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Introducción: las malformaciones de Chiari, son un grupo de desórdenes neurológicos heterogéneos, congénitos, con componente genético que requieren de investigación por ser enfermedades raras y potencialmente mortales. Objetivo: describir las malformaciones de Chiari y sus patologías asociadas. Método: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica entre el 1 de diciembre del 2022 y el 29 de marzo del 2024, en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. Considerándose los materiales en idioma inglés y español, en las bases de datos Scopus, SciELO, Dialnet, EBSCO, PubMed/Medline, fueron seleccionados un total de 42 artículos, de los cuales fueron seleccionados 25, de acuerdo con el resumen, relevancia y libre acceso que presentaban, utilizando los descriptores: Chiari, Enfermedad, Hidrocefalia, Malformación, Médula espinal, Patologías. Desarrollo: existen cinco tipos distintos de malformación de Chiari, los cuales presentan varias patologías asociadas; Chiaris tipo 0 y I son comúnmente asociadas a siringomielia, Chiari tipo II en su mayor parte está acompañado de mielomeningocele y también con el síndrome de la médula espinal anclada. Chiari III, se caracteriza por el descenso o la herniación de una parte del cerebelo y del tronco encefálico. Chiari IV involucra una afección conocida como hipoplasia cerebelosa. Conclusiones: las malformaciones de Chiari son consideradas enfermedades raras, estas presentan varias patologías asociadas en relación con sus diferentes subtipos, conocerlos es de vital importancia para así llegar a un diagnóstico y tratamiento más precoz y adecuado respectivamente.

Introducción: la prevalencia de los tumores del sistema nervioso central ha ido en aumento desde inicios del siglo XXI; estos causan elevada mortalidad, disminución de la calidad de vida e impactan de forma negativa en la salud familiar. Objetivo: caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a pacientes mayores de 18 años con tumores cerebrales primarios, en el Hospital Universitario: “Gustavo Aldereguía Lima”, provincia Cienfuegos. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal en pacientes mayores de 18 años con tumores cerebrales primarios. El universo estuvo conformado por 25 pacientes y se trabajó con la totalidad del mismo. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, localización de los tumores cerebrales, clasificación histopatológica y síntomas principales de los pacientes. Se empleó la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: predominaron los pacientes entre 41 y 60 años con 13 (52 %), de sexo masculino (58,33 %) con 7. Los tumores cerebrales de localización supratentorial (68 %) fueron los más preponderantes con 17. El glioblastoma (44 %) fue el tipo histológico más frecuente con 11 casos, y la cefalea (84 %) el síntoma principal con 21. Conclusiones: los pacientes en edad media, del sexo masculino y con tumores de localización supratentorial fueron los que predominaron. El glioblastoma fue el tipo histológico más preponderante y la cefalea el principal síntoma.

Introduction: the prevalence of central nervous system tumors has been increasing since the beginning of the 21st century; they are the cause of high mortality, reduced quality of life and have a negative impact on family health. Objective: proceed with the clinical and epidemiological characterization of patients over 18 years of age with primary brain tumors at the Hospital Universitario: “Gustavo Aldereguía Lima” in Cienfuegos. Method: an observational descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in patients older than 18 years with primary brain tumors. The universe in the study was made up of 25 patients and we worked with the entire universe. The variables studied were as follow: age, sex, location of brain tumors, histopathological classification and main symptoms of the involved patients. The descriptive statistic method was used. Results: patients between 41 and 60 years of age, a total of 13 (52 %), predominated and within them 7 (58.33 %) were males. Brain tumors of supratentorial location were the most prevalent with 17 (68 %). Glioblastoma was the most frequent histological type with 11 cases (44 %), and headache was the main symptom with 21 (84 %). Conclusions: the middle-aged male patients and with tumors of supratentorial location were the predominant ones. Glioblastoma was the most prevalent histologic type and headache was the main symptom.

Introducción: la demencia asociada con infección por VIH es la causa de demencia no traumática más frecuente en pacientes de todas las edades. Objetivo: describir el complejo demencia-sida como complicación del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1. Método: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica entre el 25 de julio y el 9 de agosto de 2021. Considerándose los materiales en idioma inglés y español, en las bases de datos Scopus, SciELO, Dialnet, EBSCO, PubMed/Medline, fueron seleccionados 16 artículos, utilizando los descriptores: Complejo demencia-SIDA; Demencia; Infección; Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida; Sistema nervioso central; Virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, para el idioma español e inglés. Desarrollo: el complejo demencia-sida normalmente ocurre después de varios años de infección por el VIH y se asocia con un titulaje bajo de células T CD4+ y elevados niveles de carga viral en el plasma sanguíneo. Se caracteriza histológicamente, por la infiltración de monocitos y macrófagos en el sistema nervioso central. Estas afectaciones estructurales y funcionales están asociadas a manifestaciones neurológicas como alteraciones de la marcha, compromiso motor como bradicinesia, temblor e hiperreflexia y fallas en la coordinación. El diagnóstico es esencialmente clínico y se realiza por exclusión, el tratamiento se basa en el uso de antirretrovirales. Conclusiones: este trastorno neurológico es una entidad caracterizada por la tríada de compromiso cognitivo, síntomas conductuales y motores. La demencia solo existe cuando el deterioro neurocognitivo en el paciente es lo suficientemente grave como para interferir significativamente con las funciones del día a día del sujeto.

Introduction: dementia associated with HIV infection is the most frequent cause of non-traumatic dementia in patients of all ages. Objective: to describe the AIDS dementia complex as a complication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Method: a literature review was conducted between July 25 and August 9, 2021. A total of 16 articles, in English and Spanish, were selected in the databases Scopus, SciELO, Dialnet, EBSCO, PubMed/Medline, and the descriptors used were as follow: AIDS dementia complex; Dementia; Infection; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Central Nervous System; Human Immunodeficiency Virus, all in both languages, English and Spanish. Development: AIDS dementia complex usually occurs after several years of being infected with HIV and is associated with low CD4 + T-cell and elevated plasma viral load. It is histologically characterized by infiltration of monocytes and macrophages in the central nervous system. These structural and functional impairments are associated with neurological manifestations such as gait disturbances, and motor involvements like bradykinesia, tremor and hyperreflexia, and coordination failures. The diagnosis is essentially clinical and by exclusion; treatment is based on the use of antiretroviral drugs. Conclusions: this neurological disorder is an entity characterized by three aspects: cognitive involvement, behavioral and motor symptoms. Dementia only exists when the neurocognitive impairment in patients is severe enough to significantly interfere with the person's day-to-day functions.

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 mainly affects the respiratory system, however, various clinical studies have shown that the coronavirus family has a certain tropism for the nervous system. Objective: to characterize the neurological manifestations of patients older than 18 years positive for SARS-CoV-2. Method: observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, in patients older than 18 years positive for SARS-CoV-2, during the period from February to August 2021, belonging to the "Manuel Piti Fajardo" Polyclinic, Cruces municipality, Cienfuegos province, Cuba. The universe consisted of 68 patients, all were studied. The variables age, sex, presence of symptoms, neurological manifestations and duration of neurological manifestations were studied. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: there was a predominance of patients between 31 and 40 years old (36,8 %), as well as those between 19 and 30 years old (27,9 %). 52,94 % of the patients were male. 11,8 % of the patients were asymptomatic. 85 % of symptomatic patients presented headache as a neurological manifestation. Headache was found to be the longest-lasting manifestation, where 16,7 % presented it for more than 14 days. Conclusions: Among the patients infected with COVID-19, those of the male sex, under 40 years of age, were prone to present neurological manifestations. Among the neurological manifestations, headache was common, being at the same time the symptom with the longest duration.

Introduction: pregnant women constitute one of the most vulnerable groups in the development of iron deficiency anemia, increasing the risk of neonatal maternal morbidity and mortality.Objective: to characterize clinically and epidemiologically pregnant women diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia.Method: descriptive, longitudinal retrospective observational study in pregnant women diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia, during 2018, in the Family Medical Office number 7, belonging to the municipality of Cruces, province of Cienfuegos, Cuba. The universe consisted of 15 pregnant women. The variables under study were: age, trimester of pregnancy, level of education, nutritional status, severity of anemia, parity and intergenetic period. Descriptive statistics were used.Results: pregnant women between 19 and 35 years of age (60%) and in the third trimester of pregnancy (46.67%), with a free union marital status (60%), professional technical education level (40%), with weight normal and with mild anemia (66.67%). The highest proportion of pregnant women had a previous delivery (60%) and an intergenetic period of less than two years (53.33%).Conclusions: pregnant women between the ages of 19 and 35, in the third trimester of pregnancy, with a free union marital status, technical professional education level and normal weight were the most prone to acquire iron deficiency anemia. Pregnant women with a history of a previous delivery and an intergenetic period of less than two years constituted the majority. Mild iron deficiency anemia was the most predominant.

Introduction: Genu valgum is the most frequent angular deformity in childhood, with spontaneous resolution in most cases, even so, in 10% of cases surgical treatment is required to correct the mechanical axis that modulates growth. Objective: to clinically and epidemiologically characterize patients under 14 years of age diagnosed with Genu valgum who underwent surgery. Methods: a descriptive, retrospective longitudinal observational study was carried out in patients under 14 years of age with diagnosis of Genu valgum, surgically intervened by Blount temporary epiphyseal arrest, between January and July 2019, at the University Pediatric Hospital of Cienfuegos. The universe was constituted by 15 patients. The variables age, sex, reason for consultation, risk factors and postoperative evolution were studied. Results: patients between 12 and 14 years old (46.7 %) and male (53.3 %) predominated. Esthetic deformities were the main reason for consultation (46.7 %) and the risk factor most frequently observed was obesity (40 %). Conclusions: patients with a diagnosis of Genu valgum between the ages of 12 and 14 years represented the highest percentage of those operated on. Esthetic deformities were the main reason for consultation and obesity was the most frequent risk factor.

Introduction: currently, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice in most patients with a diagnosis of gallstones thanks to its minimal intervention, postoperative pain and the time that must be hospitalized. Objective: to characterize clinically and epidemiologically patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of gallstones, at the Provincial Hospital of Cienfuegos. Methods: a retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive, observational study was carried out in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of gallstones, in the period from January to September 2019, at the Provincial Hospital of Cienfuegos. The universe consisted of 38 patients, all were studied. The variables age, sex, characteristics of the surgery, operative time, days of hospitalization and post-operative complications were studied. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: patients between 41 and 60 years (44.7%), planned surgeries (97.4%) and operative time between 31 minutes and 1 hour (92.1%) predominated, patients were hospitalized in their the majority less than 24 hours (94.7%) and 100% did not present post-operative complications. Conclusions: a predominance of the age group between 41 and 60 years, of planned surgeries and operative time between 31 minutes and 1 hour was observed. Most of the patients were hospitalized for less than 24 hours and without postoperative complications.

Introducción: el pie diabético es una de las complicaciones más graves y frecuentes de la diabetes mellitus, esta patología ha incrementado su incidencia en los últimos años. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo del pie diabético en pacientes de la provincia de Cienfuegos. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, en diabéticos de diferentes áreas de salud de Cienfuegos; entre 2020 y 2023. El universo estuvo conformado por 40 pacientes y se trabajó con la totalidad del mismo. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, sobrepeso u obesidad, hipertensión arterial y hábito de fumar. Se empleó la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: los féminas (n=21; 53 %), mayores de 60 años (n=16; 40 %), sin sobrepeso u obesidad (n=26; 65 %), hipertensas (n=21; 53 %) y fumadoras diarias (n=14; 35 %) fueron las de mayor representación. Conclusiones: el sobrepeso u obesidad, la hipertensión arterial y el hábito de fumar constituyeron factores de riesgo de pie diabético.