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It is herein demonstrated by implementing the Jackson–Rafelski ratio that a full muon desticking from the hydrogenic ion Heμ+ can occur during its slowing down in sufficiently dense plasmas, including in warm dense matter (WDM) and inertially confined fusion (ICF) ones.

Cet article est un hommage à Roger Gentis qui fut un exemple pour beaucoup d’entre nous. Le titre de son dernier ouvrage, publié en 2010, La psychiatrie, ça sert à quoi, au juste? résume ce que fut son oeuvre. C’est sans doute pour cela que Gentis est un exemple pour beaucoup d’entre nous. Il osa, le premier, poser cette question, non pas comme Foucault pour s’interroger sur la reconnaissance de la folie, comme discours en soi, mais comme être incarné qui a vécu au quotidien avec les personnes en souffrance psychique., This article is a tribute to Roger Gentis who was an example for many of us. The title of his latest work, published in 2010 La psychiatrie, ça sert à quoi, au juste? (Psychiatry, what is it for, exactly?) sums up what his work was. This is undoubtedly, why Gentis remains an example for many of us. He was the first to dare asking this question, not like Foucault to question the recognition of madness as a discourse in itself, but as an embodied being who lived on a daily basis with people in psychological distress.

We investigate the atomic recombination of stopped muons in dense plasmas of potential μ-catalysis concern. It is shown that in addition to the usual two-body radiative μ-ion recombination R2 highlighting low excited states and moderate plasma temperature T, a novel three-body process R3 involving ion–ion correlations could deliver a contribution several order of magnitudes above R2, steadily increasing with atomic excitation and T. It thus appears possible to explore the feasibility of μ catalysis in less dense Z or MTF plasmas but with longer lifetimes than laser-produced inertial confinement relevance ones.

Unusual position exchange among ions constituting a swift cluster was found in a high-energy-density plasma. In this paper, the peculiar ion behavior appears in a Si cluster, moving with a speed of ~0.2c (c: speed of light) in a solid Al plasma in the context of the cluster-ion beam driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The ion position exchange behavior of cluster ions may influence the cluster-ion beam ICF (CIF) target structure design. In this paper we discuss a possibility of cluster-ion beams as the energy driver in CIF. In conclusions, the present work suggests that the following two points in CIF: (1) The unusual ion position exchange of the cluster ions would not induce a remarkable change in the ion stopping range in CIF targets, and (2) the swift cluster ions may not provide a significant vicinage effect on the stopping range.

International audience; The work presented in this paper shows with the help of two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations that intense heavy-ion beams are a very efficient tool to induce high energy density (HED) states in solid matter. These simulations have been carried out using a computer code BIG2 that is based on a Godunov-type numerical algorithm. This code includes ion beam energy deposition using the cold stopping model, which is a valid approximation for the temperature range accessed in these simulations. Different phases of matter achieved due to the beam heating are treated using a semiempirical equation-of-state (EOS) model. To take care of the solid material properties, the Prandl-Reuss model is used. The high specific power deposited by the projectile particles in the target leads to phase transitions on a timescale of the order of tens of nanosecond, which means that the sample material achieves thermodynamic equilibrium during the heating process. In these calculations we use Pb as the sample material that is irradiated by an intense uranium beam. The beam parameters including particle energy, focal spot size, bunch length, and bunch intensity are considered to be the same as the design parameters of the ion beam to be generated by the SIS100 heavy-ion synchrotron at the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR), at Darmstadt. The purpose of this work is to propose experiments to measure the EOS properties of HED matter including studies of the processes of phase transitions at the FAIR facility. Our simulations have shown that depending on the specific energy deposition, solid lead will undergo phase transitions leading to an expanded hot liquid state, two-phase liquid-gas state, or the critical parameter regime. In a similar manner, other materials can be studied in such experiments, which will be a very useful addition to the knowledge in this important field of research.

International audience

The dispersion relation of electrostatic waves with phase velocities smaller than the electron thermal velocity is investigated in relativistic temperature plasmas. The model equations are the electron relativistic collisionless hydrodynamic equations and the ion non-relativistic Vlasov equation, coupled to the Poisson equation. The complex frequency of electrostatic modes are calculated numerically as a function of the relevant parameters kλDe and ZTe/Ti where k is the wavenumber, λDe, the electron Debye length, Te and Ti the electron and ion temperature, and Z, the ion charge number. Useful analytic expressions of the real and imaginary parts of frequency are also proposed. The non-relativistic results established in the literature from the kinetic theory are recovered and the role of the relativistic effects on the dispersion and the damping rate of electrostatic modes is discussed. In particular, it is shown that in highly relativistic regime the electrostatic waves are strongly damped.

We first argue that negative muons in the MeV energy range can be fully stopped in warm-dense-matter and fast ignition scenario ultradense plasmas on a picosecond time scale by taking into account the slowing down of partially degenerate electrons and charged hydrogen isotope ions taken as classical. Atomic and molecular recombinations within these plasmas on the lowest available exoatom bound states are then demonstrated. The very existence of in situ produced exoatoms can be proved with x-ray line Stark broadening. Finally, a former conjecture about the negligibility of meson sticking on fusion-produced particles is reinforced. Mesonic catalysis of deuterium-tritium fusion reactions is then shown to be possible in short-lived plasma targets with rates that are orders of magnitude above cold deuterium reactions. The dipole exoatom orientations clearly favor the cold and long-lived warm-dense-matter option.

International audience; Recently, we have proposed an experiment to test the persistence of the polarization in a fusion process, using a powerful laser hitting a polarized HD target. In the present contribution, we first examine new possibilities towards this goal, in view of recent developments of new polarized D samples presented in this conference. We then advocate that sizeable amounts of polarized DT fuel could be obtained by the Nuclear Dynamic Polarization (DNP) of DT molecules, if a successful protocol for the DNP of the HD analog isotopic molecule could be established. We suggest that a revival of an early HD DNP experiment performed more than forty years ago, should be undertaken, taking advantage of the detailed polarized HD properties revealed by thoroughly repeated static polarization of HD targets during the last ten years.

Peculiar behavior is found in a Si cluster ion, moving with a speed of ∼0.22c (c: speed of light) in a solid Al plasma in the context of cluster-ion beam driven inertial confinement fusion: The Si ion, moving closely behind the forward-moving Si ion for a distance of several A in the cluster, feels the wake field generated by the forward Si. The acceleration interaction force on the rear Si ion by the forward-moving ion may balance with the deceleration backward force in the longitudinal-moving direction. The forward-moving Si ion would be decelerated, as an isolated ion is decelerated without correlation. However, the deceleration of the rear Si ion, moving behind closely, would be reduced significantly. The rear Si ion may catch up and overtake the forward-moving Si ion in the cluster during the Si cluster-ion interaction with the high-density Al plasma. This peculiar behavior appears when the ions are aligned well longitudinally. The wake field is confined around the Si ion in the forward and transverse directions for a distance smaller than the Si cluster interionic distance l_{c}. However, the tail of the wake field extends beyond l_{c} due to the Si ion high speed of ∼0.22c. Therefore, the peculiar behavior shown above appears only for the ions in one cluster aligned well longitudinally.

International audience; Cet ouvrage synthétise les connaissances scientifiques récentes sur les micropolluants dans les agglomérations urbaines. Il a pour ambition d’apporter des éléments de réponse aux interrogations opérationnelles des acteurs du domaine de l’eau et de l’assainissement et de favoriser ainsi une prise de conscience et des actions pour une meilleure gestion des micropolluants.Il s’appuie essentiellement sur les travaux des trois observatoires français en hydrologie urbaine (OPUR à Paris, OTHU à Lyon et ONEVU à Nantes), structurés autour de partenariats durables entre chercheurs et acteurs opérationnels. Depuis une vingtaine d’années, ces observatoires produisent des données et des connaissances sur les sources et les transferts des micropolluants et sur l’efficacité des différentes stratégies de gestion des eaux urbaines.Élaboré au sein du groupe « Micropolluants » de l’association ARCEAU-IdF avec le soutien et le financement de l’Agence française pour la biodiversité, cet ouvrage représente une étape importante dans le transfert des connaissances entre les chercheurs et les opérationnels. Il constitue un premier outil pour l’animation et la construction d’actions en faveur de la protection de l’environnement.

We survey the present status and potentialities of diagnostics for arbitrary magnetized plasmas of inertial confinement fusion concern. These diagnostics include: Faraday rotation, inverse Faraday effect, Thomson scattering, Stark–Zeeman line broadening as well as proton stopping for any ratio, of the particles plasma frequency to cyclotron frequency. This presentation is timely motivated by recent experiments highlighting laser-produced kilo Teslas and nearly steady magnetic fields in inertial fusion plasmas. Positive synergies due to diagnostics combinations are also addressed.

Le but de cet article est de chercher a preciser ce que nous entendons sous le terme empowerment dans le champ de la sante mentale, terme intraduisible qui est l’objet d’une utilisation polysemique. Pour tenter d’y voir clair, nous distinguerons trois approches ou le concept d’empowerment est utilise de maniere differente. L’approche des valeurs portees par les orientations politico-sociales, celle de la distinction entre l’empowerment individuel et l’empowerment collectif. La troisieme approche va differencier la maniere du processus. L’empowerment est-il une procedure professionnelle de pedagogie, de travail social, de therapie ou une demarche emancipatrice autonome de "ceux d’en bas" ? Dans le cadre de la prise de parole des usagers, l’empowerment est un geste d’emancipation collective, et ne peut etre compris que comme tel. L’appropriation du pouvoir est un acte qui modifie l’etre. Le champ de la sante mentale peut etre le lieu privilegie de l’etude de l’essence de l’empowerment, justement parce que le processus de revendication de l’identite est au cœur de la dimension individuelle autant que de la dimension collective. La reconnaissance de la parole des personnes en souffrance psychique interpelle la vie democratique comme un espace en perpetuel devenir.

The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) will serve as an injector to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN as well as it is used to accelerate and extract proton beams for fixed target experiments. In either case, safety of operation is a very important issue that needs to be carefully addressed. This paper presents detailed numerical simulations of the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic response of solid targets made of copper and tungsten that experience impact of a full SPS beam comprized of 288 bunches of 450 GeV/c protons. These simulations have shown that the material will be seriously damaged if such an accident happens. An interesting outcome of this work is that the SPS can be used to carry out dedicated experiments to study High Energy Density (HED) states in matter.

The effects of a radiation field (RF) on the interaction process of a relativistic electron beam (REB) with an electron plasma are investigated. The stopping power of the test electron averaged with a period of the RF has been calculated assuming an underdense plasma, $\omega_{0} >\omega_{p}$, where $\omega_{0}$ is the frequency of the RF and $\omega_{p}$ is the plasma frequency. In order to highlight the effect of the radiation field we present a comparison of our analytical and numerical results obtained for nonzero RF with those for vanishing RF. In particular, it has been shown that the weak RF increases the mean energy loss for small angles between the velocity of the REB and the direction of polarization of the RF while decreasing it at large angles. Furthermore, the relative deviation of the energy loss from the field-free value is strongly reduced with increasing the beam energy. Special case of the parallel orientation of the polarization of the RF with respect to the beam velocity has been also considered. At high-intensities of the RF two extreme regimes have been distinguished when the excited harmonics cancel effectively each other reducing strongly the energy loss or increasing it due to the constructive interference. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the energy loss of the ultrarelativistic electron beam increases systematically with the intensity of the RF exceeding essentially the field-free value., Comment: 5 figures

Extensions of the standard stopping model (SSM) for ion projectiles interacting with dense targets of timely concern for ICF and WDM are reviewed. They include multiple scattering on partially degenerate electrons, low velocity ion slowing down in demixing H–He mixtures within Jovian planets core or multiionic target such as Kapton.

Correlated ion stopping arising from an intense cluster ion beam (CIB) interacting with an ultradense plasma target of relevance to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is first investigated in a two-body approximation in an arbitrarily degenerate electron fluid target. The specific advantages of CIB-driven ICF are first demonstrated through 1D simulations, highlighting the very fine focusing of the ion beam on the target pellet. Then, the N-body configurations of ion debris resulting from the impact of heavy cluster ions are determined in terms of their specific topology. The validities of the usual assumptions of equal ion fragment charge and negligible coupling between stopping and Coulomb explosion are assessed.

International audience

A theoretical model for electrons in the conduction band intend to investigate the optical breakdown threshold in femtosecond laser pulse-fused silica interaction is presented. The model is derived from a rate equation that includes the avalanche and multi-photon ionization processes of Thornber and Keldysh, respectively, and also the three-body and exciton recombination mechanisms. In addition, the time evolution of electron mean energy is also considered through the energy balance equation. The mean energy acts as a trigger for the avalanche mechanism. The evolution of electron density profiles is calculated and discussed with respect to the ionization and recombination mechanisms. The results for the fluence threshold as a function of the pulse duration fall in good agreement with the experimental data reported in the literature.

Diffraction corrected effective and Coulomb electron-ion interactions are worked out for helium-like ions in plasmas of warm dense matter concern, through explicit wave functions derived within a suitable quantum defect frame work. Very significant departures from the corresponding and usual hydrogen-like expressions are reported. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

High Energy Density (HED) physics spans over numerous areas of basic and applied physics, for example, astrophysics, planetary physics, geophysics, inertial fusion and many others. Due to this reason, it has been a subject of very active research over the past many decades. Static as well as dynamic methods have been applied to generate samples of HED matter in the laboratory. The most commonly used tool in the static techniques is the diamond anvil cell while the dynamic methods involve shock compression of matter. During the past fifteen years, great progress has been made on the development of bunched intense particle beams that have emerged as an additional new tool for studying HED physics. In this paper we present two experiment designs that have been worked out for HED physics studies at the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt. This facility has entered into construction phase and will provide one of the largest and most powerful particle accelerators in the world. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

In order to implement a Scenario of π− catalysis of Deuterium–Tritium (DT) thermonuclear reactions in a dense and hot precompressed target plasma envisioned in the Intertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) fast ignition approach, we pay detailed attention to the stopping of negative pions arising from electro-disintregration of target D and T nuclei by ultra-relativistic e-beams. Emphasis is put on a mostly non-relativistic pion velocity regime (E ≤ 10 MeV).

Electromagnetic instability is investigated in homogeneous plasmas heated by a laser wave in the range $\ensuremath{\alpha}={v}_{0}^{2}/{v}_{t}^{2}\ensuremath{\le}2$, where ${v}_{0}$ is the electron quiver velocity and ${v}_{t}$ is the thermal velocity. The anisotropic electron distribution function that drives unstable quasistatic electromagnetic modes is calculated numerically with the Vlasov-Landau equation in the high ion charge number approximation. A dispersion relation of electromagnetic waves which accounts for further nonlinear terms on ${v}_{0}^{2}$ from previous results is derived. In typical simulation with ion charge number $Z=13$, a temperature $T=5\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{keV}$, a density $n=9.8\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and a laser wavelength ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{laser}}=1.06\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, growth rates larger than ${10}^{12}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the quasicollisionless wave-number range were found for $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\ge}1$. In the same physical conditions and in the mildly collisional range a growth rate about ${10}^{11}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ was also obtained. The extent of the growth wave-number region increases significantly with increasing $\ensuremath{\alpha}$.

International audience; The Cosmet'eau project (2015-2018) investigates the " changes in the personal care product (PCP) consumption practices: from whistle-blowers to impacts on aquatic environments. " In this project, the example of PCPs will be used to understand how public health concerns related to micropollutants can be addressed by public authorities – including local authorities –, industries and consumers. The project aims to characterize the possible changes in PCP consumption practices and to evaluate the impact of their implementation on aquatic contamination. Our goals are to study the whistle-blowers, the risk perception of consumers linked with their practices and the contamination in parabens and their substitutes, triclosan and triclocarban from wastewater to surface water. The project investigates the following potential solutions: modifications of industrial formulation or changes in consumption practices. The final purpose is to provide policy instruments for local authorities aiming at building effective strategies to fight against micropollutants in receiving waters.

Recently, we have proposed an experiment to test the persistence of the polarization in a fusion process \(\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{D}, {}^3\mathrm{He})\mathrm{n}\), using a powerful laser hitting a polarized HD target. The purpose of the present contribution is to examine in more detail the experimental constrains, to move from a principle proposal to a doable experiment. Some of the difficulties are as follows: production of a windowless cryogenic HD target and target cryostat vacuum breakdown, identification of thermal fusion or accelerated deuterons inducing nuclear reactions, and finally, a clear signature of the polarization persistence of the fused deuterons must be found. Those points will be discussed and other recent approahes to test the polarization persistence in fusion processes will be briefly reviewed.

The forthcoming Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt, is going to be a unique accelerator facility that will deliver high quality, strongly bunched, well focused, intense beams of heavy ions that will lead to unprecedented specific power deposition in solid matter. This will generate macroscopic samples of High Energy Density (HED) matter with fairly uniform physical conditions. These samples can be used to study the thermophysical and transport properties of HED matter. Extensive theoretical work has been carried out over the past decade to design numerous dedicated experiments to study HED physics at the FAIR, which has provided the basis for the HEDgeHOB (High Energy Density Matter Generated by Heavy Ion Beams) scientific proposal. This work is still in progress as the feasibility studies for more experimental schemes are being carried out. Another, very important research area that will benefit tremendously from the FAIR facility, is the production of radioactive beams. A superconducting fragment separator, Super–FRS is being designed for the production and separation of rare radioactive isotopes. Unlike the HED targets, the Super–FRS production target should not be destroyed or damaged by the beam, but should remain intact during the long experimental campaign. However, the high level of specific power deposited in the production target by the high intensity ion beam at FAIR, could cause serious problems to the target survival. These HED issues related to the Super–FRS production target are also discussed in the present paper (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The largest accelerator in the world, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, has entered into commissioning phase. It is expected that when this impressive machine will become fully operational, it will generate two counter rotating 7 TeV/c proton beams that will be made to collide, leading to an unprecedented luminosity of 1034 cm–2s–1. Total energy stored in each LHC beam is about 362 MJ, sufficient to melt 500 kg copper. Safety of operation is a very critical issue when working with such extremely powerful beams. It is important to know the consequences of an accidental release of the beam energy in order to design protection system for the equipment. For this purpose we have carried out extensive numerical simulations of the interaction of one full LHC beam with copper and graphite targets which are materials of practical importance. Our calculations have shown that the LHC protons will penetrate up to about 35 m in solid copper and 10 m in solid graphite. A very interesting outcome of this work is that the impact of the LHC beam on solid matter will generate Warm Dense Matter (WDM) and Strongly Coupled Plasmas (SCP). The beams for the LHC are pre-accelerated in the SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron) to 450 GeV/c and transferred to LHC via two beam lines. Several SPS cycles are required to fill the LHC, in one cycle a batch with up to 288 bunches can be accelerated. From the safety point of view it is also very important to study the damage caused to the equipment in case of an accident involving an uncontrolled release of the SPS beam. For this purpose we have also carried out detailed numerical simulations of the impact of the full SPS beam on solid copper and tungsten targets. These simulations have shown that the targets are severely damaged by the beam. It is also interesting to note that also in this case, a large part of the target material is converted into WDM and SCP. This study, therefore, shows that the LHC and the SPS have the potential to be used for studying these important fields of research. However, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to advance this work by designing dedicated experiments. This work is in progress (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

We consider ion projectile slowing down at low velocity Vp Vthe, target thermal electron velocity, in a strongly coupled and de-mixing H-He ionic mixture. It is investigated in terms of quasi-static and critical charge-charge structure factors. Non-polarizable as well as polarizable partially degenerate electron backgrounds are given attention. The low velocity ion slowing down turns negative in the presence of long wavelength and low frequency hydromodes, signaling a critical de-mixing. This process documents an energy transfer from target ion plasma to the incoming ion projectile.

Development of ultra-high power lasers has lead to the very interesting and important field of Laboratory Astrophysics. Recent progress and expected near future developments in the technology of strongly bunched intense particle beams has opened up the possibility of studying planetary interiors in the laboratory which hopefully will eventually converge in the new field of Laboratory Planetary Physics. GSI Helmholzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt is a well known laboratory worldwide due to its unique particle accelerator facilities. Construction of the new huge accelerator complex, the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR), will substantially improve the existing capabilities of the GSI. A dedicated program named, HEDgeHOB, that aims to study different problems in High Energy Density (HED) Physics at the FAIR facility, has been proposed. One of these proposed experiments LAPLAS (LAboratory PLAnetary Science), aim to study materials at extreme conditions as relevant for the interiors of giant planets. In this paper we present simulation results that show that various regions of the high-pressure phase diagram of water can be probed within the LAPLAS experiments. For instance, the plasma and the superionic phase are predicted to occur in the interior of water-rich planets such as Uranus and Neptune as well as in extrasolar planets such as GJ 436b.

In contradistinction to the main-stream fast ignition scenario (FIS) based on collisional stopping in the compressed deuterium tritium (DT)-fuel of relativistic electron beams (REB) in the 1-2 MeV energy range (ER) [1] we consider an ultra relativistic extension of a previous attempt [2] by using REB in the several tenths of MeV ER, and stopping them in target through turbulence. Motivations for such an endeavor is obviously two-fold. First, conditions

International audience; Cet article s'inscrit dans la perspective de la mise en cause des réseaux comme solution de gestion et de contrôle des eaux pluviales urbaines, sous l'effet des critiques techniques, mais aussi des attentes de solutions durables par les habitants. Il commence par dresser l'état des modalités en cours de gestion des eaux pluviales et de la place des modes publics et privés dans cette gestion.Au-delà des obstacles politiques et financiers que peuvent rencontrer les solutions décentralisées de récupération des eaux de pluie pour la réutilisation par le particulier et celles de stockage/infiltration des eaux ruisselées, l'ambition de cet article est d'apprécier les recompositions déjà entamées et à venir des services publics dans leurs missions et leur mode de fonctionnement, en articulation avec l'ensemble des acteurs, usagers et habitants. This paper takes into account the critics of end-of-pipe systems for urban water control, under a technological approach, as well as sustainable development expectations. It starts with a presentation of the current means of control, whether public or private, in French cities, and the parts that both solutions play in urban pollution and flood management. Whatever the political and financial difficulties that are actually being faced by the private solutions for rain water drainage for private reuse and more specifically that of the storage/infiltration of runoffs, the aim of this article is to assess the restructuring, whether they are in progress or expected in the future, of the public services in their missions and mode of operation, in relation to all the players, users and inhabitants

Ion projectile stopping at velocity smaller than target electron thermal velocity in a strong magnetic field is investigated within a novel diffusion formulation, based on Green-Kubo integrands evaluated in magnetized one component plasma models, respectively, framed on target ions and electron. Analytic expressions are reported for slowing down orthogonal and parallel to an arbitrary large magnetic field, which are free from the usual uncertainties plaguing the standard perturbative derivations.

On constate aujourd'hui en France un mouvement de diversification des ressources en eau domestique. Parmi celles-ci, la recuperation et l'utilisation de l'eau de pluie utilisee suscitent aujourd'hui un interet croissant. Longtemps cantonnee a des zones depourvues d'infrastructures collectives, voire de ressources en eau (jardins ouvriers, iles ou refuges de haute montagne), elle se manifeste de facon de plus en plus visible dans les zones urbanisees, ou un nombre croissant de projets se concretise tant a l'echelle de la maison individuelle, qu'a celle bâtiments collectifs (lycees, bureaux, industries,...) ou, plus recemment, de projets urbains (lotissements, eco-quartiers). De plus, avec l'instauration recente d'un credit d'impot pour la mise en place d'installations dans l'habitation principale, cette pratique connait desormais une reconnaissance institutionnelle et reglementaire. Portee par les particuliers et les acteurs du monde de la construction sans veritable concertation avec les gestionnaires des services urbains d'eau et d'assainissement, cette pratique oblige a s'interroger, si elle venait a se generaliser, sur les impacts induits a court, moyen et long termes sur la gestion de l'eau en ville. Le propos de cet article est d'apporter un premier eclairage en ce sens. Un premier temps qualifie la dynamique actuelle de cette pratique en France au travers de l'analyse des differents facteurs qui stimulent son developpement. Cette dynamique repose aujourd'hui sur un foisonnement d'initiatives variees, portees par une pluralite d'acteurs intervenant a differentes echelles et sur la base d'approches diverses. Le second temps de l'article est consacre a une premiere evaluation des impacts de la diffusion de cette pratique sur le cycle urbain de l'eau (ressource et reseaux d'eau et d'assainissement). De conserve avec d'autres pratiques existantes (assainissement non collectif, utilisation de forages et puits) ou emergentes (recyclage des eaux grises), la recuperation et l'utilisation de l'eau de pluie participent d'une remise en question du modele classique de gestion du cycle de l'eau en milieu urbain.

In this paper we present numerical simulations of interaction of 450 GeV/ c proton beam that is generated by Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN, with a solid copper target. These simulations have been carried out using a two-dimensional hydrodynamic computer code, BIG2. This study has been done to assess the damage caused by these highly relativistic protons to equipment including collimators, absorbers and others in case of an uncontrolled accidental release of the beam. In fact a dedicated experimental facility named HiRadMat is under construction at CERN that will allow one to study these problems experimentally. The simulations presented in this paper will be very useful in designing these experiments and later to interpret the experimental results.

In this paper we propose a novel experimental scheme, named LAboratory PLAnetary Sciences (LAPLAS), to study interiors of the giant planets in our solar system as well as exoplanets. This scheme involves low-entropy compression of a test material like hydrogen or ice that is imploded in a multi-layered cylindrical target driven by an intense heavy ion beam. Two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of implosion of a typical LAPLAS target assuming beam parameters that will be available at the future Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt, are reported, that demonstrate the feasibility of this scheme. Moreover, it is shown that the target implosion will be robust and will be stable towards hydrodynamic instabilities. This work has been done within the framework of the High Energy Density Matter Generated by Heavy Ion Beams (HEDgeHOB) collaboration.

Physics of high energy density (HED) matter is an ever-expanding field of research with very wide applications to basic and applied physics and with great potential for revolutionary technological and industrial applications. Over the past decades, static as well as dynamic configurations have been widely used to research this interesting field of science. Recent technological advances in the development of high-quality well-focused strongly bunched intense particle beams have led to the idea of generating samples of HED matter using isochoric and uniform heating of solid targets by such intense beams. Theoretical work reported in this paper explores the possibility of carrying out novel experiments using the future Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research at Darmstadt.

We focus our attention on the low ion velocity stopping mechanisms in a multicomponent and dense target plasmas built of quasi-classical electron fluids neutralizing binary ionic mixtures such as deuterium–tritium of current fusion interest, proton-helium like iron in the solar interior or proton-helium ions considered in planetology, as well as other mixtures of fiducial concern in the heavy ion beam production of warm dense matter at Bragg peak conditions. The target plasma is taken in a multicomponent dielectric formulation a la Fried-Conte. We stress out the occurrence of projectile ion velocities (so-called critical) for which target electron slowing down equals that of the given target ion components. The corresponding multi-quadrature computations, albeit rather heavy, can be monitored analytically through a very compact code operating a PC cluster. Slowing down results are systematically scanned w.r.t. target temperature, electron density as well as ion composition.

Ultra-cold plasmas obtained by ionization of atomic Rydberg states are qualified as classical and strongly coupled electron fluids. They are shown to share several common trends with ultra-cold electron flows used for ion-beam cooling. They exhibit specific stopping behaviour to charged particle beams, which may be used for diagnostic purposes. Ultra-cold plasmas are easily strongly magnetized. Then, one expects a strongly anisotropic behaviour of low ion velocity slowing down when the target electron cyclotron radius becomes smaller than the corresponding Debye length.

Field of High Energy Density (HED) physics is very important from the scientific as well as technological point of view and due to these reasons, it has been an area of very active research over the past many decades. Static as well as dynamic experimental configurations have been used to study this subject. Recently, a new approach that involves isochoric and uniform heating of matter by intense ion beams, has been proposed to generate HED sates in the laboratory. Extensive theoretical work has been carried out to propose various experiment designs employing this technique. In this paper we describe one of these proposed experiments that can be used to study planetary interiors in the laboratory and is named LAPLAS (LAboratory PLAnetary Sciences). Detailed analysis of implosion and hydrodynamic stability of the target is presented.

We evaluate the correlated stopping power of a swift chain of N charges aligned with its (non-relativistic) velocity. We find that the distance required between two charges for the chain to act as a separated set of isolated charges is much larger than the dynamical screening length because the wake effect is very important when the chain elements are situated close to each other.

We investigate the stopping specificities involved in the heating of thin foils irradiated by intense ion beams in the 0.3–3 MeV/amu energy range and in close vicinity of the Bragg peak. Considering a swiftly ionized target to eV temperatures before expansion while retaining solid-state density, a typical warm dense matter (WDM) situation thus arises. We stress low V p stopping through ion diffusion in the given target plasma. This allows to include the case of a strongly magnetized target in a guiding center approximation. We also demonstrate that the ion projectile penetration depth in target is significantly affected by multiple scattering on target electrons. The given plasma target is taken weakly coupled with Maxwell electron either with no magnetic field ( B =0) or strongly magnetized ( B ≠0). Dynamical coupling between ion projectiles energy losses and projectiles charge state will also be addressed.

This paper presents an overview of the theoretical work that has been carried out during the past few years to assess the capabilities of intense heavy ion beams to induce states of High-Energy Density (HED) in matter. This work has shown that two different experimental schemes can be used to study HED physics employing intense ion beams. These schemes have been named HIHEX [Heavy Ion Heating and EXpansion] and LAPLAS [LAboratory PLAnetary Sciences], respectively. The first scheme involves isochoric and uniform heating and subsequent isentropic expansion of matter while the latter deals with low entropy compression of matter using multiple shock reflection technique. This work has been done within the framework of the HEDgeHOB [High Energy Density Matter Generated by Heavy Ion Beams] collaboration that has been formed to organize and facilitate construction of experimental facilities and later to perform experimental work in the field of HED matter at the future accelerator facility, FAIR [Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research].

This paper presents a review of the theoretical work that has resulted in a scientific proposal on studies of High-Energy-Density (HED) states in matter using intense beams of energetic heavy ions that will be available at the future Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt [W.F. Henning, Nucl. Inst. Meth B 24 (2003) 725-729]. The proposal is named HEDgeHOB that stands for High Energy Density Matter Generated by Heavy Ion Beams. Two experimental schemes have been worked out for the HEDgeHOB experimental proposal, namely, HIHEX and LAPLAS. The first scheme allows for studies of HED states by isochoric and uniform heating of matter by an intense heavy ion beam that is followed by isentropic expansion of the heated material. Numerical simulations have shown that using the beam parameters that will be available at the FAIR, one can access all the interesting physical states of HED matter including an expanded hot liquid state, twophase liquid-gas region, critical point parameters and strongly coupled plasmas for all the materials of interest. The second scheme involves a low-entropy compression of a test material like hydrogen that is enclosed in a cylindrical shell of a high-Z material like gold or lead. The target can be driven by a hollow or a circular beam. This compression scheme relies on multiple shock reflection between the hydrogen-gold (lead) boundary and the cylinder axis. The hydrodynamic stability of the LAPLAS target has also been analyzed that shows that the implosion is completely stable to Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities. LAPLAS implosion using a hollow beam is suitable for studying the problem of hydrogen metallization whereas the one employing a circular focal spot leads to physical conditions that are expected to exist in the interiors of the giant planets. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The alpha particles produced in inertial fusion reactions are less energetic than (or of the order of) a MeV/amu. The surrounding electronic plasma has a thermal velocity from 0.1 to 10 keV, while Deuterium–Tritium thermal velocity remains usually lower. Then the velocity scale of the different actors is the following one: V thi ⪡ V p V the , ( V thi and V the being, respectively, the plasma ion and electron thermal velocities, and V p the alpha projectile velocity). In this low projectile velocity regime, we are investigating the influence of a strong external magnetic field on the energy loss of light ions. A brief review of different theoretical approaches results is presented first. Then we study a diffusion coefficient, transverse to the external magnetic field, of a light ion in an electron plasma target to characterize the B -dependence of this diffusion and consequently the energy loss. Finally, we look at the multiple scattering of a light ion by an electron plasma target and how the magnetic field could affect the projectile penetration depth.