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Over the last decade, the unmanned aircraft industry has attracted a great deal of interest due to its potential and multitude of applications, especially in urban environments. This has led authorities and the general public to raise different issues and concerns, among which safety is the most prevalent. Safety is one of the pillars of BUBBLES, an Exploratory Research (ER) project funded by SESAR Joint Undertaking (SJU) that aims to define a new concept of operations to provide separation management in U-space airspaces. The main contribution of BUBBLES is to provide guidelines for dealing with conflict management in tactical phase, i.e., the separation provision phase, in U-space airspaces. In the context of BUBBLES, this paper presents the concept of separation management service, which applies dynamic separation minima tailored to the traffic class, the operational environment, and the performance of the Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) system. This concept has been validated through test flights in a rural environment simulating operation in a U3 environment, including a basic Human Performance Assessment (HPA)., {"references":["ICAO, 'Doc. 9854 Global Air Traffic Management Operational Concept'","European Commission, 'Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/947 of 24 May 2019 on the rules and procedures for the operation of unmanned aircraft.' 2019","CORUS Project, 'CORUS U-space ConOps Vol2'. 2019","ICAO, 'Manual on Airspace Planning Methodology for the determination of separation minima'","EUROCONTROL, 'Safety & Performance Requirements Document for a Generic Surveillance System Supporting Air Traffic Control Services (GEN-SUR V1.3)'. 2015","BUBBLES Consortium, 'D2.1 Concept of Operations'. 2022","ICAO, 'Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management (UTM) - A Common Framework with Core Principles for Global Harmonization - Edition 3'. 2020","A. Weinert, et al., 'Near Mid-air Collision Analog for Drones Based on Unmitigated Collision Risk', Feb. 2022, doi: doi.org/10.2514/1.D0260"]}

This paper introduces an approach to include a surveillance performance monitoring functionality within Uspace. First, an introduction to the Performance-Based Surveillance (PBS) paradigm and the tools that make use of it has been made. Then, the U-space service framework and its surveillance functionality were put into context from a regulatory point of view. After this, the source where the surveillance monitoring will take place has been assessed. To validate the approach, a series of simulations of representative U-space scenarios with different densities and traffic mixes was carried out. The surveillance performance monitoring tool has been shown to accurately represent the performance of the surveillance sources in a scenario using different metrics. A discussion on the approach’s limitations and on how it could be applied to support U3-advanced U-space services is presented at the end of the paper., {"references":["SJU. (2021). BUBBLES: Defining the Building Basic Blocks for a Uspace Separation Management Service. Retrieved from SESAR JU: https://www.sesarju.eu/projects/bubbles","DACUS. (2021). Demand and Capacity Optimisation for U-space: Keep the Balance in Drone Traffic. Retrieved from DACUS: https://dacus-research.eu/","European Commission. (2021, April 22). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/664. Retrieved from EUROPA: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32021R0664&from=ES","European Commission. (2021, April 22). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/665. Retrieved from EUROPA: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32021R0665&from=EN","European Commission. (2021, April 22). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/666. Retrieved from EUROPA: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32021R0666&from=EN","European Commission. (2019, May 24). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/974. Retrieved from EUROPA: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32019R0947&from=EN","CORUS. (2019, September 9). SESAR Concept of Operations for Uspace. Retrieved from SESAR Joint Undertaking: https://www.sesarju.eu/node/3411","EUROCAE (November 2021). ED-261-1 - Safety and Performance Requirements Standard for a Generic Surveillance System (GEN-SUR SPR) - Volume 1.","CFR (2021, Januray 15). § 89.310 Minimum performance requirements for standard remote identification unmanned aircraft. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part89/subpart-D/section-89.310","ASTM (2022, May 25). ASTM F3411 – 19 Standard Specification for Remote ID and Tracking.","EUROCAE (January 2022). ED-282 - Minimum Operational Performance Standard for UAS E-Reporting.","SJU. (2019) D11.2.050. Pj14 EECNS. Functional Requirements (FRD) for Surveillance Performance Monitoring (SPM) Tools for End-to-end Surveillance Chain.","Pongsakornsathien, N.; Bijjahalli, S.; Gardi, A.; Symons, A.; Xi, Y.; Sabatini, R.; Kistan, T. A Performance-Based Airspace Model for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management. Aerospace 2020, 7, 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7110154","EUROCAE (March 2016). ED-129B - Technical Specification for a 1090 MHz Extended Squitter ADS-B Ground System.","R. Keating, M. Säily, J. Hulkkonen and J. Karjalainen, \"Overview of Positioning in 5G New Radio,\" 2019 16th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), 2019, pp. 320-324, doi: 10.1109/ISWCS.2019.8877160","Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., & Farhadi, A. (2016). You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 779-788)"]}

This document contains the BUBBLES Validation results for validation Phase I and Phase II. It summarizes all the results obtain during the execution of the Validation Exercises carried out between June and October of 2021 (Phase I) and November 2021 and April 2022 (Phase II). This Validation Report is based on the template of SESAR Industrial Research projects. The template has been adapted to the particularities of an Exploratory Research project. BUBBLES Validation Report aims to present and validate the operational and interoperability results for the provision of separation management to UAS flying in Very Low-Level airspaces where U-space services are available. BUBBLES Validation activities are organized in two phases, combining simulation and experimental activities. The first Validation Phase focuses on nominal performance, whereas the second Validation Phase takes into account non-nominal conditions. Since BUBBLES is an Exploratory Research project, the initial maturity gate is V0 and the validation activities aim at demonstrating the achievement of V1

This document describes the operational services and environment description for the provision of separation between unmanned and unmanned aircraft in any airspace volume where U-space services are offered (like, but not only, the U-space airspace referred to by the CIR (EU) 2021/664). The document also defines ‘fit for purpose’ safety, performance and interoperability requirements needed to achieve a particular target level of safety. The document has been developed using the MEDUSA methodology, which is specific to perform risk assessments in the U-space. This methodology covers the success approach (risk mitigation by providing U-space services with a specific performance) and the failure approach (risks caused by abnormal conditions and system-generated faults) in a comprehensive way. The risk assessment specifically addresses the impact of Artificial Intelligence systems used to increase automation of operations in safety-critical applications.

This document describes the Concept of Operations (ConOps) of a separation management service in the U-space. The document contains the final version of the ConOps developed to capture the conclusions drawn from the BUBBLES workshops, as well as from the validation exercises and to define BUBBLES as a SESAR solution, following the indications provided by SJU. In addition to that, this document covers the review of the BUBBLES SESAR solution for separation management that the research team conducted to align it with the guidelines from the SESAR ConOps Coordination Cell. Lastly, this document also updates the regulatory context described in previous editions by addressing the impact of the Implementing Regulation (IR) published by the European Commission in April 2021 (CIR 2021/664, CIR 2021/665 and CIR 2021/666).

This document describes the approach to the definition of the BUBBLES Validation Plan. BUBBLES Validation Plan aims at validating the operational and interoperability requirements for the provision of separation management to UAS flying in Very Low Level airspaces where U-space services are available. BUBBLES Validation activities are organized in two phases, combining simulation and experimental activities. The first Validation Phase focuses on nominal performance, whereas the second Validation Phase takes into account non-nominal conditions. Since BUBBLES is an Exploratory Research project, the initial maturity gate is V0 and the validation activities aim at demonstrating the achievement of V1.

This document provides high-level functional descriptions of the different platforms that will be used in BUBBLES Validation Phase I and Phase II. The document explains how these platforms will be used during the different Validation Exercises and summarises how they were integrated and verified before being used. Lastly, the document identifies the platform versions that are going to be used in Validation Phase I and Phase II

Slides used during the First BUBBLES workshop:Separation Management in the U-space: a key enabler to boost U3 services take- off.

[ES] El presente trabajo de fin de grado titulado “Diseño de instalaciones eléctricas de un aeropuerto” se ha desarrollado debido a la importancia que tiene el sistema eléctrico dentro un aeropuerto, ya que permite el correcto funcionamiento de este. El sistema eléctrico es el encargado de suministrar la energía necesaria a todos los subsistemas del aeropuerto, como son el edificio terminal u otros edificios anexos, el alumbrado de plataforma, las ayudas visuales o las ayudas radioeléctricas. Un correcto suministro de potencia a todos estos subsistemas conlleva a una explotación óptima del aeropuerto en cuanto a operaciones o actividades aeroportuarias, programadas con meses de antelación. Por un lado, se tienen los subsistemas dentro de un edificio terminal, que se encargan de suministrar tanto el lado aire como el lado tierra, permitiendo la iluminación y climatización del local o locales, la alimentación de los equipos mecánicos o de atención al pasajero, el alumbrado de plataforma o la alimentación para la realización de operaciones relacionadas con las aeronaves (servicios de atención en tierra al avión). Por otra parte, se tienen las ayudas visuales, como los subsistemas de balizamiento de pista y calles de rodaje, que ofrecen al piloto información necesaria para la ejecución correcta de las operaciones, o las radioayudas, usadas por los equipos de navegación de las aeronaves. Así pues, el sistema eléctrico dentro de un aeropuerto se convierte en un sistema imprescindible para su total y correcto funcionamiento., [CA] El present treball de fi de grau titulat “Disseny d'instal·lacions elèctriques d'un aeroport” s'ha desenvolupat a causa de la importància que té el sistema elèctric dins un aeroport, ja que permet el correcte funcionament d'aquest. El sistema elèctric és l'encarregat de subministrar l'energia necessària a tots els subsistemes de l'aeroport, com són l'edifici terminal o altres edificis annexos, l'enllumenat de plataforma, les ajudes visuals o les ajudes radioelèctriques. Un correcte subministrament de potència a tots aquests subsistemes comporta a una explotació òptima de l'aeroport quant a operacions o activitats aeroportuàries, programades amb mesos d'antelació. D'una banda, es tenen els subsistemes dins d'un edifici terminal, que s'encarreguen de subministrar tant el costat aire com el costat terra, permetent la il·luminació i climatització del local o locals, l'alimentació dels equips mecànics o d'atenció al passatger, l'enllumenat de plataforma o l'alimentació per a la realització d'operacions relacionades amb les aeronaus (serveis d'atenció en terra a l'avió). D'altra banda, es tenen les ajudes visuals, com els subsistemes d'abalisament de pista i carrers de rodatge, que ofereixen al pilot informació necessària per a l'execució correcta de les operacions, o les radioajudes, utilitzades pels equips de navegació de les aeronaus. Així doncs, el sistema elèctric dins d'un aeroport es converteix en un sistema imprescindible per al seu total i correcte funcionament., [EN] The present final degree project, named “Design of an airport electrical power system”, has been developed on account of the importance that electrical systems have in an airport, as it allows its correct functioning. The electrical system manages the energy supply to all the airport subsystems, such as the terminal building or other attached buildings, the platform lighting, visual aids or radio navigation aids. A correct power supply to all these subsystems leads to an ideal exploitation of the airport as for operations or activities planned months before. On the one hand, the subsystems inside a terminal building are in charge of supplying energy to both the landside and the airside. This allows lighting and air conditioning, mechanical and customer service equipment power delivery, platform lighting or aircraft-related activities power supply (aircraft ground handling). On the other hand, visual helps are found, such as the runways and taxiways lighting subsystems, which offer the pilot essential information to execute the operations correctly, or the radio navigation aids used by the aircraft navigation equipment. Hence, an airport’s electrical system turns into an invaluable system for its total and correct performance.