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The development of the definition, assessment criteria and key performance indicators of Zero Emission Neighbourhoods (ZEN), is an ongoing process that will last throughout the program period of FME ZEN. This work will enable an assessment of the performance of the ZEN pilot areas. Based on the draft for the ZEN definition, the KPIs for ZENs can be divided into the following categories: GHG Emissions, Energy, Power, Mobility, Spatial qualities, economy and innovation. The scope of this report is to test the suggested KPIs for Energy and Power on six different pilot areas. The purpose is to evaluate the KPIs when used on different pilot areas in different development stages. The selected pilot areas (cases) are Ydalir, Oksenøya (Fornebu), Zero Village Bergen, Dolvik, Campus Evenstad and Mære landbruksskole. Two of these pilots (Evenstad and Mære) have local heating systems, while the others are connected to a district heating network. In the report, the KPIs are calculated for each of the pilots as they are planned (the ZEN scenario) and in 1-2 representative reference scenarios which represent the pilots in a business as usual case. The testing of the KPIs for Energy and Power shows that the pilots get different results in the ZEN scenarios compared to the reference scenarios. The energy savings in net energy demand is only estimated to be between 8-32 %. This KPI has only been estimated for new areas, and the reduction in net energy demand is small in the ZEN scenario, due to the reference buildings already being rather efficient. The electricity savings is estimated to be significantly higher; the net delivered electricity is expected to be reduced between 28 – 58 % in the ZEN scenario (compared to the reference case with district heating) due to efficiency measures and local electricity production. When compared to a reference case with electric heating, the reduction becomes even larger, at 66 % – 78 %, due to efficiency, local electricity production and the transition from electric heating to non-electric heating (district heating and bio based local heating). The testing also show some potential for large reduction in the peak load (peak import), as a consequence of both more energy efficiency and reduced net delivered electricity, up to 63 – 83 % compared to the the reference case with electric heating. On the other hand, the peak export of electricity may become larger, up to 3 times (300%) of the peak import in the pilots where large areas of PV panels are planned (ZVB and Dolviken). The case studies suggest that when the KPIs are estimated through the means of simulations (for pilots in the planning phase), the methodology and simulation programs used may have an effect on the results. When a pilot is in the operational phase, measurements should be used for KPI calculations as far as possible. Using measurements for the KPI calculations are linked to several challenges as obtaining measurement data is often time consuming, and there is usually missing data points and few, disorganized meters available. The KPIs seem to perform the main role of providing a way to quantify and grasp the main features of a complex reality where different solutions/technologies might have conflicting effects. The process of working with the KPI calculations show that a professional with competence in energy use measurements and calculations is needed to calculate the KPIs for the pilots, and that there is a need for a standardized tool with a simple interface and standardized methods to simplify this process. There is still a need for further work on system boundaries, definition of the reference scenario, and finding standard methodologies. The results of the study will be used in further work to establish threshold values for evaluating the pilots against the ZEN definition. Involved ZEN-partners in this study have been SINTEF, Elverum vekst, Elverum kommune, Bærum kommune, ByBo, Bergen kommune, Steinkjær kommune and Statsbygg.

This work presents the lessons-learned from a Norwegian project called "Skoler på vent" – "Schools on hold" – which is aiming at finding simple and effective measures for improving the indoor climate in schools that have been put on hold. Schools on hold often suffer from dissatisfying indoor thermal comfort which also extents to affecting people`s health, wellbeing and learning. Measurement data (temperature, CO2-level and relative humidity) have been collected from several rooms in three schools in the municipality of Trondheim, Norway, during two measurement campaigns. Furthermore, interviews with school employees as well as surveys among the students have been carried out during the same periods to gain insights in the perceived indoor environment. Results show that simple measures such as i) removing the lowering of heating set points during the night, ii) checking the radiator valve position at the end of a school day, iii) introducing routines for natural ventilation during breaks and iv) improving the room cleaning routines can improve the perceived indoor environment notably. Furthermore, the applied methodology is discussed and improvements suggested.

Målet for prosjektet "Skoler på vent" har vært å kartlegge innemiljøet og innemiljø-relaterte helseutfordringer i skolebygninger som er satt på vent, det vil si skolebygninger som venter på oppgraderinger eller som skal rives og erstattes med nybygg. På bakgrunn av denne kartleggingen har målet vært å foreslå enkle tiltak og rutiner som kan igangsettes på den enkelte skole for å avhjelpe situasjonen i venteperioden. For å etterprøve effekten av igangsatte tiltak har vi foretatt undersøkelser både før og etter tiltak, for å se hvilke som har hatt best effekt. Erfaringer fra prosjektet: • Målinger og analyser som gjennomføres av en ekstern og upartisk aktør, er et fint verktøy for skoleledelse og kommuner for å avdekke utfordringer og sette inn riktige tiltak. • Kombinasjonen av både målinger, intervjuer og spørreundersøkelse gir gode forutsetninger for å vurdere inneklimaet ved skolene. • De fleste tiltakene er generelle og kan gjennomføres også på andre skoler eller i andre formålsbygg. • Informasjon og bevisstgjøring er viktig for å få gjennomført rutiner som kan bidra til at skoler på vent kan ha et tilfredsstillende innemiljø i venteperioden. Å informere elever og ansatte og å gjøre dem bevisste på hva de selv kan bidra med, er det enkleste, billigste og mest effektive tiltaket fra skoleledelsens side, både i skoler på vent så vel som i nye skolebygg. Formålet med prosjektet har også vært å bidra til at innemiljøet på den enkelte skole som deltok i undersøkelsen, ble bedre. Dette er oppnådd ved to av skolene. Basert på kunnskapen utviklet i prosjektet, har vi utviklet et sett med prosedyrer og tiltak. Disse skal bli en del av en digital "verktøykasse" som kan brukes av skoler i en sårbar mellomfase. Tiltakene har overføringsverdi til andre kommuner og andre skoler med like utfordringer, og kunnskapen kan også ha overføringsverdi til neste generasjon læringsbygg. Norges Astma- og Allergiforbund (NAAF) er prosjekteier og arbeider med ulike samarbeidspartnere og løsninger for å gjøre verktøykassa tilgjengelig. Første versjon er nå innarbeidet på NAAF sine nettsider innunder temaet "skoler og barnehager": https://www.naaf.no/fokusomrader/inneklima/skolerBarnehager/prosjekter/Skoler_paa_vent/Verktoykasse/ 102019292

With a strong focus on reducing emissions from the building sector, it is important that new buildings can compensate for emissions caused during their operation by on-site renewable electricity generation. In academia, there is consensus on measures to achieve a so-called zero emission balance, but there are still mostly pilot projects that have a focus on emission analysis during the planning process of buildings. This work is associated to the Sjøsiden project of Gunvald Johansen Bygg AS, a local entrepreneur in the city of Bodø (Northern Norway). The main goal of this study is to assess the most suitable energy system for the Sjøsiden project in order to approach a zero emission balance, taking into consideration the local conditions in Northern Norway. Three different energy systems are analysed for this project using the dynamic building performance simulation tool IDA ICE, Version 4.8. This work confirms previous findings that a building with passive house standard equipped with a heat pump and photovoltaic panels gets closest to achieving a zero emission balance. In the end, practical implications for zero emission buildings are discussed.

Norske bygninger kan bli mer energieffektive ved å utvinne grunnvarme og lagre termisk energi i pelefundamenter.

This work evaluates the influence of the heating distribution system on the energy flexibility of highly insulated single-family residential buildings. The behavior of three different systems (air heating, radiator heating, and floor heating) is assessed for schedule-based and price-based rule-based control of the heating system aiming at peak shaving and cost reduction. Dynamic building performance simulations are performed in the software tool IDA ICE. The investigated controls activate the thermal mass and water storage tanks. When activating only the thermal mass, the energy use during peak hours decreases by nearly 10% in the radiator heating cases, in the air heating cases the effect is less pronounced and shows little to no shifting potential. In the floor heating cases, a slight decrease in energy use is found for the price-based control, whereas a slight increase is observed with a schedule-based control. In contrast, when domestic hot water and space heating tank set points are adjusted, the energy use during peak hours decreases in all versions. The schedule-based control achieve reductions between 20% to 30% among the different heat emission systems. The price-based control however, is less effective, leading to lower reductions in energy use. The total energy use and operational costs increase in each case, most pronounced with the schedule-based set point variations for the domestic hot water and space heating tank. It is found that a good demand response measure is not only dependent on a correct selection of the set point at the supervisory control level, but also a good implementation of the local controller that considers the thermal dynamics of the heating system is required. © The authors. Published by SINTEF Academic Press 2020 This is an open access publication under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Grey-box models combine a relatively simple physical description of the building with a data-driven inference of key parameters and are often used for this purpose. A challenge with grey-box models is that the model identification process requires 'rich' datasets, meaning datasets containing enough statistical variability on both heating demand and indoor temperatures. Such datasets are scarcely available, usually only from dedicated experiments in living labs or similar research facilities. This study aims to present a series of datasets that can be used for the identification of grey-box models of apartment blocks. Special test periods are simulated in IDA ICE during which representative archetypes of apartment blocks in Norway are excited with trains of heating events, Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence (PRBS), aiming at exploring a wide and rapidly changing set of indoor temperatures within and outside the thermal comfort zone.

The transition to a sustainable energy system requires a shift to intermittent renewable energy sources, which call for increased flexibility on the demand side. Heat pumps offer the possibility to couple the electricity sector and the heating sector, and when connected to thermal energy storages, they can provide demand side flexibility. This thesis investigates the flexibility potential of residential buildings in Scandinavia, and more specifically in Norway. In this regard, three different boundary levels are considered: power grid level, building level, and heat pump system level. At the power grid level, a methodology to evaluate the hourly average CO2eq. intensity of the electricity mix, while also considering electricity trading is developed. In general, the CO2eq. intensity of the electricity mix may indicate the share of renewable energies in the mix. The proposed method is based on the logic of input-output models and avails the balance between electricity generation and demand. This thesis shows that it is essential to consider electricity imports and their varying CO2eq. intensities for the evaluation of the CO2eq. intensity in Scandinavian bidding zones. Generally, the average CO2eq. intensity of the Norwegian electricity mix increases during times of electricity imports since the average CO2eq. intensity usually is low because electricity is mainly generated from hydropower. This hourly CO2eq. intensity can be used as a penalty signal for demand response strategies applied to residential heating. At the building level, the flexibility potential of predictive rule-based controls (PRBC) in the context of Scandinavia and Norway is studied. For this purpose, demand response measures are applied to electricity-based heating systems, such as heat pumps and direct electric heating. In one case study, the demand response potential for heating a single-family residential building based on the hourly average CO2eq. intensity of six Scandinavian bidding zones is investigated. The results show that control strategies based on the CO2eq. intensity can achieve emission reductions if daily fluctuations of the CO2eq. intensity are large enough to compensate for the increased electricity use due to load shifting. Furthermore, the results reveal that price-based control strategies usually lead to increased overall emissions for the Scandinavian bidding zones as the operation is shifted to nighttime when cheap carbon-intensive electricity is imported from the continental European power grid. In another case study, the building energy flexibility potential of a Norwegian singlefamily detached house is investigated using PRBC. Four insulation levels are studied for this building: (1) passive house, based on the Norwegian standard for residential passive houses, (2) zero emission building, based on the LivingLab located at the Gløshaugen Campus at NTNU, (3) TEK10, based on the Norwegian building standard from 2010, and (4) TEK87, based on the Norwegian building standard from 1987. The three PRBC investigated aim at reducing energy costs for heating, reducing annual CO2eq. emissions and reducing the energy use for heating during peak hours. This last objective is probably the most strategic in the Norwegian context where cheap electricity is mainly produced by hydropower. It is shown that the price-based control does not generate cost savings because lower electricity prices are outweighed by the increase in electricity use for heating. The implemented price-based control would create cost savings in electricity markets with higher daily fluctuations in electricity prices, such as Denmark. For the same reasons, the carbon-based control cannot reduce the yearly CO2eq. emissions due to limited daily fluctuations in the average CO2eq. intensity of the Norwegian electricity mix. The PRBC that reduces the energy use for heating during peak hours turns out to be very efficient, especially for direct electric heating. As an example, for the ZEB insulation level and direct electric heating, the price-based control reduces the energy use during peak hours by 18%, and the carbon-based control by about 37%. The control strategy dedicated to reduce the energy use during peak hours leads to a 93% reduction. For air-source heat pumps, the control of the heat pump system is complex and reduces the performance of the three PRBC. Therefore, it is suggested to model a heat pump system with enough detail for a proper assessment of the building energy flexibility. The model complexity required to adequately describe the heat pump system behavior with regards to demand response of residential heating is investigated on the heat pump system level. In the course of this thesis, the influence of the modeling complexity of the heat pump system control on distinct energy-related and heat pump system-related performance indicators is studied. The results prove that the modeling complexity of the system control has a significant impact on the key performance indicators, meaning that this aspect should not be overlooked. If the heat pump operation is investigated in detail and a high time resolution is required, it is shown that a PI-controller leads to a smoother operation than a P-controller, but tuning of the controller is highly recommended. It is shown that the choice of the controller (Por PI) is not crucial as long as the control signal to the heat pump is not of importance and power is not investigated at very short time scales. Regarding demand response measures, a strong interaction between the prioritization of domestic hot water and the control of auxiliary heaters significantly increases electricity use of a bivalent mono-energetic heat pump system, if demand response is performed for both, domestic hot water and space heating. The electricity use for heating is only slightly increased if demand control using predictive rule-based control is performed for space heating only. To summarize, energy flexible buildings can play a major role in the transition towards a more sustainable energy system. The use of the hourly CO2eq. intensity as a penalty signal for demand response strategies applied to residential heating, can facilitate achieving the emission targets of the European Union. At the building level, different objectives of demand response, such as reducing operational costs, reducing CO2 emissions or increasing system efficiency are often incompatible and thus difficult to achieve at the same time when using PRBC. When aiming at a realistic control of the heating system of a single building, it is found that heat pump controller tuning and DHW prioritization of the heat pump are two significant aspects that should be considered regardless of the control strategy applied. The combination of heating system, heat distribution system, system control and building envelope is always case-specific and it is suggested that future work focuses on the design of a heat pump system that considers energy flexibility. In this PhD thesis, standard sizing of a heat pump system that is operated in an energy flexible way is applied.

Denne rapporten vurderer Campus Evenstad på veien mot ZEN. Hensikten med rapporten er å vurdere hvilke tiltak som er relevante fremover for å realisere energimål knyttet til ZEN, og den skal gi en forståelse for potensial, konsekvens, verdi og status knyttet til ulike tiltak relatert til drift og investeringer i energisystemet på Campus Evenstad. Vi trekker blant annet frem konsekvenser av ulik grad av selvforsynt fornybar energi. Fire faktorer vurderes for energisystemet: (1) Verdiskaping og regulatorisk rammeverk, (2) fremtidige investeringer, (3) driftsoptimalisering og styringssystemer og (4) utslippsreduksjoner. Lokal elektrisitetsforsyning skaper økonomisk verdi hovedsakelig gjennom sparte kostnader som følge av mindre behov for strømimport (i.e. levert elektrisitet til nabolaget). Det skapes verdi både gjennom (1) redusert levert strøm, (2) redusert nettleie og (3) øvrige reduserte elavgifter siden alle disse leddene av strømregningen baseres på netto strømforbruk. Vi har undersøkt potensielle fremtidige investeringer i energisystemet for Campus Evenstad ved hjelp av en optimeringsmodell. Våre analyser antyder at den mest kostnadseffektive måten å oppnå årlig kompensering av utslipp på er gjennom investeringer i flere solceller. I tillegg bør driftsoptimalisering gjennom planlagt ladning av batteri og elbiler eller foroppvarming av rom og vann for å redusere topplaster og minimere driftskostnader prioriteres fremover. Campus Evenstad bør i størst mulig grad benytte lokale enheter ved energiforsyning for å minimere utslipp. Denne påstanden kan forsvares ved at de lokale enhetene kun er driftet på fornybare energikilder som erstatter energi produsert med fossile energikilder andre steder i Europa. Rapporten kan brukes til å støtte videre beslutninger for Statsbygg på Campus Evenstad på veien mot ZEN. Den gir også innsikt i konsekvenser av energivalg generelt i ZEN som er relevant for øvrige ZEN-partnere. Arbeidet spenner på tvers av ulike fagfelt innenfor FME ZEN og binder sammen kunnskap knyttet til økonomiske, driftsmessige og tekniske aspekter ved utviklingen av et nullutslippsnabolag. This report evaluates Campus Evenstad towards becoming a ZEN. The goal is to present which measures are most relevant to realize ZEN goals related to energy and develop an understanding of potential, consequences, value, and status related to operations and investments in the energy system at Campus Evenstad. We evaluate consequences of achieving different degrees of on-site supply of renewable energy. Four aspects are evaluated for the energy system: (1) Value creation and regulatory framework, (2) future investments, (3) operational control and optimization, and (4) emission reductions. Local power supply generates economic value mainly through saved costs of reduced grid import (i.e. delivered electricity to the neighbourhood). Saved costs are achieved due to (1) less delivered electricity, (2) reduced grid tariff, and (3) reduced taxes and levies as the billing is based on net metering of delivered electricity. We have investigated future investments in the energy system at Campus Evenstad by using a linear programming model. The results show that investments in more PV is the most cost-efficient way of achieving annual compensation of emissions. In addition, operational control through planned charging of battery and electric vehicles or pre-heating space and water to reduce peak loads and minimize operational costs should be prioritized. Campus Evenstad should aim at self-consuming local energy resources to minimize emissions. This is because the local energy resources are based on renewable resources that replaces energy supply based on fossil fuels other places in Europe. This report can be used to support decisions for Statsbygg at Campus Evenstad on its way towards ZEN. More general, consequences of energy choices in a ZEN is investigated and will be relevant for other ZEN partners. The report incorporates several work packages in FME ZEN and connects economic, operational, and technical aspects in the development of a Zero Emission Neighbourhood. Acknowledgements. This report has been written within the Research Centre on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities (FME ZEN). We acknowledge Zdena Cervenka who has initiated and motivated this report on behalf of the Norwegian Directorate for Public Construction and Property Management (Statsbygg). A special thanks goes to Igor Sartori and Karen B. Lindberg for helpful discussions along the way. Additional thanks go to technical staff at Campus Evenstad, Per A. Westgaard and Marius A. Kolby, for providing valuable input. We gratefully acknowledge the support from the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian Directorate for Public Construction and Property Management (Statsbygg). We also acknowledge the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and SINTEF, as well as the ZEN partners: the municipalities of Oslo, Bærum, Bergen, Trondheim, Bodø, Elverum and Steinkjer, Trøndelag county, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Norwegian Building Authority, ByBo, Elverum Tomteselskap, TOBB, Snøhetta, ÅF Engineering AS, Asplan Viak, Multiconsult, Sweco, Civitas, FutureBuilt, Hunton, Moelven, Norcem, Skanska, GK, Caverion, Nord-Trøndelag Elektrisitetsverk - Energi, Smart Grid Services Cluster, Statkraft Varme, Energy Norway, and Norsk Fjernvarme.

Conventional key performance indicators (KPI) assessed in building simulation lack specific measures of how the building interacts with the grid and its energy flexibility. This paper aims to provide an overview of specific energy flexibility performance indicators, together with supporting control strategies. If applied correctly, the indicators help improving the building performance in terms of energy flexibility and can enable minimization of operational energy costs. Price-based load shifting, self-generation and self-consumption are among the most commonly used performance indicators that quantify energy flexibility and grid interaction. It has been found that the majority of performance indicators, specific to energy flexibility, are combined with rule-based control. Only a limited amount of specific energy flexibility KPIs are used in combination with optimal control or model predictive control. Both of these advanced control approaches often have a couple of economic or comfort objectives that do not take into account an energy flexibility KPI. There is evidence that recent model predictive control approaches incorporate some aspects of building energy flexibility to minimize operational cost in conjunction with time varying pricing. Proceedings of the 15th IBPSA Conference San Francisco, CA, USA, Aug. 7-9, 2017

A feasibility study on upgrading an existing heat distribution network to a low-temperature distribution grid has been carried out during this project. The integration of a solar thermal system combined with a borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) for covering the space heating demand of the buildings as well as the application of CO2 heat pumps and water storage tanks for domestic hot water (DHW) production were investigated in order to apply more renewable energy sources. The energy analysis included several measures, such as modeling the energy demand of the buildings, finding a reasonable number of solar collectors to be installed and dimensioning a ground source heat pump (with the use of CoolPack and Engineering Equation Solver EES) and a geothermal storage (Earth Energy Designer Software EED) as well as CO2 heat pumps (CoolPack/EES). An economic analysis of all proposed measures has been carried out based on the Net Present Value (NPV) and Net Present Value Quotient (NPVQ). Initial costs, annual costs, annual savings as well as the payback time of the energy systems have been calculated. It is found that it is not feasible to invest in the proposed energy system for space heating because the payback time (28 years) of the system is longer than the lifetime of the solar thermal system. Furthermore, the solar gain from the solar collectors is not sufficient for recovering the ground temperature of the BTES with solar energy only which is why external sources would be needed for supplying the remaining energy needed to recover the ground temperature. Results show that an integration of CO2 heat pumps and water storage tanks for DHW production is very promising as the payback time for the investigated system is only 4 years which is why this part should be investigated further.

Demand side flexibility gained more and more research interest over the last years, as the generation of renewable power grows and challenges economical operation of power plants as well as grid stability. Several studies were already conducted and showed a large potential in the flexible use of plug loads as well as heating devices. However, there is a vast amount of parameters that influence this potential and need further investigation. This thesis tries to evaluate the influence of the heating distribution system on the en-ergy flexibility of residential buildings. Different building performance models were created for air heating, radiator heating, and floor heating. The case study building was a nearly zero emission building called Living Lab , located in Trondheim. The energy system consists in each case of a heat pump, domestic hot water and space heating tank, as well as solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic. The behavior of the different systems was assessed for a rule based control based on a schedule to shift electricity to off-peak hours as well as a price based signal which uses data from the day-head spot market. For the radiator system the consumption in peak hours was strongly decreased (up to 20%) when domestic hot water and space heating tank set points were included. When only activating the thermal mass, reductions of 10% were found. In contrast, the con-sumption in peak hours did not decrease or even grew for the floor heating case. The air heating cases showed little to no shifting potential. The total consumption and operational costs increased in each case, most pronounced with the schedule based set point variations for hot water and space heating tank.

The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the energy flexibility that Norwegian residential buildings can provide to the electricity grid, by applying rule-based control (RBC) strategies. Aspects that are assumed to influence the energy flexibility, such as the impact of internal heat gains and occupants preferences concerning thermal zoning of bedrooms are to be evaluated. The literature study showed that the energy flexibility is an ongoing area of investigation and there is currently no standard metrics to identify a buildings potential to offer flexibility. However, many studies have investigated the topic by applying RBC strategies, and some general properties to describe the buildings ability to offer flexibility exist. Besides, as the building stock gradually moves towards a more energy efficient standard, the impact of internal heat gains (IHG) is becoming increasingly important. However, realistic IHG profiles are difficult to model and several modelling approaches exist. In addition, the relevant literature demonstrates that there is a high level of dissatisfaction with too high bedroom temperatures in passive houses and that it is difficult to achieve this, due to a desire for higher temperatures in the rest of the building. Two different RBC strategies have been applied to evaluate the flexibility potential using the detailed dynamic simulation tool IDA ICE. Both control strategies adjust the set-point temperature (SPT) on the direct electric space heating system. One control strategy is based on a schedule for pre-defined peak hours (OPCS) and the other is based on the spot price (SPCS). Four different building types with different levels of insulation and construction modes are investigated. Overall, both RBC strategies showed potential for shifting the power and consumption use to off-peak hours for all the evaluated building types. The potential for shifting the power and energy consumption is higher for the highly insulated buildings, but the magnitude is much more significant for the less insulated buildings. Different IHG profiles have been evaluated in the context of energy flexibility. The results show that the timing of IHGs is important, especially for the highly insulated buildings. The results with a stochastic IHG profile distributed in both time and space achieved the largest potential for energy and power shifting, and this indicates that the flexibility potential might be under-estimated when modelling the IHGs according to the current practice. This is also supported by the aggregated result of 20 buildings with different stochastic IHG profiles. The type of radiator control is found to have an impact on the flexibility potential at a building level. However, when investigating several buildings together, the results indicate that the more predictable behaviour with proportional control can be used to describe the behavoiur of several buildings with thermostatic control. The increase of bedroom temperatures due to the implemented RBC strategies and IHGs is most significant for the highly insulated buildings. The influence of the RBC strategies on the bedroom temperatures is found to be largest in the colder months, as the impact of the IHGs becomes more dominant with lower heat loss from the building envelope. By decoupling the bedrooms from the RBC strategies, the temperatures are improved, but the improvement is dependent on the internal constructions of the building. Moreover, the flexibility potential is reduced by decoupling the bedrooms.