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El presente trabajo tiene la intención de dar a conocer el Museo de Física de la Ciudad de La Plata, y su modo peculiar de ser recorrido. A diferencia de otros museos, los visitantes no recorren grandes salas, sino que “recorren” el museo a partir de las diversas experiencias participativas que se desarrollan utilizando los instrumentos patrimoniales, que fueron comprados por la Universidad Nacional de La Plata en 1906.Estos instrumentos permiten a los visitantes tener un acercamiento a diferentes temas que aborda la física: desde "ver" las ondas de sonido en el fuego, hasta producir chispazos. Además de estas visitas, en el Museo se desarrollan otras tantas y variadas actividades, como espectáculos que mezclan ciencia y arte, en los cuales el público se convierte en protagonista, teniendo un acercamiento a la ciencia de un modo lúdico y amigable.

Advances in information and communication technologies have contributed to the increasing use of virtual learning environments as support tools in teaching and learning processes. Virtual platforms generate a large volume of educational data, and the analysis of this data allows useful information discoveries to improve learning and assist institutions in reducing disqualifications and dropouts in distance education courses. This article presents the results of a systematic mapping study aiming to identify how educational data mining, learning analytics, and collaborative groups have been applied in distance education environments. Articles were searched from 2010 to June 2020, initially resulting in 55,832 works. The selection of 51 articles for complete reading in order to answer the research questions considered a group of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Main results indicated that 53% of articles (27/51) offered intelligent services in the field of distance education, 47% (24/51) applied methods and analysis techniques in distance education environments, 21% (11/51) applied methods and analysis techniques focused on virtual learning environments logs and 5% (3/51) presented intelligent collaborative services for identification and creation of groups. This article also identified research interest clusters with highlights for the terms recommendation systems, data analysis, e-learning, educational data mining, e-learning platform and learning management system.

BackgroundAssessments of disease burden are important to inform national, regional, and global strategies and to guide investment. We aimed to estimate the drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-attributable burden of disease for diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections, undernutrition, and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, using the WASH service levels used to monitor the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as counterfactual minimum risk-exposure levels.MethodsWe assessed the WASH-attributable disease burden of the four health outcomes overall and disaggregated by region, age, and sex for the year 2019. We calculated WASH-attributable fractions of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections by country using modelled WASH exposures and exposure-response relationships from two updated meta-analyses. We used the WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene public database to estimate population exposure to different WASH service levels. WASH-attributable undernutrition was estimated by combining the population attributable fractions (PAF) of diarrhoea caused by unsafe WASH and the PAF of undernutrition caused by diarrhoea. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis was fully attributed to unsafe WASH.FindingsWe estimate that 1·4 (95% CI 1·3-1·5) million deaths and 74 (68-80) million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) could have been prevented by safe WASH in 2019 across the four designated outcomes, representing 2·5% of global deaths and 2·9% of global DALYs from all causes. The proportion of diarrhoea that is attributable to unsafe WASH is 0·69 (0·65-0·72), 0·14 (0·13-0·17) for acute respiratory infections, and 0·10 (0·09-0·10) for undernutrition, and we assume that the entire disease burden from soil-transmitted helminthiasis was attributable to unsafe WASH.InterpretationWASH-attributable burden of disease estimates based on the levels of service established under the SDG framework show that progress towards the internationally agreed goal of safely managed WASH services for all would yield major public-health returns.FundingWHO and Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office.

Abstract Recently, Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) were shown to reduce apoptosis in human beta cell lines and stimulate insulin secretion in human islets. Our goal was to identify a physiologically relevant environmental condition that induces a hypervesiculation phenotype in L. johnsonii N6.2 and to evaluate if transcriptional changes are involved in this process. Culturing this strain in the presence of 0.2% bovine bile, which mimics a stressor encountered by the bacterium in the small intestine, resulted in approximately a 100-fold increase in EVs relative to cells grown in media without bile. Whole transcriptome analysis of cells grown with bile revealed upregulation of several peptidoglycan hydrolases as well as several genes involved in fatty acid utilization. These results suggest that the hypervesiculation phenotype may be the result of increased cell wall turnover combined with increased accumulation of phospholipids, in agreement with our previous proteomic and lipidomics results. Additionally, EVs isolated from L. johnsonii N6.2 grown in presence of bile maintained their immunomodulatory properties in host-derived βlox5 pancreatic and THP-1 macrophage cell lines. Our findings suggest that in L. johnsonii N6.2 vesiculogenesis is significantly impacted by the expression of cell wall modifying enzymes and proteins utilized for exogenous fatty acid uptake that are regulated at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, this data suggests that vesiculogenesis could be stimulated in vivo using small molecules thereby maximizing the beneficial interactions between bacteria and their hosts.

ObjectivesTo characterize factors associated with parental willingness for their children participation in a COVID-19 vaccine trial, use of different COVID-19 vaccines and acceptance of a third vaccine dose.MethodsParents of children aged 12–17 years in Lima, Perú were asked to complete an online questionnaire via social networks, from November 9, 2021, to April 23, 2022. We calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals to compare factors with the mentioned outcomes.ResultsFrom 523 parents responding, 374 completed the survey. 90.4% would give their children a third vaccine dose, 36.6% would allow their children participation in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial, and 33.2% would accept different vaccine brands between doses. Parental belief that COVID-19 vaccine studies met quality standards was associated with acceptance of a third booster dose (adjusted PR 3.25; 95% CI1.57–6.74; p = 0.002), enrolment in a COVID-19 clinical trial (adjusted PR 4.49; 95% CI1.25–16.06; p = 0.02), and acceptance of different COVID-19 vaccine brands between doses (adjusted PR 10.02; 95% CI1.40–71.95; p = 0.02).ConclusionMost parents would accept a third vaccine booster dose, approximately a third would participate in COVID-19 vaccine trials. Believing COVID-19 vaccines studies fulfilled quality standards was associated with the study outcomes. It is necessary to inform about the rigorous processes for the development of COVID-19 vaccines to generate confidence in parents to accept these vaccine-related outcomes.

IntroductionOur objective was to explore the effect of the reduction of saturated fat (SAF) intake on cardiovascular disease, mortality and other health-related outcomes in adults.MethodsWe conducted an umbrella review, searching Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and LILACS databases for systematic reviews from December 1, 2012, to December 1, 2022. We have included meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies. We extracted effect sizes (95%CI), heterogeneity (I2), and evidence quality rating based on the population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes.Results21 meta-analyses were included (three were from RCTs, and 18 were from cohort studies). Among meta-analyses of RCTs, 15 of the 45 associations were significant. The effect of reduction in SAF intake on combined cardiovascular events (RR 0.79, 95%CI 0.66–0.93) was graded as having moderate certainty of evidence. We found no effect on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cancer deaths, and other cardiovascular events. Among meta-analyses of cohort studies, five of the 19 associations were significant. There was an increase in coronary heart disease mortality (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01–1.21) and breast cancer mortality (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.09–2.09) in participants with higher SFA intake compared to reduced SFA. We found no effect on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and other cardiovascular events.ConclusionThis umbrella review found the reduction in SAF intake probably reduces cardiovascular events and other health outcomes. However, it has little or no effect on cardiovascular mortality and mortality from other causes. More high-quality clinical trials with long-term follow-up are needed.Systematic review registration: CRD42022380859.

IntroductionThe increase in ultra-processed foods (UPFs) intake has raised concerns about its impact on public health. Prospective observational studies have reported significant associations between higher intake of UPFs and adverse health outcomes. The aim of this study is to determine whether these associations could be confirmed in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsWe conducted a systematic review to analyze the evidence on the effects of UPFs intake on health. A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, and CENTRAL up to April 22, 2024. RCTs in English, Spanish, and Portuguese evaluating the health effects of interventions to modify UPFs intake were included. The certainty of evidence was determined using the GRADE methodology.ResultsThree educational intervention studies and one controlled feeding trial were included, evaluating the effect of reducing the consumption of UPFs (455 participants, median follow-up, 12 weeks). No significant effects were observed in 30 out of the 42 outcomes evaluated. The controlled feeding trial in adults with stable weight showed a reduction in energy intake, carbohydrates, and fat (low certainty of evidence), as well as in body weight, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol (moderate certainty of evidence). In the educational intervention studies, a reduction in body weight and waist circumference was observed (low certainty of evidence) in women with obesity, as well as improvement in some dimensions of quality of life (very low certainty of evidence). No significant changes were observed in children and adolescents with obesity, while in overweight pregnant women, the consumption of UPFs was not reduced, so the observed benefits could be attributed to other components of the intervention.ConclusionInterventions aimed at reducing the consumption of UPFs showed benefits on some anthropometric and dietary intake outcomes, although significant effects were not observed for most of the evaluated outcomes. The limited number and significant methodological limitations of the studies prevent definitive conclusions. Further well-designed and conducted RCTs are needed to understand the effects of UPF consumption on health.Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023469984

Objectives: We examined the association of nasopharyngeal (NP) pneumococcal co-colonization (>1 pneumococcal serotype) and pneumococcal density in young Peruvian children enrolled in a prospective cohort study. Methods: NP swabs collected monthly from children aged

Abstract In this report, we evaluated the effect of the pasteurization (P) process of mother’s own milk (MOM) on the miRNA content of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and its impact on innate immune responses. Differences in size or particle number were not observed upon pasteurization of MOM (PMOM). However, significant differences were observed in the EV membrane marker CD63 and miRNA profiles. miRNA sequencing identified 33 differentially enriched miRNAs between MOMEV and PMOMEV. These changes correlated with significant decreases in the ability of PMOMEV to modulate IL-8 secretion in intestinal Caco2 cells where only MOMEV were able to decrease IL-8 secretion in presence of TNFα. While EVs from MOMEV and PMOMEV were both able to induce a tolerogenic M2-like phenotype in THP-1 macrophages, a significant decrease in the transcript levels of IL-10 and RNA sensing genes was observed with PMOMEV. Together, our data indicates that pasteurization of MOM impacts the integrity and functionality of MOMEV, decreasing its EVs-mediated immunomodulatory activity. This data provides biomarkers that may be utilized during the optimization of milk processing to preserve its bioactivity.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir las características de los pacientes pediátricos (entre 28 días y 14 años) hospitalizados con COVID-19 durante la tercera ola (variante ómicron) en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) (Lima, Perú). En esta cohorte retrospectiva, se revisaron las historias clínicas de 122 pacientes pediátricos que fueron atendidos en el HNERM entre enero e inicios de abril del 2022 (55% varones, mediana de edad de 5 años), 77,9% durante el primer mes, y la mitad presentaron alguna comorbilidad. Se hospitalizaron principalmente por dificultad respiratoria, comorbilidad descompensada y deshidratación. El 6,6% ingresaron a cuidados intensivos, 4,9% a ventilación mecánica invasiva, 5,7% requirieron algún vasoactivo y 1,6% fallecieron. Los fármacos más usados fueron antibióticos (43,4%) y corticoides (27,1%). En conclusión, se encontró un incremento rápido de hospitalizaciones en comparación con las olas anteriores, la mayoría con evolución favorable, y con un amplio uso empírico de antibióticos.

ABSTRACTShifts in the gut microbiota composition, called dysbiosis, have been directly associated with acute and chronic diseases. However, the underlying biological systems connecting gut dysbiosis to systemic inflammatory pathologies are not well understood. Phospholipids (PLs) act as precursors of both, bioactive inflammatory and resolving mediators. Their dysregulation is associated with chronic diseases including cancer. Gut microbial-derived lipids are structurally unique and capable of modulating host’s immunity. Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 is a Gram-positive gut symbiont with probiotic characteristics. L. johnsonii N6.2 reduces the incidence of autoimmunity in animal models of Type 1 Diabetes and improves general wellness in healthy volunteers by promoting, in part, local and systemic anti-inflammatory responses. By utilizing bioassay-guided fractionation methods with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), we report here that L. johnsonii N6.2 purified lipids induce a transcriptional signature that resembles that of migratory (mig) DCs. RNAseq-based analysis showed that BMDCs stimulated with L. johnsonii N6.2 total lipids upregulate maturation-mig related genes Cd86, Cd40, Ccr7, Icam1 along with immunoregulatory genes including Itgb8, Nfkbiz, Jag1, Adora2a, IL2ra, Arg1, and Cd274. Quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR analysis indicated that PLs are the bioactive lipids triggering the BMDCs response. Antibody-blocking of surface Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 resulted in boosted PL-mediated upregulation of pro-inflammatory Il6. Chemical inhibition of the IKKα kinase from the non-canonical NF-κB pathway specifically restricted upregulation of Il6 and Tnf. Phenotypically, PL-stimulated BMDCs displayed an immature like-phenotype with significantly increased surface ICAM-1. This study provides insight into the immunoregulatory capacity of Gram-positive, gut microbial-derived phospholipids on innate immune responses.

ObjectiveTo determine the short-, mid-, and long-term complications after multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) over a 24-month follow-up period in a hospital in Lima, Peru, 2020–2022, and to explore differences according to the immunomodulatory treatment received and type of SARS-CoV-2 virus circulating.MethodsAmbispective 24-month follow-up study in children 18–24 months. Of the total, seven (11.3%) patients were identified with some sequelae on discharge. Among the 43 remaining children, sequelae persisted in five (11.6%) cases (neurological, hematological, and skin problems). Six patients (13.9%) presented with new onset disease (hematologic, respiratory, neurological, and psychiatric disorders). One patient died due to acute leukemia during the follow-up period. None of them were admitted to the ICU or presented with MIS-C reactivation. Two patients presented persistence of coronary aneurysm until 8- and 24-month post-discharge.ConclusionIn our hospital, children with MIS-C frequently developed short-term complications and serious events during the acute phase, with less frequent complications in the mid- and long-term. More studies are required to confirm these findings.

Machine Learning (ML) algorithms process input data making it possible to recognize and extract patterns from a large data volume. Likewise, Internet of Things (IoT) devices provide knowledge in a Federated Learning (FL) environment, sharing parameters without compromising their raw data. However, FL suffers from non-independent and identically distributed (non-iid) data, which means it is heterogeneous data and has biased input data, such as in smartphone data sources. This bias causes low convergence for ML algorithms and high energy and bandwidth consumption. This work proposes a method that mitigates non-iid data through a FedAvg-BE algorithm that provides Federated Learning with the border entropy evaluation to select quality data from each device by cross-device in a non-iid data environment. Extensive experiments were performed using publicly available datasets to train deep neural networks. The experiment result evaluation demonstrates that execution time saves up to 22% for the MNIST dataset and 26% for the CIFAR-10 dataset, with the proposed model in Federated Learning settings. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed model to mitigate non-iid data impact.

Background: The continuous evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to a high demand for diagnostic testing and major shortages in testing materials, especially in low- and middle-income countries. As an alternative to testing individual samples, pooling of respiratory samples has been suggested. Previous studies have assessed performance of pooling, mainly using nasopharyngeal samples for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, but few studies have examined the performance of pooling the more practical nasal swabs or saliva samples. Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and potential cost reduction of pooling of nasal swab (NS) and saliva (SL) samples for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a community-based cohort study in Lima, Peru. Study design: A prospective cohort study was conducted in a community setting in San Juan de Lurigancho, Lima-Peru. NS and SL samples were collected from 132 participants twice-a-week for a 2-month period. Pools of 2 to 12 samples of the same type, from participants of the same household, were tested by RT-PCR. After pooled testing, all individual samples from positive pools and all individual samples from randomly chosen negative pools were evaluated. For assessment of diagnostic performance, pool testing results were compared with results from individual testing, which served as reference, and concordance in pooled and individual test detections was evaluated. Laboratory costs for both types of samples and testing were compared. Results: A total of 2008 NS and 2002 SL samples were collected from 132 study participants. We tested 329 NS and 333 SL pools. The mean pool size for NS and SL pools was 6.22 (SD = 0.92) and 6.39 (SD = 1.71), respectively. Using individual testing as reference, NS pooling of 6 had a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 100%, respectively, with kappa of 0.97 (CI 95%: 0.93–1.00). The corresponding values for SL pooling of 6 were 83%, 100%, and 0.90 (CI 95%: 0.83–0.97). Compared with individual testing, pooling resulted in a cost reduction of 74.8% for NS and 72.4% for SL samples. Conclusions: Pooling easy-to-collect respiratory samples, especially NS, demonstrated very high diagnostic performance for detection of SARS-CoV-2 with substantial cost savings. This approach could be considered in large population screening programs, especially in LMIC.