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How does a mismatch between management and cultural norms lead to decreased engagement and productivity? Within both Germanic and Mediterranean cultural spheres, trust dynamics mirror deeply ingrained kinship patterns, which evolve slowly over time. The inclination to trust within one's own kin group is notably stronger among Mediterranean populations compared to their Germanic counterparts. Even as these populations migrated to regions such as Latin America and the United States, the distinct trust patterns persist. Germanic managerial methodologies rely heavily on trust‐based behaviors inherent to Germanic cultures, which may not find resonance within the Mediterranean cultural context. Consequently, such managerial approaches often prove less effective within Mediterranean clusters. In contrast, management practices that prioritize kinship dynamics, commonly seen among Mediterranean peoples, foster an environment of trust, teamwork, and a sense of collective responsibility. This approach necessitates fewer bureaucratic controls and cultivates heightened levels of engagement and performance in the workplace. These assertions draw from a synthesis of historical accounts, business literature, anthropological studies, as well as empirical evidence from sources such as the World Values Survey Wave 6 data and field research conducted over a 2‐year period within a Brazilian samba school setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The opinion that blood revenge was definitively eradicated in Montenegro during Danilo's time ran into very serious difficulties and could not be maintained. Its serious traces, although not in the classic form, are encountered not only in the 19th but also in the 20th century. By 1870, Danilo's code was in full force, and since then 40 of its "articles" have remained in force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the manifestation of religious populism through a case study in West Sumatra, highlighting its rise to power and the consequent shift towards religion as a central factor in public policy decisions. In West Sumatra, where the Minangkabau reside, Islamic populism received support from the economically established, middleclass traders. It occurred due to the change within Minangkabau society, where the clan's traditional role in meeting the needs of its members has been disrupted by modernization. Replacing the clan's roles, financially stable middle-class Muslims have come to support the needy and community activities, eventually leading to the rise of Islamic populism. This transformation, from clan-based to multi-clan alliances, has provided the consolidated middle class with the impetus to advocate for a conservative Islamic agenda. The research findings also underscore the necessity of considering contextual factors, including urban-rural dynamics and community-specific socio-cultural structures. Data for this research were collected by employing vis-à-vis interviews and active observation from August 2019 to December 2020 in West Sumatra, Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The given article is a translation from English of the well- known scholar, historian Alan Fisher`s work The Crimean Tatars. He was a professor of State University in Michigan, the USA. He had life -long interest to the history of Ottoman Empire and Turkic peoples. His work The Crimean Tatars was published in 1978 in the USA. The work consists of several chapters:1. The Origins of the Crimean Tatar Khanate. 2. Ottoman Hegemony in the Crimea. 3. The Political system of the Crimean Khanate. 4. Economic and Cultural Life in the khanate. 5. The Crimean Role in Eastern European Politics. The first chapter of the work gives a detailed study of the Origins of the Crimean Tatar Khanate, relations with the neighboring countries: Ottoman Empire, Moscovy, Poland and so on. The author represents an in- depth analyses of each ruling khan, his contribution into coming into being of the Khanate: Sahib Giray, Devlet Giray, Gazi Giray, Selim Giray I In the first chapter the author also offers detailed information about political and economic life of the Khanate.

The clan, an extant social organization formed 2000 years ago, bears a unique system of values still shaping fundamental institutions of modern society. In this research, we show how traditional clans affect the patterns of industrial specialization in China today. We find that industries dependent on relationship-specific investments tend to cluster in prefectures with strong clans. Our findings remain robust when considering alternative measures, including a set of historical and geographical correlates, and excluding cities in the southeast of China. Clans have a stronger effect on the specialization of the private sector than the state sector. In addition, the clan culture of immigrants matters for the industrial specialization of host regions. Our firm-level analysis further shows that the effects mainly originate from an overall improvement of the contracting environment by the clan culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water management among the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro has involved community collaboration in the construction, ownership and management of water infrastructures. Since the second half of the second millennium AD, the Chagga settlement on the lower slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro significantly transformed the landscape to reflect an agrarian society characterised by decentralised forms of socio-political and economic organisation. Such organisation involved conception, construction, and post-construction management of water distribution systems, synonymous with high levels of socio-political complexity. The study employs ethnography and archaeological surveys to document the construction of water infrastructures on the lower slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro. An ethnographic survey among Chagga elders generated primary data on water furrow construction. This information was then used to aid archaeological surveys in mapping irrigation furrows (mfongo) in the lower slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro. The ethnography also provided data on how Chagga chiefs and clan leaders governed the construction, use and maintenance of water infrastructures in the past. Such approaches highlighted Chagga lived experiences of traditional irrigation technologies and infrastructures and how these developed a complex agrarian society. Results show that community collaboration was key in the management of water infrastructure vital for their home gardens, and this sustained Chagga society for centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La gestion de terre ainsi que l’exploitation des forêts frontalières des clans (villages) devient une source des plusieurs conflits fonciers entre population vivant dans la province de Lomami en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC). Le cas des conflits dans les villages environnant la Station de L’INERA-Ngandajika entre villages proches retient notre attention. Il s’agit des conflits fonciers et forestiers qui opposent les villages de Mpunga et Mpemba-Nzeu. Cette situation est devenue très récurrente qu’il faut des mécanismes spécifiques pour trouver une solution durable. Le présent article essaye d’intégrer les règles relatives à la gestion des ressources forestières en milieu rural, leur pérennisation en se basant sur la politique de reboisement afin d’éviter ces genres des conflits entre clans proches qui sont du reste frères.

Lipid transfer between organelles requires proteins that shield the hydrophobic portions of lipids as they cross the cytoplasm. In the last decade a new structural form of lipid transfer protein (LTP) has been found: long hydrophobic grooves made of beta-sheet that bridge between organelles at membrane contact sites. Eukaryotes have five families of bridge-like LTPs: VPS13, ATG2, SHIP164, Hobbit and Tweek. These are unified into a single superfamily through their bridges being composed of just one domain, called the repeating beta groove (RBG) domain, which builds into rod shaped multimers with a hydrophobic-lined groove and hydrophilic exterior. Here, sequences and predicted structures of the RBG superfamily were analyzed in depth. Phylogenetics showed that the last eukaryotic common ancestor contained all five RBG proteins, with duplicated VPS13s. The current set of long RBG protein appears to have arisen in even earlier ancestors from shorter forms with 4 RBG domains. The extreme ends of most RBG proteins have amphipathic helices that might be an adaptation for direct or indirect bilayer interaction, although this has yet to be tested. The one exception to this is the C-terminus of SHIP164, which instead has a coiled-coil. Finally, the exterior surfaces of the RBG bridges are shown to have conserved residues along most of their length, indicating sites for partner interactions almost all of which are unknown. These findings can inform future cell biological and biochemical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study combines genealogical data before 1990 and corporate pollution data in 2007 to empirically examine the impact of clan density on environmental governance. Our findings suggest that regions with strong clan power tend to suppress companies' pollution. The use of historical wars as an instrumental variable strengthens our results. Preliminary analyses suggest that clans engage in environmental governance through organizational coordination and cultural education. Moreover, our study indicates that clans' environmental governance effect can complement formal power in regions where it is lacking. Overall, as an informal organization, clans have a profound and important impact on environmental governance. • Clans can suppress local enterprises' pollution emissions. • Clans regulate the environment through education and collective action. • Enterprises reduced emissions by reducing output and increasing efficiency. • Clans facilitate the implementation of government environmental policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social relationships, including marriage, were regulated by ecclesiastical and secular laws as well as by customs in Georgian society. Various kinds of prohibitions existed. Today majority of the customs are lost because of globalization. However, customs concerning marriage restrictions are relatively well preserved in people’s memory. Different clans that do not marry each other were revealed by the ethnological research in historical-ethnographic region of Georgia — Samegrelo. Breaking marriage restriction by different socially related groups was strictly prohibited. Moreover, in some cases, clans or lineages which became relatives artificially had to follow the same strict rules of marriage prohibition. Different clans, lineages and patronymies studied by the ethnographic research conducted on the field, revealed the strength of the customs even today. The result of the research revealed, that prohibitive factors of marriage between different clans, lineages or patronymies were customary rules in Samegrelo, such are “ginochama”, serving to the same shrine, becoming relatives via Christianity and etc. However, marriage prohibition determined by Christianity affected only to minor lineages and patronymies rather than the big ones or clans. The memory of common origin is inhibitive factor of marriage, but not prohibitive similarly to the memory of past social inequality.

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Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for the development and progression of glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible vision loss and blindness. An overall increase in resistance to aqueous humor outflow causes sustained elevation in IOP. Glaucomatous insults in the aqueous humor outflow pathway, including the trabecular meshwork (TM), precede such chronic physiological changes in IOP. These insults include ultrastructural changes with excessive extracellular matrix deposition and actin cytoskeletal reorganization that leads to pathological stiffening of the ocular tissues. One of the most common cytoskeletal changes associated with TM tissue stiffness in glaucoma is the increased prevalence of cross-linked actin networks (CLANs) in cells of the trabecular meshwork (TM) and lamina cribrosa (LC). In glaucomatous cells, rearrangement of linear actin stress fibers leads to formation of polygonal arrays within the cytoplasm, resembling a geodesic dome-like structure, that we identified as CLANs. In addition to increased amounts of CLANs in POAG TM cells and tissues, we also discovered that glucocorticoid (GC) and TGFβ2 signaling pathways associated with the development of ocular hypertension (OHT) and glaucoma also induced CLANs in the TM. Despite a clear association, we are yet to completely understand the mechanisms involved in CLAN formation and their direct relevance to disease pathology. In this chapter, we will describe methods to identify and characterize CLANs using fluorescent microscopy in primary TM cell cultures, ex vivo perfusion cultured human anterior segments, and in situ in human donor eyes., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The Kingdom of Kongo is blessed both with a large volume of written documentation reaching back to the late fifteenth century, and a rich volume of oral traditions set to writing in the twentieth century. However, marrying these two has proved a difficult problem as the written material seem to relate a typical history of kings and battles, while the traditions outline migrations and village settings. This work demonstrates how the modern oral traditions, usually used to reconstruct early periods in the kingdom's history, actually relates to events in the last century of its existence, outlining the break of the kingdom's provincial structure into hereditary independent units; followed by the emergence of new "entrepreneurial" nobles who built their own political structures, and finally lists of villages and stopping point for people engaging in the long distance trade of the nineteenth century. Keywords: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The conflict in Somalia has been one of the most complex to analyze because of the particularities of clan and inter-clan relations within its society. The country has experienced a long period of political instability as a result of the intensification of the civil war that had its expression in such clan differences, which led to the balkanization or “disintegration” of Somalia following the emergence of autonomous “states”. In this context, Al Shabaab came to play a crucial role. This terrorist organization has been active since 2010 and operates in the rural areas of south-central Somalia. Since 2012, there has been a gradual return to institutionality, with the holding of two elections that have taken into account these particularities of Somali society. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how a gradual and weak process of restructuring of political institutionality has been achieved in Somalia, based on a relative balance of power and political stabilization, despite security problems such as terrorism and inter-clan contradictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Where there is little trust, can there be self-transcendence? Can one strive for openness as well as closeness between tribes? Preference to trust own clan members is much higher among Mediterranean peoples than among Germanic ones. In both Germanic and Mediterranean clusters, trusting behaviours follow culturally determined kinship patterns that are slow to change, so much so that the different Mediterranean and Germanic trust patterns still show between Latin America and the USA. Germanic managerial techniques rest on Germanic trusting behaviours that are relatively lacking in the Mediterranean cluster, among whom Germanic managerial techniques lose efficacy and self-transcendence might be a riskier path to take. Clan-friendly management among Mediterranean peoples, including rewards more readily focused on needs, teamwork and citizenship behaviour, require less controls, bringing about faster alignment and more agile organizations. These reflections are relevant to manage North African migrants into Europe, as they are to manage Latin Americans into the USA.

This article explores the ways in which emergent police forces in conflict-affected Southern societies are shaped by cultural practices operating through social phenomena. It uses the record of the prototypical police forces found in the Somali cities of Kismayo and Baidoa, 2014-2017, to explore the ways in which culture, power relations and local realities -- in this case, clan-based calculations, Somali and international politics, and physical insecurity -- influence police development. It draws on the cities' experience of a donor-funded "basic policing" programme to identify the motivating forces shaping police evolution in a society familiar with many aspects of conventional policing operations and vocabulary but positioned at the opposite end of the technical and institutional spectrum to those shaping police studies' canonical literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article details the list of “Samoyeds”, compiled in 1832 by Tobolsk missionary Hieromonk Makarii. The generic names and surnames indicated there show that they belonged to the European, Ural and Siberian tundra Nenets, and it was not by chance that they were on the same list. It was a small group from the “Vojkar Samoyeds”, a separate territorial group of the Nenets ethnos, wandering in the 17th–19th centuries on both sides of the Subpolar Urals. On the basis of information from the “List”, generalization of materials from archival documents and works of researchers and travelers of the 18th – 19th centuries, it was possible to put forward several reasonable assumptions and clarifications about the origin of some Nenets families and patronyms, places of their settlement and marital relations. In addition, for the first time, it was possible to find information about the compiler of the “List”, its life and activities long before the missionary trip to the north of the Berezovsky department.

Bacteriophage-encoded single strand annealing proteins (SSAPs) are recombinases which can substitute the classical, bacterial RecA and manage the DNA metabolism at different steps of phage propagation. SSAPs have been shown to efficiently promote recombination between short and rather divergent DNA sequences and were exploited for in vivo genetic engineering mainly in Gram-negative bacteria. In opposition to the conserved and almost universal bacterial RecA protein, SSAPs display great sequence diversity. The importance for SSAPs in phage biology and phage-bacteria evolution is underlined by their role as key players in events of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). All of the above provoke a constant interest for the identification and study of new phage recombinase proteins in vivo, in vitro as well as in silico. Despite this, a huge body of putative ssap genes escapes conventional classification, as they are not properly annotated. In this work, we performed a wide-scale identification, classification and analysis of SSAPs encoded by the Firmicutes bacteria and their phages. By using sequence similarity network and gene context analyses, we created a new high quality dataset of phage-related SSAPs, substantially increasing the number of annotated SSAPs. We classified the identified SSAPs into seven distinct families, namely RecA, Gp2.5, RecT/Redβ, Erf, Rad52/22, Sak3, and Sak4, organized into three superfamilies. Analysis of the relationships between the revealed protein clusters led us to recognize Sak3-like proteins as a new distinct SSAP family. Our analysis showed an irregular phylogenetic distribution of ssap genes among different bacterial phyla and specific phages, which can be explained by the high rates of ssap HGT. We propose that the evolution of phage recombinases could be tightly linked to the dissemination of bacterial phage-resistance mechanisms (e.g., abortive infection and CRISPR/Cas systems) targeting ssap genes and be a part of the constant phage-bacteria arms race.

This paper reconsiders the notion of “società gentilizia”, brilliantly studied by Bartoloni, and offers some considerations on the role of the elite in urbanization, with special reference to Lazio. We shall argue that the more nuanced versions of aristocratic structures which have been developed recently offer opportunities for sophisticated models of the emergence of urban forms and within that the development of cultic and sacrificial behaviour. This is most evident at large sites like Rome or Veii, but we will consider how we can best develop this model for smaller sites, and integrate it within Ampolo’s notion of the open society operating in the seventh and sixth centuries BCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim. The author’s perspective of the study of the clan organization of Central Asia post-Soviet countries is focused on the identification of traditional institutions, their actualization in the modern political process and their socio-political evolution variants.Methodology. The authors offer an expanded understanding of the essence of a clan organization, in which consolidating loyalty is derected both horizontally within consanguineous communities, and vertically, reproducing the hierarchy of ties from the elite top to ordinary members of associations. Methods of content analysis, secondary analysis of sociological data, event analysis were usedResults. The main factors that actualize the clan organization in the socio-political process in Asian post-Soviet countries are the growth of social movement, self-awareness and public disappointment in an attempt to reproduce the Western model of social development.Research implications. The study confirms preservation of the relevance of the clan phenomenon in the socio-political process of the republics of post-Soviet Central Asia. The authors come to the conclusion that the contradictions with the elite, generated by the traditional vector of the evolution of clans, inevitably initiate the “regionalization” of clans, their consolidation around the agenda, which is focused on local problems. Such a “reversal” of clan communities can have destructive consequences, including potential trend to secession.

The article analyzes contemporary political processes in the newly independent states of post-Soviet Central Asia. The peculiarities of functioning of their centralized political systems, as well as the interaction of the executive (the president and the government) and the legislative (parliament) branches of power are considered in the context of the authoritarian type of government that prevails in most countries of the region. Attention is drawn to the use by the ruling elites for the purposes of political mobilization of procedures for electoral democracy (elections, etc.), which is mostly of a formal nature. The place in the power structures of both officially recognized political parties and opposition ones is defined, which are divided mainly into secular and religious (Islamist). Informal political structures that function in a number of cases in the form of regional communities, territorial or ethnic clans are considered in the article as a specific characteristic of Central Asian societies. Based on the analysis of the political process in the Central Asian countries, it was concluded that the whole period of post-Soviet transit has come to an end and that authoritarian but consolidated regimes of a new type are emerging in the region; they form a sovereign statehood and an independent foreign policy strategy.

We examine how recruiting managers cope with communal norms and expectations of favoritism during recruitment and selection processes. Combining insights from institutional theory and network research, we develop a communal perspective on favoritism that presents favoritism as a social expectation to be managed. We subsequently hypothesize that the communal ties between job applicants and managers affect the strategies that managers employ to cope with this expectation. We test these ideas using a factorial survey of the effects of clan ties on recruitment and selection processes in Kazakhstan. The results confirm communal ties as antecedents to the strategies managers use to cope with communal favoritism. Surprisingly, the results also show that these coping strategies are relatively decoupled from managers' recruitment decisions. The findings contribute to favoritism research by drawing attention to the mitigating work of managers in societies in which favoritism is common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even in the context of a relatively flourishing state, fragility can be an enduring feature of a political system, particularly in the case of recently established or unrecognised states. This article examines the nature of state-building in a specific context to question the assumption that forms of hybrid governance or pre-existing forms of governance are a necessary evil to be tolerated but which needs ultimately to be overcome during state-building. It does this by adopting the language of resilience and focusing on the case of Somaliland to highlight the role of clan governance as a mechanism of political resilience and as a means of promoting the flexibility required for state-building. Yet, at the same time, the process of state-building often involves formalising governance and limiting the role of traditional social-political forms of governance such as clans, ignoring their role in legitimating and stabilising the political system. However, as this article argues, stability and fragility are inextricably linked; while the clan system has been an important force in stabilising the state, it has also become a pressure point for the state's latent fragility. By contextualising fragility and stability within the language of resilience, though, this symbiotic relationship can be better analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies found that using digital media can satisfy the needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness, contributing to well-being and enjoyment. Further, need satisfaction in daily life has been identified as a background factor that may influence the intensity of media usage, as well as the psychological outcomes connected to it. Considering both perspectives, the current analysis investigates the causes and consequences of playing in online gaming communities. Specifically, we examine persistent groups of players ('clans') formed in the context of the online first-person shooter game Counter-Strike. Based on an online survey among 585 clan players, structural equation modelling shows that need satisfaction in clans relates to increases in clan engagement, increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect. Further, players with deficits in day-to-day need satisfaction show increased engagement in their clan, but also experience more negative affect and less need satisfaction in their clans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay argues that characteristics of the Irish and Scottish kin-based clan systems brought to America by settlers from Ireland and Scotland in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had lasting effects on American kinship systems. Using a case study to focus on a single family, it suggests that elements of kinship systems originating in Ireland and Scotland could be found in a central Georgia community in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This is significant because the location was far removed from areas often identified with Irish, Scottish, and Scotch-Irish settlers, such as the hill country of the lower Appalachian Mountains. It suggests that cultural folkways could persist across many generations of a family, even outside areas where they were heavily concentrated. The latter portion of the essay focuses on the role of one woman, family matriarch Rhoda Johnson, in shaping identity and transmitting culture across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper is a part of a doctoral thesis on the history of the Cumans in medieval Hungary. The introduction of the dissertation is an outline of the history of the Cumans in South Russian and Ukrainian steppes from the middle of the 11th century to the Mongol invasion (1236-1240). The author focuses on the relationship between the Cumans and the Rus'. The paper consists of three parts. The first is a historiography, the second is a political history of the Rus'-Cuman relations, and the third is a summary of the dynastic marriages between the Cuman clans and the Rurikid princes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After disintegration of the USSR the new independent states faced the need to create the political system anew, from “zero”. Practically all of them have chosen the democratic development. The Central Asian countries were no exception here. However, unlike other post-Soviet countries, the survived clan system influenced greatly the political development of these countries. The clans in the Central Asian states have deep historical and cultural roots and they have the enormous effect on the political processes.

In order to address the problem of safety in the North Caucasian region, suppression of underground gangs’ subversive and terroristic activities have been continuously undertaken for quite a long time within the frames of the military force strategy. Since interrelation of these gangs with common criminal and corruption groups and individuals were not taken into account, the suppression has not proved to be effective. Data cited in the article demonstrate a high level of criminality in this region. Inefficiency is also characteristic for means and ways used by law enforcement bodies in their struggle with organized criminality and corruption obviously resulting in negative influence on the whole system of counteractions with respect of terrorism. There is another essential problem specific in particular to the North Caucasian region, the problem of clans reigning in state, power and other bodies. Solution of tasks put force by the Russian Federation President will make it possible to considerably improve the existing terrorism counteraction policy in the North Caucasian region of Russia.