Search

The pattern of life in Islamic boarding schools requires a lot of energy and a balanced nutritional intake. However, with the existence of a management system for all business units by college and students, it was necessary to divide time for studying, teaching and helping the boarding school. Therefore, the provision of supporting food and drinks was not optimal and the nutrition intake and process cleanliness not guaranteed. The education activity for healthy and nutritionally balanced food was in the context of spreading insights into healthy, nutritious and clean food by the canteen managed by the student. It was to support the creation of balanced nutrition and support the growth of student who was early adolescents. The implementation strategy included slide presentations, discussions, and assistance to the canteen administrators. The activities of implementing services, managing food in the canteen, and paying attention to cleanliness intended to encourage changes in the diet of the student. In addition, this education was increasing the knowledge and sensitivity of canteen staff so that they can pay more attention to nutrition and health principles in the selection, process, and presentation of food and beverages.

Modern food packaging system and techniques aims at providing plethora of ways to produce safe, reliable, shelf-stable, and clean food. Present-day food production and consumption practices create a lot of packaging requirements, and new forms of packaging are constantly being developed. Unfortunately, these packaging materials create a generous amount of packaging wastes that are left behind, which causes hazardous threat to our environment. The purpose of this review is to recapitulate chitin as bio-based packaging material and role of nanotechnology in recent advancements in biodegradable packaging materials. Packaging of food is used for ensuring and maintains the quality and safety of the product by functioning as a barrier system, during the time of transportation and storage. Overall, this review provides a holistic view of chitin-based nanomaterial in the dimension of food packaging and preservation, and their fulfillment of increasing demands for high quality, safety, and concerns of environment sustainable development.

This research aimed to study the purchasing decision of clean food and to establish a marketing strategy for clean food products. Data were collected by random sampling method which presented a sample group of 400 people. This can be divided into 300 working-age people in the Central Business District of Bangkok and 100 social media users. The statistical tools used for data analysis were mean, percentage, frequency, T-Test, One-Way ANOVA Analysis and Pearson Correlation. The results revealed that the target group who decided to purchase clean food were 31 years old or older who have income more than 20,000 baht per month, regardless of gender. The design of clean food products should focus on ready-to-eat production processes. The quantities should be available in small (S), medium (M), and large (L) sizes. The results implied that the package should be designed to be easily opened and eaten. Consumers decided to purchase clean foods from well-known brands. Price should be set to suit the food quality. In addition, the products should be available at the storefront which consumers can easily grab and purchase. The results also pointed out that sales promotions should provide a discount when purchasing a specified quantity of products. Food delivery service to consumers’ home or office was a must. Moreover, the price level at which consumers were more likely to purchase was 40 baht. But the price level that will generate income was 70 baht.

This study assessed various factors associated with poor compliance of street food vendors to safety measures in the Techiman Municipality with emphasis on the World Health Organization’s five keys to safer food policy. Two sets of questionnaires were designed to collect data from 150 respondents (140 food vendors and 10 officials of the Environmental Health and Sanitation Agency) in the Techiman Municipality. Data was collected based on the level of awareness, food hygiene/handling practices and effectiveness of regulatory bodies in the Techiman municipality. Overall, awareness of food hygiene was high (91.4%) and depended on vendor’s educational level (Chi-square = 7.810, P

This paper reviews the routine and periodic systems used to clean food equipment. The manner in which soil accumulates on surfaces, and factors affecting that accumulation are discussed. The mechanisms by which microbial development on the equipment surface is controlled by the system is also discussed. The contamination sequence of deposition, attachment, depletion, growth and contamination by the organism is presented in detail. Changes in surface microbial numbers over time are reviewed for system components and complete systems. The relationship between the amount of soil on the surface and microbial survival is examined. The ability of the routine and periodic systems to control soil accumulation and microbial development is discussed. Factors affecting design of a cleaning system are also presented. These factors are used to design a cleaning system, using a pipeline milking machine as an example.

Climate change, environmental pollution control, and resource utilization efficiency, as well as food security, sustainable agriculture, and water supply are among the main challenges facing society today. Expertise across different academic fields, technologies, and disciplines is needed to generate new ideas to meet these challenges. This white paper aims to provide a written summary by describing the main aspects and possibilities of the technology. It shows that plasma science and technology can make significant contributions to address the mentioned issues. The paper also addresses to people in the scientific community (inside and outside plasma science) to give inspiration for further work in these fields.

Hospital patients are highly dependent on a good food control, clean kitchen and clean food.

Hygienic design is of fundamental importance in the development of food processing machines. A hygiene appropriate design leads to lower maintenance work for machine operators and to clean food free of contamination. Designers have access to plenty of guidelines that support the embodiment design and detailing of specific equipment. The Working Space Model is a suitable adaptation of the well-known and established Contact & Channel Model, which aids designers in systematically considering hygiene-relevant requirements during the conceptual design.

Journal of Management Science Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, 5, 2, 30-44

Does contextual information about disgust influence children's food consumption and subjective experience of taste? Three- to eight-year-old children (N = 60) were presented with two identical foods, yet children were led to believe that one food had been contaminated by sneezing and licking, while the other was clean. When given the opportunity to eat the foods, 5- to 8-year-old children consumed more clean food and rated the clean food's taste more positively; younger children did not distinguish between the foods. The relation between contamination and subjective taste held even among children who ate both foods and had direct evidence that they were identical. These data indicate that children's consumption behavior and food preferences are influenced by information external to foods themselves.

This article shows complete data of the means to grow organic horseradish in open field conditions in serbian metropolitan regions. In developed countries demand for organic productions grows, day in day out. That means that these cultures must be produced without appliance of additives, mineral fertilizers, pesticides, different hormones, and especially herbicides, that may biologically misbalance production environment. That's why it is necessary to find the way and develop methods to produce medically clean food and to preserve natural resources. Horseradish is one of the ideal cultures for this kind of production.

Juvenile sole (Cymoglossus robustus) were exposed to BDE-47 and BDE-99 through feeding in the laboratory for 60 days, followed by 60 days of clean food, to examine bioaccumulation and potential thyroid hormone disruption effect. The results show that both BDE-47 and BDE-99 accumulate in fish tissues. The free tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations in the plasma of sole varied significantly throughout the experiment but were not related to PBDEs exposure. In contrast, plasma levels of thyroxine levels (T4) were lower in both groups of PBDE-exposed fish compared with control fish after 60 days of exposure, suggesting that PBDEs may influence thyroid homeostasis.

Separate 77-d fish feeding studies were conducted on the cyclic volatile methylsiloxane (cVMS) chemicals octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane with the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, with the determination of biomagnification factor (BMF) and lipid-adjusted BMF (BMF(L)) values as the final experimental metrics. The studies used fish food concentrations of ∼500μgg(-1) for exposure periods of 35d, followed by a depuration period of 42d with clean food. The fish tissue concentrations of D4 and D5 achieved empirical steady-state by day 21 in each study. By day 7 of exposure, total (14)C activity of both compounds had moved from the fish gastrointestinal (GI) tract into surrounding tissue. An absence of significant fish growth during the initial depuration phase allowed for measurement of empirical depuration rate constants (k2) independent of growth dilution for D4 and D5 of 0.035 and 0.040d(-1), respectively, corresponding to elimination half-lives of approximately 20d. These rate constants indicated that ∼70-75% of steady-state was achieved during exposure in both studies, resulting in empirical steady-state BMF and BMF(L) values of 0.28 and 0.66 for D4, respectively, and 0.32 and 0.85 for D5, respectively. Kinetic modeling using simple first-order uptake and depuration dynamics produced good agreement with experimental data, with D4 and D5 assimilation efficiencies of 40% and 44%, respectively. Growth-corrected depuration rate constants modeled over the entire study data set indicated slower elimination kinetics for D4 (k2 of 0.007d(-1) or half-life of 100d) compared to D5 (k2 of 0.010d(-1) or elimination half-life of 69d). Kinetic BMFk values (i.e., k1/k2) for D4 and D5 were 1.7 and 1.3, respectively, with lipid-adjusted BMFk(L) values of 4.0 and 3.4, respectively.

Infection avoidance behaviours are the first line of defence against pathogenic encounters. Behavioural plasticity in response to internal or external cues can therefore generate heterogeneity in infection. We tested whether Drosophila melanogaster exhibits infection avoidance behaviour during foraging, and whether this behaviour is modified by prior exposure to Drosophila C Virus (DCV) and by the risk of DCV encounter. We examined two measures of infection avoidance: (1) the motivation to feed in the presence of an infection risk and (2) the preference to feed on a clean food source over a potentially infectious source. We found no clear evidence for preference of clean food sources over potentially infectious ones. However, infection avoidance was present in female flies, which were less motivated to feed when presented with a risk of encountering DCV, but this was only the case if they had been previously exposed to this viral pathogen. We discuss the relevance of plasticity in avoidance behaviours during ecologically relevant scenarios such as foraging for host fitness and pathogen spread.

Copper pollutions are typical heavy metal contaminations, and their ability to move up food chains urges comprehensive studies on their effects through various pathways. Currently, four exposure pathways were prescribed as food-borne (FB), water-borne plus clean food (WCB), water-food-borne (WFB) and water-borne (WB). Caenorhabditiselegans was chosen as the model organism, and growth statuses, feeding abilities, the amounts of four antioxidant enzymes, and corresponding recovery effects under non-toxic conditions with food and without food were investigated. Based on analysis results, copper concentrations in exposure were significantly influenced by the presence of food and its uptake by C.elegans. Both exposure and recovery effects depended on exposure concentrations and food conditions. For exposure pathways with food, feeding abilities and growth statuses were generally WFBWCB≤FB (p0.05). The antioxidant activities were up-regulated in the same order. Meanwhile, the exposure pathway without food (WB) caused non-up-regulated antioxidant activities, and had the best growth statuses. For recoveries with food, growth statuses, feeding abilities and the inductions of the antioxidant enzymes were all WB≈WFBWCBFB (p0.05). For recoveries without food, the order of growth statuses remained WBFBWCBWFB (p0.05), while the antioxidant activities were all inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion. In conclusion, contaminated food was the primary exposure pathway, and various pathways caused different responses of C.elegans.

This study was focused on tourists visiting the Chujado, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province as island tourism. First, this study collected the selection attributes visiting Chujado from literature review and applied the IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis)with the attributes to this research. The results are as follows: First, in the area I, the attributes (climates, exotic atmosphere, tourism information, reservation service, a variety of food, clean food etc.) both with high importance and high performance need to be kept continuously. And, in the area II, the IPA map showed that other attributes (accessibility, a variety of food, accommodation, affordable price etc) with high importance and low performance) need to be improved in the future time. These results can give the implications for establishing an appropriate policy of Chujado tourism development.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine international tourist consumption behavior and decisional attributes in the patronage of foodservice establishments in Thailand with a focus on sanitation.Design/methodology/approach – Data from a convenience sample (n=129) were quantitatively analyzed using descriptive statistics, t‐tests, ANOVA, and correlations.Findings – Tourists tended to be neutral on most attributes in selecting foodservice establishments. Key attributes included familiarity with food products for selecting international franchised restaurants, location and desire to experience authentic Thai food from locally owned restaurants, and location for eating establishments at accommodation facilities. Based on sanitation concerns, tourists lacked confidence in selecting any type of establishments, especially street vendors, and awareness of the “Clean Food Good Taste” (CFGT) Program was low. Tourists' perceived overall sanitation standard in Thailand correlated with their selection of loc...

Background/Objectives: This study is to suggest the oral health promotion plan for the happy life by grasping the close relation between oral health care and happiness in dental hospital patients. Methods/Statistical analysis: The subjects of this study were selected as patients who came to some dental hospitals in Jeollabuk-do, Korea. The subjects were selected as the convenience sampling method and the purpose of the study was explained to the patient. Self-administered questionnaires were administered to subjects voluntarily participating in the study. The responses to the questionnaires were 359 respondents, excluding 19 who responded unfairly to the 378respondents. Findings: Overall happiness was 3.55 points. Among the items of euphoria, the feeling of happiness felt at home was the highest at 4.17 points. Secondly, the feeling of happiness felt when social life was good was 3.89 points. The next was the feeling of happiness when feeling healthy, and the feeling of happiness when feeling economical.The relationship between oral health care and overall happiness is as follows. Significant variables were the number of toothbrushes per day and oral health education. The overall happiness was higher when the number of brushings per day was more than 3 times. Overall oral well-being was high when they received oral health education. The explanatory power of the variables was 52.1.The overall happiness was higher with more intake of clean food and protection food, and the explanatory power of the variable was 55.0.Overall happiness was higher with more intake of Clean food and Protection food, and the explanatory power of the variable was 55.0. Improvements/Applications:Oral health education should be actively pursued so that the proper method and frequency of tooth brushing of Dental Hospital Patients, and the use of oral hygiene products.

Poor diet accounts for a larger burden of disability and death than tobacco, alcohol and physical inactivity combined.[1] The World Health Assembly has recognized this as a priority and has challenged member countries to reduce non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality by 25% by 2025 targeting their determinants.[2] Reaching these ambitious targets is possible, but it will require decisive action on diets and tobacco smoking if we want to make a difference.[1] Certainly diet can deliver these reductions rapidly, possibly in less than a decade, and particularly by reducing cardiovascular disease burden, still one of the most important cause of death globally.[3,4]But the impact of these diseases can be substantially lowered. Several natural experiments have shown the dramatic changes in mortality can be observed after changes of risk factors at population level, many attributable to changes in food intake [5]

Every year, one in eight Canadians suffers from foodborne illness. Food contaminated with certain bacteria, viruses, and parasites are some of the main causes of illness. Food can become contaminated anywhere in the farm-to-fork continuum. This chapter focuses on the control of pathogens at the retail level. The global nature of our food supply means that food often has to travel long distances before reaching the local supermarket. As such, contamination during transportation is a real concern. Some of the risk factors that can be associated with transportation are temperature abuse, unsanitary cargo areas improper loading/unloading practices, damaged packaging, poor road conditions, and human error. Once food arrives at the retailer and undergoes further handling, storage, and/or processing, factors such as pH, water activity, as well as time and temperature can influence pathogen survival and/or growth in food. Preparation steps such as in-store slicing can potentially expose the food to harmful microorganisms. Factors such as clean food contact surfaces, good worker hygiene, employee education, stock rotation, and temperature control are essential in order to reduce potential microbiological hazards associated with foods. Susceptible populations, in particular, must exercise caution when consuming higher-risk foods.

In the indoor environment, mites and fungi are two of the most important causes of asthma and rhinitis in people. Although these two subjects are often studied separate ly, to do so ignores the important ecological relationship between them. For example, fungi may be a source of nutrients, providing the sterols and vitamins required by one of the most important house-dust mites, Dermato phagoides pteronyssinus. In addition, two other mite species also found in the indoor environment, Acarus siro and Tyrophagus putrescentiae, are attracted by fun gi and feed on some species of them. In return, these two mite species are capable of inoculating the micro-organ isms into clean food commodities. This review is an attempt to highlight the complex interaction between mites and fungi and to give an overview of our knowl edge of this microscopic world. It also hopes to give a clearer understanding of the mechanisms by which fun gicides can control, or not, the development of domestic mite populations.

Dags represent a major cost to sheep farmers, in both monetary terms and because of the stress associated with flystrike. Historically, the incidence of dags has been attributed in large part to worm burdens, but other causes may be more important, viz parasite larval challenge, fungal endophyte and selection of sheep for resistance to worms. These and other factors associated with the incidence of dags are summarised, together with variations in faecal types (physical and chemical composition) which affect their capacity for adhesion to wool. Much of these data emphasise the importance of differences or changes in intestinal function being responsible for the loose and gooey faeces which develop into dags. Flystrike is strongly correlated with dags, and this scenario cannot be tolerated in a country claiming to produce good, clean food. Keywords: dags, diarrhoea, endophyte, faeces, flystrike, parasitism, sheep

Vendors of meals and snacks, granted the realities of the present changing economic and social lifestyles, will continue to feed large numbers of people despite the insanitary conditions under which most of them operate. This study sought to find out the degree of patronage of food sold by vendors, items purchased, reasons for patronizing, views and opinions on the services patronized. Two-hundred and forty-five students resident in five halls at the University of Ghana completed a self-administered questionnaire each. Eighty-six per cent purchased cooked meals and snacks regularly from vendors. Over two-thirds consumed their meals at the selling sites. However, the services and facilities offered by vendors were judged as inadequate and poor. Nineteen per cent reported having suffered diarrhoea, stomach aches, indigestion and other gastrointestinal problems as a result of eating vendored foods. Three outstanding reasons emerged for the high patronage of vendored foods. They are food always being available (69%); food being cheaper (62%); and more variety to choose from (42%). These findings portray the great influence of money and time on consumer choice of food in our present harsh economic environment. Patrons indicated several unhealthy practices by vendors that pose health threats to patrons. These observations together with several recommendations made regarding the safe handling of food, water and the environment indicate consumers' awareness of the need for safe delivery of the food they consume. There is the urgent need therefore to organize and train vendors, pass a food law, supervise operations of vendors and also educate consumers to choose only safe food and water and insist on a clean food environment.

Ants are efficient trace metal accumulators, but metal kinetics in ants has not been described. Workers of Myrmica rubra collected in seven meadows along a metal pollution gradient were exposed to dietary Zn (1000 mg kg −1 ) for a 80 day uptake period followed by 30 days of clean food. Zn concentrations in the ants from all study sites were found to have been maintained on a stable level, indicating very efficient Zn regulation. No proof of adaptation in terms of enhanced elimination or restricted accumulation of Zn was found. Nevertheless, the results illustrate the general kinetics of Zn in M. rubra , irrespective of the differences between sites.

It is well accepted that the majority of monomethylmercury (MMHg) in fish originates in their food; however, the additional contribution of water as a source to fish MMHg levels remains unclear. We used isotope enriched mercury (Hg) in a controlled field experiment to quantify the uptake of Hg from ingested and aqueous sources by young-of-year yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Water and zooplankton from a lake that had received (202)Hg-enriched additions (called spike Hg) for 7 y during a whole-ecosystem loading study (METAALICUS) provided natural, low-level Hg exposure. We achieved separation of exposure pathways by housing perch in one of four treatments: clean water + clean food; clean water + Hg spiked food; Hg spiked water + clean food; Hg spiked water + Hg spiked food. Fish accumulated MMHg directly from water, and this source accounted for at least 10% of MMHg in fish during the 27-d trial. Accumulation of spike Hg from water and food was additive, with food providing the majority of spike MMHg taken in by fish. Predictions from a bioenergetics model that excludes water as a source underestimated Hg in perch by 11%. This study illustrates the importance of acknowledging both food and water as sources of Hg to fish and suggests that aqueous Hg should be included as a source of contamination in bioaccumulation models and experiments.

Clean food contact surfaces are important in reducing the likelihood of foodborne disease transmission. The goal of this study was to assess and compare baseline cleanliness of food contact and environmental surfaces in retail food establishments by using ATP bioluminescence (ATP-B), visual assessment, and surface contact plates. Four hundred eighty-nine surface samples were collected from three food service establishments at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities (Minneapolis) and analyzed for either ATP (252) or total aerobic plate count bacteria (237). ATP levels ranged from a minimum of 4 relative light units (RLU; 0.60 log RLU) on a clean slicer to a maximum of 506,618 RLU (5.77 log RLU) on a dirty cutting board. The overall mean was 1,950 RLU (3.29 log RLU). Cutting boards had the highest ATP levels (mean, 5,495 RLU or 3.74 log RLU; median, 6,761 RLU or 3.83 log RLU). Of the 128 samples judged visually clean at the time of sampling, 70.3 % failed ATP-B testing. Sixty-one (26 % ) of the 237 total aerobic plate count samples yielded counts of over 125 CFU/50 cm(2) (failed), and of those that failed, 40 % were assessed as visually clean before sampling. The highest average counts in CFU/50 cm(2) were found on slicers (104) and cutting boards (87). The results of this study suggest that the current practice of evaluating food contact surface cleanliness by sight and touch to meet regulatory requirements might be inadequate. ATP-B testing may be an efficient tool to facilitate creation, implementation, and validation of more effective food contact surface cleaning in food establishments.

In Finland, the importance of the agricultural weather service is enormous. The farmer's financial returns are tens of times higher than the cost of the service to him. Crop yields and quality can be improved, production costs cut and agricultural pollution minimized. Agricultural research and the weather service permit the best possible use to be made of pesticide sprays. When the need for such measures is marginal, ‘just-in-case’ sprayings can be omitted. Thus we can be sure of clean food, a cleaner environment and cleaner countryside.

Good Clean Food: Shopping Smart to Avoid GMOs, rBGH, and Products That May Cause Cancer and Other Diseases Samuel Epstein, Beth Leibson Skyhorse Publishing, 2013. Pp 192. US$24·95 Ro ad sid e A tt ra ct io ns Stories We Tell, written and directed by Sarah Polley, is a fi lm of the life and subsequent loss of her mother, the Canadian actress and casting director Diane Polley. Herself a wellestablished actor, writer, and director in her native Canada, Sarah was nominated for an Oscar for her writing for the 2006 fi lm Away From Her, which she also directed. Stories We Tell was produced by the National Film Board of Canada, and premiered at the 69th Venice International Film Festival. It is a narrative documentary, starring members of her own family, and the Canadian actor Rebecca Jenkins. The fi lm gripped me right from the start, as I was led into the lives of a family headed by a quiet, reserved father and his fun-loving, gregarious wife. It was the starkness of the fi lm that moved me; from the way Polley asks diffi cult, direct, and searching questions on fi lm of her closest loved ones; and the way the characters tell their stories from the heart. The fi lm tells the tale of Diane Polley—her relationships, career, and tragic death from cancer when Sarah was just 11 years old. Leaving a vast trail of emptiness in her absence, her family relives her life story of love and loss, infi delity, and sacrifi ce. The fi lm is a fusion of interviews, home-movie footage, fi lm clips from the past and reconstructed sequences, and the plot in turn moves, and surprises, as the story unravels. Events in Diane’s life, narrated in the background by Michael Polley, her second husband, reveal the unreliability of memory and the additions and omissions we make to our recollection of life events. By telling the story of a family in turmoil, reeling after the loss of a loved one, then subsequently revealing how she made the fi lm, Polley manages to engage the audience and then fl ourish her clever fi nale just when you think you have it all worked out. To anyone interested in people, families, and relationships—and the subsequent secrets and tragedies that they hold— it is a fi lm to be relished. Our reliability as witnesses, recollecting times past, is questioned right to the very end, when we are left wondering if Polley herself can indeed be trusted to tell her tale.

Good Clean Food: Shopping Smart to Avoid GMOs, rBGH, and Products That May Cause Cancer and Other Diseases Samuel Epstein, Beth Leibson Skyhorse Publishing, 2013. Pp 192. US$24·95 Ro ad sid e A tt ra ct io ns Stories We Tell, written and directed by Sarah Polley, is a fi lm of the life and subsequent loss of her mother, the Canadian actress and casting director Diane Polley. Herself a wellestablished actor, writer, and director in her native Canada, Sarah was nominated for an Oscar for her writing for the 2006 fi lm Away From Her, which she also directed. Stories We Tell was produced by the National Film Board of Canada, and premiered at the 69th Venice International Film Festival. It is a narrative documentary, starring members of her own family, and the Canadian actor Rebecca Jenkins. The fi lm gripped me right from the start, as I was led into the lives of a family headed by a quiet, reserved father and his fun-loving, gregarious wife. It was the starkness of the fi lm that moved me; from the way Polley asks diffi cult, direct, and searching questions on fi lm of her closest loved ones; and the way the characters tell their stories from the heart. The fi lm tells the tale of Diane Polley—her relationships, career, and tragic death from cancer when Sarah was just 11 years old. Leaving a vast trail of emptiness in her absence, her family relives her life story of love and loss, infi delity, and sacrifi ce. The fi lm is a fusion of interviews, home-movie footage, fi lm clips from the past and reconstructed sequences, and the plot in turn moves, and surprises, as the story unravels. Events in Diane’s life, narrated in the background by Michael Polley, her second husband, reveal the unreliability of memory and the additions and omissions we make to our recollection of life events. By telling the story of a family in turmoil, reeling after the loss of a loved one, then subsequently revealing how she made the fi lm, Polley manages to engage the audience and then fl ourish her clever fi nale just when you think you have it all worked out. To anyone interested in people, families, and relationships—and the subsequent secrets and tragedies that they hold— it is a fi lm to be relished. Our reliability as witnesses, recollecting times past, is questioned right to the very end, when we are left wondering if Polley herself can indeed be trusted to tell her tale.

SUMMARY Australia and the USA are major international meat exporting countries. Both countries conduct programs to monitor and survey for antibacterial residues. Australian programs use a urine screening test, whereas the US programs use tissue fluids as the test medium. The development of surveillance programs to provide rapid feedback to producers is a feature of the Australian programs. The programs in each country compare favourably with regard to numbers of animals tested, results and action taken to prevent residues. The results of the Australian programs justify the promotion of a ‘clean food’ image for Australian meat products with respect to antibacterial drugs.

Concern about polluted air in our urban and industrial areas began gather­ ing momentum shortly after World War II. At that time it seemed obvious that clean air, like clean water, clean food, and a clean body, was a worth­ while goal in itself, requiring no further justification. But it soon became evident that this goal is expensive to attain, and that rigid adherence to stringent standards of cleanliness diverts limited human resources away from other pressing and critical problems. Awareness of such facts has reoriented the goal to one of protecting public health. This emphasis is clearly stated in the US Clean Air Act of 1963: "The Congress . . . finds that the growth in the amount and complexity of air pollution brought about by urbanization, industrial development, and the increasing use of motor vehi­ cles, has resulted in mounting dangers to the public health and welfare" (1). Two decades later we ask: What do we know of these dangers and what must we do to improve our knowledge?

“Europe has never existed” according to Jean Monnet, quoted in The New Europeans (1). “It is not the addition of national sovereignities in a conclave which creates an entity. One must genuinely create Europe.” This observation was a political one but it indicates also the difficulty of identifying developments in Europe as a whole. Some food service cohesion may be anticipated through European agencies. For example, the 18 member countries of the Council of Europe are being asked to adopt clean food rules (2) for restaurants as well as shops and markets. In considering food service in the European context, I emphasise at the outset, however, that I can only refer to trends of which I know. Equally that I must ignore many parts of Europe from ignorance or where development of hotels and food service seem to me less significant.

A clean food campaign was carried out in the North Riding of Yorkshire between September 1972 and April 1973. The aim of the campaign was to make food traders and housewives aware of the nature of food poisoning and the importance of good food hygiene. Food traders were reached by means of a one day seminar for senior manage ment, eight courses for managers, which were held on local authority premises and a further 29 staff training courses on food premises. Housewives were reached mainly by a poster campaign, where poster designs, sub mitted by a schoolboy in response to a school competition were used and by lectures which were carried out in 88 women's organizations in the County. Self standing displays were arranged in 35 sites, 40,000 leaflets were distributed and three broadcasts were put out on the local radio. Secondary school girls-future housewives, were reached by means of a project scheme which to date has involved 25 schools.

The paper is a factual statement of the practical achievements of a planned clean food campaign. Education by active participation by personnel on a competitive basis at school-feeding centres, detailed publicity of such action at education and health committee levels, the taking of the opportunity to give informal talks at catering premises generally and, at the same time, to demon strate by graphite powder-dusting tests on crockery any deficiencies in the cleansing facilities or technique. A rough classification is made of food handlers and caterers according to their financial and social background. The problem of the ignorant and incorrigible type of trader and of the small business man using adapted premises in a built-up area of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and the new industrial and commercial caterers and their specialized staffs who have succeeded in providing, either voluntarily or compulsorily, very satisfactory canteens, hostels and kitchens incorporating up-to-date equipment and technical aids is discussed. An opinion is expressed of the justifiable place in the clean food campaign of the new agents for cleansing and sterilization. Attention is drawn to the desirability of sanitary officers taking formal interest in public food markets, licensed premises, and cleaner meat production at abattoirs, and to giving special attention to milk bars and gala and similar social events. The co-operation of the food industry is noted to the extent of substantial financial expenditure and the absence of the questioning of the rights of a local authority or its officials to give effect to any recorded aspect of a clean food campaign.