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Andes virus (ANDV) is the etiological agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in Chile. In this study, we evaluated the profile of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-12p70, IL-21, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-6 in serum samples of ANDV-infected patients at the time of hospitalization. The mean levels of circulating cytokines were determined by a Bead-Based Multiplex assay coupled with Luminex detection technology, in order to compare 43 serum samples of healthy controls and 43 samples of ANDV-infected patients that had been categorized according to the severity of disease. When compared to the controls, no significant differences in IL-1β concentration were observed in ANDV-infected patients (p = 0.9672), whereas levels of IL-12p70 and IL-21 were significantly lower in infected cases (p =

Andes hantavirus (ANDV) causes hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in Chile and is the only hantavirus for which person-to-person transmission has been proven. We describe an outbreak of 5 human cases of ANDV infection in which symptoms developed in 2 household contacts and 2 health care workers after exposure to the index case-patient. Results of an epidemiologic investigation and sequence analysis of the virus isolates support person-to-person transmission of ANDV for the 4 secondary case-patients, including nosocomial transmission for the 2 health care workers. Health care personnel who have direct contact with ANDV case-patients or their body fluids should take precautions to prevent transmission of the virus. In addition, because the incubation period of ANDV after environmental exposure is longer than that for person-to-person exposure, all persons exposed to a confirmed ANDV case-patient or with possible environmental exposure to the virus should be monitored for 42 days for clinical symptoms.

The Andes Orthohantavirus (ANDV), which causes the hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, enters cells via integrins, and a change from leucine to proline at residue 33 in the PSI domain (L33P), impairs ANDV recognition. We assessed the association between this human polymorphism and ANDV infection. We defined susceptible and protective genotypes as “TT„ (coding leucine) and “CC„ (coding proline), respectively. TT was present at a rate of 89.2% (66/74) among the first cohort of ANDV cases and at 60% (63/105) among exposed close-household contacts, who remained uninfected (p < 0.05). The protective genotype (CC) was absent in all 85 ANDV cases, in both cohorts, and was present at 11.4% of the exposed close-household contacts who remained uninfected. Logistic regression modeling for risk of infection had an OR of 6.2⁻12.6 (p < 0.05) in the presence of TT and well-known ANDV risk activities. Moreover, an OR of 7.3 was obtained when the TT condition was analyzed for two groups exposed to the same environmental risk. Host genetic background was found to have an important role in ANDV infection susceptibility, in the studied population.

Spraying is a common way to distribute occupational products, but it puts worker's health at risk by exposing them to potentially harmful particles and gases. The objective of this study is to use time-resolved measurements to gain an understanding of spray applications at the process level and to compare them to predictions of exposure models. We used proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) at 1-s time resolution to monitor the gas phase concentration of the solvents acetone, ethanol, butyl acetate, xylene and 1-methoxy-2-propy acetate during outdoor spraying and indoor drying of metal plate under various conditions of outdoor air supply. We found that during spraying, gas-phase exposure was dominated by the more volatile solvents acetone and ethanol, which exhibited strong concentration variations due to the outdoor winds. During drying, exposure strongly depended on the strength of ventilation. Under conditions with high supply of outdoor air, our measurements show a near-exponential decay of the solvent concentrations during drying. Conversely, under conditions without outdoor air supply, the drying process required hours, during which the less volatile solvents passed through a concentration maximum in the gas phase, so that the exposure during drying exceeded the exposure during spraying. The concentrations measured during spraying were then compared for each of the substances individually with the predictions of the exposure models ECETOC TRA, Stoffenmanager, and ART using TREXMO. For these conditions, ECETOC TRA and Stoffenmanager predicted exposures in the measured concentration range, albeit not conservative for all solvents and each application. In contrast, ART largely overestimated the exposure for the more volatile solvents acetone and ethanol and slightly underestimated exposure to 1M2PA for one spraying. ECETOC TRA and ART do not have options to predict exposure during drying. Stoffenmanager has the option to predict drying together with spraying, but not to predict the drying phase independently. Our study demonstrates the importance of considering both the spray cloud and solvent evaporation during the drying process. To improve workplace safety, there is a critical need for enhanced exposure models and comprehensive datasets for calibration and validation covering a broader range of exposure situations.

Resumo O artigo parte das paisagens de morte das duas maiores democracias das Américas - Brasil e Estados Unidos - na crise de covid-19, oferecendo uma engrenagem conceitual denominada binômio vulnerabilidade-morte para ponderar em que medida a política da tragédia é um ponto de inflexão no tratamento das vulnerabilidades e da morte na política institucional, enfatizando o trabalho da Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CIDH). Analisando as respostas normativas da CIDH, percebeu-se não a articulação, mas a bifurcação da vulnerabilidade e da morte. Embora revele um não entrelaçamento normativo, a bifurcação não significa uma escolha entre caminhos binários. Ainda que as duas democracias das Américas tenham suscitado desafios institucionais, a CIDH revelou um aprofundamento do sentido da vulnerabilidade e empreendeu normativamente em torno da morte: questões historicamente ausentes da estrutura básica internacional e capazes de lançar um desafio produtivo para a teoria da justiça internacional.

The KCNQ2 gene, encoding for the Kv7.2 subunits of the Kv7 voltage potassium channel, is involved in the modulation of neuronal excitability and plays a crucial role in brain morphogenesis and maturation during embryonic life. De novo heterozygous mutations in KCNQ2 genes are associated with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy and neurodevelopmental disorders including developmental delay and intellectual disability. However, little is known about the socio-communicative phenotype of children affected by the KCNQ2 mutation, and a detailed behavioral characterization focused on autistic symptoms has not yet been conducted. This case report describes the clinical behavioral phenotype of a 6-year-old boy carrying a de novo heterozygous KCNQ2 mutation, affected by early-onset seizures and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We performed a neuropsychiatric assessment of cognitive, adaptive, socio-communicative and autistic symptoms through the administration of standardized tools. The main contribution of this case report is to provide a detailed developmental and behavioral characterization focused on ASD symptoms in a child with [c.812 G > A; p. (Gly271Asp)]mutation in the KCNQ2 gene.

Developmental level and cognitive skills assessment represents a crucial aspect in the delineation of the clinical phenotype and long-term outcomes of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Nevertheless, the evaluation of cognitive development trajectory across a lifespan ranging from birth to school age appears challenging for clinicians and researchers, because of the lack of measures that coherently cover this timeframe. Thus, the main goal of this community-based study was to investigate within a sample of ASD children if the developmental quotient (DQ), evaluated through the Griffiths Mental Development Scales Extended Revised (GMDS-ER) scale, predicts the non-verbal brief intelligence quotient (IQ), measured through the Leiter-R at follow-up. The main observation of our study was a positive correlation between the level of DQ and nonverbal IQ at follow-up evaluations, highlighting that ASD children characterized by a greater developmental profile will later present higher non-verbal IQ.

Los code smells son síntomas en el código fuente que pueden revelar problemas de diseño. Para poder solucionar un smell deben aplicarse un conjunto de refactorings que permitan restructurar el sistema. Sin embargo, al aplicar un conjunto de refactorings en un orden determinado, pueden surgir problemas que impiden que éstos se apliquen. Por ejemplo, porque un refactoring que depende de una reestructuración realizada por otro refactoring que aún no fue aplicado, o porque un refactoring referencia un artefacto del sistema que fue modificado por un refactoring aplicado anteriormente. Por estos motivos, para aplicar un conjunto de refactorings, se deben analizar las dependencias que existen entre estos para poder establecer el orden de aplicación. En esta línea, este trabajo presenta una herramienta que identifica y soluciona los conflictos originados por dependencias entre refactorings para luego aplicar automáticamente los mismos. Los resultados, si bien son preliminares, indican que este enfoque permite identificar y solucionar un alto porcentaje de conflictos.

Traditional sausages—smoked, fermented or dried—are meat products that are part of the traditional daily diet in rural Portugal, and also highly valued in major cities with an increasing demand. These ethnic meat products are manufactured mainly by small-scale industries or artisanal producers according to and/or inspired by traditional processes. They are present in a wide variety of types, many recognized for their quality (38 certified products). Presently, cure technologies used are important for the potential they represent in transformation and diversification. Additionally, they add flavors and colors to meat that are much appreciated, surpassing meat preservation proposes. A review on the types and manufacturing technological aspects associated to Portuguese traditional sausages (PTS) is provided in this article. Additionally, nutritional composition of the products is presented. Future developments foreseen in the field, in the light of current knowledge and market trends, are finally addressed.

En el presente artículo se reseñan los aspectos más significativos de la vida social, profesional y trayectoria como médico del Dr. Raúl Ramón Rizo Rodríguez. La medicina cubana y especialmente la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba cuentan con un verdadero ejemplo de profesional, quien ha logrado desde su humildad y modestia, poner en alto la especialidad de fisiología normal y patológica en la provincia

O presente artigo pretende, de modo geral, resgatar o debate pluralista-solidarista da Escola Inglesa (EI), que polariza a perspectiva teórica das RI assumidamente de middle ground e que é responsável por atualizá-la de meados dos anos 1990 em diante. A partir deste debate interno à Escola, focaremos em uma das questões internacionais que mais a desafiou no sentido de manter a virtude da via média: as intervenções de caráter humanitário dos anos 1990 em diante e seus desdobramentos sob a doutrina da Responsibility to Protect (R2P), formalmente institucionalizada em 2005. Argumenta-se, a partir desse debate, que a denominação dos que compõem a EI de “institucionalistas britânicos” não parece equivocada, já que o conceito de instituições primárias da sociedade internacional, no rastro da problematização feita por Barry Buzan, permite-nos compreender as práticas intervencionistas mais contemporâneas para além da cisão pluralismo/solidarismo, mantendo, assim, a EI fiel ao middle ground

A ideia de direitos humanos reflete as mudanças profundas na moralidade internacional desde finais da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Pode-se dizer que hoje, com o seu processo de internacionalização bastante avançado, os direitos humanos já fazem parte do vocabulário moral comum à humanidade. Todavia, argumenta-se na presente contribuição que nem todos os direitos humanos são e devem ser adjetivados de internacionais, sendo, portanto, necessário problematizar em que medida os direitos humanos e, nesse caso, quais direitos humanos, impõem obrigações a outsiders. Dessa forma, a simples inserção de direitos em documentos internacionais que proclamem os direitos humanos como universais não é condição suficiente para tratarmos esses mesmos direitos como “direitos humanos internacionais”. Tal ideia envolve, ao ver da presente reflexão, a delimitação de um subconjunto dos direitos humanos da Declaração Universal de Direitos Humanos (DUDH) que deve ser objeto de preocupação internacional e sobre o qual se deve refletir. Assim, em linhas gerais, a proposta do presente artigo é fazer uma distinção quanto aos significados da internacionalização dos direitos humanos, de um lado, e dos direitos humanos internacionais, de outro. Tal distinção será apontada a partir de duas literaturas mobilizadas e pensando na relevância de ambas para a problematização dos direitos humanos face às RI: a teoria normativa e a teoria de RI. As contribuições de John Vincent, teórico associado à vertente solidarista da Escola Inglesa, subsidiará uma proposta de meio termo para o impasse supracitado.

Tanto el Desarrollo basado en Componentes como el Desarrollo de Software orientado a Aspectos son enfoque propuestos para abordar diversos problemas que surgen en el proceso de desarrollo de aplicaciones. Ambos enfoques tienen como objetivo el reuso de software, ante esta situación surge la necesidad de que componentes y aspectos compartan un espacio común en el cual puedan ser publicados, recuperados y reutilizados. Los repositorios actuales parecen no proveer aspectos de manera explícita, en ocasiones los aspectos son utilizados para especificar el componente, pero no son reusables. La tarea de publicar y recuperar componentes es muy compleja, existen diversos métodos de publicación y recuperación a tal fin. En este trabajo se exploraron diferentes repositorios analizando criterios al igual que se exponen los métodos de publicación y recuperación con el fin de determinar si es posible la adaptación o extensión de los repositorios a aspectos.