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Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to positively impact library and archives collections and services--enhancing reference, instruction, metadata creation, recommendations, and more. However, AI also has ethical implications. This paper presents an extensive literature and review analysis that examines AI projects implemented in library and archives settings, asking the following research questions: RQ1: How is artificial intelligence being used in libraries and archives practice? RQ2: What ethical concerns are being identified and addressed during AI implementation in libraries and archives? The results of this literature review show that AI implementation is growing in libraries and archives and that practitioners are using AI for increasingly varied purposes. We found that AI implementation was most common in large, academic libraries. Materials used in AI projects usually involved digitized and born digital text and images, though materials also ranged to include web archives, electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs), and maps. AI was most often used for metadata extraction and reference and research services. Just over half of the papers included in the literature review mentioned ethics or values related issues in their discussions of AI implementation in libraries and archives, and only one-third of all resources discussed ethical issues beyond technical issues of accuracy and human-in-the-loop. Case studies relating to AI in libraries and archives are on the rise, and we expect subsequent discussions of relevant ethics and values to follow suit, particularly growing in the areas of cost considerations, transparency, reliability, policy and guidelines, bias, social justice, user communities, privacy, consent, accessibility, and access. As AI comes into more common usage, it will benefit the library and archives professions to not only consider ethics when implementing local projects, but to publicly discuss these ethical considerations in shared documentation and publications., INTRODUCTION Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to positively impact library and archives collections and services. Library and archives practitioners have implemented artificial intelligence tools to enhance reference, instruction, metadata [...]

IntroductionTreatment options in patients with myelofibrosis (MF) presenting with thrombocytopenia are limited. Final results of the phase 2 study (NCT01348490) of ruxolitinib in patients with MF and low baseline platelet counts (50 - 100 × 109/L) are reported.Patients and methodsPatients received ruxolitinib 5 mg twice daily (BID), with optional up-titration to a maximum of 15 mg BID, provided platelet count remained ≥40 × 109/L. Assessments included spleen volume and length, Total Symptom Score (TSS), quality of life, and safety.ResultsOf 66 patients, 52 (78.8%) completed the first 24 weeks of treatment. Median (range) percentage change from baseline in spleen volume and TSS (coprimary endpoints) were -20.5% (-55.8% to 38.5%, n=51) and -39.8% (-98.6% to 226.4%, n=53), respectively; greatest median reductions were in the 10 mg BID final titrated dose group. Of patients achieving ≥35% or ≥10% reduction in spleen volume, 8/11 (72.7%) and 21/34 (61.8%), respectively, were in the 10 mg BID final titrated dose group. Thirty-seven of 65 patients (56.9%) had ≥20% improvement in TSS, and 35/66 patients (53.0%) were Patient Global Impression of Change responders. Treatment-emergent adverse events led to dose interruption in 17/66 patients (25.8%), most commonly thrombocytopenia (n=3).ConclusionA starting dose of ruxolitinib 5 mg BID with gradual up-titration and dose optimization based on hematologic parameters and response was efficacious and generally well-tolerated in patients with MF and low platelet counts. Median improvement in spleen volume and symptoms was greatest for patients receiving ruxolitinib 10 mg BID.

Although the actions of dopamine throughout the brain are clearly linked to motivation and cognition, the specific role(s) of dopamine in the CA1 subfield of the ventral hippocampus (vH) is unresolved. Prior preclinical studies suggest that dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) expressed on CA1 pyramidal cells exhibit a unique capacity to modulate mechanisms of long-term synaptic plasticity, but less is known about how interneuronal inputs modulate these cells. We hypothesized that inputs from μ-opioid receptor (MOR)-expressing inhibitory interneurons selectively modulate the activity of postsynaptic D3Rs expressed on CA1 principal cells to shape neurotransmission in the rat vH. We used the whole cell voltage-clamp technique to test this hypothesis by measuring evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) from CA1 principal cells in vH slices or GABAA currents from acutely dissociated vH neurons. The eIPSC response recorded from CA1 neurons in vH slices was inhibited by either the MOR agonist DAMGO or the D3R agonist PD128907, but pretreatment with DAMGO occluded any further inhibition by PD128907. GABAA currents measured in acutely dissociated vH CA1 neurons were inhibited by D3R activation via PD128907, consistent with postsynaptic localization of D3 receptors. Kinetic alterations induced by the neuromodulatory agonists are consistent with selective targeting of postsynaptic D3Rs expressed on CA1 principal cells by MOR-expressing GABAergic inputs. Our findings suggest that postsynaptic D3R-mediated modulation of MOR-expressing GABAergic inputs is a site at which dopaminergic and opioidergic activity may contribute to disinhibition of vH excitatory neurotransmission and, thus, influence critical physiological processes such as synaptic plasticity and network oscillations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: We report that the activity of an inhibitory synapse on CA1 pyramidal cells in the rat ventral hippocampus is shaped by heterogeneous neuromodulators. Specifically, postsynaptic dopamine D3 receptors on ventral hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons are selectively targeted by an inhibitory input from µ-opioid receptor-expressing GABAergic terminals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, agricultural scientists are challenged with creating, testing, and validating climate‐smart nutrient strategies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions while increasing food security. This study determined maize (Zea mays L.) N recommendations and bias for N‐rate studies conducted in South Dakota using models created for western Minnesota, Iowa, Eastern North Dakota, Nebraska, and South Dakota. From 2019 to 2021, 16 N rate studies were conducted in long‐term no‐tillage (>6 years) fields located in South Dakota. In the randomized block replicated study, the soils were mollisols that were derived in a semi‐arid frigid environment. The economic optimum N rates were calculated using four fertilizer‐to‐maize grain price ratios (4.11, 5.48, 6.85, and 8.23 [$ (kg N)−1] [$ (kg grain)−1]−1). Analysis showed that reducing the yield goal coefficient used in the South Dakota model from 21.4 to 17.9 kg N (Mg grain)−1 reduced the recommended N rate but did not reduce yield. The reduced yield goal coefficient that considered the fertilizer‐to‐maize price ratio also reduced model root mean square error (RMSE), bias, and the estimated partial carbon dioxide equivalence (CO2e) by at least 18%. Nitrogen recommendation models developed for western Minnesota, Iowa, and South Dakota had similar RMSE, bias, and fertilizer recommendations, and adjusting the recommendation based on expected fertilizer cost and maize selling price improved accuracy. This study suggests that yield was not sacrificed by reducing the coefficients from 21.4 to 17.9 kg N (Mg grain)−1 and that recommendations are improved by considering the fertilizer‐to‐maize grain price ratio. Core Ideas: Decreasing the maize yield goal model coefficient from 21.4 to 17.9 kg N (Mg grain)−1 did not reduce the yield.The partial CO2e was reduced up to 16% by considering the fertilizer‐to‐maize grain price ratio.Adjusting the N recommendations based on N fertilizer‐to‐maize price ratio improved accuracy and reduced bias.The modified South Dakota, Iowa, and Minnesota models had similar root mean square error (RMSE), bias, and fertilizer recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric microactuators have been widely used for actuation, sensing, and energy harvesting. While out-of-plane piezoelectric configurations are well established, both in-plane deflection and asymmetric electrode placement have been underexplored in terms of actuation efficiency. This study explores the impact of asymmetric electrode geometry on the performance of slender unimorph actuators that deflect in-plane, where actuator length is much larger than width or thickness. After validating the finite element modeling method against experimental data, the geometric parameters of the proposed unimorph model are manipulated to explore the effect of different electrode geometries and layer thicknesses on actuation efficiency. Four key findings were that (1) the fringing field within the piezoelectric material plays a measurable role in performance, (2) symmetry in electrode placement is generally nonoptimal, (3) optimal electrode geometry is independent of scale, and (4) the smaller the ratio of width to thickness, the larger the deflection. The findings contribute to the development of efficient design strategies that optimize the performance of planar actuators for potential implications for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). To aid designers of piezoelectric unimorph actuators in determining the optimal electrode geometry, three types of parameterized figures and two types of simulation apps are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of an often lethal disease in domestic pigs, African swine fever (ASF). ASF is currently a pandemic disease challenging pig production in Eurasia. While the ASFV genome encodes for over 160 proteins, the function of most of them are still not characterized. Among those ASF genes with unknown functions is the E111R gene. It has been recently reported that the deletion of the E111R gene from the genome of the virulent Chinese field isolate SY18 strain produced a reduction of virus virulence when pigs were inoculated at relatively low doses. Conversely, we report here that deletion of the ASFV gene E111R in the Georgia 2010 isolate does not alter the virulence of the parental virus in experimentally inoculated pigs. A recombinant virus lacking the E111R gene, ASFV-G-∆E111R was intramuscularly (IM) inoculated in domestic pigs at a dose of 102 HAD50 of ASFV-G-∆E111R and compared with animals that received a similar dose of virulent ASFV-G. Both, animals inoculated with either the recombinant ASFV-G-∆E111R or the parental virus developed a fatal form of the disease and were euthanized around the 6th–7th day post-inoculation (dpi). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]