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1. MosAIC: An annotated collection of mosquito-associated bacteria with high-quality genome assemblies.

Author: Aidan Foo, Laura E Brettell, Holly L Nichols, UW-Madison Capstone in Microbiology Students, Miguel Medina Muñoz, Jessica A Lysne, Vishaal Dhokiya, Ananya F Hoque, Doug E Brackney, Eric P Caragata, Michael L Hutchinson, Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena, David J Lampe, Edwige Martin, Claire Valiente Moro, Michael Povelones, Sarah M Short, Blaire Steven, Jiannong Xu, Timothy D Paustian, Michelle R Rondon, Grant L Hughes, Kerri L Coon, and Eva Heinz
Subjects: Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Mosquitoes transmit medically important human pathogens, including viruses like dengue virus and parasites such as Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria. Mosquito microbiomes are critically important for the ability of mosquitoes to transmit disease-causing agents. However, while large collections of bacterial isolates and genomic data exist for vertebrate microbiomes, the vast majority of work in mosquitoes to date is based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon data that provides limited taxonomic resolution and no functional information. To address this gap and facilitate future studies using experimental microbiome manipulations, we generated a bacterial Mosquito-Associated Isolate Collection (MosAIC) consisting of 392 bacterial isolates with extensive metadata and high-quality draft genome assemblies that are publicly available, both isolates and sequence data, for use by the scientific community. MosAIC encompasses 142 species spanning 29 bacterial families, with members of the Enterobacteriaceae comprising 40% of the collection. Phylogenomic analysis of 3 genera, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Elizabethkingia, reveal lineages of mosquito-associated bacteria isolated from different mosquito species in multiple laboratories. Investigation into species' pangenomes further reveals clusters of genes specific to these lineages, which are of interest for future work to test for functions connected to mosquito host association. Altogether, we describe the generation of a physical collection of mosquito-associated bacterial isolates, their genomic data, and analyses of selected groups in context of genome data from closely related isolates, providing a unique, highly valuable resource for research on bacterial colonisation and adaptation within mosquito hosts. Future efforts will expand the collection to include broader geographic and host species representation, especially from individuals collected from field populations, as well as other mosquito-associated microbes, including fungi, archaea, and protozoa.
Published: 2024
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2. Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbiota dynamics across developmental stages of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus exposed to urban pollutants

Author: Pierre Antonelli, Stéphanie Grizard, Florence Hélène Tran, David Lejon, Aymeric Bellemain, Van, Patrick Mavingui, David Roiz, Frédéric Simard, Edwige Martin, Danis Abrouk, Aurélien Vigneron, Guillaume Minard, and Claire Valiente Moro
Subjects: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Microbiota, Mosquito, Aedes albopictus, Mesocosm, Environmental pollution, TD172-193.5, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Aedes albopictus mosquitoes face numerous anthropic stressors in urban areas. These xenobiotics not only impact mosquito physiology but also shape the composition of their microbiota, which play important roles in host physiological traits. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants known to alter mosquito metabolism, but no studies have yet investigated their impact on microbiota. Using a bespoke indoor mesocosm tailored for Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, we investigated the dynamics of bacterial communities in both mosquitoes and their larval breeding sites following chronic exposure to a cocktail of PAHs consisting of benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene and benzo[b]fluoranthene. Our findings showed that PAHs have a stage-specific effect on mosquito microbiota, with a higher impact in larvae than in adults, contributing to 12.5 % and 4.5 % of the PAHs-induced variations, respectively. The presence of PAHs in the treated mesocosm led to the enrichment of bacterial families and genera known for their ability to catabolize PAHs, such as Comamonadaceae and Raoultella (increasing from 19 % to 30 % and from 1.2 % to 5.6 %, respectively). Conversely, prevalent taxa found in mosquito microbiota like Wolbachia and Cedecea exhibited a reduction (decreasing from 4 % to 0.8 % and from 12.8 % to 6.4 %, respectively). This reduction could be attributed to the competitive advantage gained by PAH-degrading taxa, or it could reflect a direct sensitivity to PAH exposure. Overall, this indicates a shift in microbiota composition favoring bacteria that can thrive in a PAH-contaminated environment. PAHs persisted in the water of breeding sites only the first 45 days of the experiment. Benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[b]fluoranthene were more susceptible to bioaccumulation in larval tissues over time. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the impact of pollution on mosquitoes and could facilitate future research on the importance of symbiosis in urban-dwelling insect disease vectors. Given the recent advancements in the generation of axenic (microbe-free) and gnotobiotic (mosquitoes with a defined or specific microbiota) mosquitoes, further studies are needed to explore how changes in microbiota composition could influence mosquito responses to pollution, particularly in relation to host fitness, immunity, and vector competence.
Published: 2024
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3. A review of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding mosquitoes and mosquito-borne infectious diseases in nonendemic regions

Author: Pénélope Duval, Christina Aschan-Leygonie, and Claire Valiente Moro
Subjects: knowledge, attitude, practice, mosquitoes, mosquito-borne infectious diseases (MBIDs), nonendemic regions, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Mosquito-borne infectious diseases (MBIDs) present significant public health risks within tropical and subtropical regions. However, the rapid spread of MBIDs from these areas to temperate regions increase the risk of their emergence in nonendemic regions, i.e., regions where diseases are still sporadic and not sustained in the population. Raising awareness about preventive measures and protective behaviors is of primary importance to face the risks of vector-borne diseases. In this context, the number of studies on knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) about mosquitoes and MBIDs has grown rapidly in response to the need to identify knowledge and practices in nonendemic countries to fight mosquito proliferation. Building upon the recent developments in this field, we conducted the first-ever literature review to examine KAP studies conducted in nonendemic regions. Our aim was to identify the community’s knowledge and attitudes that shape practices concerning the prevention of MBIDs. We used specific keywords regarding the scope of this review and then selected studies that were performed in nonendemic regions for MBIDs, including regions located in European countries, the USA or Asia. We identified 32 KAP studies, the oldest from 2003. The findings in the reviewed studies show that survey participants generally possessed a rather good understanding of mosquito breeding sites. However, there were notable variations in knowledge and perception of MBIDs, primarily linked to the geographic location of the survey and the prevalence of infectious outbreaks related to mosquito transmission. These findings highlight the significant influence of knowledge and awareness in fostering effective mosquito control practices. Moreover, socioeconomic status, particularly educational attainment, and respondents’ gender emerged as key determinants in explaining the variability of appropriate practices. The survey results thus show the crucial role of knowledge, emphasizing the need for widespread awareness and information campaigns, encompassing both appropriate practices and efficient mosquito control methods. Understanding the interaction between these factors could provide good guidelines for implementing awareness plans and ultimately motivate the population to actively fight against mosquito proliferation and MBIDs development.
Published: 2023
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4. How do attitudes shape protective practices against the Asian tiger mosquito in community gardens in a nonendemic country?

Author: Pénélope Duval, Claire Valiente Moro, and Christina Aschan-Leygonie
Subjects: Asian tiger mosquito, KAP survey, Protective practices, Nonendemic country, Green urban area, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is responsible for the transmission of many arboviruses worldwide and is well adapted to thrive in urban environments. In mainland France, a nonendemic area, this mosquito is responsible for several autochthonous and imported cases of chikungunya and dengue each year. Better management and prevention of mosquito-borne disease transmission in nonendemic areas is thus of global concern. In this context, the aim of this study was to provide a better understanding of mosquito–human interactions as well as human behavior and beliefs in regard to this mosquito species in urban areas. Methods We focused on people who participate in community gardens, which are increasingly popular initiatives in metropolitan France and are conducive to the development of tiger mosquitoes. To evaluate community gardeners’ knowledge and practices in relation to mosquito management and control, we conducted a knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) survey. Results In contrast to previous KAP studies, we showed that attitudes, more than knowledge, influence the practices of community gardeners in relation to mosquitoes. Interestingly, all gardeners who participated in the survey were concerned about the Asian tiger mosquito and were motivated to incorporate mosquito control methods in their gardens. Moreover, mosquitoes were perceived as nuisances rather than disease vector species. A change in community gardeners’ perceptions could facilitate more appropriate behavior to control this species. Conclusions This survey reveals the lack of knowledge and awareness of good practices for the efficient control of the Asian tiger mosquito in green urban areas. Graphical Abstract
Published: 2022
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5. Mosquito sex and mycobiota contribute to fructose metabolism in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus

Author: Morgane Guégan, Edwige Martin, Van Tran Van, Benjamin Fel, Anne-Emmanuelle Hay, Laurent Simon, Noémie Butin, Floriant Bellvert, Feth el Zahar Haichar, and Claire Valiente Moro
Subjects: Mosquito, Microbiota, Fructose, Sugar assimilation, Fungi, 13C metabolomic, Microbial ecology, QR100-130
Abstract: Abstract Background Plant floral nectars contain natural sugars such as fructose, which are a primary energy resource for adult mosquitoes. Despite the importance of carbohydrates for mosquito metabolism, a limited knowledge is available about the pathways involved in sugar assimilation by mosquitoes and their associated microbiota. To this end, we used 13C-metabolomic and stable isotope probing approaches coupled to high-throughput sequencing to reveal fructose-related mosquito metabolic pathways and the dynamics of the active gut microbiota following fructose ingestion. Results Our results revealed significant differences in metabolic pathways between males and females, highlighting different modes of central carbon metabolism regulation. Competitive and synergistic interactions of diverse fungal taxa were identified within the active mycobiota following fructose ingestion. In addition, we identified potential cross-feeding interactions between this. Interestingly, there is a strong correlation between several active fungal taxa and the presence of fructose-derived metabolites. Conclusions Altogether, our results provide novel insights into mosquito carbohydrate metabolism and demonstrate that dietary fructose as it relates to mosquito sex is an important determinant of mosquito metabolism; our results also further highlight the key role of active mycobiota interactions in regulating the process of fructose assimilation in mosquitoes. This study opens new avenues for future research on mosquito-microbiota trophic interactions related to plant nectar-derived sugars. Graphical Abstract Video abstract
Published: 2022
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6. Vector microbiota manipulation by host antibodies: the forgotten strategy to develop transmission-blocking vaccines

Author: Apolline Maitre, Alejandra Wu-Chuang, Justė Aželytė, Vaidas Palinauskas, Lourdes Mateos-Hernández, Dasiel Obregon, Adnan Hodžić, Claire Valiente Moro, Agustín Estrada-Peña, Jean-Christophe Paoli, Alessandra Falchi, and Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
Subjects: Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Human and animal pathogens that are transmitted by arthropods are a global concern, particularly those vectored by ticks (e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi and tick-borne encephalitis virus) and mosquitoes (e.g. malaria and dengue virus). Breaking the circulation of pathogens in permanent foci by controlling vectors using acaricide-based approaches is threatened by the selection of acaricide resistance in vector populations, poor management practices and relaxing of control measures. Alternative strategies that can reduce vector populations and/or vector-mediated transmission are encouraged worldwide. In recent years, it has become clear that arthropod-associated microbiota are involved in many aspects of host physiology and vector competence, prompting research into vector microbiota manipulation. Here, we review how increased knowledge of microbial ecology and vector-host interactions is driving the emergence of new concepts and tools for vector and pathogen control. We focus on the immune functions of host antibodies taken in the blood meal as they can target pathogens and microbiota bacteria within hematophagous arthropods. Anti-microbiota vaccines are presented as a tool to manipulate the vector microbiota and interfere with the development of pathogens within their vectors. Since the importance of some bacterial taxa for colonization of vector-borne pathogens is well known, the disruption of the vector microbiota by host antibodies opens the possibility to develop novel transmission-blocking vaccines.
Published: 2022
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7. Microbiome Analysis of New, Insidious Cave Wall Alterations in the Apse of Lascaux Cave

Author: Lise Alonso, Thomas Pommier, Danis Abrouk, Mylène Hugoni, Van Tran Van, Guillaume Minard, Claire Valiente Moro, and Yvan Moënne-Loccoz
Subjects: Paleolithic caves, anthropization, cave alterations, microbial diversity, pigmented fungi, collembola, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Lascaux Cave is a UNESCO site that was closed to the public following wall surface alterations. Most black stains that had formed on wall surface are stable or receding, but a new type of alteration visually quite different (termed dark zones) developed in Lascaux’s Apse room in the last 15 years. Here, we tested the hypothesis that dark zones displayed a different microbial community than black stains previously documented in the same room, using metabarcoding (MiSeq sequencing). Indeed, dark zones, black stains and neighboring unstained parts displayed distinct microbial communities. However, similarly to what was observed in black stains, pigmented fungi such as Ochroconis (now Scolecobasidium) were more abundant and the bacteria Pseudomonas less abundant in dark zones than in unstained parts. The collembola Folsomia candida, which can disseminate microorganisms involved in black stain development, was also present on dark zones. Illumina sequencing evidenced Ochroconis (Scolecobasidium) in all collembola samples from dark zones, as in collembola from black stains. This study shows that the microbial properties of dark zones are peculiar, yet dark zones display a number of microbial resemblances with black stains, which suggests a possible role of collembola in promoting these two types of microbial alterations on wall surfaces.
Published: 2022
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8. Bacterial microbiota of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae is altered by intoxication with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis

Author: Guillaume Tetreau, Stéphanie Grizard, Chandrashekhar D. Patil, Florence-Hélène Tran, Van Tran Van, Renaud Stalinski, Frédéric Laporte, Patrick Mavingui, Laurence Després, and Claire Valiente Moro
Subjects: Diptera, Bacillus thuringiensis, Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), Bacterial community fingerprinting, Larval microbiota, Holobiont, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background Insect microbiota is a dynamic microbial community that can actively participate in defense against pathogens. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a natural entomopathogen widely used as a bioinsecticide for pest control. Although Bt’s mode of action has been extensively studied, whether the presence of microbiota is mandatory for Bt to effectively kill the insect is still under debate. An association between a higher tolerance and a modified microbiota was already evidenced but a critical point remained to be solved: is the modified microbiota a cause or a consequence of a higher tolerance to Bt? Methods In this study we focused on the mosquito species Aedes aegypti, as no work has been performed on Diptera on this topic to date, and on B. thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), which is used worldwide for mosquito control. To avoid using antibiotics to cure bacterial microbiota, mosquito larvae were exposed to an hourly increasing dose of Bti during 25 hours to separate the most susceptible larvae dying quickly from more tolerant individuals, with longer survival. Results Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting revealed that mosquito larval bacterial microbiota was strongly affected by Bti infection after only a few hours of exposure. Bacterial microbiota from the most tolerant larvae showed the lowest diversity but the highest inter-individual differences. The proportion of Bti in the host tissue was reduced in the most tolerant larvae as compared to the most susceptible ones, suggesting an active control of Bti infection by the host. Conclusions Here we show that a modified microbiota is associated with a higher tolerance of mosquitoes to Bti, but that it is rather a consequence of Bti infection than the cause of the higher tolerance. This study paves the way to future investigations aiming at unraveling the role of host immunity, inter-species bacterial competition and kinetics of host colonization by Bti that could be at the basis of the phenotype observed in this study.
Published: 2018
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9. The mosquito holobiont: fresh insight into mosquito-microbiota interactions

Author: Morgane Guégan, Karima Zouache, Colin Démichel, Guillaume Minard, Van Tran Van, Patrick Potier, Patrick Mavingui, and Claire Valiente Moro
Subjects: Mosquito, Pan-microbiota, Multiple interactions, Symbiosis, Adaptation, Pathogen transmission, Microbial ecology, QR100-130
Abstract: Abstract The holobiont concept was first developed for coral ecosystems but has been extended to multiple organisms, including plants and other animals. Studies on insect-associated microbial communities have produced strong evidence that symbiotic bacteria play a major role in host biology. However, the understanding of these symbiotic relationships has mainly been limited to phytophagous insects, while the role of host-associated microbiota in haematophagous insect vectors remains largely unexplored. Mosquitoes are a major global public health concern, with a concomitant increase in people at risk of infection. The global emergence and re-emergence of mosquito-borne diseases has led many researchers to study both the mosquito host and its associated microbiota. Although most of these studies have been descriptive, they have led to a broad description of the bacterial communities hosted by mosquito populations. This review describes key advances and progress in the field of the mosquito microbiota research while also encompassing other microbes and the environmental factors driving their composition and diversity. The discussion includes recent findings on the microbiota functional roles and underlines their interactions with the host biology and pathogen transmission. Insight into the ecology of multipartite interactions, we consider that conferring the term holobiont to the mosquito and its microbiota is useful to get a comprehensive understanding of the vector pathosystem functioning so as to be able to develop innovative and efficient novel vector control strategies.
Published: 2018
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10. Bacterial microbiota associated with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.) ticks from France, Senegal and Arizona

Author: Magalie René-Martellet, Guillaume Minard, Raphael Massot, Van Tran Van, Claire Valiente Moro, Luc Chabanne, and Patrick Mavingui
Subjects: Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Symbionts, Coxiella, Rickettsia, Bacillus, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background Ticks of the group Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) are distributed worldwide and are major pathogen vectors of both dogs and humans. Previous phylogenetic reconstructions have suggested the existence of two main lineages within this group, “Tropical” and “Temperate”. Symbiotic interactions contribute to vector development, survival, reproduction and competence. The diversity of microbial communities associated with different populations of R. sanguineus (s.l.) remains poorly characterized, however, this knowledge will aid in future studies of hosts-microbiota-pathogen interactions. To gain insight into the bacterial communities associated with R. sanguineus (s.l.) ticks, 40 specimens from France, Senegal and Arizona were analyzed by high-throughput 16S amplicon sequencing. All tick specimens were taxonomically classified using the mitochondrial 12S rDNA gene, which provides sufficient phylogenetic resolution to discriminate different lineages of R. sanguineus. Results Rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.) samples from Senegal belonged to the “Tropical” lineage, samples from France belonged to the “Temperate” lineage, whereas both lineages were identified in samples from Arizona. Regardless of origin, each bacterial microbiota was dominated by three genera: Coxiella, Rickettsia and Bacillus. Rickettsia and Coxiella were the two main genera found in females whereas males had a higher proportion of Bacillus. Significant differences of relative abundances were evidenced between specimens from different geographical origins. Conclusions This study highlights differences in the microbiota composition within R. sanguineus (s.l.) specimens from different genotypes, genders and geographical origins. This knowledge will help in future studies of the symbiotic interactions, biology and vector competence of the R. sanguineus (s.l.) complex.
Published: 2017
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11. Comprehensive proteome profiling in Aedes albopictus to decipher Wolbachia-arbovirus interference phenomenon

Author: Yoann Saucereau, Claire Valiente Moro, Cindy Dieryckx, Jean-William Dupuy, Florence-Hélène Tran, Vincent Girard, Patrick Potier, and Patrick Mavingui
Subjects: Aedes albopictus, Wolbachia, Viral inhibition, Proteome, Glycolysis, Metabolism, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: Abstract Background Aedes albopictus is a vector of arboviruses that cause severe diseases in humans such as Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika fevers. The vector competence of Ae. albopictus varies depending on the mosquito population involved and the virus transmitted. Wolbachia infection status in believed to be among key elements that determine viral transmission efficiency. Little is known about the cellular functions mobilized in Ae. albopictus during co-infection by Wolbachia and a given arbovirus. To decipher this tripartite interaction at the molecular level, we performed a proteome analysis in Ae. albopictus C6/36 cells mono-infected by Wolbachia wAlbB strain or Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and bi-infected. Results We first confirmed significant inhibition of CHIKV by Wolbachia. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by nano liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, we identified 600 unique differentially expressed proteins mostly related to glycolysis, translation and protein metabolism. Wolbachia infection had greater impact on cellular functions than CHIKV infection, inducing either up or down-regulation of proteins associated with metabolic processes such as glycolysis and ATP metabolism, or structural glycoproteins and capsid proteins in the case of bi-infection with CHIKV. CHIKV infection inhibited expression of proteins linked with the processes of transcription, translation, lipid storage and miRNA pathways. Conclusions The results of our proteome profiling have provided new insights into the molecular pathways involved in tripartite Ae. albopictus-Wolbachia-CHIKV interaction and may help defining targets for the better implementation of Wolbachia-based strategies for disease transmission control.
Published: 2017
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12. Identification of sympatric cryptic species of Aedes albopictus subgroup in Vietnam: new perspectives in phylosymbiosis of insect vector

Author: Guillaume Minard, Van Tran Van, Florence Hélène Tran, Christian Melaun, Sven Klimpel, Lisa Katharina Koch, Khanh Ly Huynh Kim, Trang Huynh Thi Thuy, Huu Tran Ngoc, Patrick Potier, Patrick Mavingui, and Claire Valiente Moro
Subjects: Asian tiger mosquito, Sibling species, Wolbachia, Microbiota, Dysgonomonas, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background The Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus subgroup includes 11 cryptic species of which Ae. albopictus is the most widely distributed. Its global expansion associated with a documented vector competence for several emerging arboviruses raise obvious concerns in the recently colonized regions. While several studies have provided important insights regarding medical importance of Ae. albopicus, the investigations of the other sibling species are scarce. In Asia, indigenous populations within the Ae. albopictus subgroup can be found in sympatry. In the present study, we aimed to describe and compare molecular, morphological and bacterial symbionts composition among sympatric individuals from the Ae. albopictus subgroup inhabiting a Vietnamese protected area. Results Based on morphological structure of the cibarial armarture, we identified a cryptic species in the forest park at Bù Gia Mập in the south-eastern region of Vietnam. Analysis of nuclear (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and mitochondrial (cox1, nad5) markers confirmed the divergence between the cryptic species and Ae. albopictus. Analysis of midgut bacterial microbiota revealed a strong similarity among the two species with a notable difference; contrary to Ae. albopictus, the cryptic species did not harbour any Wolbachia infection. Conclusions These results could reflect either a recent invasion of Wolbachia in Ae. albopictus or alternatively a loss of this symbiont in the cryptic species. We argue that neglected species of the Ae. albopictus subgroup are of main importance in order to estimate variation of host-symbionts interactions across evolution.
Published: 2017
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13. Diversity and Functions of Yeast Communities Associated with Insects

Author: Simon Malassigné, Guillaume Minard, Laurent Vallon, Edwige Martin, Claire Valiente Moro, and Patricia Luis
Subjects: insect-microbiota interactions, mycobiota, yeast communities, insects, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Following the concept of the holobiont, insect-microbiota interactions play an important role in insect biology. Many examples of host-associated microorganisms have been reported to drastically influence insect biological processes such as development, physiology, nutrition, survival, immunity, or even vector competence. While a huge number of studies on insect-associated microbiota have focused on bacteria, other microbial partners including fungi have been comparatively neglected. Yeasts, which establish mostly commensal or symbiotic relationships with their host, can dominate the mycobiota of certain insects. This review presents key advances and progress in the research field highlighting the diversity of yeast communities associated with insects, as well as their impact on insect life-history traits, immunity, and behavior.
Published: 2021
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14. Microorganisms Associated with Mosquito Oviposition Sites: Implications for Habitat Selection and Insect Life Histories

Author: Maxime Girard, Edwige Martin, Laurent Vallon, Vincent Raquin, Christophe Bellet, Yves Rozier, Emmanuel Desouhant, Anne-Emmanuelle Hay, Patricia Luis, Claire Valiente Moro, and Guillaume Minard
Subjects: microbiota, microbiome, mosquitoes, behavior, oviposition, larval habitat, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Mosquitoes are considered one of the most important threats worldwide due to their ability to vector pathogens. They are responsible for the transmission of major pathogens such as malaria, dengue, zika, or chikungunya. Due to the lack of treatments or prophylaxis against many of the transmitted pathogens and an increasing prevalence of mosquito resistance to insecticides and drugs available, alternative strategies are now being explored. Some of these involve the use of microorganisms as promising agent to limit the fitness of mosquitoes, attract or repel them, and decrease the replication and transmission of pathogenic agents. In recent years, the importance of microorganisms colonizing the habitat of mosquitoes has particularly been investigated since they appeared to play major roles in their development and diseases transmission. In this issue, we will synthesize researches investigating how microorganisms present within water habitats may influence breeding site selection and oviposition strategies of gravid mosquito females. We will also highlight the impact of such microbes on the fate of females’ progeny during their immature stages with a specific focus on egg hatching, development rate, and larvae or pupae survival.
Published: 2021
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15. Comparative Analysis of the Bacterial and Fungal Communities in the Gut and the Crop of Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes: A Preliminary Study

Author: Morgane Guégan, Edwige Martin, and Claire Valiente Moro
Subjects: mosquito, microbiota, diverticula, crop, gut, Aedes, Medicine
Abstract: The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a major pathogen vector and one of the world’s most invasive species. In recent years, the study of mosquito-associated microbiota has received growing interest for reducing transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. Most of studies on mosquito microbiota mainly focused on the gut bacteria. However, microorganisms can also colonize other organs and are not restricted to bacteria. In mosquitoes, the crop is the primary storage organ for sugars from the nectar feeding before it is transferred into the midgut for digestion. No study has yet investigated whether this organ can harbor microorganisms in Ae. albopictus. By using high-throughput sequencing, this study is the first to describe the microbiota including both bacteria and fungi in sugar-fed Ae. albopictus males and females. The results showed the presence of diverse and rich bacterial and fungal communities in the crop of both sexes that did not strongly differ from the community composition and structure found in the gut. Altogether, our results provide a thorough description of the crop-associated microbiota in Ae. albopictus which can open new avenues for further studies on trophic interactions between the mosquito and its microbiota.
Published: 2020
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16. Mosquito Mycobiota: An Overview of Non-Entomopathogenic Fungal Interactions

Author: Simon Malassigné, Claire Valiente Moro, and Patricia Luis
Subjects: mosquito-microbiota interactions, mycobiota, Aedes-Anopheles-Culex spp, Medicine
Abstract: The growing expansion of mosquito vectors leads to the emergence of vector-borne diseases in new geographic areas and causes major public health concerns. In the absence of effective preventive treatments against most pathogens transmitted, vector control remains one of the most suitable strategies to prevent mosquito-borne diseases. Insecticide overuse raises mosquito resistance and deleterious impacts on the environment and non-target species. Growing knowledge of mosquito biology has allowed the development of alternative control methods. Following the concept of holobiont, mosquito-microbiota interactions play an important role in mosquito biology. Associated microbiota is known to influence many aspects of mosquito biology such as development, survival, immunity or even vector competence. Mosquito-associated microbiota is composed of bacteria, fungi, protists, viruses and nematodes. While an increasing number of studies have focused on bacteria, other microbial partners like fungi have been largely neglected despite their huge diversity. A better knowledge of mosquito-mycobiota interactions offers new opportunities to develop innovative mosquito control strategies. Here, we review the recent advances concerning the impact of mosquito-associated fungi, and particularly nonpathogenic fungi, on life-history traits (development, survival, reproduction), vector competence and behavior of mosquitoes by focusing on Culex, Aedes and Anopheles species.
Published: 2020
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17. Should the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae be of wider concern for veterinary and medical science?

Author: David R George, Robert D Finn, Kirsty M Graham, Monique F Mul, Veronika Maurer, Claire Valiente Moro, and Olivier AE Sparagano
Subjects: Gamasoidosis, Dermanyssus gallinae, Avian mite dermatitis, Host expansion, Non-host feeding, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae is best known as a threat to the laying-hen industry; adversely affecting production and hen health and welfare throughout the globe, both directly and through its role as a disease vector. Nevertheless, D. gallinae is being increasingly implemented in dermatological complaints in non-avian hosts, suggesting that its significance may extend beyond poultry. The main objective of the current work was to review the potential of D. gallinae as a wider veterinary and medical threat. Results demonstrated that, as an avian mite, D. gallinae is unsurprisingly an occasional pest of pet birds. However, research also supports that these mites will feed from a range of other animals including: cats, dogs, rodents, rabbits, horses and man. We conclude that although reported cases of D. gallinae infesting mammals are relatively rare, when coupled with the reported genetic plasticity of this species and evidence of permanent infestations on non-avian hosts, potential for host-expansion may exist. The impact of, and mechanisms and risk factors for such expansion are discussed, and suggestions for further work made. Given the potential severity of any level of host-expansion in D. gallinae, we conclude that further research should be urgently conducted to confirm the full extent of the threat posed by D. gallinae to (non-avian) veterinary and medical sectors.
Published: 2015
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18. Shared larval rearing environment, sex, female size and genetic diversity shape Ae. albopictus bacterial microbiota.

Author: Guillaume Minard, Florence-Hélène Tran, Van Tran Van, Corentin Fournier, Patrick Potier, David Roiz, Patrick Mavingui, and Claire Valiente Moro
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus became of public health concern as it can replicate and transmit viral and filarial pathogens with a strong invasive success over the world. Various strategies have been proposed to reduce mosquito population's vectorial capacity. Among them, symbiotic control of mosquito borne disease offers promising perspectives. Such method is likely to be affected by the dynamics of mosquito-associated symbiotic communities, which might in turn be affected by host genotype and environment. Our previous study suggested a correlation between mosquitoes' origin, genetic diversity and midgut bacterial diversity. To distinguish the impact of those factors, we have been studying the midgut bacterial microbiota of two Ae. albopictus populations from tropical (La Réunion) and temperate (Montpellier) origins under controlled laboratory conditions. the two populations experienced random mating or genetic bottleneck. Microbiota composition did not highlight any variation of the α and β-diversities in bacterial communities related to host's populations. However, sizes of the mosquitoes were negatively correlated with the bacterial α-diversity of females. Variations in mosquito sex were associated with a shift in the composition of bacterial microbiota. The females' mosquitoes also exhibited changes in the microbiota composition according to their size and after experiencing a reduction of their genetic diversity. These results provide a framework to investigate the impact of population dynamics on the symbiotic communities associated with the tiger mosquito.
Published: 2018
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19. Co-infection of Ticks: The Rule Rather Than the Exception.

Author: Sara Moutailler, Claire Valiente Moro, Elise Vaumourin, Lorraine Michelet, Florence Hélène Tran, Elodie Devillers, Jean-François Cosson, Patrick Gasqui, Van Tran Van, Patrick Mavingui, Gwenaël Vourc'h, and Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: INTRODUCTION:Ticks are the most common arthropod vectors of both human and animal diseases in Europe, and the Ixodes ricinus tick species is able to transmit a large number of bacteria, viruses and parasites. Ticks may also be co-infected with several pathogens, with a subsequent high likelihood of co-transmission to humans or animals. However few data exist regarding co-infection prevalences, and these studies only focus on certain well-known pathogens. In addition to pathogens, ticks also carry symbionts that may play important roles in tick biology, and could interfere with pathogen maintenance and transmission. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of 38 pathogens and four symbionts and their co-infection levels as well as possible interactions between pathogens, or between pathogens and symbionts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:A total of 267 Ixodes ricinus female specimens were collected in the French Ardennes and analyzed by high-throughput real-time PCR for the presence of 37 pathogens (bacteria and parasites), by rRT-PCR to detect the presence of Tick-Borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and by nested PCR to detect four symbionts. Possible multipartite interactions between pathogens, or between pathogens and symbionts were statistically evaluated. Among the infected ticks, 45% were co-infected, and carried up to five different pathogens. When adding symbiont prevalences, all ticks were infected by at least one microorganism, and up to eight microorganisms were identified in the same tick. When considering possible interactions between pathogens, the results suggested a strong association between Borrelia garinii and B. afzelii, whereas there were no significant interactions between symbionts and pathogens. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE:Our study reveals high pathogen co-infection rates in ticks, raising questions about possible co-transmission of these agents to humans or animals, and their consequences to human and animal health. We also demonstrated high prevalence rates of symbionts co-existing with pathogens, opening new avenues of enquiry regarding their effects on pathogen transmission and vector competence.
Published: 2016
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20. Correction: Native Wolbachia from Aedes albopictus Blocks Chikungunya Virus Infection In Cellulo.

Author: Vincent Raquin, Claire Valiente Moro, Yoann Saucereau, Florence-Hélène Tran, Patrick Potier, and Patrick Mavingui
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Published: 2015
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21. Native Wolbachia from Aedes albopictus Blocks Chikungunya Virus Infection In Cellulo.

Author: Vincent Raquin, Claire Valiente Moro, Yoann Saucereau, Florence-Hélène Tran, Patrick Potier, and Patrick Mavingui
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Wolbachia, a widespread endosymbiont of terrestrial arthropods, can protect its host against viral and parasitic infections, a phenotype called "pathogen blocking". However, in some cases Wolbachia may have no effect or even enhance pathogen infection, depending on the host-Wolbachia-pathogen combination. The tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is naturally infected by two strains of Wolbachia, wAlbA and wAlbB, and is a competent vector for different arboviruses such as dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Interestingly, it was shown in some cases that Ae. albopictus native Wolbachia strains are able to inhibit DENV transmission by limiting viral replication in salivary glands, but no such impact was measured on CHIKV replication in vivo. To better understand the Wolbachia/CHIKV/Ae. albopictus interaction, we generated a cellular model using Ae. albopictus derived C6/36 cells that we infected with the wAlbB strain. Our results indicate that CHIKV infection is negatively impacted at both RNA replication and virus assembly/secretion steps in presence of wAlbB. Using FISH, we observed CHIKV and wAlbB in the same mosquito cells, indicating that the virus is still able to enter the cell in the presence of the bacterium. Further work is needed to decipher molecular pathways involved in Wolbachia-CHIKV interaction at the cellular level, but this cellular model can be a useful tool to study the mechanism behind virus blocking phenotype induced by Wolbachia. More broadly, this put into question the ecological role of Wolbachia symbiont in Ae. albopictus, but also the ability of the CHIKV to counteract Wolbachia's antiviral potential in vivo.
Published: 2015
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22. Crosstalk between the microbiota and insect postembryonic development

Author: Maxime Girard, Patricia Luis, Claire Valiente Moro, and Guillaume Minard
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Infectious Diseases, Virology, Microbiology
Abstract: Insect sequential development evolves from a simple molt towards complete metamorphosis. Like any multicellular host, insects interact with a complex microbiota. In this review, factors driving the microbiota dynamics were pointed out along their development. Special focus was put on tissue renewal, shift in insect ecology, and microbial interactions. Conversely, how the microbiota modulates its host development through nutrient acquisition, hormonal control, and cellular or tissue differentiation was exemplified. Such modifications might have long-term carry-over effects on insect physiology. Finally, remarkable microbe-driven control of insect behaviors along their life cycle was highlighted. Increasing knowledge of those interactions might offer new insights on how insects respond to their environment as well as perspectives on pest- or vector-control strategies.
Published: 2023
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23. Reciprocal interactions between anthropogenic stressors and insect microbiota

Author: Pierre, Antonelli, Pénélope, Duval, Patricia, Luis, Guillaume, Minard, and Claire, Valiente Moro
Subjects: Insecta, Bacteria, Anthropogenic Effects, Microbiota, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Animals, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, General Medicine, Pollution, Xenobiotics
Abstract: Insects play many important roles in nature due to their diversity, ecological role, and impact on agriculture or human health. They are directly influenced by environmental changes and in particular anthropic activities that constitute an important driver of change in the environmental characteristics. Insects face numerous anthropogenic stressors and have evolved various detoxication mechanisms to survive and/or resist to these compounds. Recent studies highligted the pressure exerted by xenobiotics on insect life-cycle and the important role of insect-associated bacterial microbiota in the insect responses to environmental changes. Stressor exposure can have various impacts on the composition and structure of insect microbiota that in turn may influence insect biology. Moreover, bacterial communities associated with insects can be directly or indirectly involved in detoxification processes with the selection of certain microorganisms capable of degrading xenobiotics. Further studies are needed to assess the role of insect-associated microbiota as key contributor to the xenobiotic metabolism and thus as a driver for insect adaptation to polluted habitats.
Published: 2022
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24. Human-aided dispersal facilitates parasitism escape in the most invasive mosquito species

Author: Maxime Girard, Edwige Martin, Laurent Vallon, Van Tran Van, Camille Da Silva Carvalho, Justine Sacks, Zélia Bontemps, Julie Balteneck, Florence Colin, Pénélope Duval, Simon Malassigné, James Swanson, Ian Hennessee, Stephanie Jiang, Lucrecia Vizcaino, Yamila Romer, Nsa Dada, Khan Ly Huynh Kim, Trang Huynh Thi Thuy, Christophe Bellet, Gregory Lambert, Fara Nantenaina Raharimalala, Natapong Jupatanakul, Clement Goubert, Matthieu Boulesteix, Patrick Mavingui, Emmanuel Desouhant, Patricia Luis, Rémy Cazabet, Anne-Emmanuelle Hay, Claire Valiente Moro, and Guillaume Minard
Abstract: Human-aided invasion of alien species across the world sometimes leads to economic, health or environmental burdens. During invasion process, species encounter new environments and partially escape some ecological constrains they faced in their native range, while they face new ones. The Asian tiger mosquitoAedes albopictusis one of the most iconic invasive species that was introduced in every inhabited continent over a short period of time due to international trade. It has also been shown to be infected by a prevalent and yet disregarded gregarine entomoparasiteAscogregarina taiwanensis. In this study, we aimed at deciphering the global dynamics ofAs. taiwanensisinfection in naturalAe. albopictuspopulations and we further explored factors shaping its distribution. We showed thatAe. albopictuspopulations are highly colonized by severalAs. taiwanesisgenotypes but recently introduced ones are escaping the parasite. We further performed experiments to explain such pattern. First, we hypothesized that founder effects (i.e.population establishment by a small number of individuals) may influence the parasite dynamics. This was confirmed since experimental increase in mosquitoes’ density improves the parasite horizontal transmission to larvae. Furthermore,Ae. albopictuslarvae do not exhibit density dependent prophylaxis to control the parasite meaning that infection is not mitigated when larval density increases. Secondly, we hypothesized that unparasitized mosquitoes were more prompt to found new populations through active flight dispersal. This was, however, unlikely since parasitized mosquitoes tend to be more active than their unparasitized relatives. Finally, we hypothesized that mosquito passive dispersal (i.e.often mediated by human-aided transportation of dried eggs) affects the parasite infectiveness. Our results support this hypothesis since parasite infection decreases over time when dry eggs are stored. This study highlights the importance of global trade on parasitism escape in one of the most invasive vector species on earth.
Published: 2023
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25. Statistical modeling of chikungunya virus intra-vector infection dynamics in a FrenchAedes albopictuspopulation reveals an explosive epidemic potential

Author: Barbara Viginier, Céline Garnier, Lucie Cappuccio, Edwige Martin, Claire Valiente Moro, Albin Fontaine, Sébastian Lequime, Frédérick Arnaud, Maxime Ratinier, Vincent Raquin, Infections Virales et Pathologie Comparée - UMR 754 (IVPC), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de Parasitologie et d’Entomologie, Département des Maladies Infectieuses-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences [Groningen] (GELIFES), and University of Groningen [Groningen]
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology
Abstract: Arbovirus emergence and epidemic potential, as approximated by the vectorial capacity formula, depends on several host and vector parameters including vector intrinsic ability to transmit the pathogen. Such ability, called vector competence is influenced by biotic (e.g. virus and vector genotype) and abiotic (e.g. temperature). Vector competence is often evaluated as a qualitative phenotype although it is a multistep, time-dependent, quantitative phenotype. Combination of experimental and modelling approaches can i) capture intra-vector dynamics of arboviral infection and ii) use data to estimate arbovirus epidemic potential. Here, we measured individualAedes albopictus(Lyon, France) mosquitoes infection, dissemination, and transmission rate upon oral exposure to chikungunya virus (CHIKV, La Reunion Island isolate) at eleven time-points from day 2 to day 20 post-exposure (dpe) for a range of CHIKV infectious doses spanning human viremia. Statistical modelisation indicates an explosive CHIKV intra-vector dynamics mainly due to an absence of dissemination barrier with 100% of the infected mosquitoes ultimately exhibiting a disseminated infection regardless of the viral dose. Transmission rate data revealed a time and dose-dependent but overall weak transmission barrier with individuals transmitting as soon as 2 dpe and >50% infectious mosquitoes at 6 dpe for the highest dose. Epidemiological simulations conducted with an Agent-Based Model based on experimental intra-vector dynamics data showed that even at low mosquito biting rates, CHIKV triggers explosive outbreaks. Together, this reveals the high epidemic potential of this CHIKV isolate with this French metropolitan population ofAedes albopictus.
Published: 2022
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26. Larval habitat determines the bacterial and fungal microbiota of the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti

Author: Karima Zouache, Edwige Martin, Nil Rahola, Marc F Gangue, Guillaume Minard, Audrey Dubost, Van Tran Van, Laura Dickson, Diego Ayala, Louis Lambrechts, Claire Valiente Moro, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM), Interactions Virus-Insectes - Insect-Virus Interactions (IVI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, This work was primarily funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant ANR-16-CE35-0004-01 to LL and CVM). It was also supported by the French Government's Investissement d'Avenir program Laboratoire d'Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID to LL)., ANR-16-CE35-0004,MOSQUIBIOTA,Contribution de la diversité bactérienne intestinale à la capacité vectorielle d'Aedes aegypti(2016), and ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010)
Subjects: animal structures, mosquito, Mosquito Vectors, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiology, larva, Aedes, parasitic diseases, microbiota, Animals, MESH: Microbiota, MESH: Animals, bacteria, Ecology, breeding site, fungi, MESH: Aedes, Plant Breeding, MESH: Bacteria, MESH: Plant Breeding, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, MESH: Mosquito Vectors, mycobiota, MESH: Larva, Mycobiome, MESH: Mycobiome
Abstract: Mosquito larvae are naturally exposed to microbial communities present in a variety of larval development sites. Several earlier studies have highlighted that the larval habitat influences the composition of the larval bacterial microbiota. However, little information is available on their fungal microbiota, i.e. the mycobiota. In this study, we provide the first simultaneous characterization of the bacterial and fungal microbiota in field-collected Aedes aegypti larvae and their respective aquatic habitats. We evaluated whether the microbial communities associated with the breeding site may affect the composition of both the bacterial and fungal communities in Ae. aegypti larvae. Our results show a higher similarity in microbial community structure for both bacteria and fungi between larvae and the water in which larvae develop than between larvae from different breeding sites. This supports the hypothesis that larval habitat is a major factor driving microbial composition in mosquito larvae. Since the microbiota plays an important role in mosquito biology, unravelling the network of interactions that operate between bacteria and fungi is essential to better understand the functioning of the mosquito holobiont.
Published: 2022
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27. Vector microbiota manipulation by host antibodies: the forgotten strategy to develop transmission-blocking vaccines

Author: Apolline Maitre, Alejandra Wu-Chuang, Justė Aželytė, Vaidas Palinauskas, Lourdes Mateos-Hernández, Dasiel Obregon, Adnan Hodžić, Claire Valiente Moro, Agustín Estrada-Peña, Jean-Christophe Paoli, Alessandra Falchi, Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz, Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Systèmes d'Elevage Méditerranéens et Tropicaux - Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Développement de l'Elevage (SELMET-LRDE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Corse (UDC), Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania., University of Guelph, University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza]
Subjects: Plasmodium-Falciparum, Borrelia-Burgdorferi, Immunoglobulin-G, Dermacentor-Variabilis, Rhodnius-Prolixus, Trypanosoma-Cruzi, Cattle Tick, Hemolymph, Complement, Diptera, Arthropod Vectors, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Review, Antibodies, Salivary Glands, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Infectious Diseases, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Vaccine Development, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Animals, Humans, Parasitology
Abstract: Human and animal pathogens that are transmitted by arthropods are a global concern, particularly those vectored by ticks (e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi and tick-borne encephalitis virus) and mosquitoes (e.g. malaria and dengue virus). Breaking the circulation of pathogens in permanent foci by controlling vectors using acaricide-based approaches is threatened by the selection of acaricide resistance in vector populations, poor management practices and relaxing of control measures. Alternative strategies that can reduce vector populations and/or vector-mediated transmission are encouraged worldwide. In recent years, it has become clear that arthropod-associated microbiota are involved in many aspects of host physiology and vector competence, prompting research into vector microbiota manipulation. Here, we review how increased knowledge of microbial ecology and vector-host interactions is driving the emergence of new concepts and tools for vector and pathogen control. We focus on the immune functions of host antibodies taken in the blood meal as they can target pathogens and microbiota bacteria within hematophagous arthropods. Anti-microbiota vaccines are presented as a tool to manipulate the vector microbiota and interfere with the development of pathogens within their vectors. Since the importance of some bacterial taxa for colonization of vector-borne pathogens is well known, the disruption of the vector microbiota by host antibodies opens the possibility to develop novel transmission-blocking vaccines.
Published: 2021
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28. Mosquito-bacteria interactions during larval development trigger metabolic changes with carry-over effects on adult fitness

Author: Stéphanie Dabo, Louis Lambrechts, Giraud É, Laura B. Dickson, Hugo Varet, Rachel Legendre, Claire Valiente Moro, Odile Sismeiro, and Fabien Aubry
Subjects: Larva, Paenibacillus, biology, fungi, Zoology, Lysobacter, Aedes aegypti, biology.organism_classification, Phenotype, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteria, Flavobacterium
Abstract: In animals with distinct life stages such as holometabolous insects, adult phenotypic variation is often shaped by the environment of immature stages, including their interactions with microbes colonizing larval habitats. Such carry-over effects were previously observed for several adult traits of the mosquito Aedes aegypti after larval exposure to different bacteria, but the mechanistic underpinnings are unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular changes triggered by gnotobiotic larval exposure to different bacteria in Ae. aegypti. We initially screened a panel of 16 bacterial isolates from natural mosquito breeding sites to determine their ability to influence adult life-history traits. We subsequently focused on four bacterial isolates (belonging to Flavobacterium, Lysobacter, Paenibacillus, and Enterobacteriaceae) with significant carry-over effects on adult survival and found that they were associated with distinct transcriptomic profiles throughout mosquito development. Moreover, we detected carry-over effects at the level of gene expression for the Flavobacterium and Paenibacillus isolates. The most prominent transcriptomic changes in gnotobiotic larvae reflected a profound remodeling of lipid metabolism, which translated into phenotypic differences in lipid storage and starvation resistance at the adult stage. Together, our findings indicate that larval exposure to environmental bacteria trigger substantial physiological changes that impact adult fitness, uncovering a mechanism underlying carry-over effects of mosquito-bacteria interactions during larval development.
Published: 2021
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29. Mosquito‐bacteria interactions during larval development trigger metabolic changes with carry‐over effects on adult fitness

Author: Émilie Giraud, Hugo Varet, Rachel Legendre, Odile Sismeiro, Fabien Aubry, Stéphanie Dabo, Laura B. Dickson, Claire Valiente Moro, Louis Lambrechts, Interactions Virus-Insectes - Insect-Virus Interactions (IVI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biomics (plateforme technologique), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Biologie des Bactéries pathogènes à Gram-positif - Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), This work was primarily funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant ANR-16-CE35-0004-01). It was also supported by the French Government’s Investissement d’Avenir program Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID to LL), and the City of Paris Emergence(s) program in Biomedical Research (to LL). The Biomics platform was supported by France Génomique (ANR-10-INBS-09-09) and IBISA., ANR-16-CE35-0004,MOSQUIBIOTA,Contribution de la diversité bactérienne intestinale à la capacité vectorielle d'Aedes aegypti(2016), ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-10-INBS-0009,France-Génomique,Organisation et montée en puissance d'une Infrastructure Nationale de Génomique(2010), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, vector competence, Bacteria, Microbiota, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, fungi, gnotobiotic, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes aegypti, Aedes, Larva, Genetics, Animals, triglyceride, transcriptome, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: International audience; In animals with distinct life stages such as holometabolous insects, adult phenotypic variation is often shaped by the environment of immature stages, including their interactions with microbes colonizing larval habitats. Such carry-over effects were previously observed for several adult traits of the mosquito Aedes aegypti after larval exposure to different bacteria, but the mechanistic underpinnings are unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular changes triggered by gnotobiotic larval exposure to different bacteria in Ae. aegypti. We initially screened a panel of 16 bacterial isolates from natural mosquito breeding sites to determine their ability to influence adult life-history traits. We subsequently focused on four bacterial isolates (belonging to Flavobacterium, Lysobacter, Paenibacillus, and Enterobacteriaceae) with significant carry-over effects on adult survival and found that they were associated with distinct transcriptomic profiles throughout mosquito development. Moreover, we detected carry-over effects at the level of gene expression for the Flavobacterium and Paenibacillus isolates. The most prominent transcriptomic changes in gnotobiotic larvae reflected a profound remodeling of lipid metabolism, which translated into phenotypic differences in lipid storage and starvation resistance at the adult stage. Together, our findings indicate that larval exposure to environmental bacteria trigger substantial physiological changes that impact adult fitness, uncovering a possible mechanism underlying carry-over effects of mosquito-bacteria interactions during larval development.
Published: 2021
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30. Who is eating fructose within the Aedes albopictus gut microbiota?

Author: Guillaume Minard, Florence-Hélène Tran, Benjamin Fel, Anne-Emmanuelle Hay, Laurent Simon, Van Tran Van, Mohamed Barakat, Morgane Guégan, Claire Valiente Moro, Patrick Potier, Feth el Zahar Haichar, Edwige Martin, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère et d'Environnements Extrêmes (LEMIRE), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (ex-IBEB) (BIAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), ANR-13-EBID-0007,GC-INVAMOFECT,GLOBAL CHANGE AND INVASIVE MOSQUITOES AS INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISKS IN EUROPE(2013), European Project: 266546,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ERANET-2010-RTD,BIODIVERSA2(2010), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA))
Subjects: Male, Aedes albopictus, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, Fructose, Mosquito Vectors, Gut flora, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Aedes, Nectar, Animals, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Trophic level, 0303 health sciences, biology, Bacteria, 030306 microbiology, Host (biology), fungi, Fungi, Plant Nectar, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Microbial population biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Female, Cladosporium
Abstract: International audience; The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a major public health concern because of its invasive success and its ability to transmit pathogens. Given the low availability of treatments against mosquito-borne dis- eases, vector control remains the most suitable strat- egy. The methods used thus far are becoming less effective, but recent strategies have emerged from the study of mosquito-associated microorganisms. Although the role of the microbiota in insect biology does not require further proof, much remains to be deciphered in mosquitoes, especially the contribution of the microbiota to host nutrient metabolism. Mosqui- toes feed on plant nectar, composed of mostly fruc- tose. We used stable isotope probing to identify bacteria and fungi assimilating fructose within the gut of Ae. albopictus. Mosquitoes were fed a 13C-labelled fructose solution for 24 h. Differences in the active microbial community according to the sex of mosqui- toes were highlighted. The bacterium Lelliottia and the fungi Cladosporium and Aspergillus dominated the active microbiota in males, whereas the bacterium Ampullimonas and the yeast Cyberlindnera were the most active in females. This study is the first to investi- gate trophic interactions between Ae. albopictus and its microbiota, thus underscoring the importance of the microbial component in nectar feeding in mosquitoes.
Published: 2020
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31. Identification of human skin bacteria attractive to the Asian Tiger mosquito

Author: Claire Valiente Moro, Guillaume Minard, Serge Michalet, Gilles Comte, Florence-Hélène Tran, Guillaume Meiffren, Yoann Saucereau, Van Tran Van, Wilfried Chevalier, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), and French National Research Program for Environmental and Occupational Health of ANSES 2014/1/020IDEXLYON project from the University of Lyon ANR-16-IDEX-0005
Subjects: Adult, Male, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles gambiae, Zoology, Human skin, Aedes aegypti, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, Mosquito Vectors, Microbiology, Insecticide Resistance, 03 medical and health sciences, Aedes, Anopheles, Animals, Humans, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Skin, bactérie, 0303 health sciences, Volatile Organic Compounds, biology, Bacteria, 030306 microbiology, Microbiota, Feeding Behavior, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, moustique tigre, Insecticide resistance, Vector (epidemiology), identification, Identification (biology), Female
Abstract: International audience; Aedes albopictus is a vector of arboviruses and filarial nematodes. Originating from Asia, this mosquito has rapidly expanded its geographical distribution and colonized areas across both temperate and tropical regions. Due to the increase in insecticide resistance, the use of environmentally friendly vector control methods is encouraged worldwide. Using methods based on semiochemicals in baited traps are promising for management of mosquito populations. Interestingly, human skin microbiota was shown to generate volatile compounds that attract the mosquito species Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti. Here, we investigated the composition of skin bacteria from different volunteers and the attractive potential of individual isolates to nulliparous Ae. albopictus females. We showed that three out of 16 tested isolates were more attractive and two were more repulsive. We identified dodecenol as being preferentially produced by attractive isolates and 2-methyl-1-butanol (and to a lesser extent 3-methyl-1-butanol) as being overproduced by these isolates compared with the other ones. Those bacterial volatile organic compounds represent promising candidates but further studies are needed to evaluate their potential application for baited traps improvement.
Published: 2019
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32. Online Reproducible Research: An Application to Multivariate Analysis of Bacterial DNA Fingerprint Data.

Author: Jean Thioulouse, Claire Valiente-Moro, and Lionel Zenner
Published: 2010
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33. Short-term impacts of anthropogenic stressors on Aedes albopictus mosquito vector microbiota

Author: Van Tran Van, Guillaume Minard, Florence-Hélène Tran, Morgane Guégan, Claire Valiente Moro, Audrey Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), ERA-NET BiodivERsA [ANR-13-EBID-0007–01], [FWF I-1437], [DFG KL 2087/6–1], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, moustique, food.ingredient, Aedes albopictus, Range (biology), Elizabethkingia, Climate, 030106 microbiology, Chryseobacterium, Mosquito Vectors, asian tiger mosquito, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiology, antibiotics, antibiotique, 03 medical and health sciences, food, microbiote, Aedes, antibiotic, microbiota, Animals, Humans, Microbiome, mosquitoes, metataxogenomic, Ecology, biology, Bacteroidetes, temperature, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Bacteroidales, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, 13. Climate action, Vector (epidemiology), Dysbiosis, Wolbachia, Flavobacteriaceae
Abstract: Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of microbiota in the biology of the Aedes albopictus mosquito vector. This species is highly anthropogenic and exhibits marked ecological plasticity, with a resulting high potential to colonize a wide range of habitats-including anthropized areas-under various climatic conditions. We put forward the hypothesis that climate and anthropogenic activities, such as the use of antibiotics in agriculture and human medicine, might affect the mosquito-associated bacterial community. We thus studied the additive impact of a temperature decrease and antibiotic ingestion on the temporal dynamics of Ae. albopictus survival and its associated bacterial communities. The results showed no effects of disturbances on mosquito survival. However, short-term temperature impacts on bacterial diversity were observed, while both the community structure and bacterial diversity were affected by early antibiotic ingestion. The genera Elizabethkingia, Chryseobacterium and Wolbachia, as well as an unclassified member of the Bacteroidales order were particularly affected. Antibiotics negatively impacted Elizabethkingia abundance, while Chryseobacterium was completely eliminated following both disturbances, to the benefit of Wolbachia and the unclassified Bacteroidales species. These results generated fresh insight into the effects of climate and anthropogenic activities such as the use of antibiotics on mosquito microbiota.
Published: 2018
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34. Bacterial microbiota associated with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.) ticks from France, Senegal and Arizona

Author: Van Tran Van, Guillaume Minard, Patrick Mavingui, Raphaël Massot, Luc Chabanne, Magalie René-Martellet, Claire Valiente Moro, Biosciences, Life-history Evolution Research Group, Unité de recherche d'Épidémiologie Animale (UEA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Épidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques - UMR 346 (EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Metapopulation Research Centre [Helsinki] (MRC), University of Helsinki, VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), CNRS-INEE through Programme PEPS-Ecologie de la Sante ECOSAN, Unité Mixte de Recherche d'Épidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques (UMR EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Unité de recherche d'Épidémiologie Animale ( UEA ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical ( PIMIT ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien ( CYROI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion ( CHU La Réunion ), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Entomology, tique, Bacillus, ACARI, Coxiella, [ SDV.MP ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Acari, Dog Diseases, Rickettsia, Phylogeny, symbionts, coxiella, rhipicephalus sanguineus, bacillus, Phylogenetic tree, Geography, Ecology, Microbiota, Microbiology and Parasitology, BORNE DISEASES, Arizona, 319 Forensic science and other medical sciences, Symbionts, Senegal, Microbiologie et Parasitologie, Infectious Diseases, Genes, Mitochondrial, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Female, France, LATREILLE, Ixodidae, host pathogen systems, TRANSMISSION, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Zoology, Biology, Tick, analyse phylogénétique, DNA, Ribosomal, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Dogs, Sensu, microbiote, Phylogenetics, classification taxonomique, lcsh:RC109-216, Symbiosis, PATHOGENS, Research, interaction hôte pathogène, ANIMALS, Genetic Variation, Sequence Analysis, DNA, biology.organism_classification, TURANICUS, 030104 developmental biology, IXODIDAE, 1182 Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, Parasitology, COMMUNITIES
Abstract: Background Ticks of the group Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) are distributed worldwide and are major pathogen vectors of both dogs and humans. Previous phylogenetic reconstructions have suggested the existence of two main lineages within this group, “Tropical” and “Temperate”. Symbiotic interactions contribute to vector development, survival, reproduction and competence. The diversity of microbial communities associated with different populations of R. sanguineus (s.l.) remains poorly characterized, however, this knowledge will aid in future studies of hosts-microbiota-pathogen interactions. To gain insight into the bacterial communities associated with R. sanguineus (s.l.) ticks, 40 specimens from France, Senegal and Arizona were analyzed by high-throughput 16S amplicon sequencing. All tick specimens were taxonomically classified using the mitochondrial 12S rDNA gene, which provides sufficient phylogenetic resolution to discriminate different lineages of R. sanguineus. Results Rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.) samples from Senegal belonged to the “Tropical” lineage, samples from France belonged to the “Temperate” lineage, whereas both lineages were identified in samples from Arizona. Regardless of origin, each bacterial microbiota was dominated by three genera: Coxiella, Rickettsia and Bacillus. Rickettsia and Coxiella were the two main genera found in females whereas males had a higher proportion of Bacillus. Significant differences of relative abundances were evidenced between specimens from different geographical origins. Conclusions This study highlights differences in the microbiota composition within R. sanguineus (s.l.) specimens from different genotypes, genders and geographical origins. This knowledge will help in future studies of the symbiotic interactions, biology and vector competence of the R. sanguineus (s.l.) complex. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2352-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2017
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35. Bacterial diversity of cosmopolitan Culex pipiens and invasive Aedes japonicus from Germany

Author: Manuela Spaeth, Chinhda Xoumpholphakdy, Antje Steinbrink, Patrick Mavingui, Sina Zotzmann, Kathrin Schleich, Claire Valiente Moro, Sven Klimpel, Felix Frantzmann, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univ, Réunion, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Senckenberg Biodiversity & Climate Research Centre, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Goethe University, Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical ( PIMIT ), and Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Culex, [ SDV.BA.ZI ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, 030106 microbiology, 030231 tropical medicine, Zoology, Biology, [ SDV.MP.BAC ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, DNA, Ribosomal, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, law, Aedes, Aedes japonicus, Germany, Culex pipiens, Botany, [ SDV.EE.IEO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, Animals, Polymerase chain reaction, General Veterinary, Bacteria, Phylum, Microbiota, fungi, General Medicine, [SDV.EE.IEO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, biology.organism_classification, 16S ribosomal RNA, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 3. Good health, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Infectious Diseases, Bacterial diversity, Insect Science, [SDV.BA.ZI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Parasitology, Female, Proteobacteria, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Symbiotic bacteria, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; Symbiotic bacteria have gained significant attention in recent years. For example, microbiota of some mosquito species seems to influence the development and transmission of pathogens. Furthermore, several attempts using bacteria as a paratransgenetic tool have been made in order to assist the control of mosquito-borne diseases. In this study, we examined the bacterial diversity of wild-caught adult Culex (Cx.) pipiens and laboratory-reared adult Aedes japonicus (Ae. japonicus) in Germany using a culture-independent method. Genomic DNA was extracted from each specimen and submitted to PCR amplification of eubacterial 16S rDNA. After the cloning reaction , 28 bacterial transformants per sample containing the 16S rDNA inserts were selected per each sample for se-quencing. The analysed specimens of Cx. pipiens as well as of Ae. japonicus showed a diverse bacterial community including some common bacterial genera. Blast analysis allowed to identify 21 bacterial genera belonging to 2 phyla among the 23 specimens of Cx. pipiens. The 14 analysed Ae. japonicus revealed 11 bacterial genera belonging to 3 phyla. In both mosquito species, identified isolates were mainly Proteobacteria. Only 4 of the bacterial genera were found in both mosquito species, with the most prevalent genera Sphingomonas and Rahnella in Cx. pipiens and in Ae. japonicus respectively. Most of the bacterial genera found in our study have been identified in other mosquito species before. Due to the currently scarce data situation, ongoing examinations on the very abundant bacterial genera or species are strongly required to determine their relevance for the biology and adaptiveness of mosquitoes including pathogen-host relationship.
Published: 2017
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36. High-Throughput Sequencing of Transposable Element Insertions Suggests Adaptive Evolution of the Invasive Asian Tiger Mosquito Towards Temperate Environments

Author: Cristina Vieira, Claire Valiente Moro, Hélène Henri, Clément Goubert, Guillaume Minard, Matthieu Boulesteix, Patrick Mavingui, Eléments transposables, évolution, populations, Département génétique, interactions et évolution des génomes [LBBE] (GINSENG), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Equipe de recherche européenne en algorithmique et biologie formelle et expérimentale (ERABLE), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), French Ministry of Superior Education, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Universitaire de France, Federation de Recherche 41 'Bio-Environnement et Sante', Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive ( LBBE ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical ( PIMIT ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Université de la Réunion ( UR ), Equipe de recherche européenne en algorithmique et biologie formelle et expérimentale ( ERABLE ), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ), Institut Universitaire de France ( IUF ), and Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche ( M.E.N.E.S.R. )
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 0106 biological sciences, Aedes albopictus, Genotype, Climate, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], aedes albopictus, genome scan, Diapause, medicine.disease_cause, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Invasive species, DNA sequencing, invasive species, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Aedes, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Chikungunya, Genotyping, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Local adaptation, 0303 health sciences, Natural selection, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], biology, Ecology, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, biology.organism_classification, Adaptation, Physiological, Insect Vectors, Europe, 030104 developmental biology, Genetics, Population, Vietnam, Evolutionary biology, Vector (epidemiology), DNA Transposable Elements, transposable elements, local adaptation
Abstract: Invasive species represent unique opportunities to evaluate the role of local adaptation during colonization of new environments. Among these species, the Asian tiger mosquito,Aedes albopictus, is a threatening vector of several human viral diseases, including dengue and chikungunya, and raises concerns about the Zika fever. Its broad presence in both temperate and tropical environments has been considered the reflection of great “ecological plasticity”. However, no study has been conducted to assess the role of adaptive evolution in the ecological success ofAe. albopictusat the molecular level. In the present study, we performed a genomic scan to search for potential signatures of selection leading to local adaptation in one-hundred-forty field-collected mosquitoes from native populations of Vietnam and temperate invasive populations of Europe. High-throughput genotyping of transposable element insertions led to the discovery of more than 120 000 polymorphic loci, which, in their great majority, revealed a virtual absence of structure between the bio-geographic areas. Nevertheless, 92 outlier loci showed a high level of differentiation between temperate and tropical populations. The majority of these loci segregates at high insertion frequencies among European populations, indicating that this pattern could have been caused by recent adaptive evolution events in temperate areas. An analysis of the overlapping and neighboring genes highlighted several candidates, including diapause, lipid and juvenile hormone pathways.
Published: 2016
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37. The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae): a potential vector of pathogenic agents

Author: Lionel Zenner, Claire Valiente Moro, Carlos J. De Luna, Alexander Tod, Jonathan Guy, and Olivier Sparagano
Subjects: Mites, Salmonella Infections, Animal, Dermanyssidae, Ecology, Dermanyssus gallinae, biology, Transmission (medicine), business.industry, Salmonella enteritidis, Outbreak, General Medicine, Poultry farming, biology.organism_classification, Poultry, Host-Parasite Interactions, Microbiology, Animal ecology, Insect Science, Vector (epidemiology), Animals, Humans, Arachnid Vectors, business
Abstract: The poultry red mite, D. gallinae has been involved in the transmission of many pathogenic agents, responsible for serious diseases both in animals and humans. Nowadays, few effective methods are available to control the ectoparasite in poultry farms. Consequently, this is an emerging problem which must be taken into account to maintain good health in commercial egg production. This paper addresses the vector capacity of the ectoparasite with special emphasis on salmonellae, pathogenic agents responsible for many of the most important outbreaks of food-borne diseases worlwide. It has been experimentally shown that D. gallinae could act as a biological vector of S. enteritidis and natural carriage of these bacteria by the mite on poultry premises has also been reported. It was also found that D. gallinae carried other pathogens such as E. coli, Shigella sp., and Staphylococcus, thus increasing the list of pathogenic agents potentially transmitted by the mite.
Published: 2009
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38. Endosymbiotic bacteria living inside the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae)

Author: Olivier Sparagano, Claire Valiente Moro, Lionel Zenner, Jonathan Guy, and Carlos J. De Luna
Subjects: Xanthomonadaceae, Dermanyssus gallinae, Spiroplasma, Rickettsiella, Molecular Sequence Data, Zoology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Mite, Animals, Symbiosis, 030304 developmental biology, Mites, 0303 health sciences, Base Sequence, Ecology, biology, Obligate, Bacteroidetes, 030306 microbiology, Coxiellaceae, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, United Kingdom, Animal ecology, Insect Science, France, Rickettsiales, Bacteria
Abstract: This study investigated the endosymbiotic bacteria living inside the poultry red mite collected from five samples of one commercial farm from the UK and 16 farms from France using genus-specific PCR, PCR-TTGE and DNA sequencing. Endosymbiotic bacteria are intracellular obligate organisms that can cause several phenotypic and reproductive anomalies to their host and they are found widespread living inside arthropods. The farm sampled from the UK was positive for bacteria of the genera Cardinium sp. and Spiroplasma sp. From France, 7 farms were positive for Cardinium sp., 1 farm was positive for Spiroplasma sp., 1 farm was positive for Rickettsiella sp. and 2 farms were positive for Schineria sp. However, it was not possible to detect the presence of the genus Wolbachia sp. which has been observed in other ectoparasites. This study is the first report of the presence of endosymbionts living inside the poultry red mite. The results obtained suggest that it may be possible that these bacterial endosymbionts cause biological modifications to the poultry red mite.
Published: 2009
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39. Co-infection of Ticks: The Rule Rather Than the Exception

Author: Elise Vaumourin, Elodie Devillers, Gwenaël Vourc’h, Patrick Gasqui, Lorraine Michelet, Patrick Mavingui, Muriel Vayssier-Taussat, Florence Hélène Tran, Jean-François Cosson, Sara Moutailler, Claire Valiente Moro, Van Tran Van, Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche d'Épidémiologie Animale (UR EpiA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques ( BIPAR ), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -AFSSA-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Épidémiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques ( UMR EPIA ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical ( PIMIT ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien ( CYROI ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion ( CHU La Réunion ), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Épidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques - UMR 346 (EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Univ, Réunion, and École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Bacterial Diseases, [ SDV.BA.ZI ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Epidemiology, Disease Vectors, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 0302 clinical medicine, Lyme disease, Ticks, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Theileria, [ SDV.EE.IEO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, Medicine and Health Sciences, Pathogen, Flowering Plants, Lyme Disease, biology, Transmission (medicine), Coinfection, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Plants, 3. Good health, Bacterial Pathogens, [ SDV.MHEP.MI ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, RNA, Bacterial, Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, France, Pathogens, RNA, Protozoan, Research Article, DNA, Bacterial, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Ixodes ricinus, Arthropoda, Borrelia Burgdorferi, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, Babesia, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Rheumatology, Virology, Arachnida, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Microbial Pathogens, Ixodes, Bacteria, Ricinus, Borrelia, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, lcsh:RA1-1270, [SDV.EE.IEO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, DNA, Protozoan, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, bacterial infections and mycoses, Invertebrates, Borrelia Infection, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, 030104 developmental biology, Co-Infections, [SDV.BA.ZI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Animal Distribution, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: Introduction Ticks are the most common arthropod vectors of both human and animal diseases in Europe, and the Ixodes ricinus tick species is able to transmit a large number of bacteria, viruses and parasites. Ticks may also be co-infected with several pathogens, with a subsequent high likelihood of co-transmission to humans or animals. However few data exist regarding co-infection prevalences, and these studies only focus on certain well-known pathogens. In addition to pathogens, ticks also carry symbionts that may play important roles in tick biology, and could interfere with pathogen maintenance and transmission. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of 38 pathogens and four symbionts and their co-infection levels as well as possible interactions between pathogens, or between pathogens and symbionts. Methodology/principal findings A total of 267 Ixodes ricinus female specimens were collected in the French Ardennes and analyzed by high-throughput real-time PCR for the presence of 37 pathogens (bacteria and parasites), by rRT-PCR to detect the presence of Tick-Borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and by nested PCR to detect four symbionts. Possible multipartite interactions between pathogens, or between pathogens and symbionts were statistically evaluated. Among the infected ticks, 45% were co-infected, and carried up to five different pathogens. When adding symbiont prevalences, all ticks were infected by at least one microorganism, and up to eight microorganisms were identified in the same tick. When considering possible interactions between pathogens, the results suggested a strong association between Borrelia garinii and B. afzelii, whereas there were no significant interactions between symbionts and pathogens. Conclusion/significance Our study reveals high pathogen co-infection rates in ticks, raising questions about possible co-transmission of these agents to humans or animals, and their consequences to human and animal health. We also demonstrated high prevalence rates of symbionts co-existing with pathogens, opening new avenues of enquiry regarding their effects on pathogen transmission and vector competence., Author Summary Ticks transmit more pathogens than any other arthropod, and one single species can transmit a large variety of bacteria and parasites. Because co-infection might be much more common than previously thought, we evaluated the prevalence of 38 known or neglected tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Our results demonstrated that co-infection occurred in almost half of the infected ticks, and that ticks could be infected with up to five pathogens. Moreover, as it is well established that symbionts can affect pathogen transmission in arthropods, we also evaluated the prevalence of four symbiont species and demonstrated that all ticks were infected by at least one microorganism. This work highlights the co-infection phenomenon in ticks, which may have important implications for human and animal health, emphasizing the need for new diagnostic tests better adapted to tick-borne diseases. Finally, the high co-occurrence of symbionts and pathogens in ticks, reveals the necessity to also account for these interactions in the development of new alternative strategies to control ticks and tick-borne disease.
Published: 2016
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40. Should the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae be of wider concern for veterinary and medical science?

Author: Robert D. Finn, David George, Claire Valiente Moro, Monique F. Mul, Veronika Maurer, Kirsty Graham, Olivier Sparagano, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Northumbria University, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Sparagano, Olivier A. E.
Subjects: Male, Entomology, Veterinary medicine, Mite Infestations, Trombiculiasis, Dermanyssus gallinae, 040301 veterinary sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Emissie & Mestverwaarding, D300, Review, Trombiculidae, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Gamasoidosis, Tropical Medicine, medicine, Mite, Animals, Humans, Poultry Diseases, Host expansion, Avian mite dermatitis, Non-host feeding, ST-LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS, EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, BIRD MITES, CHICKEN MITES, SKIN-LESIONS, IN-VITRO, NOSOCOMIAL DERMATITIS, ACARI DERMANYSSIDAE, POTENTIAL VECTOR, PIGEON MITE, biology, Microbiology and Parasitology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Microbiologie et Parasitologie, 3. Good health, B900, Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Female, Emissions & Manure Valorisation, Medical science, Chickens
Abstract: The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae is best known as a threat to the laying-hen industry; adversely affecting production and hen health and welfare throughout the globe, both directly and through its role as a disease vector. Nevertheless, D. gallinae is being increasingly implemented in dermatological complaints in non-avian hosts, suggesting that its significance may extend beyond poultry. The main objective of the current work was to review the potential of D. gallinae as a wider veterinary and medical threat. Results demonstrated that, as an avian mite, D. gallinae is unsurprisingly an occasional pest of pet birds. However, research also supports that these mites will feed from a range of other animals including: cats, dogs, rodents, rabbits, horses and man. We conclude that although reported cases of D. gallinae infesting mammals are relatively rare, when coupled with the reported genetic plasticity of this species and evidence of permanent infestations on non-avian hosts, potential for host-expansion may exist. The impact of, and mechanisms and risk factors for such expansion are discussed, and suggestions for further work made. Given the potential severity of any level of host-expansion in D. gallinae, we conclude that further research should be urgently conducted to confirm the full extent of the threat posed by D. gallinae to (non-avian) veterinary and medical sectors.
Published: 2015
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41. Update on epidemiology of canine babesiosis in Southern France

Author: Jeanne Chêne, Gilles Bourdoiseau, Magalie René-Martellet, Claire Valiente Moro, Patrick Mavingui, Luc Chabanne, Jeune Equipe Hémopathogènes Vectorisés, VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Épidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques - UMR 346 (EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Merial (Lyon, France), CNRS, Jeune équipe Hémopathogènes vectorisés, Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical ( PIMIT ), Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), ProdInra, Archive Ouverte, Unité de Recherche d'Épidémiologie Animale (UR EpiA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)
Subjects: tique, Veterinary medicine, Time Factors, [SDV.BA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Tick, [ SDV.BA ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, caractérisation moléculaire, molecular characterization, dermacentor reticulatus, Dogs, Dermacentor reticulatus, Babesiosis, Biologie animale, Theileria, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dog Diseases, sud de la france, Animal biology, General Veterinary, biology, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, canine babesiosis, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, veterinary(all), détection pcr rflp, 3. Good health, Canis, babesia canis, chien, Babesia, Babesia canis, epidemiology, France, babesiose, Research Article, babesia vogeli
Abstract: Background: Canine babesiosis is an emerging or re-emerging disease caused by Babesia and Theileria protozoans, also called piroplasms, transmitted by Ixodid ticks. In Europe, four etiological agents have been identified to date, namely Babesia canis, B. vogeli, B. gibsoni and Theileria annae. France has a high prevalence of canine babesiosis and two tick species, Dermacentor reticulatus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus, are supposed to transmit B. canis and B. vogeli respectively. In southern France, where dog infections with B. vogeli were recently confirmed, no comprehensive study was performed to date on piroplasm species infecting dogs. Thus, a large scale survey involving veterinary clinics, kennels and tick collection from the environment was conducted from 2010 to 2012 in this area. Results: From 2010 to 2012, 140 dog blood samples and 667 ticks were collected. All blood and a subset of ticks were screened for the presence of piroplasms by PCR amplification of 18S rDNA. B. vogeli, B. canis and T. annae were detected in 13.6, 12.9 and 0.7 % dogs respectively. B. vogeli and B. canis were detected in 10.5 % and in 1.6 % R. sanguineus ticks including 1.3 % co-infections. B. canis was the only species detected in D. reticulatus ticks (9.7 %). B. canis infections were only recorded in the southwest of France whereas B. vogeli was mainly found in the southeast. Finally, a significantly higher prevalence of B. vogeli infection was found in Gard compared to Corsica and Drme regions, both in dogs (p < 0.002) and R. sanguineus ticks (p < 0.02) although R. sanguineus was the main ticks species removed from dogs in those three areas. Conclusions: The survey confirmed the circulation of both B. canis and B. vogeli in dogs in southern France with differences in distribution probably linked to the distribution of their respective vectors. It also showed differences in prevalence of B. vogeli infection in areas similar in terms of risk of dogs infestation with R. sanguineus. Further studies focusing on genetic and microbiota of R. sanguineus ticks should be conducted to explore other biological interactions that may explain the differences observed.
Published: 2015
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42. Native Wolbachia from Aedes albopictus Blocks Chikungunya Virus Infection In Cellulo

Author: Patrick Potier, Florence-Hélène Tran, Vincent Raquin, Yoann Saucereau, Patrick Mavingui, Claire Valiente Moro, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien (CYROI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion (CHU La Réunion), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) [ANR-2010-BLAN-170101], Fondation pour la Recherche et la Biodiversite (FRB) [FRBCD-AOOI-07-12], Action Concertee InterPasteurienne (ACIP) [A-10-2009], ERA-Net BiodivERsA network, ANR France [ANR-13-EBID-0007-01], FWF Austria [FWF I-1437], DFG Germany [DFG KL 2087/6-1], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Univ, Réunion
Subjects: Aedes albopictus, viruses, Host cells, lcsh:Medicine, Dengue virus, Biology, Virus Replication, medicine.disease_cause, Mosquitoes, Virus, Microbiology, Aedes, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, medicine, Viral replication, Animals, Humans, Chikungunya, Symbiosis, lcsh:Science, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Pathogen, Multidisciplinary, lcsh:R, fungi, Correction, virus diseases, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Arboviral infection, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Phenotype, 3. Good health, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, [SDV.BA.ZI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Chikungunya Fever, Wolbachia, lcsh:Q, Chikungunya infection, Chikungunya virus, Arboviruses, Research Article
Abstract: International audience; Wolbachia, a widespread endosymbiont of terrestrial arthropods, can protect its host against viral and parasitic infections, a phenotype called "pathogen blocking". However, in some cases Wolbachia may have no effect or even enhance pathogen infection, depending on the host-Wolbachia-pathogen combination. The tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is naturally infected by two strains of Wolbachia, wAlbA and wAlbB, and is a competent vector for different arboviruses such as dengue virus (DENV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Interestingly, it was shown in some cases that Ae. albopictus native Wolbachia strains are able to inhibit DENV transmission by limiting viral replication in salivary glands, but no such impact was measured on CHIKV replication in vivo. To better understand the Wolbachia/CHIKV/Ae. albopictus interaction, we generated a cellular model using Ae. albopictus derived C6/36 cells that we infected with the wAlbB strain. Our results indicate that CHIKV infection is negatively impacted at both RNA replication and virus assembly/secretion steps in presence of wAlbB. Using FISH, we observed CHIKV and wAlbB in the same mosquito cells, indicating that the virus is still able to enter the cell in the presence of the bacterium. Further work is needed to decipher molecular pathways involved in Wolbachia-CHIKV interaction at the cellular level, but this cellular model can be a useful tool to study the mechanism behind virus blocking phenotype induced by Wolbachia. More broadly, this underlines that despite Wolbachia antiviral potential other complex interactions occur in vivo to determine mosquito vector competence in Ae. albopictus.
Published: 2015
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43. Pyrosequencing 16S rRNA genes of bacteria associated with wild tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus: a pilot study

Author: Guillaume Minard, Van Tran-Van, Florence-HÃ©lÃ¨ne Tran, Patrick Mavingui, Audrey Dubost, Claire Valiente Moro, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), CNRS [EC2CO], CMIRA Region Rhone-Alpes, ERA-NET BiodivERsA, FRB France, FWF Austria, DFG Germany, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mavingui, Patrick, and Valiente Moro, Claire
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Aedes albopictus, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Immunology, Biodiversity, lcsh:QR1-502, Zoology, Pilot Projects, Microbiology, DNA sequencing, lcsh:Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Diversity index, Aedes, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, 16S rDNA, Animals, Original Research Article, field-caught mosquitoes, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Bacteria, biology, 030306 microbiology, Ecology, Microbiota, fungi, bacterial diversity, Computational Biology, high-throughput sequencing, Sequence Analysis, DNA, biology.organism_classification, 16S ribosomal RNA, Wolbachia, RNA, Bacterial, Infectious Diseases, Pyrosequencing, Female
Abstract: International audience; The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes (Stegomya) albopictus is an invasive species that has spread across the world in the last two decades, showing a great capacity to adapt to contrasting climates and environments. While demonstrated in many insects, the contribution of bacterial symbionts in Aedes ecology is a challenging aspect that needs to be investigated. Also some bacterial species have already been identified in Ae. albopictus using classical methods, but a more accurate survey of mosquito-associated bacterial diversity is needed to decipher the potential biological functions of bacterial symbionts in mediating or constraining insect adaptation. We surveyed the bacteria associated with field populations of Ae. albopictus from Madagascar by pyrosequencing 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Different aspects of amplicon preparation and sequencing depth were tested to optimize the breadth of bacterial diversity identified. The results revealed that all mosquitoes collected from different sites have a bacterial microbiota dominated by a single taxon, Wolbachia pipientis, which accounted for about 99% of all 92,615 sequences obtained. As Ae. albopictus is known to harbor two Wolbachia strains (wAlbA and wAlbB), a quantitative PCR was used to estimate the relative densities, (i.e., the bacteria-to-host gene ratios) of each strains in individual mosquitoes. Relative densities were between 6.25 \texttimes 100.01 and 5.47 \texttimes 100.1 for wAlbA and between 2.03 \texttimes 100.1 and 1.4 \texttimes 101 for wAlbB. Apart from Wolbachia, a total of 31 bacterial taxa were identified at the genus level using different method variations. Diversity index values were low and probably underestimated the true diversity due to the high abundance of Wolbachia sequences vastly outnumbering sequences from other taxa. Further studies should implement alternative strategies to specifically discard from analysis any sequences from Wolbachia, the dominant endosymbiotic bacterium in Ae. albopictus from this area.
Published: 2014
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44. Diversity and function of bacterial microbiota in the mosquito holobiont

Author: Patrick Mavingui, Guillaume Minard, Claire Valiente Moro, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Region Auvergne-Rhone-AlpesEC2CO CNRS European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) F0701, and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Male, Mosquito Control, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Niche, Context (language use), Review, Biology, Symbiont, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Wigglesworthia glossinidia, bacterial community, 03 medical and health sciences, Mosquito, parasitic diseases, Animals, Extended phenotype, Microbiome, Symbiosis, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Bacteria, 030306 microbiology, Host (biology), Transmission (medicine), Ecology, fungi, Biodiversity, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Holobiont, Mosquito control, Culicidae, Infectious Diseases, Evolutionary biology, Metagenome, Female, Bacterial community, Parasitology
Abstract: Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) have been shown to host diverse bacterial communities that vary depending on the sex of the mosquito, the developmental stage, and ecological factors. Some studies have suggested a potential role of microbiota in the nutritional, developmental and reproductive biology of mosquitoes. Here, we present a review of the diversity and functions of mosquito-associated bacteria across multiple variation factors, emphasizing recent findings. Mosquito microbiota is considered in the context of possible extended phenotypes conferred on the insect hosts that allow niche diversification and rapid adaptive evolution in other insects. These kinds of observations have prompted the recent development of new mosquito control methods based on the use of symbiotically-modified mosquitoes to interfere with pathogen transmission or reduce the host life span and reproduction. New opportunities for exploiting bacterial function for vector control are highlighted.
Published: 2013
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45. Prevalence, genomic and metabolic profiles of Acinetobacter and Asaia associated with field-caught Aedes albopictus from Madagascar

Author: Eléonore Hellard, Fara Nantenaina Raharimalala, Patrick Mavingui, Guillaume Minard, Claire Valiente Moro, Pierre Ravelonandro, Florence Hélène Tran, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecoépidémiologie évolutionniste, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de Recherche sur l'Environnement (CNRE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, La Region Rhone-Alpes, [FRB-CD-AOOI-07-10], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Centre National de Recherche sur l'Environnement, Centre National de recherche sur l'environnement, Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive ( LBBE ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )
Subjects: Male, MESH: Sequence Analysis, DNA, MESH : Acetobacteraceae, MESH : Genome Size, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], INSECTS, DIVERSITY, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, genomic diversity, MESH: Madagascar, MESH: Genome Size, Genome Size, Aedes, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, MESH : DNA, Bacterial, MESH : Female, WOLBACHIA, MESH: Animals, MESH: Genetic Variation, MESH: Phylogeny, Phylogeny, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, biology, Acinetobacter, MESH : Metabolome, MESH: Genomics, Genomics, MESH: Aedes, symbiosis, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, MESH: RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, MESH: Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, MESH: Acinetobacter, CALCOACETICUS, Acetobacteraceae, Metabolome, Wolbachia, Female, MESH: Metabolome, Plasmids, DNA, Bacterial, Aedes albopictus, DENGUE, MESH : Acinetobacter, MESH : Madagascar, MESH : Male, ACETIC-ACBACTERIA, asian tiger mosquito, Microbiology, Bacterial genetics, 03 medical and health sciences, AEGYPTI, MESH : Genetic Variation, MESH: Plasmids, parasitic diseases, Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Madagascar, Animals, Genome size, acetic bacteria, MOSQUITO VECTOR, metabolic repertoire, MESH : Aedes, MESH : Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, 030304 developmental biology, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], 030306 microbiology, MESH : Genomics, fungi, MESH : Phylogeny, Genetic Variation, Sequence Analysis, DNA, MESH: Acetobacteraceae, DEGRADATION, biology.organism_classification, 16S ribosomal RNA, MESH: DNA, Bacterial, MESH: Male, MESH : RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, MESH : Plasmids, Vector (epidemiology), MESH : Animals, MESH: Female, PLASMID, MESH : Sequence Analysis, DNA
Abstract: International audience; The presence of cultivable bacteria Acinetobacter and Asaia was recently demonstrated in the mosquito vector Aedes albopictus. However, it is not known how prevalent these bacteria are in field populations. Here, the presence of these bacteria in Ae. albopictus populations from Madagascar was diagnosed by amplification of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Both genera were detected at relatively high frequencies, 46% for Asaia and 74% for Acinetobacter. The prevalence of Acinetobacter correlated significantly with mosquito gender, and the prevalence of Asaia with the interaction between mosquito gender and the sampling site. For each bacterial genus, more male than female mosquitoes were infected. Using pulse field gel electrophoresis, no significant difference in genome size was found between Acinetobacter isolates from mosquitoes compared with free-living Acinetobacter. However, a great diversity was observed in plasmid numbers (from 1 to 12) and sizes (from < 8 to 690 kb). Mosquito isolates utilized fewer substrates than free-living isolates, but some substrates known as blood or plant components were specifically utilized by mosquito isolates. Therefore it is likely that a specific subpopulation of Acinetobacter is selected by Ae. albopictus. Overall, this study emphasizes the need to gain a global view on the bacterial partners in mosquito vectors.
Published: 2013
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46. Diversity of culturable bacteria including Pantoea in wild mosquito Aedes albopictus

Author: Florence Hélène Tran, Fara Nantenaina Raharimalala, Claire Valiente Moro, Patrick Mavingui, Pierre Ravelonandro, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculté des Sciences - Université d'Antananarivo, Université d'Antananarivo, Centre national de recherches sur l'environnement, Centre National de Recherches sur l'Environnement, and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)
Subjects: DNA, Bacterial, Male, Microbiology (medical), Aedes albopictus, Firmicutes, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Molecular Sequence Data, Paratransgenesis, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Microbiology, Actinobacteria, 03 medical and health sciences, Aedes, Animals, Symbiosis, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Bacteria, biology, 030306 microbiology, Pantoea, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Asian tiger mosquito, biology.organism_classification, Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis, 3. Good health, Culturable bacteria, Plasmids, CLINICAL SPECIMENS, DIPTERA-CULICIDAE, ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE, MIDGUT BACTERIA, GUT BACTERIA, IDENTIFICATION, FIELD, MADAGASCAR, AEGYPTI, ACINETOBACTER, Female, Proteobacteria, Research Article, Symbiotic bacteria
Abstract: Background: The microbiota has been shown to play an important role in the biology of insects. In recent decades, significant efforts have been made to better understand the diversity of symbiotic bacteria associated with mosquitoes and assess their influence on pathogen transmission. Here, we report the bacterial composition found in field-caught Aedes albopictus populations by using culture-dependent methods. Results: A total of 104 mosquito imagos (56 males and 48 females) were caught from four contrasting biotopes of Madagascar and their bacterial contents were screened by plating whole body homogenates on three different culture media. From 281 bacterial colony types obtained, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) showed they had 40 distinct ribotypes. Sequencing and BLAST analysis of the 16S rDNA genes responsible for each representative profile made it possible to identify 27 genera distributed in three major phyla. In female mosquitoes, bacterial isolates were mostly Proteobacteria (51.3%) followed by Firmicutes (30.3%) and Actinobacteria (18.4%). Conversely, Actinobacteria was the most abundant phylum in male mosquitoes (48%) followed by Proteobacteria (30.6%) and Firmicutes (20.4%). The relative abundance and composition of isolates also varied between sampling sites, ranging from 3 distinct families in Ankazobe to 8 in Tsimbazaza Park, and Toamasina and Ambohidratrimo. Pantoea was the most common genus in both females and males from all sampling sites, except for Ambohidratrimo. No differences in genome size were found between Pantoea isolates from mosquitoes and reference strains in pulse field gel electrophoresis. However, according to the numbers and sizes of plasmids, mosquito isolates clustered into three different groups with other strains isolated from insects but distinct from isolates from the environment. Conclusions: The recent upsurge in research into the functional role of the insect microbiota prompts the interest to better explore the role some bacteria detected here may have in the mosquito biology. Future studies of culturable bacteria might decipher whether they have a biological role in the invasiveness of Ae. albopictus. As a possible candidate for paratransgenesis, the predominant genus Pantoea will be characterized to better understand its genetic contents and any possible influence it may have on vector competence of Ae. albopictus.
Published: 2013
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47. Biogeography of the two major arbovirus mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae), in Madagascar

Author: Fara Nantenaina Raharimalala, Karima Zouache, Pierre Ravelonandro, Anna-Bella Failloux, Lala Sahondra Rafarasoa, Lala Harivelo Ravaomanarivo, Bakoly Olga Ralisoa, Claire Valiente Moro, Van Tran-Van, Patrick Mavingui, Eléonore Hellard, Laurence Mousson, Département d'Entomologie, Facultés des Sciences d'Antananarivo, Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Centre National de Recherche sur l'Environnement, Centre National de recherche sur l'environnement, Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive ( LBBE ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), This work was funded by the grant FRB-CD-AOOI-07- 012, and was carried out within the frameworks of GDRI 'Biodiversité et Développement Durable à Madagascar' and COST action F0701 'Arthropod Symbioses: from fundamental to pest disease management'., Université d'Antananarivo, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Ecoépidémiologie évolutionniste, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Centre National de Recherche sur l'Environnement (CNRE), Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: Male, Aedes albopictus, viruses, Molecular Sequence Data, 030231 tropical medicine, Zoology, Aedes aegypti, medicine.disease_cause, DNA, Mitochondrial, Arbovirus, Dengue fever, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Madagascar, medicine, Animals, lcsh:RC109-216, Chikungunya, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, Ecology, Research, fungi, Outbreak, virus diseases, NADH Dehydrogenase, Sequence Analysis, DNA, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Phylogeography, [ SDV.MHEP.MI ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Infectious Diseases, Vector (epidemiology), Cyclooxygenase 1, Female, Parasitology, SDV:MHEP:MI, Chikungunya virus, Entomology
Abstract: Background In the past ten years, the Indian Ocean region has been the theatre of severe epidemics of chikungunya and dengue. These outbreaks coincided with a high increase in populations of Aedes albopictus that outcompete its sister taxon Aedes aegypti in most islands sampled. The objective of this work was to update the entomological survey of the two Aedes species in the island of Madagascar which has to face these arboviroses. Methods The sampling of Aedes mosquitoes was conducted during two years, from October 2007 to October 2009, in fifteen localities from eight regions of contrasting climates. Captured adults were identified immediately whereas immature stages were bred until adult stage for determination. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using two mtDNA genes, COI and ND5 and trees were constructed by the maximum likelihood (ML) method with the gene time reversible (GTR) model. Experimental infections with the chikungunya virus strain 06.21 at a titer of 107.5 pfu/mL were performed to evaluate the vector competence of field-collected mosquitoes. Disseminated infection rates were measured fourteen days after infection by immunofluorescence assay performed on head squashes. Results The species Aedes aegypti was detected in only six sites in native forests and natural reserves. In contrast, the species Aedes albopictus was found in 13 out of the 15 sites sampled. Breeding sites were mostly found in man-made environments such as discarded containers, used tires, abandoned buckets, coconuts, and bamboo cuts. Linear regression models showed that the abundance of Ae. albopictus was significantly influenced by the sampling region (F = 62.00, p < 2.2 × 10-16) and period (F = 36.22, p = 2.548 × 10-13), that are associated with ecological and climate variations. Phylogenetic analysis of the invasive Ae. albopictus distinguished haplotypes from South Asia and South America from those of Madagascar, but the markers used were not discriminant enough to discern Malagasy populations. The experimental oral infection method showed that six Ae. albopictus populations exhibited high dissemination infection rates for chikungunya virus ranging from 98 to 100%. Conclusion In Madagascar, Ae. albopictus has extended its geographical distribution whereas, Ae. aegypti has become rare, contrasting with what was previously observed. Changes are predominantly driven by human activities and the rainfall regime that provide suitable breeding sites for the highly anthropophilic mosquito Ae. albopictus. Moreover, these populations were found to be highly susceptible to chikungunya virus. In the light of this study, Ae. albopictus may have been involved in the recent outbreaks of chikungunya and dengue epidemics in Madagascar, and consequently, control measures should be promoted to limit its current expansion.
Published: 2012
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48. Detection of dengue group viruses by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Author: Catherine Legras-Lachuer, Vincent Raquin, Martin Wannagat, Karima Zouache, Patrick Mavingui, Claire Valiente Moro, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Pôle Rhône-Alpin de BioInformatique [Lyon] (PRABI), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris], ANR-2010-BLAN-170101 (ImmunSymbArt), ACIP A-10-2009 and FRBCD- AOOI-07-12, and was carried out within the framework of the GDRIs 'Biodiversity and Infectious Diseases' and 'Biodiversité et Développement durable', Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs, Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Pôle Rhône-Alpes de Bioinformatique ( PRABI ), and Pôle Rhône-Alpes de Bioinformatique
Subjects: Serotype, Aedes albopictus, viruses, 030231 tropical medicine, Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, Dengue virus, medicine.disease_cause, Sensitivity and Specificity, Salivary Glands, Virus, Cell Line, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Dengue fever, Dengue, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Virology, medicine, Animals, lcsh:RC109-216, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, medicine.diagnostic_test, Research, Yellow fever, virus diseases, Dengue Virus, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Flavivirus, [ SDV.MHEP.MI ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Oligonucleotide Probes, SDV:MHEP:MI, Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Abstract: Background Dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) represent a global challenge in public health. It is estimated that 50 to 100 million infections occur each year causing approximately 20,000 deaths that are usually linked to severe cases like DHF and dengue shock syndrome. The causative agent of DF is dengue virus (genus Flavivirus) that comprises four distinct serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been used successfully to detect pathogenic agents, but has not been implemented in detecting DENV. To improve our understanding of DENV infection and dissemination in host tissues, we designed specific probes to detect DENV in FISH assays. Methods Oligonucleotide probes were designed to hybridize with RNA from the broadest range of DENV isolates belonging to the four serotypes, but not to the closest Flavivirus genomes. Three probes that fit the criteria defined for FISH experiments were selected, targeting both coding and non-coding regions of the DENV genome. These probes were tested in FISH assays against the dengue vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). The FISH experiments were led in vitro using the C6/36 cell line, and in vivo against dissected salivary glands, with epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. Results The three 60-nt oligonucleotides probes DENV-Probe A, B and C cover a broad range of DENV isolates from the four serotypes. When the three probes were used together, specific fluorescent signals were observed in C6/36 infected with each DENV serotypes. No signal was detected in either cells infected with close Flavivirus members West Nile virus or yellow fever virus. The same protocol was used on salivary glands of Ae. albopictus fed with a DENV-2 infectious blood-meal which showed positive signals in the lateral lobes of infected samples, with no significant signal in uninfected mosquitoes. Conclusion Based on the FISH technique, we propose a way to design and use oligonucleotide probes to detect arboviruses. Results showed that this method was successfully implemented to specifically detect DENV in a mosquito cell line, as well as in mosquito salivary glands for the DENV-2 serotype. In addition, we emphasize that FISH could be an alternative method to detect arboviruses in host tissues, also offering to circumvent the discontinuity of antibodies used in immunofluorescent assays.
Published: 2012
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49. Comparative effects of the herbicides chlortoluron and mesotrione on freshwater microalgae

Author: Geneviève Bricheux, Jacques Bohatier, Christophe Portelli, Claire Valiente Moro, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement ( LMGE ), and Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I ( UdA )
Subjects: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [ SDV.TOX.ECO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology/Ecotoxicology, Chlorophyceae, Fresh Water, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Mesotrione, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Pigment, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Algae, Chlorophyta, Botany, Toxicity Tests, Microalgae, Environmental Chemistry, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Diatoms, Chlortoluron, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 0303 health sciences, biology, Cyclohexanones, Herbicides, Aquatic ecosystem, Phenylurea Compounds, Agriculture, Pigments, Biological, biology.organism_classification, 6. Clean water, Diatom, chemistry, Toxic effects, 13. Climate action, visual_art, Toxicity, visual_art.visual_art_medium, [SDV.TOX.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology/Ecotoxicology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Water Pollutants, Chemical
Abstract: International audience; Extensive use of herbicides in agriculture is accompanied by the risk of environmental contamination of aquatic ecosystems. The present study shows the effects of the herbicides chlortoluron and mesotrione on three microalgae species: two chlorophyceae (Pediastrum tetras, Ankistrodesmus fusiformis) and one diatom (Amphora coffeaeformis). The authors calculated the IC50 for one chlorophyceae and the diatom. The order of toxicity (median inhibitory concentration [IC50]) for mesotrione was A. coffeaeformis (13.1 mg/L) > A. fusiformis (56.1 mg/L) and A. fusiformis (0.05 mg/L) > A. coffeaeformis (0.08 mg/L) for chlortoluron. The impact of herbicides applied at 0.2 mg/L was then examined in Erlenmeyer flasks by monitoring for growth, pigment content, and metabolic activity. Algal responses varied widely according to species and herbicide. For example, chlortoluron showed a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of A. coffeaeformis, whereas mesotrione induced an increase in cellular density in A. fusiformis. Other cellular parameters, such as pigment content in P. tetras, were stimulated by both herbicides. The results obtained confirmed that microalgae cultures are clearly affected by acute and chronic exposition to herbicides. Further monitoring should be carried out in the field to assess the impact of sublethal levels of toxicity and the growth-enhancing effects of mesotrione and chlortoluron on natural algae communities.
Published: 2012
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50. Diversity, Geographic Distribution, and Habitat-Specific Variations of Microbiota in Natural Populations of the Chicken Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae

Author: Claude Chauve, Jean Thioulouse, Lionel Zenner, Claire Valiente Moro, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie quantitative et évolutive des communautés, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité mixte de recherche protozoaires entéricoles des volailles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Génétique et évolution des interactions hôtes-parasites, Département génétique, interactions et évolution des génomes [LBBE] (GINSENG), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)
Subjects: [SDV.OT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], Time Factors, Dermanyssus gallinae, Firmicutes, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Biodiversity, Zoology, biological control, D. gallinae, Polymerase Chain Reaction, diversity, 03 medical and health sciences, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Mite, microbiota, Animals, education, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, Mites, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Bacteria, General Veterinary, biology, Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis, 030306 microbiology, Ecology, Host (biology), biology.organism_classification, RNA, Bacterial, Infectious Diseases, Natural population growth, Insect Science, Parasitology, France, Chickens, Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
Abstract: Dermanyssus gallinae is considered to be the most economically significant ectoparasite to affect egg-laying poultry in Europe. This mite can also act as a vector for a number of pathogens. The array of bacteria associated with D. gallinae mites could provide insight into the biology and population dynamics of arthropods, but at the present time little information is available. To understand the intra-and interpopulation diversity of its associated microbiota, we analyzed the whole internal bacterial community of natural populations of D. gallinae originating from two types of poultry farm habitats (standard and free-range) in two regions of France (Brittany and the Rhone-Alpes). Total DNA was extracted from individual or pooled mites, and polymerase chain reaction temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA was then done to separate bacterial DNA fragments associated with the host arthropod. A large diversity of bacteria was detected, but principally firmicutes and gamma-Proteobacteria. Between-group analyses of temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis-banding patterns revealed that bacterial populations clustered into categories according to their geographic origin and the habitat specifics of the farms. Some degree of stability of bacterial populations was observed within a specific time scale. These results suggest that environmental factors either recent (e. g., poultry farming practices) or long-standing (e. g., geographic isolation) may affect the bacterial communities present in D. gallinae. Further knowledge of the microbiota associated with D. gallinae and its variation would indeed offer new perspectives for biological control methods to prevent the establishment, proliferation, and transmission of pathogenic bacteria.
Published: 2011
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