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5. Effects of Native Whey Protein and Carbohydrate Supplement on Physical Performance and Plasma Markers of Muscle Damage and Inflammation during a Simulated Rugby Sevens Tournament: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study

Author

Fabre, Marina, primary, Mathieu, Bertrand, additional, Tiollier, Eve, additional, Leduc, Cédric, additional, Clauss, Matthieu, additional, Marchand, Alexandre, additional, Robineau, Julien, additional, Piscione, Julien, additional, Serenari, Tanguy, additional, Brasy, Jacqueline, additional, Guerville, Mathilde, additional, Ligneul, Amandine, additional, and Bigard, Xavier, additional

Published
2022
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6. Similar performance after intake of carbohydrate plus whey protein and carbohydrate only in the early phase after non‐exhaustive cycling.

Author

Sollie, Ove, Clauss, Matthieu, Jeppesen, Per B., Tangen, Daniel S., Johansen, Egil I., Skålhegg, Bjørn S., Ivy, John L., and Jensen, Jørgen

Subjects
*BLOOD sugar analysis, *STATISTICS, *ERGOGENIC aids, *ENDURANCE sports training, *ANALYSIS of variance, *OXYGEN consumption, *ONE-way analysis of variance, *PHYSICAL training & conditioning, *CYCLING, *DIETARY supplements, *COOLDOWN, *RANDOMIZED controlled trials, *NITROGEN, *INSULIN, *BLIND experiment, *LACTATES, *ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay, *REPEATED measures design, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *RESEARCH funding, *ATHLETIC ability, *DIETARY carbohydrates, *WHEY proteins, *STATISTICAL sampling, *CROSSOVER trials, *DATA analysis software, *DATA analysis, *VENOUS puncture, URINE collection & preservation
Abstract

Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare performance 5 h after a 90‐min endurance training session when either carbohydrate only or carbohydrate with added whey hydrolysate or whey isolate was ingested during the first 2 h of the recovery period. Methods: Thirteen highly trained competitive male cyclists completed three exercise and diet interventions (double‐blinded, randomized, crossover design) separated by 1 week. The 90‐min morning session (EX1) included a 60 min time‐trial (TT60). Immediately and 1 h after exercise, participants ingested either (1) 1.2 g carbohydrate∙kg−1∙h−1 (CHO), (2) 0.8 g carbohydrate∙kg−1∙h−1 + 0.4 g isolate whey protein∙kg−1∙h−1 (ISO) or (3) 0.8 g carbohydrate∙kg−1∙h−1 + 0.4 g hydrolysate whey protein∙kg−1∙h−1 (HYD). Additional intakes were identical between interventions. After 5 h of recovery, participants completed a time‐trial performance (TTP) during which a specific amount of work was performed. Blood and urine were collected throughout the day. Results: TTP did not differ significantly between dietary interventions (CHO: 43:54 ± 1:36, ISO: 46:55 ± 2:32, HYD: 44:31 ± 2:01 min). Nitrogen balance during CHO was lower than ISO (p < 0.0001) and HYD (p < 0.0001), with no difference between ISO and HYD (p = 0.317). In recovery, the area under the curve for blood glucose was higher in CHO compared to ISO and HYD. HR, VO2, RER, glucose, and lactate during EX2 were similar between interventions. Conclusion: Performance did not differ after 5 h of recovery whether carbohydrate only or isocaloric carbohydrate plus protein was ingested during the first 2 h. Correspondingly, participants were not in negative nitrogen balance in any dietary intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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8. Interplay Between Exercise and Gut Microbiome in the Context of Human Health and Performance

Author

Clauss, Matthieu, Gérard, Philippe, Mosca, Alexis, and Leclerc, Marion

Subjects
probiotics, inflammation, sportomics, Review, gut microbial diversity, digestive system, gut microbial ecosystem, Nutrition
Abstract

Gut microbiota and exercise have recently been shown to be interconnected. Both moderate and intense exercise are typically part of the training regimen of endurance athletes, but they exert different effects on health. Moderate exercise has positive effects on the health of average athletes, such as a reduction in inflammation and intestinal permeability and an improvement in body composition. It also induces positive changes in the gut microbiota composition and in the microbial metabolites produced in the gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, intense exercise can increase gastrointestinal epithelial wall permeability and diminish gut mucus thickness, potentially enabling pathogens to enter the bloodstream. This, in turn, may contribute to the increase in inflammation levels. However, elite athletes seem to have a higher gut microbial diversity, shifted toward bacterial species involved in amino acid biosynthesis and carbohydrate/fiber metabolism, consequently producing key metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. Moreover, rodent studies have highlighted a bidirectional relationship, with exercise impacting the gut microbiota composition while the microbiota may influence performance. The present review focuses on gut microbiota and endurance sports and how this interconnection depends upon exercise intensity and training. After pointing out the limits of the studies so far available, we suggest that taking into account the microbiota composition and its metabolic contribution to human host health could help in monitoring and modulating athletes' health and performance. Such an integrated approach should help in the design of microbiome-based solutions for health or performance.

Published
2021

9. Exhaustive Exercise and Post-exercise Protein Plus Carbohydrate Supplementation Affect Plasma and Urine Concentrations of Sulfur Amino Acids, the Ratio of Methionine to Homocysteine and Glutathione in Elite Male Cyclists

Author

Olsen, Thomas, primary, Sollie, Ove, additional, Nurk, Eha, additional, Turner, Cheryl, additional, Jernerén, Fredrik, additional, Ivy, John L., additional, Vinknes, Kathrine J., additional, Clauss, Matthieu, additional, Refsum, Helga, additional, and Jensen, Jørgen, additional

Published
2020
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10. Exhaustive Exercise and Post-exercise Protein Plus Carbohydrate Supplementation Affect Plasma and Urine Concentrations of Sulfur Amino Acids, the Ratio of Methionine to Homocysteine and Glutathione in Elite Male Cyclists

Author

Olsen, Thomas, Sollie, Ove, Nurk, Eha, Turner, Cheryl, Jernerén, Fredrik, Ivy, John L, Vinknes, Kathrine J, Clauss, Matthieu, Refsum, Helga, Jensen, Jørgen, Olsen, Thomas, Sollie, Ove, Nurk, Eha, Turner, Cheryl, Jernerén, Fredrik, Ivy, John L, Vinknes, Kathrine J, Clauss, Matthieu, Refsum, Helga, and Jensen, Jørgen

Abstract

Plasma and tissue sulfur amino acid (SAA) availability are crucial for intracellular methylation reactions and cellular antioxidant defense, which are important processes during exercise and in recovery. In this randomized, controlled crossover trial among eight elite male cyclists, we explored the effect of exhaustive exercise and post-exercise supplementation with carbohydrates and protein (CHO+PROT) vs. carbohydrates (CHO) on plasma and urine SAAs, a potential new marker of methylation capacity (methionine/total homocysteine ratio [Met/tHcy]) and related metabolites. The purpose of the study was to further explore the role of SAAs in exercise and recovery. Athletes cycled to exhaustion and consumed supplements immediately after and in 30 min intervals for 120 min post-exercise. After ~18 h recovery, performance was tested in a time trial in which the CHO+PROT group cycled 8.5% faster compared to the CHO group (41:53 ± 1:51 vs. 45:26 ± 1:32 min, p < 0.05). Plasma methionine decreased by ~23% during exhaustive exercise. Two h post-exercise, further decline in methionine had occured by ~55% in the CHO group vs. ~33% in the CHO+PROT group (pgroup × time < 0.001). The Met/tHcy ratio decreased by ~33% during exhaustive exercise, and by ~54% in the CHO group vs. ~27% in the CHO+PROT group (pgroup × time < 0.001) post-exercise. Plasma cystathionine increased by ~72% in the CHO group and ~282% in the CHO+PROT group post-exercise (pgroup × time < 0.001). Plasma total cysteine, taurine and total glutathione increased by 12% (p = 0.03), 85% (p < 0.001) and 17% (p = 0.02), respectively during exhaustive exercise. Using publicly available transcriptomic data, we report upregulated transcript levels of skeletal muscle SLC7A5 (log2 fold-change: 0.45, FDR:1.8e-07) and MAT2A (log2 fold-change: 0.38, FDR: 3.4e-0.7) after acute exercise. Our results show that exercise acutely lowers plasma methionine and the Met/tHcy ratio. This response was attenuated in the CHO+PROT

Published
2020
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