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Purpose The assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measured via patient-reported outcomes (PROs) is a key component in clinical trials and increasingly used in clinical routine worldwide. Two PRO measures (PROMs) that share the same definition of health and report outcomes on a comparable T-metric anchored to general population samples are the PROMIS-29 and the EORTC QLQ-C30. In this study, we investigate the empirical agreement of these underlying concepts. Methods We collected PROMIS-29 and EORTC QLQ-C30 data from 1,478 female patients at a breast cancer outpatient centre. We calculated descriptive statistics and correlations between the subscales of both instruments. We performed exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in randomly split subsamples in order to assess the underlying psychometric structure of both instruments. Results The cohort (mean age = 47.4, ± 14.49) reported comparable mean HRQOL scores between the corresponding subscales of both instruments similar to general population reference values. Correlation between the corresponding subscales of both instruments ranged between 0.59 (Social Role) and 0.78 (Physical Functioning). Both an exploratory and a theoretically driven confirmatory factor analysis provided further support for conceptual agreement of the scales. Conclusion EORTC QLQ-C30 and PROMIS-29 showed similar scores and satisfactory agreement in conceptional and statistical analysis. This suggests that the underlying conceptualization of health is reasonably close. Hence, the development of score transformation algorithms or calibration of both instruments on common scales could prospectively increase the comparability of clinical and research PRO data collected with either instrument.

Introduction The gathering of health and quality-of-life issues that matter most to patients over so-called patient-reported outcomes (PROs) is a key aspect of patient-centered healthcare. In obstetrics, this approach has the potential to expand the current understanding of what quality entails by including patient perspectives. The International Consortium for Health Outcome Measures (ICHOM), founded in 2012, is a global organization which aims to standardise the collection of PROs and make the results comparable worldwide. A PRO Set for obstetrics, “Pregnancy and Childbirth”, was published in 2018. The aim of our work was to translate the instruments of this set that are not yet available in German into German. Methods The instruments were translated from English into German using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) translation method. The translated instruments consisted of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale – Short Form (BSES-SF), the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS), and the Birth Satisfaction Scale – Revised (BSS-R) as well as a number of individual questions (items). Results The final version of the German translations were found to be easily comprehensible by the target group. During the cognitive debriefing, it became clear that pregnant women and women who had just given birth often used a number of medically incorrect terms to refer to their symptoms or complaints. In the translations great care was taken to ensure that the wording was as close as possible to the general usage of the language while at the same time the terminology was medically correct. To achieve a precise but comprehensible translation, the response structure of the BSES-SF also had to be adapted. Conclusions The instruments of the ICHOM Standard Set “Pregnancy and Childbirth”, which were not previously available in German, were successfully translated into German. This meant dealing with a few challenges such as adapting questions or response structures. The cultural and linguistic comprehensibility of the German translations were confirmed during the subsequent cognitive debriefing. The translations offer the possibility of implementing the complete ICHOM Set for Pregnancy and Childbirth. This would provide an opportunity to expand the existing understanding of quality by including the subjective experience of women during and after childbirth and, in future, to compare outcomes with those of other hospitals across the world.

Combinatorial material science crucially depends on robust, high throughput characterization methods. While X ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS may provide detailed information about chemical and electronic properties, it is a time consuming technique and, therefore, is not viewed as a high throughput method. Here we present preliminary XPS data of 169 measurement spots on a combinatorial 72 72 cm2 CuxNi1 amp; 8722;xOy compositional library to explore how characterization and evaluation routines can be optimized to improve throughput in XPS for combinatorial studies. In particular, two quantification approaches are compared. We find that a simple integration of XPS peak regions approach is suited for fast evaluation of, in the example system, the [Cu] [Cu] [Ni] ratio. Complementary to that, the time consuming XPS peak fit approach provides additional insights into chemical speciation and oxidation state changes, without a large deviation of the [Cu] [Cu] [Ni] ratio. This insight suggests exploiting the fast integration approach for real time analysis during XPS data collection, paving the way for an on the fly selection of points of interest i.e., areas on the sample where sudden composition changes have been identified for detailed XPS characterization. Together with the envisioned improvements when going from laboratory to synchrotron based excitation sources, this will shorten the analysis time sufficiently for XPS to become a realistic characterization option for combinatorial material science

Zinn ist der Top-Favorit für den Ersatz von giftigem Blei in Perowskit-Solarzellen. Allerdings kommt es dabei verstärkt zu der unerwünschten Oxidation von SnII zu SnIV. Die herkömmlichen Verfahren verwenden SnF2 in der Perowskit-Vorläuferlösung, um die Bildung von SnIV zu verhindern. Dennoch bleibt der Wirkmechanismus des Additivs unklar. Um diesen eingehender zu erläutern, untersuchen wir die Fluoridchemie in Zinn-Halogenid-Perowskiten mit einander ergänzenden Analyseverfahren. NMR-Spektroskopie der Vorläuferlösung offenbart eine stark bevorzugte Affinität der Fluoridanionen für SnIV gegenüber SnII, wodurch dieses selektiv als SnF4 komplexiert wird. Harte Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie an Dünnschichten zeigt die geringere Bereitschaft von SnF4 gegenüber SnI4, in die Perowskit-Struktur eingebaut zu werden und verhindert somit den Einschluss von SnIV in der Dünnschicht. Abschließend offenbart Röntgen-Kleinwinkelstreuung den starken Einfluss vom Fluorid auf die kolloidale Chemie der Vorläuferlösungen, der sich direkt auf die darauffolgende Kristallisation auswirkt. European Research Council (ERC)

Copper indium disulfide (CuInS

We establish solution atomic layer deposition sALD for the controlled growth of pure Sb2Se3 thin films under mild conditions, namely, room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Upscaling this process yields Sb2Se3 thin films with high homogeneity over large area 4 amp; 8243; substrates. Annealing of the initially amorphous material leads to highly crystalline and smooth Sb2Se3 thin films. Removing the constraints of thermal stability and sufficient volatility in sALD compared to traditional gas phase ALD opens up a broad choice of precursors and allows us to examine a wide range of Se2 precursors, of which some exhibit facile synthetic routes and allow us to tune their reactivity for optimal experimental ease of use. Moreover, we demonstrate that the solvent used in sALD represents an additional, attractive tool to influence and tailor the reactivity at the liquid solid interface between the precursors and the surface

Copper indium disulfide CuInS2 grown under Cu rich conditions exhibits high optical quality but suffers predominantly from charge carrier interface recombination, resulting in poor solar cell performance. An unfavorable cliff like conduction band alignment at the buffer CuInS2 interface could be a possible cause of enhanced interface recombination in the device. In this work, we exploit direct and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy together with electrical characterization to investigate the cause of interface recombination in chemical bath deposited Zn O,S co evaporated CuInS2 based devices. Temperature dependent current voltage analyses indeed reveal an activation energy of the dominant charge carrier recombination path, considerably smaller than the absorber bulk band gap, confirming the dominant recombination channel to be present at the Zn O,S CuInS2 interface. However, photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate a small 0.1 eV spike like conduction band offset at the Zn O,S CuInS2 interface, excluding an unfavorable energy level alignment to be the prominent cause for strong interface recombination. The observed band bending upon interface formation also suggests Fermi level pinning not to be the main reason, leaving near interface defects as recently observed in Cu rich CuInSe2 as the likely reason for the performance limiting interface recombination

OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of pediatric patients undergoing regular treatment with antipsychotics agents. METHODS: Descriptive study of a case series with cross-sectional data collection of patients’ files using antipsychotics agents, under 14 years of age treated at a Neuropediatric service from April to July 2020. For statistical analysis, we used the Fisher exact test and the Pearson’s Chi-square test with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: We assessed 98 patients, and 74 (75.5%) were males, the median age in the evaluation period was 8.5 (2.5 to 14 years). The main diagnosis was Autism Spectrum Disorder (53%) and Intellectual Deficit (46.9%). The most frequent prescription indications were aggressiveness (76.5%) and restlessness (43.8%). The main drugs prescribed were Risperidone (85.7%) and Periciazine (6.1%). The most evident adverse effects were weight gain (15.3%) and increased appetite (10.2%). The MOAS (Modified Overt Aggression Scale) showed changes in 71 patients (72.4%). Clinical evolution was reported as favorable by parents for 95 patients (96.94%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of antipsychotics in pediatrics is constantly expanding, but studies on the effects on this population are still lacking and with that the off-label use becomes commonplace. Further studies on the use of antipsychotics in the pediatric age group are expected to be developed.

Combinatorial material science crucially depends on robust, high-throughput characterization methods. While X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) may provide detailed information about chemical and electronic properties, it is a time-consuming technique and, therefore, is not viewed as a high-throughput method. Here we present preliminary XPS data of 169 measurement spots on a combinatorial 72 × 72 cm

Halide perovskites are a strong candidate for the next generation of photovoltaics. Chemical doping of halide perovskites is an established strategy to preparethe highest efficiency andmost stable perovskite-based solar cells. In this study, we unveil the doping mechanism of halide perovskites using a series of alkaline earth metals. We find that low doping levels enable the incorporation of the dopant within the perovskite lattice, whereas high doping concentrations induce surface segregation. The threshold from low to high doping regime correlates to the size of the doping element. We show that the low doping regime results in a more n-typematerial, while the high doping regime induces a less n-type doping character. Our work provides a comprehensive picture of the unique doping mechanism of halide perovskites, which differs fromclassical semiconductors. We proved the effectiveness of the low doping regime for the first time, demonstrating highly efficient methylammonium lead iodide based solar cells in both n-i-p and p-i-n architectures.

Purpose: Collecting patient reported outcome (PRO) data in a systematic way enables an objective evaluation of treatments and its related outcomes. By using the disease specific questionnaires developed by the International Consortium of Health Outcome Measurement (ICHOM) this allows for comparison between physicians, hospitals and even different countries. Methods In November 2016 we implemented a web-based system to collect PRO data at the breast center at Charité University hospital using the ICHOM data set. All new patients who are seen at the breast center are enrolled and are answering a predefined set of questions using a tablet computer. Once they start their treatment at Charité automated emails are sent to the patient at predefined treatment points. Those emails contain a web-based link through which they can access their questionnaires. Results Until now we have enrolled 834 patients and initiated 2470 questionnaires. 9.44% of patients were under 40 years of age, 49.7% between 40 and 60, 39.6% between 60-80 and 1.3% over the age of 80 years. The average return rate of questionnaires is 72% without any additional intervention. When asked about preference regarding paper versus online 7.9% of the patients 50 to 60 years of age would prefer paper, 18% in the 60-70 years of age group and 21.2 % in the age group over 70 years. Conclusion Measuring PRO in breast cancer patients in an automated electronic version is possible across all age ranges while simultaneously achieving a high return rate. Citation Format: Karsten MM, Speiser D, Hartmann C, Lippold K, Kirchberger V, Blohmer J-U. First implementation of the International Consortium of Health Outcomes Measurement standard for breast cancer at a major German university hospital using a web-based tool to measure patient reported outcomes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-12-05.

This work reports on developments in the field of wide band gap Cu2ZnXY4 (with X = Sn, Si or Ge, and Y = S, Se) kesterite thin film solar cells. An overview on recent developments and the current understanding of wide band gap kesterite absorber layers, alternative buffer layers, and suitable transparent back contacts is presented. Cu2ZnGe(S,Se)(4) absorbers with absorber band gaps up to 1.7 eV have been successfully developed and integrated into solar cells. Combining a CdS buffer layer prepared by an optimized chemical bath deposition process with a 1.36 eV band gap absorber resulted in a record Cu2ZnGeSe4 cell efficiency of 7.6%, while the highest open-circuit voltage of 730 mV could be obtained for a 1.54 eV band gap absorber and a Zn(O,S) buffer layer. Employing InZnOx or TiO2 protective top layers on SnO2:In transparent back contacts yields 85-90% of the solar cell performance of reference cells (with Mo back contact). These advances show the potential as well as the challenges of wide band gap kesterites for future applications in high-efficiency and low-cost tandem photovoltaic devices. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No. 640868. The synchrotron radiation experiments were performed at the SPring-8 beamline BL15XU with the approval of the NIMS Synchrotron X-ray Station (Proposals 2016A4600, 2016B4601, and 2017A4600) and at BESSY II with the approval of HZB. B. Vermang has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement no. 715027).

Mittels des „push-pull“-Modells beleuchten wir bestimmte wirtschaftliche Indikatoren und Mechanismen „pertaining to inequality in a European cross-border context“ (Faist, 2015: 284), die Grunde fur ein Emigrationsprojekt und die Wahl des Ziellandes sein konnen. Auch wenn viele Migranten keine genauen Zahlen kennen, haben sie womoglich unbewusst ein positives Bild von Luxemburg und schatzen das Land hoher ein als das eigene oder andere EU-Lander. Dieser Vergleich wird in den nachfolgenden Kapiteln fortgefuhrt, insbesondere in Kapitel 5 zur Europaisierung, wo wir zwei Typen von Sozialleistungen vergleichen. Insgesamt geht es hier nicht um eine vergleichende Wirtschaftsanalyse, vielmehr zeigen wir Daten zu verschiedenen Indikatoren, die starke Unterschiede aufweisen und die gegebenenfalls zum Aufbruch aus einem sudlichen in einen nordlichen Mitgliedstaat, in diesem Fall Luxemburg, einladen.

In diesem Teil wenden wir uns der Europaisierung mit einem Fokus auf die Freizugigkeit zu. Dazu werden verschiedene Analyseansatze zur Interpretation von Europaisierung mit Blick auf eine Klassifizierung Luxemburgs vorgestellt. Zwei Arten von Sozialleistungen, Sozialhilfe und Kindergeld, werden in Sachen Europaisierung miteinander verglichen. Die Bedingungen fur das Aufenthaltsrecht der Europaer werden in Beziehung gesetzt zur Inanspruchnahme von Sozialhilfe und Kindergeld. Dabei wird Bezug genommen auf europaisches und nationales Recht, auf europaische und nationale Rechtsprechung sowie auf nationale und kommunale Verwaltungspraktiken. Einige der bisher geltenden Parameter der Europaisierung haben sich ins Gegenteil verkehrt: Hier warteten die Mitgliedstaaten 2013 (Hartmann-Hirsch, 2013) noch auf Urteile des EuGH, dessen zentripetale Orientierung sich mehr und mehr in eine zentrifugale wandelte. Die Analyse europaischer und nationaler Urteile erlaubt es uns, die Entwicklung der Freizugigkeitsbedingungen in Luxemburg und in anderen Mitgliedstaaten zu beobachten. Unterliegen bestimmte Kategorien von Europaern, namlich Sudeuropaer, zunehmend ahnlichen Zugangsbedingungen wie Migranten aus Drittstaaten? Wird die Freizugigkeit seitens bestimmter Mitgliedstaaten eingeschrankt, ganz im Gegensatz zu den legislativen Tendenzen der Erweiterung und Konsolidierung wahrend der zuruckliegenden Jahrzehnte?

Hier stecken wir den Rahmen der Untersuchung ab, wobei das EU-Einwanderungsland Luxemburg als Nationalstaat in seinem europaischen, supranationalen Kontext situiert wird. Es verfugt uber nationale gesetzgeberische und politische Instrumente, die zunehmend durch europaische (und internationale) Elemente erweitert, sprich europaisiert (und internationalisiert) werden. Es interessieren uns Phanomene der top-down Europaisierung. Die Uberlagerung der nationalen durch die europaische Ebene hat nicht zwangslaufig zur Folge, dass Nationalstaaten, nachdem sie zu Mitgliedstaaten wurden, bedeutungslos wurden. Zudem wollen wir uber den nationalstaatlichen Rahmen – Analysegegenstand der traditionellen Soziologie – hinausblicken und Gewinne und Verluste herausarbeiten, die von den Einwanderern selbst in quantitativen und qualitativen Erhebungen geausert wurden (Abschn. 4). Unsere Arbeit verfolgt einen systemtheoretischen Ansatz und greift Konzepte von Bourdieu auf, insbesondere die Idee des institutionalisierten kulturellen Kapitals, das der Migrant bei der Zuwanderung in den Mitgliedstaat einbringt.

The underlying beneficial mechanism of heavy alkali postdeposition treatment (PDT) of Cu(In,Ga)Se

We report on the chemical and electronic structure of cesium tin bromide (CsSnBr3) and how it is impacted by the addition of 20 mol % tin fluoride (SnF2) to the precursor solution, using both surface-sensitive lab-based soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-surface bulk-sensitive synchrotron-based hard XPS (HAXPES). To determine the reproducibility and reliability of conclusions, several (nominally identically prepared) sample sets were investigated. The effects of deposition reproducibility, handling, and transport are found to cause significant changes in the measured properties of the films. Variations in the HAXPES-derived compositions between individual sample sets were observed, but in general, they confirm that the addition of 20 mol % SnF2 improves coverage of the titanium dioxide substrate by CsSnBr3 and decreases the oxidation of SnII to SnIV while also suppressing formation of secondary Br and Cs species. Furthermore, the (surface) composition is found to be Cs-deficient and Sn-rich compared to the nominal stoichiometry. The valence band (VB) shows a SnF2-induced redistribution of Sn 5s-derived density of states, reflecting the changing SnII/SnIV ratio. Notwithstanding some variability in the data, we conclude that SnF2 addition decreases the energy difference between the VB maximum of CsSnBr3 and the Fermi level, which we explain by defect chemistry considerations.

Halide perovskites are a strong candidate for the next generation of photovoltaics. Chemical doping of halide perovskites is an established strategy to prepare the highest efficiency and most stable perovskite-based solar cells. In this study, we unveil the doping mechanism of halide perovskites using a series of alkaline earth metals. We find that low doping levels enable the incorporation of the dopant within the perovskite lattice, whereas high doping concentrations induce surface segregation. The threshold from low to high doping regime correlates to the size of the doping element. We show that the low doping regime results in a more n-type material, while the high doping regime induces a less n-type doping character. Our work provides a comprehensive picture of the unique doping mechanism of halide perovskites, which differs from classical semiconductors. We proved the effectiveness of the low doping regime for the first time, demonstrating highly efficient methylammonium lead iodide based solar cells in both n-i-p and p-i-n architectures.

We report on the chemical and electronic structure of cesium tin bromide (CsSnBr3) and how it is impacted by the addition of 20 mol % tin fluoride (SnF2) to the precursor solution, using both surfa...

The chemical structure and topography evolution of vapor-deposited SnCl2 thin-films on Mo-coated glass substrates was studied via a combination of electron spectroscopies and scanning electron microscopy. For this purpose, a thickness series of SnCl2 thin-films was prepared using different evaporation times, revealing significant changes in the chemical environment of Sn and Cl along the layer profile and layer topography. The presence of O in the Mo-coated substrates can lead to oxidation in the SnCl2 film layers. The findings in this work show the effect that substrate conditions can exert on the chemical (and electronic) properties of the deposited material layers and that need to be taken into account for device optimization.

GaP is a preferred candidate for the transition between Si and heterogeneous III-V epilayers as it is nearly lattice-matched to Si. Here, we scrutinize the atomic structure and electronic properties of GaP/Si(0 0 1) heterointerfaces utilizing hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). GaP(0 0 1) epitaxial films with thicknesses between 4 and 50 nm are prepared by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on either predominantly single-domain (SD) or two-domain (TD) Si(0 0 1) surfaces. The antiphase domain content in the GaP films is in situ controlled, employing reflection anisotropy spectroscopy. Via the analysis of core level photoelectron intensities, we reveal core level shifts of the P 2p and Si 2p peaks near the interface as well as core level shifts in the Ga 3d peaks near the surface. We suggest an Inter-Diffused Layer (IDL) model of the GaP/Si(0 0 1) interfacial structure with Si P bonds at the heterointerface and residual P atoms in the Si substrate. Using a newly developed Parametrized Polynomial Function (PPF) approach, we derive a non-monotonic band bending profile in the heterostructures, correct experimental valence band offsets implying interfacial electronic barriers, and determine valence band discontinuities of Δ E V = 1.1 ± 0.2 eV (SD samples) and Δ E V = 0.8 ± 0.2 eV (TD samples) at GaP/Si(0 0 1) interfaces.

Cu In,Ga Se2 CIGSe is a promising absorber material for thin film photovoltaic devices. A key procedure to achieve high efficiencies is the application of alkali fluoride postdeposition treatments PDT of the CIGSe surface. While the effects of the PDT on the directly impacted CIGSe front surface have been subject to extensive studies, less is known about the impact on the deeply buried CIGSe Mo interface. Exposing the CIGSe absorber backside by stripping it off the Mo back contact allows to use surface sensitive photoelectron spectroscopy to study the chemical and electronic structure of this interface in unprecedented detail. CIGSe Mo stacks prepared using NaF only and combined NaF RbF with optimal and excess amount of RbF PDT are studied. Rb is detected accumulating at the backside of the RbF treated CIGSe absorbers in conjunction with a depletion of Na. The exposed CIGSe backsides display a Cu deficient surface region, with increased presence of Rb correlating with a decreased Cu content. Rb appears to be incorporated into the Cu deficient absorber region as previously detected on the front surface. However, in contrast to the front surface, no distinct, secondary Rb amp; 63743;In amp; 63743;Se type phase is found at the back surface

This work reports on developments in the field of wide band gap Cu2ZnXY4(with X = Sn, Si or Ge, and Y = S, Se) kesterite thin film solar cells. An overview on recent developments and the current understanding of wide band gap kesterite absorber layers, alternative buffer layers, and suitable transparent back contacts is presented. Cu2ZnGe(S,Se)4absorbers with absorber band gaps up to 1.7 eV have been successfully developed and integrated into solar cells. Combining a CdS buffer layer prepared by an optimized chemical bath deposition process with a 1.36 eV band gap absorber resulted in a record Cu2ZnGeSe4cell efficiency of 7.6%, while the highest open-circuit voltage of 730 mV could be obtained for a 1.54 eV band gap absorber and a Zn(O,S) buffer layer. Employing InZnOxor TiO2protective top layers on SnO2:In transparent back contacts yields 85–90% of the solar cell performance of reference cells (with Mo back contact). These advances show the potential as well as the challenges of wide band gap kesterites for future applications in high-efficiency and low-cost tandem photovoltaic devices.