by diverse factors, including escalating energy demand, ecological concerns, land-use constraints, and water scarcity, all contributing to sustainability. Despite the manifold benefits of these systems, there exist drawbacks associated with this technology, such as heightened panel corrosion, challenges in cleaning, and potential adverse environmental impacts that need to be addressed. This study meticulously examines the merits and challenges of floating photovoltaic systems in comparison to land-based installations through the content analysis method, meticulously categorizing pertinent research within the existing literature. Tailored approaches to cooling and cleaning, suited to the distinct installation conditions and environments of these systems, are concisely outlined. Through a comprehensive literature review and a meticulous comparison of cooling methods, it has been ascertained that the application of such strategies for floating solar plants yields an efficiency increase of 5-7% in the short term. Consequently, this study furnishes an initial guide for researchers and designers engaged in the development of both floating and land-based solar photovoltaic systems.

This study evaluates the practical feasibility of using powdered cellulose microblasting for dry cleaning paper-based printed artworks in a real setting of conservation treatment. The control parameters used for this purpose are the potential morphological changes in the surface, the level of cleanliness achieved, and the amount of residue remaining in the artwork after the treatment. In this study, cleaning of a lithography was conducted entirely with powdered cellulose microblasting. The outcomes were evaluated before and after treatment using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and spectrophotometry. The results indicate that powdered cellulose microblasting is a feasible and efficient technique for conducting the dry cleaning of printed works on paper without causing morphological changes to their surface. Additionally, it offers significant benefits by enabling precise treatment control, reducing cleaning time, and using materials stable in the long term and compatible with the substrate. Moreover, it mitigates the long-term negative effects caused by synthetic polymer residues from the cleaning materials commonly used in the dry cleaning of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating photovoltaic solar systems offer numerous advantages, including reduced land usage, diminished water evaporation, and lowered thermal losses compared to terrestrial installations. If widely adopted, this system has the potential to generate a staggering 10,600 TWh of electricity. The widespread implementation of this technology could curtail water evaporation by approximately 30%. Floating solar power plants operate at temperatures about 20°C cooler than their terrestrial counterparts, enabling floating panels to yield up to 33.3% more energy. Furthermore, floating photovoltaic systems exhibit an 18.18% greater efficacy in curbing greenhouse gas emissions compared to their land-based counterparts. The heightened adoption of this system is driven by diverse factors, including escalating energy demand, ecological concerns, land-use constraints, and water scarcity, all contributing to sustainability. Despite the manifold benefits of these systems, there exist drawbacks associated with this technology, such as heightened panel corrosion, challenges in cleaning, and potential adverse environmental impacts that need to be addressed. This study meticulously examines the merits and challenges of floating photovoltaic systems in comparison to land-based installations through the content analysis method, meticulously categorizing pertinent research within the existing literature. Tailored approaches to cooling and cleaning, suited to the distinct installation conditions and environments of these systems, are concisely outlined. Through a comprehensive literature review and a meticulous comparison of cooling methods, it has been ascertained that the application of such strategies for floating solar plants yields an efficiency increase of 5-7% in the short term. Consequently, this study furnishes an initial guide for researchers and designers engaged in the development of both floating and land-based solar photovoltaic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This in vitro study assessed the efficacy of three cleaning methods on lithium disilicate ceramic after the application of different try-in pastes through SEM analysis. Ten rectangular specimens of IPS e.max CAD were prepared using a diamond disc, crystallized, etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid, and subjected to three try-in pastes—Calibra ©, Variolink (V), RelyX Veneer®—and three cleaning techniques—air–water spray (RD), ultrasonic bath in distilled water for five minutes (ULT/W), and ultrasonic bath in distilled alcohol for five minutes (ULT/A). A control specimen was also included. After one-minute paste application and subsequent cleaning method application, SEM evaluation was conducted. The results indicate that RD was as effective as CTRL in removing remnants from R-RD, V-ULT/W and V-ULT/A samples, but ineffective for all Calibra paste-contaminated specimens. In conclusion, the optimal removal of try-in paste residues from lithium disilicate restorations is paste-dependent; however, ultrasonic baths with distilled water or alcohol proved effective for most pastes tested.

Improving energy efficiency in listed buildings to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) by using a monocrystalline solar PV system with the Dar-Al-Arqam mosque in Edinburgh as a case study. Leveraging PVsyst simulation software, various solar PV design scenarios are evaluated. The results suggest the west wing of the roof is optimal for solar PV installation, demonstrating that PV panels can economically reduce emissions while preserving the building’s integrity. Different cleaning methods were investigated and the one best suited for the location is the natural cleaning method.

Abstract Purpose Dental implant abutments are defined as medical devices by their intended use. Surfaces of custom-made CAD/CAM two-piece abutments may become contaminated during the manufacturing process in the dental lab. Inadequate reprocessing prior to patient care may contribute to implant-associated complications. Risk-adapted hygiene management is required to meet the requirements for medical devices. Methods A total of 49 CAD/CAM-manufactured zirconia copings were bonded to prefabricated titanium bases. One group was bonded, polished, and cleaned separately in dental laboratories throughout Germany (LA). Another group was left untreated (NC). Five groups received the following hygiene regimen: three-stage ultrasonic cleaning (CP and FP), steam (SC), argon–oxygen plasma (PL), and simple ultrasonic cleaning (UD). Contaminants were detected using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and segmented and quantified using interactive machine learning (ML) and thresholding (SW). The data were statistically analysed using non-parametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunn’s test). Results Significant differences in contamination levels with the different cleaning procedures were found (p ≤ 0.01). The FP–NC/LA groups showed the most significant difference in contamination levels for both measurement methods (ML, SW), followed by CP–LA/NC and UD–LA/NC for SW and CP–LA/NC and PL–LA/NC for ML (p ≤ 0.05). EDS revealed organic contamination in all specimens; traces of aluminum, silicon, and calcium were detected. Conclusions Chemothermal cleaning methods based on ultrasound and argon–oxygen plasma effectively removed process-related contamination from zirconia surfaces. Machine learning is a promising assessment tool for quantifying and monitoring external contamination on zirconia abutments. Graphical Abstract

The use of solar energy is now a common and modern alternative that many countries throughout the world have adopted. Different studies on PV systems have been documented in the literature; however, several reviews focus excessively on particular facets of solar modules. In this paper, the literature on PV systems published between 2000 and 2023 was reviewed thoroughly. This review is structured in three main parts. Primarily, the main factors impacting dust deposition on solar modules are discussed. These include temperature, wind speed, inclination angle, location, climatic conditions, photovoltaic module surface characteristics, and dust characteristics. Many methods for mitigating and reducing dust as well as approaches to cleaning PV modules are also reviewed in this study. The many types of solar modules, together with their most important characteristics and operational effectiveness, are presented. As more solar photovoltaic panels expand their end of life (EOL), solutions are required to recycle and dispose of solar photovoltaic panels at the lowest economic cost and with the least environmental damage through reduced carbon emissions and greenhouse gases. Subsequently, this paper further reviews solar PV energy for a green environment and PV waste recycling and its costs. Moreover, integrating solar energy with other clean energy constituting an energy source for hard-to-reach areas and an alternative to fuel are discussed. Therefore, this comprehensive review of the use of photovoltaic systems for green energy production is helpful in an increased share of clean energy for various energy sectors in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permeable pavement is easy to be blocked, which significantly affects the functions of drainage and skid resistance. Relevant researches lack void clogging and cleaning for PAC with different air voids and nominal maximum particle sizes. This paper designed seven kinds of PAC specimens to study PAC's clogging characteristics and cleaning methods. Specifically, the permeability coefficient decay of PAC caused by clogging was tested. Then, a novel test called fluorescence tracing method was proposed to evaluate the clogging depth and area. Afterward, high-pressure washing, vacuum cleaning, and the combination of high-pressure washing and vacuum cleaning (H&V) were used to study void recovery characteristics. Results showed that the critical clogging particle size of PAC-13 with 16% air voids and PAC-10 with 20% air voids were 0.15-0.3 mm; the critical clogging particle size of PAC-13 with 18% air voids was 0.3-0.6 mm; the critical clogging particle size of PAC-13 and PAC-16 with air voids of 20%, 22%, 24% were 0.6-1.18 mm. Furthermore, the clogging depths of PAC-13 didn't exceed 28 mm, and the proportions of the clogging area didn't exceed 37%. The average recovery rates of vacuum cleaning and H&V were more than 70%, obviously better than that of high-pressure washing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the problems that limit the development of porous asphalt concrete (PAC) is that the pores become clogged, which leads to severe deterioration in its permeability performance. This paper focuses on PAC's permeability characteristics under repeated cycles of clogging. First, sand (S), clay (C), and sand and clay mixtures (S + C) were used as clogging materials for repeated clogging tests. Then, the permeability coefficients in the initial state and after clogging were measured with an improved permeability device. Based upon porosity, maximum nominal particle size, and clogging materials, the paper analyzed the permeability regulation of PAC under repeated clogging conditions. In addition, we compared the restoration effects of vacuum cleaning, high-pressure cleaning, and surface cleaning with cleaning tests and proposed a response surface methodology prediction model. Finally, the particle size distribution of sensitive particles that cause different porosities in PAC clogging was explored. The results showed that the initial permeability coefficient and the permeability coefficient with PAC's repeated clogging increased with the increase in the nominal maximum particle size and porosity. PAC clogged by sand has the greatest rate of reduction in the coefficient of permeability. In addition, we suggested that in PAC pavement maintenance work, water is first sprinkled to wet the road, then high-pressure cleaning used, and finally vacuum cleaning. The prediction model is reliable and the cleaning method has the most significant effect on the permeability coefficient. Further, the particle size distribution that caused PAC-13 and PAC-10 clogging ranged from 0.15 to 2.36 mm and 0.075 to 2.36 mm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of different cleaning methods on the resin bond strength to contaminated translucent 3Y-TZP ceramic. Materials and Methods: A total of 133 airborne-particle abraded (0.1 MPa) zirconia specimens were divided into 7 groups. Uncontaminated zirconia specimens were either not cleaned (UN) or cleaned with cleaning paste (Ivoclean) (UP1). After contamination by saliva and blood immersion, zirconia specimens were cleaned using either distilled water rinsing (CW), 99% isopropanol in an ultrasonic bath (CI), cleaning paste according to manufacturer's instructions (CP1), cleaning paste with additional rubbing (CP2), or additional airborne-particle abrasion at 0.1 MPa (CA). Three specimens from each group were examined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For each group, sixteen Plexiglas tubes filled with composite resin (Clearfil FII, Kuraray Noritake) were bonded to the zirconia specimens using a primer (Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus, Kuraray Noritake) and luting composite (Panavia V5, Kuraray Noritake). Before measuring tensile bond strength, specimens were stored in distilled water for 3 or 150 days plus 37,500 thermal cycles. Results: After 3 days, no group showed significantly different TBS compared to the control group UN (p > 0.05). However, groups CW and CI showed significantly lower TBS than all other groups after 150 days (p = 0.05). XPS analysis revealed more organic residue on zirconia surfaces of groups CW and CI than on the other groups. Conclusion: Cleaning with the cleaning paste and airborne-particle abrasion were effective in removing saliva and blood contamination and enhancing bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Dental implant abutments are defined as medical devices by their intended use. Surfaces of custom-made CAD/CAM two-piece abutments may become contaminated during the manufacturing process in the dental lab. Inadequate reprocessing prior to patient care may contribute to implant-associated complications. Risk-adapted hygiene management is required to meet the requirements for medical devices. Methods: A total of 49 CAD/CAM-manufactured zirconia copings were bonded to prefabricated titanium bases. One group was bonded, polished, and cleaned separately in dental laboratories throughout Germany (LA). Another group was left untreated (NC). Five groups received the following hygiene regimen: three-stage ultrasonic cleaning (CP and FP), steam (SC), argon–oxygen plasma (PL), and simple ultrasonic cleaning (UD). Contaminants were detected using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and segmented and quantified using interactive machine learning (ML) and thresholding (SW). The data were statistically analysed using non-parametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunn's test). Results: Significant differences in contamination levels with the different cleaning procedures were found (p ≤ 0.01). The FP–NC/LA groups showed the most significant difference in contamination levels for both measurement methods (ML, SW), followed by CP–LA/NC and UD–LA/NC for SW and CP–LA/NC and PL–LA/NC for ML (p ≤ 0.05). EDS revealed organic contamination in all specimens; traces of aluminum, silicon, and calcium were detected. Conclusions: Chemothermal cleaning methods based on ultrasound and argon–oxygen plasma effectively removed process-related contamination from zirconia surfaces. Machine learning is a promising assessment tool for quantifying and monitoring external contamination on zirconia abutments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous asphalt concrete (PAC) has excellent performance in managing rainwater, improving groundwater quality, mitigating the heat island effect, and reducing traffic noise. However, PAC often becomes clogged with soil, sand, and other clogging materials, which attenuates its permeability performance. This paper investigated the anticlogging performance of PAC. Firstly, a clogging test of PAC was carried out, and the clogging material was aeolian sand. Then the PAC specimens were cleaned by manual brushing, vacuum pump suction, and high-pressure water cleaning after each clogging. The permeability coefficients (kR) after clogging and cleaning were measured by a variable head seepage device. Next, the influence of porosity, nominal maximum grain size and cleaning method on the permeability performance of PAC under cyclic clogging–cleaning were investigated in terms of the change law of the permeability coefficient. The effect of different clogging materials on the PAC's permeability performance also was investigated. The influence of PAC gradation parameters on the permeability performance of PAC pavement was investigated using statistical methods. The results showed that with the increase of loading times, the permeability coefficient's values after clogging and cleaning first decreased rapidly and then stabilized gradually. The larger the porosity and nominal maximum grain size, the better was the PAC's anti-clogging performance and the better was its effect on the permeability coefficient's recovery. The residual rate of permeability coefficient (γ) of PAC specimens with different porosities and nominal maximum grain sizes differed significantly. The value of γ was large for large-porosity and nominal maximum grain size PAC specimens after each cycle. The order of ranking of the cleaning effect from best to worst was high-pressure water cleaning, vacuum pump suction, and manual brushing. The order of ranking of the clogging effect was sandy soil mixture, aeolian sand, and silty soil. Among the PAC gradation parameters, the effect of porosity on PAC's anticlogging performance was greater than that of nominal maximum grain size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze three methods of cleaning and disinfection of removable plate prostheses (protected by patents) available for elderly and senile persons with psychoneurological diseases living in boarding schools. Materials and methods. Technologies of application of the following methods of cleaning and disinfection of removable plate prostheses are described: 1) using an ultrasonic dispersant UZDN-A with a complex of individual reagents; 2) using the ozonizer-sterilizer « Ozon-stom»; 3) with the help of an ultrasonic washing machine «Retona» and an original complex of domestic reagents. Results. Their positive and negative aspects are revealed; it is established: that each method carried out according to the instructions gives 100% disinfection of removable dentures; the most rational method of ultrasonic treatment with the use of a washing machine of the «Retona» type; for the removal of old and dense deposits of plaque, the method with the use of a dispersant UZDN-A is preferable; the method of ozonation for the elderly and senile people suffering from neuropsychiatric diseases can only be used with the participation of medical staff. Conclusion. The considered methods of cleaning and disinfection of removable plate prostheses can be applied to a greater or lesser extent for the elderly and senile in residential homes of psycho-neurological profile, with complete success can be applied to this category of persons living in a family or in residential homes for the elderly without diseases of this profile. According to the volume of positive aspects, the method of cleaning removable plate prostheses using a washing machine of the “Retona” type and the original complex of domestic reagents is most preferable.

This article lists the technologies used to clean photovoltaic (PV) panels installed in Africa and the Middle East. The peculiarity of the two regions is rooted in their sharing of the high capacity of the solar energy resource, the similarity in the dusty climates, and the intensive research conducted regarding dust soiling and mitigation. This concise summary contains an appraisal of the cleaning methods by naming their merits and drawbacks. The summary also tackles the optimization of the module tilt angle, which some researchers have shown interest in to enhance the gravitational forces that would reduce dust accumulation on PV surfaces. In the end, we included the cleaning frequencies that researchers recommended for several locations and concisely addressed the cleaning economics. We have drawn from this effort as a whole: First, we confirmed that the local climate contributes the most in selecting the cleaning method. Second, we can affirmatively claim that anti-soiling coatings are favored in North Africa, while water-based methods are popular in the gulf cooperation council countries. Third, natural cleaning by wind is ineffective in the desert regions of Africa and the Middle East. Last, the ideal cleaning frequency for Arabia is once a week and varies across Africa.

The cleaning of textile artefacts and in particular historical tapestries is generally carried out using standard methods. Different cleaning procedures, including a new method based on a hydro-aspiration mechanism, recently developed by restorers with the aim of improving the efficiency of the cleaning system, were applied to a historical tapestry belonging to the lower edge of one of the tapestries of the "Ulysses Stories" series exhibited at the Quirinale Palace (Rome). The tapestry was made of wool and silk and has precious decorations made of metal yarns, which are particularly fragile. The new cleaning system was compared with the traditional methods commonly used by restorers for tapestry cleaning. For this purpose, the quantity and chemical composition of the particles removed and collected on quartz fibre filters by applying the different cleaning systems, were estimated by means of analytical techniques, such as IC (Ion Chromatography) for the quantification of the ionic species collected into the rinsing water, the TOT (Thermal Optical Transmittance) method for the quantification of the carbonaceous particles and SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) for yarn morphological characterization and elemental analysis of the deposited particles. The objective of this study is to identify the correct cleaning method to apply to the polymaterial tapestry and, in particular, to the gilded silver and gold metallic yarns, whose conservation state requires the preservation of the "self-protection" patina necessary for the future exhibition inside the Quirinale Palace. The new hydro-aspiration method was found to be more efficient in removing dirt and preserving the structure of the metallic threads being in this way less invasive in detaching the fragile surface patina and at the same time more effective in removing dirt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) panels are one of the most emerging components of renewable energy integration. However, where the PV systems bring power conversion efficiency with its bulk installation setup and eco-friendly feasibility, it also brings the factors that could hamper the performance and efficiency of the system. One of these dependent factors is the accumulation of dust particles and its aggregation which could significantly influence the effect of PV systems. The dust can accumulate in its various forms of soiling by fusing with other environmental variations like rain, storm, and humidity. To resolve these challenges which could impact the energy yield of PV systems, the impact of dust as well as effective cleaning mechanisms are required to be studied to restore the performance and power generation output. In this article, an integrated survey of (1) possible factors of dust accumulation, (2) dust impact analysis, (3) mathematical model of dust accumulated PV panels, and (4) proposed cleaning mechanisms discussed in the literature, and (5) a possible sustainable solution for PV systems to survive in this dust accumulated environment are presented. This study also represents handy information to readers, engineers, and practitioners on the development phase of various technologies involved in minimizing the impact of dust accumulation by its removal, adequate cleaning, and restoration. It also addresses the future possible challenges of these cleaning mechanisms. A comprehensive list of publications to date in the open literature is thereby compiled to canvas a complete visual of the different developments in this area. [Display omitted] • PV systems — An emerging component of renewable energy integration and eco-friendly alternative. • Accumulation and aggregation of dust particles on PV panels — A significant influence on the performance. • Dust accumulated PV panels — An integrated survey of factors, mathematical model, and proposed cleaning mechanisms. • Handy information to readers, engineers, and practitioners. • A possible sustainable solution to challenges of water availability and PV systems cleaning mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhalation chambers (ICs) are regularly used in veterinary medicine for the inhalative treatment of chronic respiratory diseases in dogs and cats. Since therapy is usually required lifelong and daily, devices are frequently in use. The aim of this study was to identify bacterial contamination of ICs used for cats and dogs in relation to the applied cleaning measures. Swabs from ICs of 66 cats and 19 dogs with chronic airway diseases were obtained using a standardized protocol and subsequently cultured. A questionnaire was completed by the pet owners regarding the history of their pet's illness and applied device cleaning measures. Overall, 64% (54/86) of the ICs were found to be contaminated; the mask was significantly (p < 0.001) more often contaminated than other device parts. Most cultured bacteria were environmental contaminants; however, some harbored pathogenic potential. Cleaning frequency and method did not significantly influence the presence of contamination. Bacterial contamination of ICs, used for cats and dogs, is common but is not significantly influenced by the type or frequency of cleaning. To avoid potential infection by opportunistic bacteria, the instruction of pet owners regarding the maintenance of the ICs is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dust accumulation on photovoltaic modules (PVs) affects performance and reduces productivity. Many parameters specify the dust effect, and the degradation is different for PV technologies. In this study, four PV modules each with a 100 W rating were installed and tested horizontally in Sohar, Oman, for an entire year. Two monocrystalline (m-Si) and two polycrystalline (p-Si), one dusty and one kept clean. The measured power, voltage, and current show the degradation where the m-Si shows more reduction compared with p-Si. According to microscopic and XRD analysis, the dust particles have a size of 25–61 µm, and the main elements are SiO2 (55.7%) and CaO (30.0%). For m-Si and p-Si, power reductions were 19% and 14%, respectively. M-Si is more affected by dust than p-Si based on its I-V characteristics. After 55 days of dust accumulation, m-Si power degradation was found to be 40%. Furthermore, the highest power degradation was found in August. The m-Si efficiency, PV performance, capacity, and yield factors are 9.24–10.76%, 52.76–72.81%, 19.53, and 140.87 Wh/Wp, respectively. The results conclude that despite the dust accumulation still, the m-Si PV module shows promising behavior and characteristics in Oman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants tend to be set in desert areas, which enjoy high irradiation and large spaces. However, due to frequent sandstorms, large amounts of contaminants and dirt are suspended in the air and deposited on photovoltaic modules, which greatly decreases the power efficiency and service life. To clean PV to improve efficiency, many methods were proposed. It was found that the application of the self-cleaning coating on PV modules can effectively reduce dust deposition and improve the efficiency of PV. This paper reviews the dust deposition mechanism on photovoltaic modules, classifies the very recent dust removal methods with a critical review, especially focusing on the mechanisms of super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic coatings, to serve as a reference for researchers and PV designers, and presents the current state of knowledge of the aspects mentioned above to promote sustainable improvement in PV efficiency. It was found that the behaviors of dust on photovoltaic modules are mainly deposition, rebound, and resuspension. Particles with a diameter of 1–100 μm are most easily deposited on photovoltaic modules. The use of self-cleaning coatings, especially super-hydrophobic coatings, is beneficial to the rebound and resuspension of particles. The research gaps and development prospects of self-cleaning coatings are also discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of solar energy is now a common and modern alternative that many countries throughout the world have adopted. Different studies on PV systems have been documented in the literature; however, several reviews focus excessively on particular facets of solar modules. In this paper, the literature on PV systems published between 2000 and 2023 was reviewed thoroughly. This review is structured in three main parts. Primarily, the main factors impacting dust deposition on solar modules are discussed. These include temperature, wind speed, inclination angle, location, climatic conditions, photovoltaic module surface characteristics, and dust characteristics. Many methods for mitigating and reducing dust as well as approaches to cleaning PV modules are also reviewed in this study. The many types of solar modules, together with their most important characteristics and operational effectiveness, are presented. As more solar photovoltaic panels expand their end of life (EOL), solutions are required to recycle and dispose of solar photovoltaic panels at the lowest economic cost and with the least environmental damage through reduced carbon emissions and greenhouse gases. Subsequently, this paper further reviews solar PV energy for a green environment and PV waste recycling and its costs. Moreover, integrating solar energy with other clean energy constituting an energy source for hard-to-reach areas and an alternative to fuel are discussed. Therefore, this comprehensive review of the use of photovoltaic systems for green energy production is helpful in an increased share of clean energy for various energy sectors in the future.

One of the problems that limit the development of porous asphalt concrete (PAC) is that the pores become clogged, which leads to severe deterioration in its permeability performance. This paper focuses on PAC’s permeability characteristics under repeated cycles of clogging. First, sand (S), clay (C), and sand and clay mixtures (S + C) were used as clogging materials for repeated clogging tests. Then, the permeability coefficients in the initial state and after clogging were measured with an improved permeability device. Based upon porosity, maximum nominal particle size, and clogging materials, the paper analyzed the permeability regulation of PAC under repeated clogging conditions. In addition, we compared the restoration effects of vacuum cleaning, high-pressure cleaning, and surface cleaning with cleaning tests and proposed a response surface methodology prediction model. Finally, the particle size distribution of sensitive particles that cause different porosities in PAC clogging was explored. The results showed that the initial permeability coefficient and the permeability coefficient with PAC’s repeated clogging increased with the increase in the nominal maximum particle size and porosity. PAC clogged by sand has the greatest rate of reduction in the coefficient of permeability. In addition, we suggested that in PAC pavement maintenance work, water is first sprinkled to wet the road, then high-pressure cleaning used, and finally vacuum cleaning. The prediction model is reliable and the cleaning method has the most significant effect on the permeability coefficient. Further, the particle size distribution that caused PAC-13 and PAC-10 clogging ranged from 0.15 to 2.36 mm and 0.075 to 2.36 mm, respectively.

Purpose: To test the adhesion properties of live gingival fibroblasts to three different implant abutment materials after five different cleaning procedures. Materials and Methods: Highly polished discs of lithium disilicate (LS), zirconium dioxide (Zr), and titanium alloy (Ti) were fabricated. The specimens were cleaned by one of five different methods: steam (S), argon plasma (AP), ultrasound and disinfection (UD), ultrasound and sterilization in an autoclave (UA), or photofunctionalization with high-intensity ultraviolet light (PF). Cell detachment force (adhesion) was measured by single-cell force spectroscopy, which is a method to quantify cell adhesion at the single cell level. Data were statistically analyzed using parametric tests (analysis of variance [ANOVA], t tests). Results: Cell detachment forces in the low nN regime were recorded in all experiments. Significant differences in cell adhesion on the different materials were found as a function of the cleaning method (P ≤ .0001). For LS abutments, no significant differences between the cleaning methods could be found (P > .05). For Zr specimens, the AP method showed the highest cell detachment forces, followed by UD, PF, S, and UA (S/UD, S/UA, S/PF, AP/UD, and UD/PF were not significantly different from each other). For Ti abutments, UD showed the highest cell detachment forces, followed by S, AP, and UA/PF (S/UD, S/UA, S/PF, AP/U, and UA/PF were not significantly different from each other). Conclusion: All cleaning methods provided comparable cell detachment forces for LS abutments. AP/PF or ultrasonic cleaning were the most suitable methods for strong cell adhesion on Zr. UD provided the best cell adhesion for Ti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coating for corrosion protection of metallic substrates such as steel and alloys has attracted tremendous attention and interest in the offshore industry. The main reason for coating importance is to prevent external corrosion, and corrosion management is a vital issue in the oil and gas industry. Although previous studies have emphasized coating applications, failures, and surface preparation, it is worth dedicating this study to surface preparation methods, particularly for industrial valves in the offshore oil and gas industry before coating implementation to prevent coating failure. Surface preparation is one of the crucial factors concerning the performance of any coating system in terms of coating durability, permeability, and adhesion. The motivation for this research is to prevent coating pre-mature failure. Coating failure has severe negative impacts, including financial loss, substrate mechanical or corrosion damage, costly rework costs, and downtime. Various surface contaminants such as mill scale, dirt, dust, rust, salt, etc., and four cleaning methods of chemical cleaning, water jet, blast cleaning, and mechanical cleaning, are included in this review. A proper sequence and selection of mentioned methods are discussed in this study to provide effective metal surface cleanliness before coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the fossil fuels in the verge of exhaustion, the renewable sources are being seen as the prospective potentials for energy, the solar photo voltaic technology is one such source that can look up. One of the problems in installing solar energy is pollution/dust and reduces the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell and major power loss when unwanted obstructions cover the surface of the panels. The obstruction turns the shaded cell into a resistor, causing it to heat up and consume extra power. There is urgency in improving the efficiency of solar power generation, to address this issue, we have discussed about self-cleaning solar panel, and different types of mechanical cleaning technology for solar panels in this paper. A transparent electrode material such as indium tin oxide delivers an alternating current to the top surface of the panel. As it swings between being positively and negatively charged, it creates an electric field that repels charged particles/dust. A fully automated, simple mechanical design use a rotating brush made up of soft microfiber in conjunction with air blowers which will remove all dust without water and without scratching. A nano-coating with hydrophobic and self-cleaning properties for photo voltaic panels, the coating's effect stops dust and bird faeces from sticking to PV panels, keeping them clean, maintaining their efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Evaluation of dust impact and cleaning methods on photovoltaic performance. • Indoor experimental investigation of monocrystalline and polycrystalline has been conducted. • The effect of different dust types has been studied and collected samples from different locations were tested. • Power losses and degradation of yield were calculated for different cases. Photovoltaic modules are affected by the weather and are sensitive to dust accumulation. The accumulation of dust causes obvious losses in the produced yield. To reduce these losses to a minimum, it is recommended to clean the photovoltaic units periodically by several cleaning methods. In this practical study, the accumulated dust was collected for a period of two months (March and April/2021) from five sites in the Wilayat of North Al Batinah – Oman. The dust components were examined, and the sources of these components were determined and their proportions in the dust of each city. The study adopted the examination of the effect of each component separately on the performance of monocrystalline and polycrystalline PV modules. The results showed that the contamination of 5 g/m2 on the monocrystalline PV module caused a decrease in the produced power by 12%, 6%, 6%, 7%, 3%, 4%, and 4%, for ash, calcium carbonate, limestone, cement, sulfur, sawdust, and brown soil, respectively. For polycrystalline module, at the same contamination (5 g/m2), the measured deteriorations were 5%, 4%, 4%, 1%, 2%, and 2% for ash, sand, limestone. sawdust, black silicon carbide and silica gel, respectively. The best manual cleaning methods were also studied to choose the optimal ones for each PV module and city. Polycrystalline are more affected than monocrystalline by the accumulated dust, with an average of not less than 10% at an accumulation rate of 50 g/m2 and 5.28% at an accumulation rate of 5 g/m2. The best way to clean PV modules to recover the largest percentage of yield losses is the sodium solution with rubber and cloth brushes. The study suggests, depending on the practical results, periodic cleaning periods from 10 days (for polycrystalline module in the cities of Liwa, Sohar and Barka) to 15 days (for monocrystalline module for all the cities studied). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an experimental investigation of the proposed waterless photovoltaic (PV) cleaning mechanism in a semi-desert environment. The goal of this research is to improve the efficiency of the solar photovoltaic systems while reducing cleaning costs and avoiding the use of water, ensuring effectiveness and adaptability. In this paper, the effectiveness of the suggested waterless PV cleaning technique has been evaluated by considering a variety of factors, such as cleaning performance, cost, energy consumption, and land use. In the post-monsoon, winter, and summer seasons, the overall gain in energy generation is 1.64%, 4.34%, and 7.76% higher than that of the PV system without the cleaning technique, respectively. The efficiency of a conventional PV system using weekly cleaning was reduced by 1.92%, 2.01%, 1.62%, and 2% after the first, second, third, and fourth weeks, respectively, whereas the PV system's efficiency with the suggested waterless cleaning method was reduced by 0.67%, 0.67%, 0.42%, and 0.25%. A conventional PV system that involves cleaning every day (using water and cloth) was compared to a suggested waterless cleaning PV system for 30 days, and it was noted that the average efficiency of the suggested waterless PV cleaning system was 0.56% less than the average efficiency of the daily manual cleaning PV system. In the event of a hailstorm, there is no way to protect PV panels. The proposed system both cleans up the dust and shields the PV system from hail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

İstanbul hosts large amount of historical buildings. Many of these buildings are made of limestone, fossiliferous limestone and clayey limestone widely known in the region as “Küfeki Stones”. In this study the effect of varying cleaning techniques on altered Küfeki stones was investigated. Within this respect, fresh Küfeki stone samples from original building stone (Bakırköy Küfekisi) and recently used substitute rocks from different quarries and regions around İstanbul were compiled. Mineralogical, petrographic and chemical analysis followed by physical and mechanical properties were investigated for these stones. Same stone samples were subjected to accelerated deterioration mechanisms. These altered stones were then cleaned with laser cleaning and pressurized micro-sand blasting techniques and weight losses were calculated and visual changes were determined. The results revealed that rock micro-texture and physical properties should be considered in determining the appropriate cleaning technique. Besides, the usage type of the stone and type of deterioration mechanism should also be considered during the determination of cleaning technique. It is also emphasized that the laser cleaning is less destructive method for cleaning Küfeki stones among the investigated techniques.

Inhalation chambers (ICs) are regularly used in veterinary medicine for the inhalative treatment of chronic respiratory diseases in dogs and cats. Since therapy is usually required lifelong and daily, devices are frequently in use. The aim of this study was to identify bacterial contamination of ICs used for cats and dogs in relation to the applied cleaning measures. Swabs from ICs of 66 cats and 19 dogs with chronic airway diseases were obtained using a standardized protocol and subsequently cultured. A questionnaire was completed by the pet owners regarding the history of their pet’s illness and applied device cleaning measures. Overall, 64% (54/86) of the ICs were found to be contaminated; the mask was significantly (p < 0.001) more often contaminated than other device parts. Most cultured bacteria were environmental contaminants; however, some harbored pathogenic potential. Cleaning frequency and method did not significantly influence the presence of contamination. Bacterial contamination of ICs, used for cats and dogs, is common but is not significantly influenced by the type or frequency of cleaning. To avoid potential infection by opportunistic bacteria, the instruction of pet owners regarding the maintenance of the ICs is recommended.

The cleaning of textile artefacts and in particular historical tapestries is generally carried out using standard methods. Different cleaning procedures, including a new method based on a hydro-aspiration mechanism, recently developed by restorers with the aim of improving the efficiency of the cleaning system, were applied to a historical tapestry belonging to the lower edge of one of the tapestries of the “Ulysses Stories” series exhibited at the Quirinale Palace (Rome). The tapestry was made of wool and silk and has precious decorations made of metal yarns, which are particularly fragile. The new cleaning system was compared with the traditional methods commonly used by restorers for tapestry cleaning. For this purpose, the quantity and chemical composition of the particles removed and collected on quartz fibre filters by applying the different cleaning systems, were estimated by means of analytical techniques, such as IC (Ion Chromatography) for the quantification of the ionic species collected into the rinsing water, the TOT (Thermal Optical Transmittance) method for the quantification of the carbonaceous particles and SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) for yarn morphological characterization and elemental analysis of the deposited particles. The objective of this study is to identify the correct cleaning method to apply to the polymaterial tapestry and, in particular, to the gilded silver and gold metallic yarns, whose conservation state requires the preservation of the “self-protection” patina necessary for the future exhibition inside the Quirinale Palace. The new hydro-aspiration method was found to be more efficient in removing dirt and preserving the structure of the metallic threads being in this way less invasive in detaching the fragile surface patina and at the same time more effective in removing dirt.

Background: The temporary cement remaining inside the dental prosthesis can act as a source of microbial colonization and contamination and decrease the final cement retention. Consequently, complete removal of temporary cement before permanent cementation is suggested. This study aimed to assess the effect of different cleaning methods for removing temporary cement on the tensile bond force (TBF) of permanently cemented implant-supported zirconia copings. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study fifty titanium abutments were screwed onto 50 analogs with 30 Ncm torque into in acrylic resin blocks. Each abutment was scanned separately, and 50 zirconia copings were designed and milled. Permanent resin cement was used to cement copings of control group (N = 10). Copings were divided into two temporary cementation types that in each group, two cleansing methods were used: Temp-S (temporary cement with eugenol and sandblasted after debonding), Samples of the control group were placed in the universal testing machine, and the TBF values were recorded. Samples of the test groups after debonding and cleaning the abutments were subjected to cement with permanent resin cement, aging, and removing. Levene test, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tamhane post hoc tests were applied. α = 0.05. Results: The highest and lowest TBF values were found for the TempNE-SU (554.7 ± 31.5 N) and Temp-S (492.2 ± 48 N) groups, respectively. The two groups of isopropyl alcohol baths in ultrasonics in combination with sandblasting showed statistically higher TBF values than the other two groups that used only sandblasting (P < 0.001) and had similar values compared to the control group. Conclusion: Sandblasting combined with immersion in an ultrasonic bath containing isopropyl alcohol resulted in statistically similar values to the values of cementation with resin cement from the beginning. However, cleaning the inside of the copings only by sandblasting method reduced the values of the final retention force in comparison to cement with permanent resin cement from the beginning.

Purpose To explore the level of bioburden and the effectiveness of the manufacturers' recommended cleaning methods on lead apparel in a radiology department. Methods A 2-phase experiment at a level II trauma center during a 2-year period assessed the level of bioburden on radiology lead apparel. Adenosine triphosphate swabs and a luminometer were used to measure cleanliness of high-touch areas. Cleanliness was measured before and after 3 cleaning methods were used: cleaning with a mild detergent and water; cleaning with a mild detergent, water, and then a disinfectant; and scrubbing with cleaning wipes. Results Average bioburden levels exceeded facility thresholds for all areas and types of lead apparel examined. All tested cleaning methods significantly reduced bioburden. Discussion Monthly cleaning of lead apparel provides improved cleanliness when compared with quarterly cleaning. Daily cleaning of lead apparel that will be used in a sterile environment is recommended. Future research might include examining other patient care and ancillary equipment found in the imaging department for potential bioburden and surveying technologists to examine practices for routine removal of bioburden from equipment. Conclusion Health care professionals must be aware of the potential bioburden on clinical equipment and maintain an effective cleaning practice and schedule to reduce the possibility of spreading infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The use of removable orthodontic appliances, which is common in early ages, requires careful hygiene, as several different microorganisms are found on their surface during the orthodontic treatment. (2) Methods: Comprehensive electronic searches were conducted up to May 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs), prospective or retrospective, evaluating the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection methods for acrylic removable orthodontic appliances, redacted in the English language, were included. Three independent blinding review authors were involved in study selection, data extraction, and bias assessment. (3) Results: A total of 2491 records were screened and eight studies (six RCTs and two CCTs) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Among the overall cleaning and disinfection methods described in the included studies, four categories could be defined: liquid antimicrobial agents, commercial tablet cleansers, natural plant extracts and incorporation of quaternary ammonium methacryloxy silicate, all of which demonstrated superior efficacy compared to the placebo/negative control. However, the different methods were not compared with each other. (4) Conclusions: Biofilm control on acrylic orthodontic removable appliances can be performed using the different cleaning and disinfection methods considered in the included studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

İstanbul hosts large amount of historical buildings. Many of these buildings are made of limestone, fossiliferous limestone and clayey limestone widely known in the region as “Küfeki Stones”. In this study the effect of varying cleaning techniques on altered Küfeki stones was investigated. Within this respect, fresh Küfeki stone samples from original building stone (Bakırköy Küfekisi) and recently used substitute rocks from different quarries and regions around İstanbul were compiled. Mineralogical, petrographic and chemical analysis followed by physical and mechanical properties were investigated for these stones. Same stone samples were subjected to accelerated deterioration mechanisms. These altered stones were then cleaned with laser cleaning and pressurized micro-sand blasting techniques and weight losses were calculated and visual changes were determined. The results revealed that rock micro-texture and physical properties should be considered in determining the appropriate cleaning technique. Besides, the usage type of the stone and type of deterioration mechanism should also be considered during the determination of cleaning technique. It is also emphasized that the laser cleaning is less destructive method for cleaning Küfeki stones among the investigated techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excess cement not removed after the cementation of fixed implant-supported restorations may cause loss of peri-implant attachment or adjacent bone. The aims of this study were to evaluate the amount of residual cement at different abutment-crown connection levels and to test the cleaning efficacy of poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) ultrasonic tips after cementation. One implant was placed in an anterior central tooth position 5 mm below the gingival margin in an acrylic model, and 32 stone models were obtained with implant analogs. Abutment heights of 1–2 and 2.5–4 mm were used on the vestibular and lingual sides, respectively. Crowns were cemented and cleaned, and half of the samples were cleaned again using PEEK tips. The abutment-crown suprastructure was then disconnected, and cleaning efficacy was evaluated. Varying amounts of excess cement were found on all specimens except for the PEEK group with abutment-crown connections 1 mm below the gingival margin. An increase of undetected cement remnants was observed when the restoration margins were located deeper subgingivally. Various amounts of excess cement associated with margin location were detected on the abutment–restoration complex despite meticulous cleaning efforts. Ultrasonic PEEK tips were effective at cleaning the cement remnants around implants to a certain depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bacterial contamination of medical equipment is a serious problem. If effective cleaning methods are not employed, sonographic examinations performed in the emergency department can lead to patient-to-patient transmission of pathogens. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of four different ultrasound probe cleaning methods in reducing bacteria and to determine the types of bacteria found on ultrasound probes. Materials and Methods: This was a randomized experimental study. The sample consisted of 104 ultrasound probes used at the Srinagarind Hospital emergency department from August 2019 to December 2019. Probes were randomized into four groups of 26. Cultures were examined before and after cleaning using one of four different techniques including wiping with a dry paper towel or washing with liquid soap, 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, or dimethyl ammonium chloride. Quantitative grading of bacterial colonies was performed to determine cleaning effectiveness. Results: All four cleaning method resulted in significant reductions in bacteria (p<0.001), but 4% chlorhexidine gluconate was the most effective (no bacterial growth in 84.62% of cases; p<0.001). The bacteria found were Staphylococcus coagulase-neg, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., and Corynebacterium. We also found fungus on two of the ultrasound probes. Conclusion: The authors found many types of bacterial contamination on the surfaces of ultrasound transducers. Cleaning probes after performing sonographic examination is necessary. Based on both its ability to control infection control and its cost-effectiveness, 4% chlorhexidine gluconate is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate in vitro the influence of different cleaning methods after low-pressure air abrasion on the bond strength of a phosphate monomer-containing luting resin to zirconia ceramic. Materials and Methods: A total of 112 zirconia ceramic disks were divided into 7 groups (n = 16). In the test groups, disks were air abraded at low pressure (L) 0.05 MPa using 50-µm alumina particles. Prior to bonding, the disks were ultrasonically (U) cleaned either in isopropanol alcohol (AC), hydrofluoric acid (HF), demineralized water (DW), or tap water (TW), or they were used without ultrasonic cleaning. Disks air abraded at a high (H) pressure of 0.25 MPa and cleaned ultrasonically in isopropanol served as positive control; original (O) milled disks used without air abrasion served as the negative control group. Plexiglas tubes filled with composite resin were bonded with the adhesive luting resin Panavia 21 to the ceramic disks. Prior to testing tensile bond strength (TBS), each main group was further subdivided into 2 subgroups (n=8) which were stored in distilled water either at 37°C for 3 days or for 30 days with 7500 thermal cycles. Statistical analyses were conducted with two- and one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's HSD test. Results: Initial tensile bond strength (TBS) ranged from 32.6 to 42.8 MPa. After 30 days storage in water with thermocycling, TBS ranged from 21.9 to 36.3 MPa. Storage in water and thermocycling significantly decreased the TBS of test groups which were not air abraded (p = 0.05) or which were air abraded but cleaned in tap water (p = 0.002), but not the TBS of the other groups (p > 0.05). Also, the TBS of air-abraded groups were significantly higher than the TBS of the original milled (p < 0.01). Cleaning procedures did not significantly affect TBS either after 3 days or 30 days storage in water and thermocycling (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Air abrasion at 0.05 MPa and ultrasonic cleaning are important factors for improving bonding to zirconia ceramic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This in vitro study assessed the effectiveness of three cleaning protocols (air-water spray, 37% phosphoric acid, or Ivoclean) on lithium disilicate restorations' fatigue behavior after try-in paste application, compared to a clean condition. Lithium disilicate discs (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar) with Ø-= 12 mm and 1 mm thickness were prepared from prefabricated CAD-CAM blocks, polished, subjected to CAD-CAM milling topography simulation and crystallization. After, etching with 5% hydrofluoric acid and the application of try-in paste (Variolink try-in paste shade white; load of 2.5 N for 5 min) was performed. Discs that received try-in paste were divided into three groups according to the removal protocol: SPRAY – air-water spray for 30 s; HPO – active application of 37% phosphoric acid for 60 s; IVOC – application of Ivoclean for 20 s. Control group (CTRL group) did not receive the try-in paste application. Half of the specimens (n= 15) were tested in the baseline condition (24 h up to 7 days), and the others underwent 25,000 thermal cycles (5 – 55 °C) + 210 days of distilled water storage (37 °C). Additional specimens (n= 3) underwent monotonic testing (1 mm/min). Fatigue testing involved a cyclic fatigue approach (20 Hz, initial load = 100 N – 5000 cycles, step size = 50 N – 10,000 cycles) until a visible crack appeared. Fractographic and topographic analyses were performed. Fatigue data were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier log-rank (Mantel-Cox), and independent t -test (α= 0.05). In the baseline condition, the IVOC group resulted in a superior fatigue behavior compared to the CTRL and SPRAY groups, but similar to the HPO group. The HPO and SPRAY presented a similar fatigue behavior to the CTRL group. It was noticed a decrease in fatigue behavior after aging, which resulted in all the cleaning protocols leading to similar fatigue behavior compared to the CTRL group. On the SPRAY group surface, try-in pastes remnants were noticed. In summary, despite a detrimental impact at baseline conditions, all tested cleaning protocols seem proper to remove the try-in paste from the ceramic's surface in the long-term evaluation. • 37% phosphoric acid and Ivoclean serve as effective cleaning protocols. • After aging, cleaning protocols exhibited fatigue behavior similar to the clean ceramic. • Air-water spray left try-in paste remnants on the lithium disilicate surface. • The etched CAD/CAM milling topography significantly influenced fatigue behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation has become one of the key technologies to reach energy-saving and carbon reduction targets. However, dust accumulation will significantly affect the electrical, optical, and thermal performance of PV panels and cause some energy loss. For this reason, appropriate cleaning measures are needed to restore their performance and power output. Many researchers have reviewed the effects of dust on the performance of PV panels and cleaning methods, but their coverage is narrow and lacks more in-depth summarization, comparison, and critique of key quantitative results. Using the Web of Science database as the main search source, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of research results on the mechanisms and influencing factors of dust deposition on photovoltaic panels, photovoltaic performance loss and prediction models, cleaning methods, and dirt monitoring systems. The results found that the module power output degradation due to dust deposition is more serious in different regions, ranging from 7% to 98.13%. The automatic cleaning robot, as an emerging intelligent technology, has a better cleaning effect and can increase PV efficiency by up to 49.53%. This paper also proposes a comprehensive strategy for dust prevention on PV panels that integrates "real-time monitoring of dust accumulation - model prediction of losses - and optimization of cleaning solutions", emphasises the development of new intelligent cleaning methods represented by robots and drone cleaning, and suggests promoting the application of AI in the monitoring and cleaning of PV modules to accelerate the process of achieving carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The use of removable orthodontic appliances, which is common in early ages, requires careful hygiene, as several different microorganisms are found on their surface during the orthodontic treatment. (2) Methods: Comprehensive electronic searches were conducted up to May 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs), prospective or retrospective, evaluating the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection methods for acrylic removable orthodontic appliances, redacted in the English language, were included. Three independent blinding review authors were involved in study selection, data extraction, and bias assessment. (3) Results: A total of 2491 records were screened and eight studies (six RCTs and two CCTs) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Among the overall cleaning and disinfection methods described in the included studies, four categories could be defined: liquid antimicrobial agents, commercial tablet cleansers, natural plant extracts and incorporation of quaternary ammonium methacryloxy silicate, all of which demonstrated superior efficacy compared to the placebo/negative control. However, the different methods were not compared with each other. (4) Conclusions: Biofilm control on acrylic orthodontic removable appliances can be performed using the different cleaning and disinfection methods considered in the included studies. Further studies are needed to define the most effective technique. Registration: PROSPERO CRD 42021269297.

This study evaluated the effect of temporary cement residue removal methods from human coronary dentin on the bond strength of adhesively-luted zirconia on dentin. Forty non-carious human molars were embedded in acrylic resin and the dentin surfaces were exposed. Temporary acrylic crowns were provisionally cemented with zinc oxide cement without eugenol and stored in distilled water (37 °C/15 days). After crown removal, the excess temporary cement was removed from dentin according to one of the following cleaning methods: (n = 8 per group): (a) air-water rinse (AW), (b) pumice paste (PP), (c) air-abrasion with aluminum oxide particles (Al2O3) (AA), (d) sodium bicarbonate spray (SB) or (e) glycine powder (CP). Forty zirconia cylinders were made and each cylinder was adhesively luted onto each tooth after adhesive resin (Scotch Bond Universal, 3 M ESPE-SBU) application using resin cement (RelyX Ultimate, 3 M ESPE) and photo-polymerized from each surface for 20 s. The bonded specimens were stored in distilled water (37 °C) for 90 days. The bonded interface was loaded under shear (1 mm/min). Data (MPa) were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Mean bond strength was significantly affected by the cleaning method (p = 0.0289). Cleaning with AA method resulted in significantly higher bond strength than with SB (p < 0.05) but similar to CP, PP and AW (p > 0.05). All cleaning methods were effective in removing temporary resin cement from dentin surfaces. Air-abrasion with aluminum oxide particles was more effective than with sodium bicarbonate spray promoting adhesion between zirconia and dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]