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Recently, we published a first anatomical Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) atlas regarding white matter tracts in the canine brain. The purpose of this study was to show the significance of DTI in the revelation of the white matter fibres in the feline brain (i.e. to obtain an anatomical DTI atlas of images) and to descriptively compare these to previously obtained white matter fibre images of the canine brain. DTI MR Images of 4 cats euthanised for reasons other than neurological disorders were obtained with a 3 T system. Combined fractional anisotropic (FA) and directional maps were obtained within the hour after death. An experienced anatomist tracked white matter tracts of clinical relevance using the scanner software. After validation of these tracts, we compared relevant neurological connections between the cat and the dog. Comparison of cerebral structures between different species is easier when the three dimensional anatomy is visualized by using DTI. 3D rendered DTI images clearly show major differences in neurological architecture between cats and dogs e.g. the more important space occupying role of the limbic system, and the less diffuse, less nodular, less pronounced and thinner fibre bundles in the feline brain compared to the canine brain (except for the cerebellum different parts connecting fibres passing through the brainstem which are pronouncedly developed). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Rationale: No BIA equations exist to predict appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) and appendicular fat mass (AFM) in older adults with sarcopenia. NHANES public reference values for body composition are applicable only to Hologic DXA systems. Therefore we 1) developed and cross-validated appendicular soft tissue BIA equations with both Hologic and GE Lunar systems as their reference and 2) compared the new ASMMHOLOGIC equation to two previously published BIA equations. Methods: Participants with sarcopenia class I or II were recruited from 18 European study centers for the PROVIDE intervention study (NTR2329). In total, 291 cases having both an evaluable BIA (50kHz) and DXA measurement were included (mean age 77.6±6.9yrs; mean %fat 37.2±5.9%). BIA equations, using DXA-derived ASMM and AFM as the dependent variable, and age, gender, weight, height²/resistance and reactance as independent variables, were developed using multiple linear regressions. Results: Cross-validation resulted in 4 equations using the whole sample. Hologic (n=104): ASMM (kg) = 4.957 + (0.196*Height²/Resistance) + (0.060*Weight) – (2.554*Sex) (R²=0.90; SEE=1.28) AFM (kg) = -4.716 + (0.142*Height²/Resistance) + (0.316*Weight) + (4.453*Sex) – (0.040*Reactance) (R²=0.73; SEE=1.54) GE Lunar (n=187): ASMM (kg) = 1.821 + (0.168*Height²/Resistance) + (0.132*Weight) –(1.931*Sex) + (0.017*Reactance) (R²=0.86; SEE=1.37) AFM (kg) = -6.553 + (0.093*Height²/Resistance) + (0.272*Weight) + (4.295*Sex) (R²=0.70; SEE=1.53) Sex: women=1, men=0 Previously published BIA-equations overestimated significantly ASMMHOLOGIC with mean biases of -0.36 kg and -1.05 kg. Conclusion: We propose new BIA equations for the accurate estimation of limb soft tissue masses in sarcopenic older adults. Users of both Hologic and GE Lunar may benefit from these equations in field research.

Diffusion weighted imaging sequences are now widely available on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) of the brain is able to show white matter tracts and is now commonly used in human medicine to study brain anatomy, tumors, structural pathways,... The purpose of this study was to show the interest of DTI to reveal the white matter fibers in the dogs' brain. DTI MR Images for this study were obtained with a 3 T system of 4 dogs euthanized for other reasons than neurological disorders. Combined fractional anisotropic (FA) and directional maps were obtained in the first 2 hours after death. The heads were amputated immediately after scanning and stored in 10% formalin until preparation for dissection. An experienced anatomist tracked white matter tracts with clinical relevance using the scanner software. The selected tracts were REFVIDume rendered and correlated with gross dissection. Using DTI we were able to track relevant neurological connections, such as the corticospinal tract, the optic and the cerebellar tract. The three dimensional anatomy is better presented using modern visualization techniques. DTI seems to be a valuable tool in order to present clinically relevant white matter tracts to neurological clinicians and researchers.

Introduction: Point-of-care (POC) devices such as the Accutrend® Plus are helpful in the measurement of lipid levels and have been validated in the laboratory setting, but not in a busy general practitioners office. Since the Accutrend® Plus device has recently been recommended as an additional tool in the personal management of dyslipidemias, it's of the utmost importance to ensure that the precision and accuracy of this POC device is satisfactory. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 61 randomly chosen individuals (? 18 years) without known history of cardiovascular disease events. Simultaneous capillary and venous blood testing was undertaken on the Accutrend® Plus handheld lipid analyzer and a reference instrument (Vitros® 5.1 FSchemistry system) respectively. To stimulate a true picture of the usual clinical setting all blood samples were taken in the private office of each subject's general practitioner after a fasting period of at least eight hours. Results: The results show that the Accutrend® Plus system provided significantly lower values (P 0.05) as compared to the values determined in the laboratory. The agreement between methods fell outside clinically acceptable limits for blood lipid measurement (TC ? 8.9%, TG ? 15%), as stated by NCEP recommendations. However, a good between- day reproducibility (ICC: TC = 0.85, TG = 0.68, P

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Introduction The ability to accurately estimate regional lean tissue masses in vivo is very important for applied and clinical applications such as muscle distribution and energy metabolism (Gallagher and Heymsfield, 1998; Müller et al., 2001). In literature, there is a limited number of anthropometry-based prediction equations for the estimation of regional lean tissue masses in adults (Arthurs and Andrews, 2009; Ritchie and Davidson, 2007; Holmes et al., 2005). Since it remains unknown whether anthropometry can be used to accurately estimate lean tissue mass in all body regions, the aim of the present study was to develop and cross-validate anthropometrical prediction equations for regional lean tissue mass. Methods One hundred and seventeen physically active Caucasians (67 men and 50 women;mean age: 31.9±10.0y; BMI: 24.3±3.2kg/m²; sporting activities: 5.4±4.6hours/week) participated in the present study. Body mass(BM), stretch stature (SS), 14 circumferences (CC), 13 skinfolds (SF) and 4 bone breadths (BB) were used as anthropometric measurements. Regional lean tissue mass of both arms, trunk and both legs were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the criterion method. Results Three generalized prediction equations for regional lean mass were developed as follows: arms = 40.394(BM) + 169.836(CC arm-tensed) + 399.162(CC wrist) - 85.414(SF triceps) - 39.790(SF biceps) - 7289.190, where Adj.R²=0.97, pstatistics showed no significant differences (p

La méthode de terrain la plus répandue pour déterminer la composition corporelle demeure l'anthropométrie. Plus de 600 formules basées sur l'anthropométrie sont répertoriées dans la littérature scientifique comme méthode indirecte d'estimation du pourcentage de tissu adipeux. Cette étude vérifie l'applicabilité des formules de prédiction du pourcentage de tissu adipeux avec l'absorptiométrie biphotonique à rayons X (DXA) comme outil de comparaison. 128 adultes britanniques (54 femmes, âge moyen 30.9±8.5; 74 hommes âge moyen 34.4±14.1) correspondant aux populations pour lesquelles les formules originales ont été développées, sont soumis à un examen DXA et à des mesures anthropométriques. Parmi les 181 formules répondant aux critères de l'échantillon étudié, 91 équations de prédiction ont été retenues pour vérifier leur fiabilité par rapport au DXA. Sur les 91 formules étudiées, seules 2 formules basées sur l'anthropométrie et 1 formule basée sur la densité se sont révélées non significativement corrélées avec DXA (p>0,05), avec un coefficient de corrélation de Pearson's supérieur ou égal à 0,70. Les graphiques de Bland et Altman ont montré une dispersion importante pour les formules anthropométriques par rapport au DXA alors que la formule basée sur la densité présentait des limites d'acceptation plus restreintes. Notre étude a montré que les formules de prédiction ne constituent pas une méthode fiable pour estimer de façon précise l'adiposité corporelle pour un individu.

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Objective: To verify the suitability of 91 population specific prediction equations from the literature estimating percentage adipose tissue. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 128 healthy adults (74 males mean age 34.4+-14.1y and 54 females, mean age 30.9+-8.5y). In order to provide the adequate variables for the population specific formulae, 14 skinfolds, 14 circumferences and 4 breadth measurements were taken on both genders. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used as the criterion for the estimation of percentage body fat/adipose tissue. Results: Three prediction equations only provided percent adipose tissue values with good correlation (r>0.70; p0.05) compared to percent body fat as measured by DXA. Bland & Altman plots show ad hoc differences between these formulae and DXA with a range from 4% to 13%. However only one formula (Pollock et al., 1976) falls within a biological and clinical acceptable range. Conclusion: This study confirms that the use of body fat/adipose tissue prediction equations is not reliable. Clinicians should be cautious in interpreting body fat percentage values obtained using anthropometry based equations in whites. It is advisable to repeat the same exercise for subjects from different ethnic groups.

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There is a limited understanding of the normal function of the pterygoideus proprius muscle and the role that this muscle may have in temporomandibular disorders. Despite a well-described anatomical in-vitro approach to this muscle, there are still difficulties in investigating the fossa pterygopalatina. This study reveals an alternative in-vivo approach by magnetic resonance imaging to visualise the muscle in the fossa pterygopalatina on 78 head halves, describe the connections with the musculus temporalis and pterygoideus lateralis as well as report the incidence without dealing with the known inconveniences of the dissection approach. The results show an incidence of 12.82% for the musculus pterygoideus proprius equally divided between both genders. Two different types of bridging between the musculus temporalis and musculus pterygoideus lateralis were also found: (i) 'O' shape (6.41%) and (ii) 'Y' shape (6.41%). This study suggests the use of magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the different connections between vascular and muscular structures in the fossa pterygopalatina. Further research with this approach to link the appearance of the muscle with neurovascular entrapment syndromes is warranted.

The reproducibility of the three-dimensional (3D) kinematic aspects of motion coupling patterns during manual mobilizing techniques is still a debatable matter. The present in vitro study analysed segmental 3D motion of the atlanto-axial joint during manual axial rotation mobilization. Twenty fresh frozen human cervical specimens were studied in a test-retest situation with two examiners. The specimens were manually mobilized using three different techniques: (1) a regional mobilization technique of the cervical spine; (2) a segmental mobilization technique of the atlas with manual fixation of the axis; and (3) a segmental mobilization of the atlas on the axis applying a locking technique. Segmental atlanto-axial kinematics was registered with a Zebris CMS-20 ultrasound-based tracking system. The Euclidian norm was used as a representation of overall 3D motion. The results indicated good reproducibility (mean intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC: 0.87). Intraobserver reproducibility was slightly higher (mean ICC: 0.91; range: 0.76-0.99) than interobserver reproducibility (mean ICC: 0.85; range: 0.56-0.98) (P

Objective: Wrist problems, entrapments and paraesthesia in particular, are common in grip sports, eg: cycling, ski, Paul vaulting... etc. To better understand the entrapment symptomatology of the different neurovascular passages at the volar aspect of the wrist, an anatomical revision of its respective tunnel is necessary because confusion and error has increased lately. This study will focus on the ulnar canal. Comparison of the original description of the canal with definitions emanating from scientific papers, anatomical handbooks and internet websites reveal challenging differences, which may create clinical confusion. Cadaver dissections served to document the details of this clinical and functional area. Design: With the original paper of Felix Guyon (1861) as a reference, comparison was made (i) with 37 cadavers (74 wrists), (ii) with an internet search and (iii) with a bibliographic survey. The dissections allowed for the verification of Guyon's description were used to illustrate the findings. The internet search combined with a bibliographic survey of both clinical and research paper and the traditional anatomical literature allow for a complete ad hoc state of the art. Results: The dissection of 74 wrists confirmed all (100%) Guyon's original description. Out of the 2559 hits on the internet, papers and books written in English, French, German and Dutch were considered only. Both the internet websites and the published material are often presenting an erroneous image and/or explanation to demonstrate Guyon's canal. Many educational handbooks do not describe the ulnar canal at all. Conclusion: The dissection and bibliometric survey suggest that the canal of Guyon has received multiple denominations including an erroneous confusion with the "canalis Pisohamatum" the tunnel for the N. ulnaris branch towards the hypothenar. Over the years this confusion is to be found in various sources e.g. on the internet sites and in scientific/clinical papers while in the "classical anatomy literature" boththe ulnar and pisohamatum tunnels are too often forgotten.