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Liver cancer is the most common cancer among males in Africa. The disease has a poor prognosis and its treatment is associated with toxicity and resistance. For this reason, numerous herbal combinations are being subjected to anticancer screening to circumvent the shortcomings of the conventional anticancer drugs. In the current study, the in vivo anti-cancer effects of the chloroform root extract of the herb, Clausena excavata Burm were investigated. Liver cancer was induced in mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) followed by oral administration of the promoter of carcinogenesis, 2-aminoacetyl fluorine that was mixed with the mice feed. The cytotoxicity of the root extract of C. excavata on liver cancer cells was investigated using liver enzyme, histology, DNA fragmentation and caspases assays. Real time qPCR was conducted to evaluate the effect of the extract on apoptotic genes. The findings revealed that the extract of C. excavata significantly decreased the progression of hepatocarcinogenesis and the toxicity-induced production of the liver enzymes, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases. The histological analyses of the liver tissues revealed evidence of apoptotic cell death. The extract also provoked significant (p <.05) expressions of caspase 9 protein and gene as well as other apoptotic genes (P53, P27, Apaf-1, cytochrome C, bax and bid). Therefore, we postulate that the chloroform root extract of C. excavata induces apoptosis of liver cancer in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Clausena excavata Burm. is an important medicinal plant belonging to the family Rutaceae. It is well known for its ethnomedicinal uses and therapeutic activities. This plant has been used in different traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of various diseases worldwide. In the present study, the chemical composition of essential oil and phytochemical contents of methanol extract of C. excavata leaf were performed. Further, the therapeutic activities of essential oil and methanol extract of C. excavata leaf were evaluated. The chemical composition of essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Myristicin (33.92%), terpinolene (21.29%), and sabinene (13.65%) were found to be the major compounds in leaf essential oil. Similarly, the phytochemical composition of the methanol extract of C. excavata leaf was analyzed using standard procedures. The phenolic content (165.23 mg GAE/g DW) was found to be the major phytoconstituents followed by alkaloids (89.30 mg/g DW) in leaf methanol extract. Furthermore, the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and methanol extract were evaluated. C. excavata essential oil showed more antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 15.92 μg/mL; ABTS IC50 41.85 μg/mL; FRAP IC50 39.9 μg/mL) compared to leaf methanol extract. Similarly, essential oil exhibited higher antidiabetic activity (in terms of α-amylase inhibitory capacity) (IC50 97.50 μg/mL) compared to methanol extract and lower antidiabetic activity in comparison to the standard (IC50 71.9 μg/mL). The anticancer activity of essential oil was found to be more effective against the PC-3 cell line (IC50 39.1 μg/mL) while leaf methanol extract was more effective against OVCAR-3 (IC50 47.5 μg/mL), MCF-7 (IC50 48.1 μg/mL), and h-1299 (IC50 45.9 μg/mL). C. excavata essential oil exhibited lower antimicrobial activity compared to leaf methanol extract. In summary, this study on the characterization of phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities of C. excavata leaf essential oil could be helpful in exploiting its therapeutic potential sustainably as well as the discovery of new lead molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

New derivatives were obtained from natural nordentatin (1) previously isolated from the methanol fraction of Clausena excavata by an acylation method. Herein, we report ten new pyranocoumarin derivatives 1a–1j. Their structures were elucidated based on UV-vis, FT-IR, NMR, and DART-MS data. The α-glucosidase inhibition and anticancer activities of nordentatin (1) and its derivatives were also evaluated. The α-glucosidase inhibition assay exhibited that the derivatives 1b, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1h, 1i, and 1j possess higher inhibitory activity for α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 1.54, 9.05, 4.87, 20.25, 12.34, 5.67, and 2.43 mM, whereas acarbose was used as the positive control, IC50 = 7.57 mM. All derivatives exhibited a weak cytotoxicity against a cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line with the IC50 between 0.25 and 1.25 mM. They also showed moderate to low growth inhibition of a breast cancer (T47D) cell line with IC50 values between 0.043 and 1.5 mM, but their activity was lower than that of the parent compound, nordentatin (1) (IC50 = 0.041 mM).

Three naturally occurring prenylated pyranocoumarins, nordentatin (1), dentatin (2), and clausarin (3), isolated from the roots of Clausena excavata (Family Rutaceae), and O-methylclausarin (4) which was obtained by methylation of 3, were investigated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The mechanism of action and the in silico prediction of their physicochemical and ADMET properties as well as the molecular docking were also studied. Compounds 1-4 exhibited stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the positive control, acarbose, through a non-competitive mechanism. Among them, 3 exhibited the highest activity, with an IC 50 of 8.36 μM, which is significantly stronger than that of acarbose (IC 50 =430.35 μM). The prenyl group on C-3 and the hydroxyl group on C-5 in 3 may play important roles in enhancing the activity. Calculated physicochemical and ADMET parameters of 1-4 satisfied the Lipinski's and Veber's rules. Molecular simulation analysis indicated they are promising drug candidates with no hepatotoxicity. Compound 3 exhibited potent activity in the experiment and demonstrated good drug properties based on the calculations. A molecular docking study revealed that 3 showed H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions with selective Phe321, as well as interactions with thirteen other amino acid residues of the α-glucosidase., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

[Display omitted] • A quantitative 1H NMR (qHNMR) method was developed to quantify bioactive pyranocoumarins from Clausena excavate. • Clausenidin, dentatin, and nordentatin were quantified from the roots and rhizomes of C. excavate. • The results from the qHNMR method were comparable to those from the HPLC assays. • The qHNMR method was quick and more applicable to large-scale quality control than traditional HPLC. Clausena excavata , a shrub in the Rutaceae family, has been used in traditional medicine to alleviate cold, malaria, abdominal pain, bacterial infection, and HIV infection. The major biologically active constituents in the rhizomes and roots of C. excavata are the three pyranocoumarins; clausenidin, dentatin, and nordentatin. Due to the medicinal values of this plant, we have developed a quick and convenient qHNMR method to quantify clausenidin, dentatin, and nordentatin from the rhizomes and roots of C. excavata collected from six geographical locations throughout Thailand. The dried and powdered samples were extracted with deuterated methanol. The parameters for 1H NMR measurements were optimized according to the measured T 1 relaxation time of the protons from the bioactive pyranocoumarins and of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloronitrobenzene (TCNB), the internal standard. HPLC assays were also conducted to verify the results obtained from the qHNMR method. The amount of clausenidin, dentatin, and nordentatin varied from different geographical locations, and the results from the qHNMR method were comparable to those obtained from the HPLC assays. The reported qHNMR method was quick, more convenient, and more applicable to large-scale quality control or screening than conventional HPLC methodology. The method developed herein is beneficial to the pharmaceutical and health industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All around the world, patients with diabetes and the prevalence of its disease are currently growing. Due to these side effects of oral hypoglycemic agents and oxidative stress in complicating diabetes, there is growing interest in drugs, which possess dual function as both type II diabetes mellitus treatment and oxidative stress treatment. The objective of this research is to search effective antidiabetes and antioxidant bioactive compounds from the Myanmar medicinal plant Clausena excavata. The root part of C. excavata was successfully extracted with 95% ethanol and followed by column chromatographic separation technique. The structure of isolated pure compounds was elucidated by using methods of spectroscopic such as UV-Vis, IR, NMR and HRFABMS spectrometry. The α-glucosidase inhibition assay was performed against baker’s yeast and rat intestine (sucrose and maltase) α-glucosidases. The activity of isolated compounds’ antioxidant was measured by using DPPH assay. Among the tested enzymes, the two isolated compounds, which were dentatin (1) and heptaphylline (2), exhibited highest inhibitory on maltase enzymes with IC50 values 6.75 and 11.46 μM; as positive control, acarbose (IC50, 2.35 μM) was utilized. Moreover, scavenging activity was found to be present upon seeing the result of antioxidant activity investigation of (1) and (2) (IC50 values 2.66 and 1.55 mM), where ascorbic acid (IC50 0.012 mM) was used as standard. Both compounds showed their antidiabetic and antioxidant activity with different fashion, especially exhibited strongest activity against on maltase α-glucosidase.

A new pyrano coumarin, identified as excavatin A (1) together with two known compounds nordentatin (2) and binorpocitrin (3) was isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of Clausena excavata. All structures were elucidated by using spectroscopy methods such as extensive NMR and HR-FAB-MS spectrometry. All the isolated compounds were tested on antidiabetes activity by using α-glucosidase inhibition assay and the antioxidant activity by DPPH assay. Compounds 1-3 showed antioxidant activity with IC50 values 0.286, 0.02, 0.278 mM. Among them, 2 exhibited inhibition activity against maltase (IC50 5.45 µM) and sucrase (IC50 43.57 µM). However, compounds (1) and (3) displayed inhibition on yeast α-glucosidase with IC50 values 1.92 and 5.58 mM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clausena excavata is a famous folklore medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical Asian region that is being used for the treatment of different disorders. This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of leaves extract of C. excavata against methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and flowcytometry techniques. Cell viability assay was performed by using microplate AlamarBlue assay. Among different extracts, ethyl acetate (EA) extract was found to have the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 375 µg/mL followed by chloroform (CH) and methanol (MOH) extracts with MIC values of 750 and 1500 µg/mL, respectively. EA and CH extracts were selected for further mechanistic study by using AFM, and propidium iodide (PI) flowcytometry techniques. AFM results of treated cells showed highly damaged cells scattered all over due to loss of the potential to form clusters of cocci. Flowcytometry results showed that there were increases in PI fluorescence due to increase in the number of dead cells. This is the first report that highlights the antimicrobial activity of C. excavata against MRSA by the using above mentioned techniques. Further investigations are required to identify the pure compounds responsible for anti-MRSA activity, and its mechanistic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas Albaayit,1,2 Yusuf Abba,3 Rasedee Abdullah,4 Noorlidah Abdullah1 1Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; 3Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, 4Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract: Clausena excavata is a natural herb with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been used for decades in folkloric practice for the amelioration of various ailments. In this study, the gastroprotective activity of methanolic extract of C. excavata leaves (MECE) was determined in the Sprague Dawley rat ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. Rats were pretreated with a single dose of vehicle (5% Tween 20), 20 mg/mL omeprazole, 400 and 200 mg/mL of MECE dissolved in 5% Tween 20. Ulcer was induced with 5 mL/kg of ethanol and stomach tissue was obtained after 1 hour. Histological examination was done on hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and immunochemically stained gastric mucosal tissues. Prostaglandin E2, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation levels of the gastric tissue homogenates were also determined. Significantly (P

Abstract Methanolic crude extracts obtained from leaves, stem bark and root bark of 57 accessions of Clausena excavata , C. harmandiana , of both varieties of C. wallichii, as well as of three unidentified Clausena samples, were analysed for the presence of coumarins and carbazoles. All accessions were collected from different locations all over Thailand. HPLC coupled with UV-DAD was applied for phytochemical profiling. Structures of known pyrano-coumarins 1 – 4 and of coumarins 5 – 8 bearing an O -geranyl moiety, as well as of carbazoles 9 – 12 were confirmed by NMR and MS spectroscopy, respectively. Observed chemical diversification in the studied samples is discussed in relation to geographic distribution and with respect to organ-specific accumulation. Chemotaxonomic significance is briefly addressed. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • 57 Accessions of three Clausena species were studied phytochemically. • Eight coumarins and four carbazoles were isolated. • Organ specific accumulation of compounds 1 – 12 was studied in all accessions. • Chemical diversity in relation to geographic distribution patterns is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new flavonoid glycosides, excavaside A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), together with 14 known compounds, myricetin 3- O -β- d -rutinoside ( 3 ), myricetin 3,3′-di-α- l -rhamnopyranoside ( 4 ), myricetin 3′-α- l -rhamnopyranoside ( 5 ), myricitrin ( 6 ), myricetin ( 7 ), quercitrin ( 8 ), clauslactone B ( 9 ), clauslactone A ( 10 ), murrayacoumarin C ( 11 ), clauslactone E ( 12 ), triphasiol ( 13 ), clauslactone P ( 14 ), seseline ( 15 ), and 5-geranyloxy-7-hydroxycoumarin ( 16 ) have been isolated from the ethanol extract of the leaves and twigs of Clausena excavata . Among them, compounds 3 – 5 and 13 were isolated and identified from this plant for the first time. The structures of the new compounds were established by spectroscopic data interpretation, particularly HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR data including HSQC and HMBC. Also, those of the known compounds were identified by spectral comparison with those of the reported values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A carbazole-pyranocoumarin conjugate, carbazomarin B (1), and two carbazole alkaloids, 6-methoxymukonidine (2) and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbazole (3), together with 27 known compounds (4–30), were isolated from the stems of Clausena excavata. Their structures have been elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Compound 2 showed moderate cytotoxicity to HuCCA-1, MOLT-3 and HepG2 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 15.09–28.50 μg/mL, but none to A549 cell line. Heptaphylline (6) and nordentatin (23) were found to show moderate cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cell line with IC50 values of 12.33 and 11.33, respectively, while clausine K (27) exhibited strong cytotoxicity with IC50 value of 1.05 μg/mL, better than a standard drug (etoposide, IC50 13.40 μg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhibition of the necrotizing hyaluronidase, phospholipase A 2 and protease enzymes in four snake venoms by crude water and ethanol extracts of 88 plant species used against snakebites in traditional Chinese medicine was measured. High-resolution hyaluronidase inhibition profiles were constructed for the 22 plants showing highest hyaluronidase inhibition, and the results were used to guide subsequent structural analysis towards specific hyaluronidase inhibitors. Structural analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography, high-resolution mass spectrometry, solid-phase extraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, i.e. , HPLC–HRMS–SPE–NMR. This allowed identification of four non-tannin inhibitors, i.e. , lansiumamide B ( 6 ) from Clausena excavata Burm.f., myricetin 3- O -β- d -glucopyranoside ( 7 ) from Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr., and vitexin ( 8 ) and 4′,7-dihydroxy-5-methoxyflavone-8- C -β- d -glucopyranoside ( 9 ) from Oxalis corniculata L. Absolute configuration of 2,3-dihydroxy- N -methyl-3-phenyl- N -[( Z )-styryl]propanamide ( 1 ) was determined using the Mosher method, which revealed two enantiomers, i.e. , ( 2S,3R )-2,3-dihydroxy- N -methyl-3-phenyl- N -[( Z )-styryl]propanamide and ( 2R,3S )-2,3-dihydroxy- N -methyl-3-phenyl- N -[( Z )-styryl]propanamide with a ratio of 7:3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the compounds identified in the leaf oils of five Clauseana species growing in Vietnam. The hydrodistilled oils were analysed for their chemical constituents by using gas chromatography–flame ionisation detector and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The major compounds identified in Clausena dentata (Willd.) M. Roem. were α-pinene (21.7%), sabinene (18.3%) and β-myrcene (14.3%). Clausena dimidiata Tanaka comprised mainly of safrole (56.9%) and α-terpinolene (22.1%). However, 1-menthone (70.6%) and β-phellandrene (13.0%) were the most abundant compounds of Clausena indica (Dalz.) Oliver. Sesquiterpene compounds represented mainly by β-caryophyllene (16.7%), spathulenol (11.9%) and bicyclogermacrene (7.5%) were the major constituents of Clausena excavata Burm. f., while those of Clausena engleri Tanaka include bicycloelemene (12.1%), bicyclogermacrene (11.0%) and (E)-nerolidol (6.6%). This is the first report on the chemical analysis of essential oils of C. dimidiata and C. engleri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new coumarins, clauexcavatins A (1) and B (2), along with seven known ones (3–9), were isolated from the roots of Clausena excavata Burm. f. (Rutaceae). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Clausena excavata Burm. f. has been used in folk medicines in eastern Thailand for the treatment of cancer. Materials and methods: To investigate the apoptosis mechanism, we isolated dentatin (DTN) from this plant using a bioassay-guided approach. DTN-induced cytotoxicity was observed with the MTT assay. Acridine orange/propidium iodide staining was used to detect cells in early apoptosis and high content screening (HCS) to observe nuclear condensation, cell permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cytochrome c release. Apoptosis was confirmed with a clonogenic assay, DNA laddering and caspase 3/7 and 9 assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, Bcl-2 and Bax expression, and cell cycle arrest were also investigated. The involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was analysed with the HCS assay. Results: A significant increase in chromatin condensation in the cell nucleus was observed by fluorescence analysis. Apoptosis was confirmed by the reduced number of colonies in the clonogenic assay and the increased number of cellular DNA breaks in treated cells observed as a DNA ladder. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with DTN encouraged apoptosis with cell death-transducing signals that reduced MMP by down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax, triggering cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol. The released cytochrome c triggered the activation of caspase 9 followed by the executioner caspase 3/7. DTN treatment significantly arrested MCF-7 cells at the G0/G1 phase (p<0.05) and ROS was significantly elevated. Moreover, DTN significantly blocked the induced translocation of NF-κB from cytoplasm to nucleus. Conclusion: Together, the results demonstrated that the DTN isolated from Clausena excavata inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, leading to cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death, which was confirmed to occur through the mitochondrial pathway with involvement of the NF-κB signalling pathway. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Six coumarins (1-6) and twelve alkaloids (7-18) were isolated from the roots of Clausena excavata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. This is the first report on the isolation of compounds 1, 7 and 17 from C. excavata. Compound 1 is also the first example of an unsymmetrical dimer coumarin isolated from Clausena species. The completed assignment of 13C NMR spectral data of 1 as well as HMBC spectral data is also reported here for the first time. Compounds 2-7, 11-16 and 18 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines, oral cavity cancer (KB), breast cancer (MCF7) and small cell lung cancer (NCI-H187). The results showed that compounds 4, 11 and 18 exhibited highest cytotoxicity against KB, MCF7 and NCI-H187 cell lines with IC50 values of 5.95, 3.76 and 5.65 µg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new γ-lactone coumarin, named as excavarin-A, showing antifungal activity was isolated from the leaves of Clausena excavata by bioassay guided fractionation method. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis and identified as 7((2E)-4(4,5-dihydro-3-methylene-2-oxo-5-furanyl)-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy) coumarin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined against fifteen fungal strains pathogenic against plants and human. The least MIC was recorded against the human pathogen, Candida tropicalis and the plant pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Antifungal activities against the human pathogens, Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor circinelloides and plant pathogens, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer were stronger than that of the standard antimicrobials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new carbazole alkaloid, sansoakamine (8), together with 11 known compounds, was isolated from the stems of Clausena excavata. All structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Compound 7 showed moderate anti-malarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with a MIC value of 6.74 μg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clausine B, a carbazole alkaloid isolated from the stem bark of Clausena excavata, was investigated for its antiproliferative activities against five human cancer cell lines: HepG2 (hepatic cancer), MCF-7 (hormone-dependent breast cancer), MDA-MB-231 (non-hormone-dependent breast cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), and CAOV3 (ovarian cancer). Methods: Chang liver (normal cells) was used as a control. The effect of clausine-B was measured using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Clausine-B was found to be active (IC50<30 µg/mL) against four of the cancer cell lines tested. The IC50 values for these four lines were: 21.50 µg/mL (MDA-MB-231), 22.90 g/ml (HeLa), 27.00 µg/mL (CAOV3) and 28.94 µg/mL (HepG2). Clausine-B inhibited the MCF-7 cancer cell line at 52.90 µg/mL, and no IC50 value was obtained against Chang liver. Conclusion: It is possible that the phenolic group in clausine-B responsible for the antiproliferative activities found in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study regarding the insecticidal activities of leaf and twig essential oils from Clausena excavata against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae. The study found that the LC values of the leaf and twig essential oils against fourth-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were 37.1 to 40.1 microgram. It also found that Clausena excavata leaf and twig essential oils possess mosquito larvicidal activity, inhibiting the growth of mosquito larvae for both species at a low concentration. The findings suggested that the essential oils from Clausena excavata and their effective constituents may be explored as a potential natural larvicide.

A new carbazole alkaloid, 3-carbomethoxy-2-hydroxy-7-methoxycarbazole, Clausine-TY (1), together with two known carbazole alkaloid, Clausine-H (2) and Clausine-B (3), were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the stem bark of the Malaysian Clausena excavata. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. The new carbazole alkaloid shows significant cytotoxicity against CEM-SS cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Immunomodulating effects in Balb/C mice of aqueous extract (CEHW) and the Thai folklore preparation (CEHF) of Clausena excavata Burm. f. were investigated. Haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titers at day 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 from the serum of animals fed or injected intraperitoneally with the extracts for 5 days were compared and evaluated for humoral mediated immunity (HMI). Footpad swelling test was used to determine delayed type hypersensitivity for cell mediated immunity (CMI). CEHW and CEHF injected intraperitoneally and administered orally exhibited the same maximum antibody production of 1/800. Both extracts given orally reached the maximum antibody titer at day 7, which was 2 weeks faster than by intraperitoneal administration. However, antibody titers from CEHW injected intraperitoneally diminished without retaining whereas the CEHF retained for 1 week. Moreover, CEHW gave CMI response more than the CEHF. This study suggested the potential in vivo immunomodulating activities of extracts from Clausena excavata supporting our previous in vitro studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The effects of fractions from hot aqueous extract, acetone extract and the folklore preparation of Clausena excavata were studied on mouse splenocyte proliferation. The fractions of hot aqueous and acetone extracts were found to be the most active. On the contrary, the fractions from the crude folklore preparation resulted less active. This result could partly explain the popularity of this plant in folk medicine as a remedy for cancer and HIV patients in the eastern part of Thailand. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In vitro immunomodulatory activities of aqueous extract, acetone extract and the Thai folklore extract of Clausena excavata Burm. f. on mouse immune system were investigated. The phagocytic activity of macrophages and splenocyte proliferation in the absence and presence of mitogens (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) or pokeweed mitogen, PWM) were assayed. The aqueous extract exhibited the maximum effect on both respiratory burst response and lysosomal enzyme activity more than the acetone extract and the Thai folklore extract indicating effective phagocytic activation. For splenocyte proliferation assay, the Thai folklore extract with LPS gave the maximum activity higher than that with PWM, suggesting specificity towards B cell proliferation through T cell independent pathway the same as LPS. The present study revealed the immumunomodulating activity, which could be explained the traditional use of this plant in Thailand. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]