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This paper deals with high frequency analysis of spiral inductors, used in microelectronics circuits, to optimize their configuration. Software developed, designed, and implemented by the authors for nano and micrometre spiral inductor high frequency analysis, named ABSIF, is presented in this paper. ABSIF determines the inductance, quality factor, and electrical parameters for square, hexagonal, octagonal, and circular spiral inductors and their configuration optimization for energy efficiency. ABSIF is a good tool for spiral inductor design optimization in high frequency applications and takes into account the imposed technological limits and/or the designers’ constraints. A set of spiral inductors are considered and analysed for high frequency values using ABSIF, and the results are presented in the paper. The validation of ABSIF was completed by comparing the results with those obtained using a similar commercial software, Sonnet LiteTM, which is dedicated to high frequency electromagnetic analysis.

Traditional wireless power transfer systems typically adopt the single-frequency control method to ensure a constant output voltage and current for different applications. This paper presents a different side of the control circuit of a wireless energy transfer system, i.e. input is made with two frequencies aiming to optimize the wireless energy transfer.The purpose of this paper is to show how it can be increased the efficiency of a wireless power system, in comparison with the traditional wireless power transfer systems with a single command frequency. An experimental prototype will be buit in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed wireless energy transfer system and the control method.

Today, in the age of 4G and 5G technologies, the continuous development of high-tech devices through their minimization and various forms of design for their components that need to comply with EMC standards, make the analysis and design of EMI filters to be a research topic of great interest that will certainly stay that way for many more years. In this context, the present paper proposes the analysis of the influence of the geometric shapes of the elements that compose a planar EMI filter on its parameters. On one hand, we will follow the self-parameters of the component elements, and on the other hand, the minimization of the parasitic parameters will be followed. The analyzes will be performed on a low pass filter, which is the main element of the filter for the suppression of the electromagnetic interferences.

The wireless power systems of millimetre dimensions are nowadays used for a wide range of high technology applications. In this paper we aim to extract the planar spiral inductors parameters to optimal design them for the design of a wireless power supply system used to supply the peacemaker or other similar devices. The planar spiral inductors are analysed first to extract their specific parameter. Then the influence of the ferrite on the spiral inductors parameters is analysed to improve the inductor performances by increase its inductance. Next using the optimized inductor, a wireless power supply system is designed and 3D numerical modelled to also extract its parameters. Different distances between emitter and receiver inductors are considered trying to estimate the real possible distance that can exist between them if they will form the wireless power supply of a peacemaker. Finally, we analyse the influence of ferrite, considering different thicknesses, also on the wireless system’s parameters, aiming to increase them for improvement of device performances.

This interlaboratory comparison is performed for two reasons: to ensure the repeatability of testing amongst EMC laboratories concerning specific test methods and to evaluate the testing capabilities of these laboratories. The purpose of this paper is to present the application of an interlaboratory comparison method for electromagnetic fields produced by power supply systems, involving two laboratories. An electromagnetic field generator with a frequency of 50 Hz, which is moved from one laboratory to another, is used in order to obtain the data for the final assessment. The results obtained were based on the three-point measurement method in accordance with the standard IEC 61786.

Permanent magnets are found in more and more devices in the industry and increasing their functional performance leads to the efficiency of these devices that contain them. The aim of this paper is the analysis by numerical modelling of different sets of ring permanent magnets to determine the optimal positioning of the magnetization directions in order to obtain an uniform magnetic field on their surface. The analysis of different sets of ring permanent magnets by numerical modelling, starting from simple structures formed by a ring magnet and progressively reaching complex structures formed by five magnets to determine the influence of magnetization direction on specific field quantities in order to find the optimal orientation of the magnetization direction to obtain an uniform magnetic field on the outer surface of the magnets. Two sets of ring magnets are analysed and compared. In the first set the same magnetization direction is considered in all magnets, and in the second set the magnetization direction will be different.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of different constructive elements of a Vivaldi antenna on its characteristic parameters (directivity, gain, S parameters). An initial antenna is considered and the substrate material, width of the microstrip line used as feeding and the shape of the planar metallic antenna are then modified. The antenna is modeled with a high frequency numerical modeling program, namely HFSS. The values of the parameters obtained for the different structures following different modifications will be compared with the ones of the initial antenna and an optimum antenna will be determined.

The planar Yagi-Uda antennas find their applicability in many devices around us. They produce electric and magnetic field emissions, which can be harmful to humans on long exposure. In this context, in the first part of this paper is analysed, by high frequency numerical modelling, a Yagi-Uda antenna made in planar electromagnetic technology to determine specific field quantities (directivity, S-parameters, electric and magnetic fields), and respectively the antenna parameters. In the second part, the antenna is modelled in the presence of the human head to determine the influence of the human head on the specific quantities of the antenna (directivity, S-parameters), respectively the influence of antenna emissions on the human head (SAR, electric and magnetic fields). The antenna will be implemented in the presence of the human head by positioned the human head in the emission direction of the antenna for the analysis of the influence of the SAR, electric and magnetic fields on it. The results obtained will be compared and reported to the standards and legislation in force on human occupational exposure, to verify that the limits are met.

Patch antennas are a type of antenna used in a lot of domains in our days, from GPS, radars and mobile phones to cancer tissue detection, spaceships, satellites and missiles. Their geometrical parameters and feeding type influence their functionality and characteristic parameters. This paper focuses on high frequency numerical modeling of circular and rectangular patch antennas with two different types of feeding. Four different types of antennas are high frequency analyzed to find their characteristic parameters. A comparation of the results obtained for the parameters of circular and rectangular patch antennas for different feeding types is detailed in order to find their influences on the frequency range in which the antenna is working.

Nowadays more and more electronic and electrical devices contain spiral coils made in planar technology. Thus, the transition from single layer to multi-layer spiral coils is inevitable. The purpose of this paper is to determine the inductance of multilayer spiral coils of different geometries (square, circular, hexagonal and octagonal) and configurations that produce much higher performance. The use of multilayer spiral coils allows a flexibility to choose the desired size with the possibility to change both the number of turns and the number of layers. Therefore, by comparing numerous coil configurations presented in this paper, the correctness of the proposed solutions for determining the inductance of multilayer spiral coils was demonstrated by numerical modeling, experimental measurements and analytical calculations starting from monolayer spiral coils, where the inductance calculation was based on the formula developed by researcher S.S. Mohan using fundamental principles of electromagnetism.

In the past, operation of automotive equipment was not susceptible to electromagnetic disturbances. Then with the increase in the number of electronic components and of electromechanical devices from automobiles which are operating at high frequencies, transient phenomena occur which produce electromagnetic interference that may influence the correct function of some equipment. So, immunity is the issue that needs to be considered and solved during the design of the automotive system. This paper presents a study that analyzes the importance of engine immunity used in automotive applications in accordance with EMC standards.

This article presents an electromagnetic study of conducted and radiated disturbances produced by the lamps. The analysis was performed on four types of lamps, the most common lamps: incandescent, halogen, compact fluorescent (CFL) and light-emitting-diode (LED), with the same luminous flux to determinate the conducted emissions and to determinate the radiated emissions. The experimental results and comments related to the limits for each type of lamp, especially the determination of conducted and radiated disturbances according to EN 55015 Standard, are also presented.

The wireless power systems are becoming increasingly used for a wide range of applications. The wireless charge of newest gadgets is a new technology in all the world in our days. The purpose of this paper is to design such a system using planar spiral inductors. The planar spiral inductors have a wide range of applications in industry. The planar spiral inductors, that will be used to design the wireless power supply system, are first modeled to extract their parameters. The inductors are parametric analyzed to optimal design and the optimized spiral inductors are practical constructed. Finally, they are used to design and construct a wireless power supply system.

Starting from an induction plate often encountered in kitchen households, different geometries for this device will be numerically modeled in order to analyze their functionality, ohmic losses, magnetic induction and current density. Also, the effects of parameter variation will be highlighted. The model was analyzed in 2D and also in 3D. The varied parameters were number of turns, diameter of the conductor from which the turns are constructed, the shape of the conductor and the material from which the recipient where the food is heated is made of. The novelty of this study is the ohmic losses approach and the software used for the simulation. The representations can be also used in educational purposes.

The objective of this paper is the implementation through numerical modelling of Halbach permanent magnets for the determination of the optimum magnetization directions in order to obtain a uniform magnetic field around the set of Halbach permanent magnets. For this study the magnetic induction distribution, magnetic field intensity and current density for the studied magnets are compared. From the different types of Halbach arrays, the linear array represents the subject of this study.

This paper represents a study on bowtie planar antennas. Varying the shape of the bowtie patch and considering different dielectric materials to be a part of the antenna construction, their influence on the specific parameters of the antenna is determined. The scattering parameters (S parameters), gain and directivity are the parameters which were determined and analyzed in order to draw some conclusions. The structures are analyzed in the frequency range 1-10 GHz.

Patch antennas are highly used in the last few years in domains like spaceships, satellites and missiles, cellular phones, radars, GSM, wide area computer networks and also wireless local areas. This is the result of their advantages, namely the small dimensions and weight, their low cost, ease of use, ease of integration in other circuits and capability to operate at 2 or 3 frequency values. Their disadvantages, among which low efficiency, high quality factor and a narrow bandwidth must be improved. In order to do so, we must previously study the influence of different parameters on their functioning. In this paper, three different feeding types will be implemented on patch antennas and the resulting parameters will be compared and analyzed. Also, different operating frequencies will be taken into account in order to determine the dimensions of such an antenna. Considering the Rogers RT Duroid 5880 dielectric and its standard thicknesses patch antennas will also be modeled and parameters like S parameters, the bandwidth, directivity, gain will be analyzed.

This paper presents a study regarding the conducted electromagnetic emissions of a wireless power system. Due to the fact that in the last few years there have appeared a lot of devices with wireless systems, it must be in accordance to the EMC norms. In this context, were performed tests to ensure that analyzed wireless power system meet the EN 55032 standard limits. Based on the test results, was designed a filter to reduce conducted electromagnetic emissions and improve the performance of the wireless power system.

Increasing the number of electric/electronic devices powered with electric power, has led to a series of different chargers and a mixture of wires spread through the house or office. For a long period of time, the concept of charging without any direct connection through wires was avoided, but the last few years show an increased interest to make the loading with electrical power more flexible and easier to use. In this context, the work has as its main objective the practical realization and analysis of power systems for electrical and electronic devices. Therefore, it is necessary to create and analyze multiple types of spiral inductors to achieve a feeding device with higher performance.

Implementing the spiral inductors in the radiofrequency micrometric integrated circuits is complicated, therefore some prior studies in order to determine their optimum configurations for the circuit in which they will be implemented are necessary. This study is a step forward in the study of spiral inductors, aiming at comparing the monolayer to the multilayer spiral inductors in order to determine their advantages, disadvantages and to reach an efficient configuration. For this purpose, the electric and magnetic phenomena in the spiral inductors, along with their inductance, quality factor, and scattering parameters at high frequency in the 1–20 GHz frequency range will be presented and analyzed.

In this paper the micrometric spiral inductors will be numerically modelled and simulated in order to highlight the effects and phenomena which occur at high frequencies, namely in the frequency domain 1 – 20 GHz. At first the electric and magnetic field values inside the structure of the spiral inductor are represented and analyzed. Also, the specific parameters of these spiral inductors, namely the inductance L, the scattering parameters S and the quality factor Q are determined with the help of the ANSYS-HFSS program and their values are analyzed in order to identify and highlight the effects which arise considering the variation of some geometrical parameters of these spiral inductors.

Improving the performances of a filter for conductive electromagnetic interferences suppression involves two major directions of action: the first direction refers to the increase of attenuation at high frequency, while the second direction refers to the suppression of the parasitic effects in the constitutive devices. Thus, in this light, the paper presents the authors’ contribution to the two major directions of actions mentioned above; in the first part, techniques for HF loss increase are presented, while in the second part techniques for minimizing the structural parasitic capacitance are shown. In the third part of the paper these techniques are applied simultaneously to an EMI filter made in planar electromagnetic technology in order to study its performance.

The continuous development of electrical/ electronics/industrial/medical devices which contain inductors leads to increasingly needing the use of the spiral inductors with as higher inductivity as possible, but using implementation spaces as small as possible in the integrated circuit, through dimensions as small as possible of their components (inductors). Thus, in this paper it is proposed to solve this need by creating multilayer spiral inductors in order to obtain a higher inductance in an implementation area as small as possible. Transitioning from the monolayer spiral inductors, to their achievement in multiple layers, leads to increased inductivity, but the parasitic effects that influence the functioning of inductors to maximum performance are also increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to determine some solutions to minimize the parasitic effects which do not influence the inductivity value, ensuring that it is maintained at a value as high as possible. In this case, the authors of this paper propose some solutions to minimize these parasitic effects.

In this article the authors have proposed to present the importance of knowing the laws in force in terms of electromagnetic compatibility by studying electromagnetic conduction disturbances in the supply network. This study is based on two types of lamps and how to reduce these interferences using various filters that reduces electromagnetic interference produced by these lamps. The tests were performed at the Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory from Technical University of Cluj-Napoca.

PurposeThis paper proposes to extend the combination of Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) and Level Set Method (LSM) from structural mechanics to electromagnetics. Based on this approach, the actual stage of the research work, dedicated to the investigation, development, implementation and validation of a shape optimization methodology, particularly tailored for 2D electric structures is described.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed numerical approach is based on the efficiency of the XFEM and the flexibility of the LSM, to handle moving material interfaces without remeshing the whole studied domain at each optimization step.FindingsThis approach eliminates the conventional use of discrete finite elements and provides efficient, stable, accurate and faster computation schemes in comparison with other methods.Research limitations/implicationsThis research is limited to shape optimization of two‐dimensional electric structures, however, the work can be extended to 3D ones too.Practical implicationsThe implementation of the proposed numerical approach for the shape optimization of a planar resistor is hereby described.Originality/valueThe main value of the proposed approach is a powerful and robust numerical shape optimization algorithm that demonstrates outstanding suppleness of handling topological changes, fidelity of boundary representation and a high degree of automation in comparison with other methods.

Due to the large diversity of devices present in our days, for their better functionality, each and every one of them must be in accordance with the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) normative. One of the criteria that has to be met by the device is not to produce interferences with other systems, fact studied in this paper. It is known that electromagnetic interferences of a device can appear because of radiated emissions and conducted emissions. This paper will focus on the conducted emissions and will determine them for different devices, at the end also giving a solution for decreasing these emissions.

Planar transformers are mainly used in power electronics but they can be also found in electric vehicles, medical applications, power sources, rectifiers and other devices. They have a lot of advantages like low profile, which leads to low core losses, higher efficiency, manufacturing repeatability, and reduced electromagnetic interferences. On the other side, there are a few aspects which must be improved like decreasing the parasitic capacitance between the windings and decreasing the losses in the structure. This paper focuses on the parasitic capacitance decrease in a planar transformer based on the constructive parameters variation.

Most electrical and electronic devices can generate or can be affected by EMI (electromagnetic interferences) and that is why EMI filters are a necessary component for all electronic equipment produced today. In most cases, the EMI filter is included in the switch mode power supplies. For a better structural and functional integration of these devices, they are constructed in the last few years in planar technology. Although constructing EMI filters in planar technology offers many advantages, there are some disadvantages too. In order to improve their functionality, the parasitic capacitance placed between the structure's windings must be reduced and also the losses in the structure must be increased. This paper presents a continuation of previous studies on a smaller planar structure which represents the base of an EMI filter.

This paper aims to highlight the way in which the use of the optimal design program developed by the authors, OptimCond, contributes to the electromagnetic interference suppression from within planar integrated devices. Thus, this paper begins with a brief presentation of the planar electromagnetic technology principle, emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of this technology. The second part of this paper presents the OptimCond program, while the third section presents the efficiency of the electromagnetic interference suppression techniques for a filter constructed using planar electromagnetic technology is analyzed. Final conclusions are presented at the end of this paper.

The use of planar transformers has increased in the last few years due to their efficiency in high frequency switching-mode power supplies (SMPS). Like all other devices constructed in planar technology, they have a lot of advantages like repeatability of elements, decreased dimensions and weight and high switching frequency, but there are some disadvantages too. In order to improve them one must know that the parasitic elements which must be suppressed are the parasitic capacitances between the windings, the leakage inductance and the losses. This paper analyzes the parasitic parameters of planar transformers, aiming to optimize them by the minimization of the losses and parasitic capacitances.

This paper outlines a method for the suppression of the parasitic inside electromagnetic interferences (EMI) filters that are used in power supply devices. The paper focuses on EMI filters designed using the electromagnetic integrated planar technology. To accomplish this task the authors set up an optimal design algorithm named OptimCond that is able to find out the optimal arrangement of the windings in order to minimize the structural parasitic capacitance of the filter. The algorithm proposed is applied to increase the EMI filtering performances for a well-known filter realized in planar technology.

The objective of this paper is to present how the filter geometry optimization for the electromagnetic interference suppression will lead to the improvement of its performances. In order to determine the optimal geometry of these filters, the authors developed and implemented an optimal design program intended to determine the optimal configuration of the structure for the case in which the parasitic effects are minimal. So, in the first part of the paper the design program developed by the authors will be presented and in the second part the effect of the filter geometry optimization on the structural parasitic capacitance minimization is determined. The paper will be ended with final conclusions.

Spiral inductors are extensively used in micrometer modern integrated circuits. They find their applicability manly in telecommunication and communication with or without wire (wireless). We have been done many studies about spiral inductors. We have analyzed and modeled them. Then we have developed, designed and implemented two software programs dedicated to analyze spiral inductors in low and high frequency for micro and nanometer dimensions. In this paper we want to analyze and model square, hexagonal, octagonal and circular spiral inductors of micrometer dimensions using one of our software in order to optimize them and to improve their performances. We use, for analysis of spiral inductors presented in Fig.1, the CIBSOC software program developed, designed and implemented by the authors [1]. This software program is dedicated to the dc inductance computation and layout optimization of micro and nanometer spiral inductors. To be analyzed and modeled spiral inductors with dedicated software programs it is necessary to know the geometrical dimensions, functional characteristics and properties of material for each spiral inductor.

One of the major goals in designing integrated EMI filters is to improve their high-frequency characteristics. To achieve this, special technologies need to be developed, including the mechanism for suppression of the equivalent parallel capacitance (EPC). In previous studies, there were several methods used to reduce this parasitic capacitance, but in this paper shifting and redistributing the energy stored between windings is the solution proposed. For planar structures, the way to put this method into practice is an embedded ground layer inserted between winding layers. The results contained in this paper present the influence of the embedded ground layer and it's parameters on the structural winding capacitances.

The magnetic planar technology is nowadays an attractive solution for designing the electrical devices due to its efficiency at high frequencies and its mechanical robustness. On the other hand, the general trend of reducing the dimensions of the integrated structures one inherently leads to the increase of their structural parasitic effects. In this light, the paper proposes a new method for the minimization of the equivalent parallel capacitance (EPC) of these structures based on optimal design. The paper describes the optimization algorithm developed by the authors designed to determine the optimal placement of the structure's conductor routes that minimize the structural inter-winding capacitance. In the first part of the paper the theoretical background is presented while in the second part the optimization algorithm validation and the usage of the OptimCond package for complex planar magnetic integrated structures are outlined, followed by the final conclusions.

The inductance computation and layout optimization of spiral inductors are still research topics of great interest and actuality, especially in radio frequency integrated circuits domain. Our research work focuses on the extensive topics of this research area for several years. To this purpose we have create a software program, named CIBSOC (Spiral Inductors Inductance Computation and Layout Optimization), dedicate to de inductance computation and to layout optimization for spiral inductors. We use a wide range of inductors in the applications made with our program; we compare our applications results with measurements results existing in the literature and with a commercial field solver results in order to validate our program. Our program is accurate enough, has a very friendly interface, is very easy to use and it computes problems in a very sort running time compared with other similar programs. Since spiral inductors tolerance is generally on the order of several percent, a more accurate program is not needed in practice. The program is very useful for the spiral inductors design, because it compute theirs inductances with high accuracy; and also for the spiral inductor optimization, because it affords optimal solution for spiral inductor layout dependent on the users' needs.

Planar structures are often used recently due to their many advantages. Transformers, power inductors and EMI filters are only a few components that are constructed using this technique. In order to increase their efficiency, parasitic capacitance (EPC) and equivalent series inductance (ESL) must be decreased and HF losses must be appropriate to their utilization. This paper represents a study which aims at finding how the shifting of the windings influences HF losses and also determining the optimum geometry for increasing the losses in planar structures.

The magnetic planar technology is nowadays an attractive solution for designing the Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) filters due to its efficiency at high frequencies and its mechanical robustness. On the other hand, the general trend of reducing the dimensions of the integrated structures one inherently leads to the increase of their structural parasitic effects. Therefore, the minimization of the parasitic capacitances and inductances represents an important issue for increasing the performances of a magnetic integrated structure. In this light, the aim of this paper is to present the authors contribution to developed structural parasitic capacitance reduction solutions from devices realized in planar magnetic technology. Being structures with an important geometrical complexity, the structural parasitic capacitance cannot be defined by direct calculation expressions and it cannot be localized in one device, it being practically distributed in the space between the coil wirings that form the structure. So, in this paper, are proposed approached techniques to reduce the structural parasitic capacitance in planar magnetic integrated structures.

The inductance calculation and the layout optimization for spiral inductors still are research topics of actuality and very interesting especially in radio frequency integrated circuits. Our research work is fixed on the vast topics of this research area. In this effect we create a software program dedicate to dc inductance calculation and to layout optimization for spiral inductors. We use a wide range of inductors in the application made with our program; we compare our applications results with measurements results existing in the literature and with three-dimensional commercial field solver results in order to validate it. Our program is accurate enough, has a very friendly interface, is very easy to use and its running time is very sort compared with other similar programs. Since spiral inductors tolerance is generally on the order of several percent, a more accurate program is not needed in practice. The program is very useful for the spiral inductor design because it calculates the inductance of spiral inductors with a very good accuracy and also for the spiral inductor optimization, because it optimize the spiral inductor layouts in terms of technological restrictions and/or in terms of the designers' needs.