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Currently, in the practice of mass sports, despite modern trends in its development, a conservative approach prevails when choosing means and methods of the training process for mass-category athletes. Based on the results of the research, it is stated that this approach has practically exhausted its development potential, which, in turn, brings to the surface the problem of searching the content of young athletes’ training process, potentially allowing to increase its effectiveness. It should be noted that this problem is most acute when choosing the content of the mass-category athletes’ training process at the stages of initial training and sports specialization. Whereas at the stages of sports mastery improvement and perfection, for a number of reasons, it is not so clearly defined. This can be confirmed by the success of Russian athletes in the international sports arena. The solution to the identified problem is proposed to be carried out in accordance with the principle of primacy of competitive activity in relation to training, which will allow us to identify specific features of the implementation of a concrete competitive exercise. Taking into account this requirement, the most common classifications of sports are analyzed, which, according to the authors, will allow not only to determine the place of each of them in their systemic diversity, but also to select more relevant means of sports training. In this context, it is noted that the most common classifications of sports, reflecting mainly the biomechanical and physiological characteristics of competitive activity, do not allow the phenomenology of a particular sport to be fully realized. Based on this, it would be possible to expand understanding of the nature of competitive activity and thereby the arsenal of training tools and methods. In addition to the already existing classifications of sports, an original approach is proposed, in which the nature of the main interaction when performing a competitive exercise is considered as a classification feature. Within its framework, a matrix has been developed that reflects subject-subject and subject-object sports, which are also divided into team and individual. Within the developed matrix, a brief psychological characteristic of sports and competitive exercises is given. Taking into account the systematic approach, coupled with the highlighted subjectivity of competitive activity, it seems possible to theoretically substantiate the need to implement in the training process of mass-category athletes the means of targeted development of attention properties that predetermine the effectiveness of competitive actions, and problembased teaching methods in the formation of the ability to plan competitive activity.

There are many classifications of sports disciplines, which base on various approaches, which separately take into account the patterns of training activity, physiology, the risk of collision and injury, etc. In our opinion, it most fully reflects the specifics of sports changes that occur in the body of athletes under the influence of intense physical activity, at the level of biochemical processes. The classification of sports disciplines proposed by us takes into account the influence of the nature of the training process, the specifics of sports loads, the leading type of energy supply of sports work on the biochemical profile of an athlete, which makes it possible to identify the key features that occur in the body of an athlete under the influence of a specific load.

Background/Purpose: Sport-specific adaptations of athlete's hearts are still under investigation. This study sought to 1) identify athlete groups with similar characteristics by clustering echocardiographic data; 2) externally validate the data-driven clusters with sport classifications of various dynamic or static loads to support the conventional hypothesis-driven approach in delineating the athlete's heart. Methods: Anthropometric, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic assessments were collected during the 2017 Summer Universiade in Taiwan. Besides standard echocardiography and strain measurements, ventricular-arterial coupling (VAC) was assessed by the ratio of effective arterial elastance (Ea) to left ventricular end-systolic elastance (Ees) as calculated by a modified single-beat algorithm. Results: We grouped 598 elite athletes (348 male, age 23 ± 2.5 years, across 24 disciplines) using Mitchell's classification. The hypothesis-driven analysis showed dynamic training-related adaptations in heart rate and morphology, including ventricular size, mass, and stroke volume. In comparison, the unsupervised approach found two clusters for each sex. Male athletes participating in high dynamic-load exercises had larger chambers, supranormal diastolic functions, depressed Ees, lower Ea and preserved optimal VAC implicating the resting status of a reservoir-rich pump, which affirmed sport-specific adaptation. The female athletes could be clustered with more noticeable functional alterations, such as depressed biventricular strain. However, the imbalanced number between clusters impeded the validation of load-related remodeling. Conclusion: Hierarchical clustering could analyze complicated multiparametric interactions among numerous echocardiography-derived phenotypes to discern the adaptive propensity of the athlete's heart. The endorsement or generation of hypotheses by a data-driven approach can be applied to various domains.

Background/purpose: Sport-specific adaptations of athlete's hearts are still under investigation. This study sought to 1) identify athlete groups with similar characteristics by clustering echocardiographic data; 2) externally validate the data-driven clusters with sport classifications of various dynamic or static loads to support the conventional hypothesis-driven approach in delineating the athlete's heart.Methods: Anthropometric, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic assessments were collected during the 2017 Summer Universiade in Taiwan. Besides standard echocardiography and strain measurements, ventricular-arterial coupling (VAC) was assessed by the ratio of effective arterial elastance (Ea) to left ventricular end-systolic elastance (Ees) as calculated by a modified single-beat algorithm.Results: We grouped 598 elite athletes (348 male, age 23 ± 2.5 years, across 24 disciplines) using Mitchell's classification. The hypothesis-driven analysis showed dynamic training-related adaptations in heart rate and morphology, including ventricular size, mass, and stroke volume. In comparison, the unsupervised approach found two clusters for each sex. Male athletes participating in high dynamic-load exercises had larger chambers, supranormal diastolic functions, depressed Ees, lower Ea and preserved optimal VAC implicating the resting status of a reservoir-rich pump, which affirmed sport-specific adaptation. The female athletes could be clustered with more noticeable functional alterations, such as depressed biventricular strain. However, the imbalanced number between clusters impeded the validation of load-related remodeling.Conclusion: Hierarchical clustering could analyze complicated multiparametric interactions among numerous echocardiography-derived phenotypes to discern the adaptive propensity of the athlete's heart. The endorsement or generation of hypotheses by a data-driven approach can be applied to various domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]